ENGLISH SUMMATIVE Presents arguments only about

one.
TEST REVIEWER
LESSON 1: Writing Techniques FORMAT: Introduction + Body with 3
Reasons + Conclusion
Writing: it is an art of communication
That expresses ideas and feelings STRUCTURE OF PERSUASIVE
WRITING:
THREE TYPES OF WRITING a.​ Starting point - Identify your
TECHNIQUES: topic and choose your side.
b.​ Purpose - Get the reader to
a.​ Informative Writing Technique: agree with your opinion.
-​ Educates the reader by imparting c.​ Techniques:
straightforward informations, -​ Combines facts with emotions to
primary goal is to inform, convince the reader that he/she
answers questions how and why, is right.
introduce new understanding or -​ Emotion-based
new appreciation of some topics -​ Ignores counter-claims
-​ Presents only ideas that help
FORMAT: Introduction + Main Ideas establish a position
and Details + Conclusion -​ Only presents one side: the
author’s side.
STRUCTURES OF PERSUASIVE WT: d.​ Tone - emotionally charges and
1.​ Descriptive: provides details aggressive
explanation of any ideas
EXAMPLES: Love, friendship, sacrifice ARISTOTLE’S MODES OF
2.​ Cause and Effect: explains the EXPRESSION:
connection between 2 events
EXAMPLES: Cyberbullying, online game a.​ Pathos - appeal to emotions;
addiction, abortion plays on audience emotions to
3.​ Process: explains the process or influence the acceptance of an
step-by-step process on how argument.
something is done. b.​ Ethos - used to convince an
EXAMPLES: How to travel solo audience based on author’s
4.​ Opposing Side: shows all the credibility and authority
parts of an issue (pros and cons) c.​ Logos - used to convince an
EXAMPLES: death penalty audience by using logical
reasoning, using facts and
B. Persuasive Writing Technique figures
-​ Its goal is to convince the
readers of the validity of the C. Argumentative Writing Technique
writer’s argument. Builds -​ Kind of writing that aims to make
arguments on opinions and the reader agree with the writer’s
factual statements. Intends to opinion above a controversial or
make readers do certain things. debatable issues.
-​ To persuade
PARTS OF ARGUMENTATIVE -​ Engaging in thoughtful and
WRITING TECHNIQUE: informed discussion.
A.​ Introduction: Claim and Thesis
Statement - statement of PARTS OF A CRITIQUE PAPER:
opinion, this is the topic of a.​ Introduction (TITLE OF THE
argument. STORY, AUTHOR, OUTLINE OF
B.​ Body: Evidence, MAIN IDEAS, THESIS
Counter-argument, refutation, STATEMENT OF YOUR OWN)
conclusion b.​ Summary
C.​ Conclusion: a strong restatement c.​ Analysis
of the original claim -​ How the text was
organized
LESSON 2: Critiquing -​ The style and rhetoric
-​ How effective the
Critiquing: it is an act of analyzing, message is
evaluating, interpreting, and judging a -​ Whether or not the author
work of an art. did justice to do the
message?
Analyzing: Breaking down the subject -​ How the text appealed to
into its component parts its target audience.
d.​ Conclusion
Evaluating: Assessing the strengths and
weaknesses of each part and the TYPES OF CRITICAL ANALYSIS:
subject as a whole. 1.​ Descriptive: examines the text or
work that focuses on specific
Interpreting: Understanding the characteristics.
meaning of significance of the subject, 2.​ Evaluative: assess the value of
considering its intended purpose and work, determining whether it met
potential impact on its audience. expectations or felt short.
3.​ Interpretive: aims to explain the
Critique: detailed analysis and meaning of the work to the
evaluation of work of an art, writing, reader, requiring a deep
performance. understanding of the subject
-​ It is a systematic examination matter.
of the work’s strengths and
weaknesses, its purpose, its PURPOSE OF CRITICAL ANALYSIS:
intended audience, and its -​ To provide a constructive
overall effectiveness. feedback: improve the work by
highlighting weaknesses and
Critical Analysis: deep dive into a strengths
specific topic, beyond simply -​ To deepen understanding: we
summarizing a text, you examine and can gain deeper understanding
interpret it. of the work
-​ Understanding the subject deeply -​ To share perspectives: allow us
-​ Forming and supporting your to share our thoughts
own interpretation.
HOW TO WRITE A CRITICAL POEMS:
ANALYSIS? -​ Form and structure
-​ Explore the work: carefully read -​ Binary opposition
and analyze the work, take notes -​ Linguistic Patterns
and identifying key points
-​ Conduct a research: can provide FILM: How does the film use visual
valuable insights codes such as camera angles, editing
-​ Create a thesis: summarizing the techniques, and mise-en-scene
main argument
-​ Write the essay: structurally FORMALIST APPROACH
logic
-​ Edit and revise: edit for -​ It analyzes text as TEXT.
coherence and clarity -​ Ignores external meaning,
focuses on intrinsic meaning
STRUCTURALIST APPROACH which is inherent by examining
structure.
-​ Emerged in the mid 20th -​ Individualism
century, drawing inspiration -​ Focus on form
from linguistics. -​ Intrinsic meaning: meaning
-​ Discussing the universal themes inherent in the text
(universality) -​ Emphasis on language – use of
-​ Most known person for language
structuralist: Ferdinand De -​ Literary Device – metaphors and
Saussure - a swiss linguist, order, simile
theme, characters, entire -​ Autonomy of the text — viewed
message were being discussed, as a self-contained entity.
but it encourages you to read
beyond the underlying SHORT STORY
framework of a text. -​ Language and Style
-​ Uncovers hidden rules. -​ Narrative Techniques
-​ Binary Opposition: -​ Literary Devices
two-contrasting ideas ex.
good/evil POEMS
-​ Narrative Structures: blueprint -​ Language and imagery
of the story - holds plot together -​ Themes and ideas
-​ Archetypes: Symbol -​ Overall effect
Representation
FILMS
SHORT STORY: -​ Cinematography
-​ Narrative Structure -​ Sound and editing
-​ Binary Opposition -​ Plot, Characters and Themes
-​ Archetypes -​ Genre and Style
-​ Linguistic Structure
MORALIST APPROACH HISTORICAL APPROACH

Based on teaching/moral – to promote - Focuses on historical content, focusing

virtue, focuses on religious and on the author’s life, social conditions,
philosophical. and literary movements.
-​ Revival in 19th century - Historical content of time, place, and
-​ Emphasizes the didactic function society in which it was written.
of literature - 19th and 20th century.
-​ Viewing it as a tool for shaping - Origins back in classical and medieval
character thought
-​ Mathhew Arnold: believed
literature should serve as a moral FEMINIST APPROACH
guide.
-​ Morality as standard: use of
- emerged in the broader feminist
framework of ethical principles
movement of 20th century.
-​ Evaluation on Human Action:
1ST WAVE: demeaning treatment
analyzes the quality of
2ND WAVE: analyzing women’s pov in
characters’ action
writing
-​ Conformance to Moral norms
3RD WAVE: 1990s, contemporary gender
expression
READER’S RESPONSE -​ Representation of Woman
-​ Patriarchal Structures
-​ Emerged in the 1960s/1970s -​ Intersectionality
where it is a reaction against the
structuralist and formalist MARXIST APPROACH
approaches that emphasized the
internal structure and meaning.
- 19TH CENTURY (Karl Marx and
-​ Isar, Fish, Bleich - they digged
Friedrich Engels)
deeper in exploring the world of
- Not just a political Philosophy; method
interpretations
of socioeconomic analysis
-​ Reader’s experience /
- understanding and analyzing society,
interpretation
economics, and history based on the
-​ Reader’s interpretation of the
ideas of karl marx
text
- means of production
-​ You must be an active reader,
- Class struggle: Marx said that society
implied reader (wolfgang) , and
is divided into classes on their
interpretive communities
relationship
-​ It emphasizes subjective
- Historical Materialism: driven by
interpretation, allowing readers
material conditions, means of
to engage deeply with the
production
material.
- Capitalism: inherently exploits workers.
- Revolution: capitalism will be gone if a
revolution was started proletariat.
Bourgeoisie: middle classes, owns and
controls the factories
Proletariat: worker class, do not own
means of production