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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

Volume:02/Issue:03/March-2020 www.irjmets.com

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERLOOP TRAIN

Mr.Varun N*1, Arun Kumar V*2, Prajwal G *3, Faizan Khan*4, Chuimayo Kapai*5
*1
Professor, (Affiliated With NAAC) Department of Automobile Engineering, Srinivas Institute of
Technology, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
*2,3,4,5
Student, (Affiliated With NAAC) Department of Automobile Engineering, Srinivas Institute of
Technology, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.

ABSTRACT
Transportation is an industry in constant flux forced to stay up with ever growing human population. While
providing faster and cheaper methods of travel.In hundred years the industry has made great improvements, has
seen by the replacement of horses with the massive scale implementation of mechanized cars, trains, planes and
boats. The Hyperloop, a brand new transportation concept idealized by Elon Musk. this method may be
a proposed mode of transportation that propels a capsule like vehicle through a thermionic valve at more them
airline speed.Preliminary analysis indicated that such a route might obtain an expected journey time 35 minutes,
meaning that passengers would transverse the 350 mile (560 km) route at average speed of around 600 mph
(970 km/h) with top speed of 760 mph (1,200 km/h).Hyperloop consists of an occasional pressure tube with
capsules that are transported at both low and high speeds throughout the length of tube.Passengers may enter
and exit Hyperloop at stations located either at the top of the tube, or branches along the tube length.
KEYWORDS: Air Bearings, Capsules, Hyperloop, Magnetic Levitation, Pod ,NSDLIM

I. INTRODUCTION
HYPERLOOP may be a very high-speed maglev train that travels by vacuum cylindrical tube to beat ordinance
from wheel–rail friction and air resistance. In superconducting maglev (SCMaglev), which is that the fastest
maglev train in Japan with a 603 km/h maximum speed, linear electric motor is applied for propulsion, and
superconducting electromagnet and null flux coil are applied for both levitation and guidance. At present, there
are only systems that perform a maximum of two functions among propulsion, levitation, and guidance. With
many devices within the tube, the system gets complex so there are lots of disadvantages in terms of cost,
operation, and control. during this paper, a non-symmetric doublesided linear induction motor (NSDLIM) that
might conduct propulsion, levitation, and guidance is usually recommended as an all-inone system for
hyperloop. NSDLIM concepts like structure and mechanism of three functions are introduced. NSDLIM may be
a new system that has not been studied, so requirements are investigated and a basic model is meant with several
approx.private assumptions. Then by using the infinite-element method (FEM), characteristics are analyzed and
parameters that affect performance are investigated. Through changing parameters, an improved model springs
and its possibility is proposed.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Elon Musk:
In August 2013, the CEO of Tesla Motors and SpaceX, Elon Musk released a design document for a
replacement high speed transportation concept. He came up with the concept for a vacuum and maglev powered
super-fast train that will travel through a tube. it might be called Hyperloop. in an exceedingly research paper,
he outlined its potential and challenged the opposite tech companies to develop it for commercialization. This
new system would transport passengers and cargo within pressurized capsules that travel through tubes at
similar or higher speeds than traveling.

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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
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The MIT Hyperloop Team:
They competed within the SpaceX Hyperloop competition from June 2015 to January 2017. The goal for this
competition is to style and build a scaled Hyperloop pod to check in an exceedingly 1-mile long test track in
Hawthorne, California. In doing so, the teams develop technology that would someday be utilized in a full-scale
Hyperloop system. A droplet shaped aero-dynamics shell is simplest at delaying flow separation, lowering the
drag substantially. By investigating the performance of the look at transonic speed, it had been also found that
violating the Kantrowitz Limit may lead to three-fold increase in coefficient of drag for a rise in Mach-number
from 0.65 to 0.80.

Ahmed Hodaib, Samar F. Abdel Fattah (May 2016):

They discussed the “Design of a hyperloop capsule with linear induction propulsion system” which is employed
to accelerate and decelerate the capsule. They studied that like rotary synchronous motors, linear motors run on
3-phase power and might support very high speeds. However, there are end effects that reduce the motor's thrust
force. Linear induction motors are thus less energy efficient than normal rotary motors for any required force
output. They also discussed about the manufacturing of linear induction motor during this paper.

Jeffrey C. Chin, Justin S. Gray, Scott M. Jones, Jeffrey J. Berton:

They discussed about the “Open-Source Conceptual Sizing Models for the Hyperloop Passenger Pod” during
this paper. They concluded that the refined analysis illuminates several interdisciplinary couplings that alter two
major aspects of the initial concept. First, the pod travel speed and therefore the tube cross sectional area are
linked, forcing the tube size to be to be roughly twice the diameter of the initial specification, so as for the pod
to achieve Mach 0.8. Second, the steady-state tube temperature is dominated by ambient thermal interactions
unrelated to the warmth generated by the pod compression system.

Mark Sakowski (2016):

He demonstrated that not only evaluation of the present maglev but also evacuated tube technology and
concluded that Hyperloop is possible if properly designed. In terms of energy usage it's the potential to be way
more efficient of pods traversing down the tube. He discussed “The Current Maglev Technology together with
The Theoretical Evacuated Tube Technology” and that they concluded that the hyperloop is possible and if
properly designed, has the potential to be way more efficient in terms of energy usage of pods traversing down
the tube.

N. Kayela (2014):
The investigation was supported the actual fact that “The Hyperloop could be a Fifth Mode of Transportation
Alongside Trains, Planes, Automobiles and Boats”. He discussed about the railway track for the hyperloop,
stations for the hyperloop. Also, discussed about the 2 version of capsule that's one is passenger only version
and another is passenger plus vehicle version.

Mohammed Imran (2016):

He focused his Study Element on The Hyperloop Technology (The Passenger Transport System). He discussed
about the 2 version of hyperloop therein one is passenger only version and another is passenger plus vehicle
version. Hyperloop System.

Mateusz Turkowski, Maciej Szudarek (Warsaw University of Technology, Poland):

Their aim was to research an idea of pipeline transport system that employs stationary linear induction motors to
propel lightweight capsules. Theoretical consideration on optimal solutions further as modelling of the systems
behaviour is presented. the concept is to adapt existing pipeline construction technologies to attain cost
effectiveness. For that reason usage of powering rails is excluded and therefore the pipe is of circular shape. The
proposed capsule dimensions are diameter of ca.1.4m and length of ca.2.8m. the precise dimensions would rely

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on the present logistic chains. Eg: Pallets that are used. The most finding of the article are developed
dimensionless groups, computational fluid dynamics model of a capsule occupation a pipeline and an analytical
model capsule dynamics.

III. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF HYPERLOOP TRAIN

Hyperloop relies on a principle of railroading. The principle of railroading is that a vehicle is suspended and
propelled on guidance track made with magnets. The vehicle on top of track is also propelled with the assistance
of linear induction motor. Hyperloop could be a new technology, yet the thought behind it's perfectly feasible
within our understanding of physics and implementation wouldn't require any new technology. In essence,
creating a Hyperloop should only require paring together current technologies. The main theoretical hurdle for
Hyperloop are a few things called the Kantrowitz limit. This talks about speeds of projectiles as they move in a
very tube. A projectile in a very tube features a minimum tube to projectile ratio so as to maneuver at a high
speed efficiently. this is often because as a projectile starts to maneuver quickly in a very tube it creates an
oversized column of air ahead of it. If the tube diameter is simply too small, the projectile won't only should
propel itself forward but also the complete column of air ahead of it. This happens because the air cannot move
round the projectile if the diameter is simply too small. Furthermore, this case would require an infeasible
amount of power for a awfully little speed benefit, or in other words a horrible transportation. The answer to the
present problem is to easily make an oversized tube, yet this too is inefficient for a largescale transportation as
material cost would be greatly increased. Luckily in 2013, Elon Musk proposed an answer to both these
problems. If an electrical compressor fan is placed on the nose of the pod it could actively transfer high air from
the front of the pod to the rear. Moreover, this air could even be accustomed create a cushion for the train to
glide on because it travels, referred to as an air bearing. The benefit to air bearings are that Hyperloop wouldn't
lose any energy to fighting friction. The nemesis for anyone who wants to maneuver an object quickly. The
opposite components of Hyperloop are electromagnets to propel the train forward and a near vacuum inside its
tube. Electromagnets are current in use, referred to as maglev, within the fastest bullet trains within the world.
The difference would be that in Hyperloop the magnets are only used for propulsion. this suggests that magnets
will only be needed within the walls of the tube at the very start of track and about every 70 miles to stay the
train at its top speed. In total about 1% of the tube would want to be made of magnets. Another major feature of
Hyperloop is that the tube it travels in. While the skin is nothing special, the within could be a soft vacuum. This
is often vital because it also reduces the number of drag force within the tube.

Fig-1: Principle of Hyperloop Train

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IV. DESIGN
The Hyperloop Consists of two Major Components, Including:
Capsule:
Sealed capsules can carry about 28 travelers and moves along the within of the tube. An even bigger framework
has additionally been measured that allows transport of three full-size vehicles together with travelers to travel
within the capsule. The containers are bolstered by means of air bearings that job utilizing a compressed gas
reservoir and aerodynamic force. For movement at high speeds, the simplest power necessity is ordinarily to
beat air resistance. Streamlined drag increments with the square of speed, and along these lines the facility
requirement increments with the cube of speed. The containers are isolated inside the tube by around 37 km on
the average during operation. Two versions of the Hyperloop capsules arc being considered (a passenger only
version and a passenger plus vehicle version.)
a) Hyperloop Passenger Capsule:
Expecting a traditional flight time of two minutes between containers, a minimum of 28 travellers for each
capsule are required to satisfy 840 travellers for each hour. It's conceivable to additionally expand the
Hyperloop limit by diminishing the time between flights. This pattern requires up to 40 capsules in movement
amid surge hour. Six of which are at the terminals for loading and unloading of the travellers in around 5
minutes
b) Hyperloop Passenger Plus Vehicle Capsule:
The traveler additionally to the vehicle version of the Hyperloop will depart as frequently because the traveler,
however will accommodate 3 vehicles additionally to the traveler. All subsystems talked about within the
accompanying segments are highlighted on the 2 cases. For travel at high speeds, the best power requirement is
generally to beat air resistance. Aerodynamic drag increases with the square of speed, and thus the facility
requirement increases with the cube of speed. As an example, to travel twice as fast a vehicle must overcome
fourfold the aerodynamic resistance, and input eight times the facility.

Fig-2: Hyperloop passenger capsule

Tube:
The tube is created of steel. Two tubes are going to be welded together in an exceedingly side by side
configuration to permit the capsules to travel both directions. Pylons are placed every 100 ft (30 m) to support
the tube. Solar arrays will cover the highest of the tubes so as to produce power to the system. Tubes are made
by the new material “VIBRANIUM”. The Hyperloop travel journey will feel very smooth since the capsule are
going to be guided directly on the inner surface of the tube via the utilization of air bearings and suspension; this
also prevents the requirement for costly tracks. The capsule will bank off the walls and incorporate an effect
framework for smooth returns to nominal capsule location from banking also. Some particular areas of the tube

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will consolidate the stationary engine component (stator) which is able to locally direct and accelerate (or
decelerate) the capsule. Between linear engine stations, the capsule will glide with little drag by means of air
bearings.

Fig-3: Hyperloop Tube

V. PROPULSION
To accelerate and decelerate the capsule the linear induction motor is employed within the hyperloop system. It
provides some advantages over a static magnet motor. To accelerate the capsules there's linear accelerators are
constructed on a length of the tube. Stators are placed on the capsules to transfer momentum to the capsules via
the linear accelerators.

Fig-4: Propulsion In Hyperloop

VI. SUSPENSION
Air bearing suspension offers stability and very low drag at a feasible cost. A stiff air bearing suspension is
excellent for reliability and safety. When there's a niche between ski and tube walls is high then it shows the
nonlinear reaction and which ends up in large restoring pressure.

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Fig-5: Suspension In Hyperloop

VI. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF HYPERLOOP

Working of hyperloop system relies on railroading principle. As we all know that the passenger pad travels
through the low-pressure tube which could be a pylon-supported tube. Within the Hyperloop system, an
compressor fan is fitted on the front side of the pod which sucks the air. It transfers high-pressure air front side
to the rear side of the capsule (pod) and it propels the pod. It creates the air cushion round the pod in order that
the pod is suspended in air within the tube. On the idea of railroading principle, the pod are going to be
propelled by the linear induction motor. By the linear induction motor, the capsule sends from one place to a
different place to a subsonic velocity that's slower than the speed of sound. The pod are going to be self-
powered. There's a electrical device fitted on top of the tube. By this electrical device, there's enough energy is
stored inBattery packs to work at the hours of darkness and in cloudy weather for a few periods. The energy is
additionally is stored within the sort of compressed gas. The air between the capsule acts as a cushion to
forestall two capsules from colliding within the tube.

Fig-6: Working Principle of Hyperloop

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VII. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF HYPERLOOP
 Merits:
 It saves traveling time.
 There's no problem with traffic.
 it's powered by the solar battery.
 It can travel in any reasonably weather.
 Cost of hyperloop is low.
 Not disruptive to those along the route.
 Demerits:
 Turning are critical.
 Less movable space for the passenger.
 High speed might cause dizziness in passengers.
 The punctured tunnel could cause shockwaves.

IX. CONCLUSION
A high-speed transit called Hyperloop has been developed during this report. Hyperloop transit is used over the
traditional modes of transportation that are rail, road, water, and air. At very high speed it provides better
comfort and value is additionally low. By reducing the pressure of the air within the tube which reduces simple
air drag and enables the capsule to maneuver faster than through a tube at gas pressure. Requirements of the all-
in-one system were investigated, and therefore the NSDLIM basic model was designed to extend thrust force,
S08 was inserted in secondary and resistance of secondary was adjusted. An NSDLIM model that meets
required thrust force was obtained, and it had been analyzed by 3-D FEM to analyze levitation force. Although
levitation force is insufficient, through additional study like parameter adjustment and application of ladder type
secondary plate, it may well be increased and there's possibility.

X. FUTURE WORK
 Improve passenger capacity.
 Detailed station designs with loading and unloading of passenger.
 Safety features improvement.
 It may be employed in material handling devices.

XI. REFERENCES
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[3] Chin, Jeffrey C.; Gray, Justin S.; Jones, Scott M.; Breton, Jeffrey J. (January 2015). Open-Source
Conceptual Sizing Models for the Hyperloop Passenger Pod (PDF). 56th AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC
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[4] Compressor:https://patrickenewman.files.wordpress.co m/2016/03/compressoriso.png
[5] N. Kayela, editor of the scientific and technical department, “Hyperloop: A Fifth Mode of Transportation”,
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[6] Mohammed Imran, international journal of engineering research, 2016
[7] Musk, Elon (August 12, 2013). "Hyperloop Alpha"(PDF). SpaceX. Retrieved August 13, 2013.

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[8] C.-B. Park, H.-W. Lee, and B.-S. Lee, “A study on deduction and characteristic analysis of magnetic
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