MODULE 1

SIMPLE STRESS
Module 1 2
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this module, the student will able to:

1. Know the concept of simple stress,

2. Compute axial stress, shearing, and bearing stress,

3. Determine the thin-walled pressure of a vessels.

Introduction
In this topic, simple stress, we will be dealing about normal stress, shearing stress,
bearing stress, and thin-walled pressure vessels. Basically, stress was already defined in
our previous subjects, specifically in physics, that stress is the ratio of force over the
cross-sectional area.

And it is in this context, to continue the discussion in our subject, static of rigid
bodies, related to force, reactions, and internal forces.

Nature of Forces
We will consider an arbitrary shape as shown in Fig. 1.1. In static, we be able to
discussed in determining resultant of a given forces, however, it remain at rest. If the
resultant gives zero, therefore, it is static equilibrium.

Figure 1.1 Arbitrary Shape of Loaded Section.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
Module 1 3
The forces reflected in the inner of the objects represent different forces, see Fig.
1. 2:

1. Pxx (Axial Force). This force could be a result of pulling or pushing. Also known
as normal force. A pull or push represent a tensile or
compressive force, respectively, and it is denoted as P.
2. Pxy or Pxz (Shear Force). This force is a result due to sliding or skidding portion
of the side of section. The force is denoted by V.
3. Mxx (Torque). This component or type of load measures the resistance to twist
the member and is commonly given the symbol of T.
4. Mxy and Mxz (Bending Moment). These component of type of load measures
the resistance to bending the member about the y and z
axes and are often merely by My or Mz.
F1

M xy

F2 Pxy

Pxz 0 Pxx
M xz

x
z M xx

Figure 1.2. Internal Forces through cut section.

Normal Stress
Stress is defined as the strength of a material per unit area or unit strength. It is
the force on a member divided by area, which carries the force, formerly express in psi,
now in N/mm2 or MPa. where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in
mm2. The maximum stress in tension or compression occurs over a section normal to the
load.
Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress. Member subject to
pure tension (or tensile force) is under tensile stress, while compression members
(members subject to compressive force) are under compressive stress.

𝑷
𝝈=
𝑨
where:
𝜎 = Normal Stress, MPa, N/mm2
𝑃 = Axial Force, N
𝐴 = Cross sectional area, mm2

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
Module 1 4

Consider two bars of different section of a material as shown in Fig. 1.3. The bar
is loaded of 100N for Bar 1 and 1000N for Bar 2. The cross-sectional area of bar 1 is 10
mm2 while bar 2 is 200 mm2.

Bar 1 Bar 2

P = 100 N P = 1000 N

Figure 1.3. Supports Load.

Based on the given formula, that stress is equal to force divided by the cross-
sectinal area. Hence,

For bar 1:
𝑷
𝝈𝟏 =
𝑨
100
𝜎1 =
10
𝑁
𝜎1 = 10 𝑜𝑟 𝟏𝟎𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑚𝑚2
For bar 2:
𝑷
𝝈𝟐 =
𝑨
1000
𝜎2 =
200
𝑁
𝜎2 = 5 𝑜𝑟 𝟓𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑚𝑚2

Take note that MPa is equal to N/mm2.

Example 1.
A composite bar consists of an aluminum section rigidly fastened between a bronze
section and a steel section, as shown in Fig. 1.4. Axial loads are applied at the posiitons
indicated. Determine the stress in each section.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
Module 1 5
Bronze Aluminum Steel
1.2 mm 2 1.8 mm 2 1.6 mm 2

400 N
900 N 200 N 700 N

1.30 m 1.60 m 1.70 m

Figure 1.4.
Solution.

400 N P br

400 N P Al
900 N

400 N P St
900 N 200 N

Figure 1.5. Free Body Diagram.

𝑃𝑏𝑟 400
𝝈𝒃𝒓 = = = 333.3 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐴 1.2
𝑃𝑎𝑙 500
𝝈𝒂𝒍 = = = 277.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐴 1.8
𝑃𝑆𝑡 700
𝝈𝑺𝒕 = = = 437.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐴 1.6

Example 2.
For the truss as shown in Fig. 1.6. Determine the stress in members AC and BD. The
cross-sectional area of each member is 900 mm2.

C E

Figure 1.6.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
Module 1 6
Solution.
The three assumption used in the elementary analysis of trusses are as follows:
1. Weights of the members are neglected.
2. All connections are smooths pins.
3. All external loads are applied directly to the pins.
∑ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎
16𝑅𝐻 = 30(4) + 70(12)
𝑅𝐻 = 60 𝑘𝑁
∑ 𝑭𝑽 = 𝟎
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐻 = 30 + 70
𝑅𝐴 = 40 𝑘𝑁
Using method of joint:
At joint A,
∑ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 AB
3
𝑅𝐴 − 𝐴𝐵 = 0
5 AC C

𝑨𝑩 = −𝟔𝟔. 𝟕 𝒌𝑵
∑ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 R = 40 kN
R = 40 kN
4
𝐴𝐶 − 𝐴𝐵 = 0
5
4 Figure 1.7. FBD
𝑨𝑪 = − (−66.67) = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟒 𝒌𝑵
5

Make a cut-section in the line BD and CE:

Take summation of moment at E.
∑ 𝑴𝑬 = 𝟎
8𝑅𝐴 + 30(4) − 3𝐵𝐷 = 0
𝑩𝑫 = −𝟔𝟔. 𝟕 𝒌𝑵

𝑃𝐴𝐶 53.4 (1000)

𝝈𝑨𝑪 = = = 59.3 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐴 900 𝑚𝑚2

𝑃𝐵𝐷 66.7(1000)
𝝈𝑩𝑫 = = = 74.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐴 900

Assignment 1.1
1. A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100mm must carry a tensile load of 400
kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MPa.

2. A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in Fig.

1.8. Compute the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in
bronze and 120 MPa in steel.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
Module 1 7

Bronze Steel

L = 4m L = 3m

L = 10m

Figure 1.8.

3. The homogeneous bar shown in Fig. 1.9 is supported by a smooth pin at C and a cable
that runs from A and B around the smooth peg at D. Find the stress in the cable if its
diameter 15.2 mm and bar weighs 26.69 kN.

Figure 1.9.

4. An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a bronze rod as shown in
Fig. 1.10. Axial loads are applied at the position indicated. Find the maximum value of P
that will not exceed a stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa, or in bronze of
100 MPa.

Steel
500 mm 2
Aluminum Bronze
400 mm 2 200 mm 2

P 2P
4P

2.50 m 2.0 m 1.50 m

Figure 1.10.

5. Find the stresses in members BC, BD, and CF for the truss shown in Fig. 1.11. Indicate
the tension and compression. The cross-sectional area of each member is 1600 mm2.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
Module 1 8

Figure 1.11.

Shearing Stress
In shearing stress, it differs from the tensile and compressive stress. Because the
nature of forces is acting perpendicular to the cross-sectional area, while the shearing
stress is acting along or parallel to the cross-sectional area. In this reason, tensile and
compressive stresses are frequently called normal stresses, whereas the shearing
stress may be called tangential stress.

A shearing stress is produced whenever the applied loads cause one section of a
body to tend to slide past its adjacent section. In the Fig. 1.12. In (a) the rivet resists shear
across its cross-sectional area for single shear, whereas in double shear rivet resists
shear across two cross-sectional areas. In (b) circular slug is punched in a certain plate
where similar to the milled edge coin. This may be called a direct shear in contrast to
induced shear.

(a) (b)
Figure 1.12. Sample of Shear.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
Module 1 9
In this section, shearing stress will exist when the resultant shearing force V
passes through the centroid of the cross section being sheared. And, if this could
formulated to,
𝑽
𝝉=
𝑨
where:
𝜏 = Shearing Stress, MPa, N/mm2
𝑉 = Shear Force, N
𝐴 = Cross sectional area, mm2
Example 3.
What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick?
The shear strength is 350.
Solution.

V=τA

P=350[π(20)(25)]

P=549778.7N

P=549.8kN

Figure 1.13. Exploratory image.

Assignment 1.2
1. Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be
used in the clevis shown in Fig. 1.14 if P = 400
kN. The shearing strength of the bolt is 300
MPa.

Figure 1.14. Clevis.

2. A 200-mm-diameter pulley is
prevented from rotating relative to 60-
mm-diameter shaft by a 70-mm-long
key, as shown in Fig. 1.15. If a torque T
= 2.2 kN·m is applied to the shaft,
determine the width b if the allowable
shearing stress in the key is 60 MPa Figure 1.15.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
Module 1 10

3. Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the

member supported as shown in Fig. 1.16. The pin
diameter is 20 mm.

Figure 1.16.

4. Two blocks of wood, width w and thickness t, are

glued together along the joint inclined at the angle θ as
shown in Fig.1.17. Using Fig. 1.2 as FBD. Show that
the shearing stress on the glued joint is τ = P sin 2θ /
2A, where A is the cross-sectional area.

Figure 1.17.

5. A rectangular piece of wood, 50 mm by 100 mm in cross section,

is used as a compression block shown in Fig. 1.18. Determine the
axial force P that can be safely applied to the block if the
compressive stress in wood is limited to 20 MN/m2 and the shearing
stress parallel to the grain is limited to 5MN/m2. The grain makes an
angle of 20° with the horizontal, as shown. (Hint: Use the results in
Problem 4.)
Figure 1.18.

Bearing Stress
In bearing stress, it differs from the compressive stress in that the previous is the
internal stress caused by a compressive force, whereas the normal stress is a contact
pressure between separate bodies.

In Fig. 1.19, the result of an excessive bearing stress is to cause yielding of the
plate or of the rivet, or both.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
Module 1 11

Figure 1.19. Exploratory of Deformation of Upper Plate.

The variable stress distribution of bearing stress is to be uniformly distributed over

a reduced area equal to the projected area. Hence, it is formulated to
𝑷𝒃
𝝈𝒃 =
𝑨𝒃
𝑷𝒃 = 𝑨𝒃 𝝈𝒃 = (𝒕𝒅)𝝈𝒃
where:
𝝈𝒃 = Shearing Stress, MPa, N/mm2
𝑷𝒃 = Shear Force, N
𝑨𝒃 = Cross sectional area, mm2
𝒕 = thickness of the plate, mm
𝒅 = diameter of the hole, mm

Example 4.
Consider the double shear bolted connection at right.
The upper and lower plates have thickness of a = 10
mm. The middle plate has thickness b = 15 mm. The
bolt has diameter d = 10 mm. The system is
subjected to a load of P = 5.0 kN as shown at right
as shown in Fig. 1.20. Compute the following:
(a) The Maximum Average Bearing Stress in the bolt.
(b) The Average Shear Stress in the bolt.
Figure 1.20.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
Module 1 12
Solution.
In order to determine the Average Bearing Stress in the bolt,
treat the bolt as a Free-Body Diagram, Fig. 1.21. From the
FBD, the Average Bearing Stresses on the top and bottom
surfaces of the bolt are:

a. Max. Average Bearing Stress.

Top and bottom of the bolt, Figure 1.21.
Let a be the thickness of the plate,
𝑷/𝟐
𝝈𝒃,𝒕𝒐𝒑 =
𝒂𝒅
(5/2)1000
𝜎𝑏,𝑡𝑜𝑝 =
(10𝑚𝑚)(10𝑚𝑚)
𝜎𝑏,𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎
At the middle of the bolt,
Let b be the thickness of the plate,
𝑷
𝝈𝒃,𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒆 =
𝒃𝒅
5(1000)
𝜎𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑑 =
(15𝑚𝑚)(10𝑚𝑚)
𝜎𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 33 𝑀𝑝𝑎
Therefore, the maximum ave. bearing stress is 33 MPa.

b. Average Shear Stress

𝑽
𝝉𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
𝑨
𝑃/2 Figure 1.22.
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝜋
2
4𝑑
5/2
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝜋 = 𝟑𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂
(10) 2
4

Assignment 1.3
1. In Fig. 1.23, assume that a 20-mm-
diameter rivet joins the plates that are each
110 mm wide. The allowable stresses are
120 MPa for bearing in the plate material
and 60 MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine
(a) the minimum thickness of each plate;
and (b) the largest average tensile stress in
the plates.
Figure 1.23.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
Module 1 13
2. The lap joint shown in Fig. 1.24 is
fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter rivets.
Calculate the maximum safe load P that
can be applied if the shearing stress in the
rivets is limited to 14 ksi and the bearing
stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi.
Assume the applied load is uniformly
distributed among the four rivets. Figure 1.24.

3. Figure 1.25 shows a roof truss and the detail of the riveted connection at joint B. Using
allowable stresses of τ = 70 MPa and σb= 140 MPa, how many 19-mm-diameter rivets
are required to fasten member BC to the gusset plate? Member BE? What is the largest
average tensile or compressive stress in BC and BE?

(a)
Figure 1.25.
(b)
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
A cylindrical tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under an internal pressure is
subjected to tensile forces, which resist bursting, developed across longitudinal and
transverse sections.

Figure 1.26. Analytical Determination of Bursting Force.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
Module 1 14

The forces acting are the total pressures caused by the internal pressure p and
the total tension in the walls T:

F=pA=pDL

T =σtAwall =σttL

ΣFH=0

F=2T

pDL=2(σttL)

𝒑𝑫
𝝈𝒕 =
𝟐𝒕
where:
𝝈𝒕 = Tangential Stress, MPa, N/mm2
𝒑 = internal force, MPa
𝑫 = diameter of the vessel, mm
𝒕 = thickness of the plate, mm

While in longitudinal stress, the total force acting at the rear of the tank F must
equal to the total longitudinal stress on the wall PT = σl Awall. Since t is so small compared
to D, the area of the wall is close to πDt.
F=pA=pπ4D2

PT=σLπDt

ΣFH=0

PT=F

σLπDt=p(πD2/4)

𝒑𝑫
𝝈𝒍 =
𝟒𝒕
where:
𝝈𝒍 = Longitudinal Stress, MPa, N/mm2
𝒑 = internal force, MPa
𝑫 = diameter of the vessel, mm
𝒕 = thickness of the plate, mm

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
Module 1 15
Example 5.
A cylindrical air-compressor tank with an inside diameter of 550 mm is to be designed to
withstand safely a working pressure of 0.86 MPa. Boiler plate with an allowable tensile
stress of 76 MPa. All seams will be butt welds with an efficiency of 100%.
1. Determine the force per lineal mm of the longitudinal seam.
2. Determine the required thickness “t” of the wall.
3. Determine the unit stress in the circumferential seam.
Solution.
1. Force per lineal mm of longitudinal seam.
𝒑𝑫
𝑷=
𝟐
Note: thickness involve due per lineal mm.
0.86(550)
𝑃=
2
𝑷 = 𝟐𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝟎 𝑵
2. Required thickness of wall.
𝒑𝑫
𝑷=
𝟐𝝈𝒕
0.86(550)
𝑃=
2(76)
𝑷 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎
3. Unit stress in the circumferential section.
𝒑𝑫
𝝈𝒍 =
𝟒𝒕
0.86(550)
𝜎𝑙 =
4(76)
𝝈𝒍 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟎𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂

Assignment 1.4
1. A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall thickness of 20 mm,
is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MPa. (a) Calculate the tangential and
longitudinal stresses in the steel. (b) To what value may the internal pressure be
increased if the stress in the steel is limited to 120 MPa? (c) If the internal pressure were
increased until the vessel burst, sketch the type of fracture that would occur.

2. At what angular velocity will the stress of the rotating steel ring equal 150 MPa if its
mean radius is 220 mm? The density of steel 7.85 Mg/m3.

3. A cylindrical is 150 mm mean diameter and 750 mm long with a wall thickness of 2mm,
is subjected to an internal pressure of 0.8 MPa greater than the outside pressure.
Calculate the tangential and longitudinal stress.

4. A cylindrical pressure vessel is fabricated from steel plating that has a thickness of 20
mm. The diameter of the pressure vessel is 450 mm and its length is 2.0 m. Determine
the maximum internal pressure that can be applied if the longitudinal stress is limited to
140 MPa, and the circumferential stress is limited to 60 MPa.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
Module 1 16

References
Besavilla, V. I., Simplified Structural Design, VIB Publishing, Revised Edition, Cebu
City, 2009.

Pytel A. et al, Strength of Materials, Harper Collins Publishing, Inc., New York, 1987.

www.https://mathalino.com

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III