CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
Floods lead to a vast loss of life and property in many countries. But in developing
countries the lack of proper technology leads to more loss of life and property due to flood. Bridges
are important in modern world. Bridges add beauty to the roads. Bridge failures are one of the
most infrastructure problems in the world. It often leads to the catastrophic consequences, loss of
life, restricted commerce. The objective of this project is to monitor the flood situation lift the
bridge in case of danger in the form of buzzer sound.

A smart bridge is one that senses some significant condition of its environment or
behavior and then automatically reacts to that condition. Bridges play a critical role in modern
transportation infrastructure, enabling the smooth movement of vehicles, pedestrians, and goods
over water bodies and rugged terrains. Ensuring the safety and structural integrity of bridges is of
paramount importance to avoid potential disasters and prolong their lifespan. In recent years, with
the advancement of technology, smart bridge monitoring systems have emerged as a revolutionary
solution to address these challenges. These systems leverage various sensors, data communication
technologies, and microcontrollers like Arduino to collect and analyze data continuously. Arduino,
being an open source electronics platform, offers an affordable and flexible way to build
sophisticated monitoring systems for various applications, including bridge monitoring.

Figure 1. Typical Bridge Flooded with Water

1
 An automatic height-adjusting bridge is designed to maintain a safe height during
heavy rain or floods. It is equipped with a servo motor, which is connected to an Arduino board
that controls its movements. The servo motor is attached to a hydraulic system that raises or lowers
the bridge's height based on the water level. The Arduino board receives input from a moisture
sensor that detects the water level and sends signals to the servo motor to adjust the bridge's height.
The moisture sensor is installed in the water channel, and it sends data to the Arduino board
through a wireless connection. The servo motor is connected to the hydraulic system that raises or
lowers the bridge's height. When the moisture sensor detects a rise in water level, it sends a signal
to the Arduino board, which then sends a signal to the servo motor to raise the bridge's height. This
process continues until the water level decreases to a safe level. Similarly, when the water level
decreases, the moisture sensor sends a signal to the Arduino board, which then sends a signal to
the servo motor to lower the bridge's height. This helps ensure the bridge is at a safe height,
preventing any accidents or damage during heavy rain or floods.

Figure 2. Typical Bridge Flooded with Water over the road

2
 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE SURVEY
1. Q. Li, W. J. Zhang, and L. Chen, “Design for Control - A Concurrent Engineering
Approach for Mechatronic Systems Design,” IEEE/ASME Transaction on
Mechatronics, vol. 6(2), pp.161-169, 2001.

• This paper presents the design and implementation of an automatic bridge height
adjustment system using Arduino microcontroller technology.
• The system aims to address the challenges faced by bridges with variable clearance
requirements due to fluctuating water levels or passing vessels.
• By integrating sensors, actuators, and control algorithms, the system dynamically adjusts
the height of the bridge to ensure safe passage for maritime traffic. The proposed solution
offers a cost-effective and efficient approach to bridge management, enhancing safety and
accessibility while minimizing manual intervention.

2. C. Chen, J. Fu, L. Chen and X. Lu, "Knowledge-Based for Damage Detection of

Bridge Over Water from High-Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Images," IGARSS
2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Valencia,
Spain, 2018, pp. 4531-4534, doi: 10.1109/IGARSS.2018.8517881.

• This paper introduces a knowledge-based approach for the detection of damage to bridges
over water bodies using high-spatial resolution remote sensing images.

• The proposed method leverages expert knowledge and image processing techniques to
identify structural anomalies, such as cracks, corrosion, or displacement, in bridge
components.

• By combining domain-specific knowledge with advanced image analysis algorithms, the

system offers a robust and accurate solution for early detection and assessment of bridge
damage, aiding in timely maintenance and ensuring structural safety.

3
3. Jingfei Zhang and Guangmin Sun, "Recognition of bridge over water in remote
sensing image using Discrete Hopfield Neural Network," Proceedings 2011
International Conference on Transportation, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineering
(TMEE), Changchun, China, 2011, pp. 439-442, doi: 10.1109/TMEE.2011.6199236.

• This paper presents a novel approach for the recognition of bridges over water in remote
sensing images using a Discrete Hopfield Neural Network (DHNN).

• The proposed method aims to accurately detect and classify bridge structures within
complex aquatic environments, leveraging the pattern recognition capabilities of neural
networks.

• Training the DHNN with representative features extracted from remote sensing imagery,
the system achieves robust and efficient bridge detection, facilitating applications such as
infrastructure monitoring, disaster response, and environmental assessment.

4. J. Ma, J. Zhu, J. Zhang, J. He and X. Dang, "Effect of Hydrodynamic Pressure on

Seismic Response for Seismically Isolated Girder Bridge in Deep Water," 2020
International Conference on Intelligent Transportation, Big Data & Smart City
(ICITBS), Vientiane, Laos, 2020, pp. 108-113, doi: 10.1109/ICITBS49701.2020.00031.

• This paper investigates the effect of hydrodynamic pressure on the seismic response of
seismically isolated girder bridges situated in deep water environments.

• The interaction between seismic forces and hydrodynamic pressure presents unique
challenges for the design and performance of bridge structures, particularly in regions
prone to both seismic activity and significant water depths.

5. J. -L. Lee, Y. -Y. Tyan, M. -H. Wen and Y. -W. Wu, "Development of an IoT-based
bridge safety monitoring system," 2017 International Conference on Applied System
Innovation (ICASI), Sapporo, Japan, 2017, pp. 84-86, doi:
10.1109/ICASI.2017.7988352.

• This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on the development of IoT-based

bridge safety monitoring systems.

4
• With the increasing demand for efficient and cost-effective infrastructure management, IoT
technologies offer promising solutions for real-time monitoring, analysis, and maintenance
of bridges.
• By leveraging sensors, wireless communication, and data analytics, IoT-based systems
enable proactive identification of structural anomalies, early detection of potential hazards,
and timely intervention to ensure bridge safety and integrity. This review explores the state-
of-the-art in IoT-based bridge safety monitoring, highlighting key technologies,
challenges, and future research directions.

5
 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY AND COMPONENTS
3.1 METHODOLOGY
An automatic height-adjusting bridge is designed to maintain a safe height during heavy
rain or floods. It is equipped with a servo motor, which is connected to an Arduino board that
controls its movements. The servo motor is attached to a hydraulic system that raises or lowers the
bridge's height based on the water level. The Arduino board receives input from a moisture sensor
that detects the water level and sends signals to the servo motor to adjust the bridge's height. The
moisture sensor is installed in the water channel, and it sends data to the Arduino board through a
wireless connection. The servo motor is connected to the hydraulic system that raises or lowers
the bridge's height. When the moisture sensor detects a rise in water level, it sends a signal to the
Arduino board, which then sends a signal to the servo motor to raise the bridge's height. This
process continues until the water level decreases to a safe level. Similarly, when the water level
decreases, the moisture sensor sends a signal to the Arduino board, which then sends a signal to
the servo motor to lower the bridge's height. This helps ensure the bridge is at a safe height,
preventing any accidents or damage during heavy rain or floods.

6
A Smart bridge is designed to maintain a safe height during heavy rain or floods. It is equipped
with a servo motor, which is connected to an Arduino board that controls its movements.

The servo motor is attached to a hydraulic system that raises or lowers the bridge's height based
on the water level.

The Arduino board receives input from a water level sensor that detects the water level and sends
signals to the servo motor to adjust the bridge's height.

The water level sensor is installed in the water channel, and it sends data to the Arduino board
through a wires.

Figure 3.Flow Chart of Automatic Increase in Height during Flood

7
3.2 COMPONENTS:

3.2.1 ARDUINO ATMega

Arduino is a development board that integrates a microcontroller and its support circuitry
with digital and analog inputs and outputs. It has an open source computing development platform
based on an environment for programs creation.

Arduino boards were originally created in 2005 by Massimo Benzi of IVRAE Institute for
the need to learn of the computer and electronic students. By then the acquisition of microcontroller
board was expensive and did not offer adequate support, instead he obtains as a result an open-
hardware board with a lot of potential and, what is more, at a very economical cost. Years later it
becomes a DIY (Do It Yourself) technology, a great support for students. Later other students
joined the project, firstly Hernando Barragán, a student of Colombia University who contributes
with David Mellis, other IVRAE Institute schoolmate, to the development of an environment for
the programming of the processor of this board.

Over time were integrated at “Arduino Team” David Curtielles, who helped to weaken the
hardware interface adding the necessary microcontrollers to integrate support and memory to the
programming language in order to manipulate easily the platform, and Tom Igoe who made the
board most powerful adding USB ports to connect to computers. They began the distribution free
of charge within the faculties of electronics, computing and design of the same institute. Later the
publicist Gianluca Martino helped them to get promoted until NatanSadle offered to introduce the
boards in mass production. Arduino Uno boards has finally placed in the number one of learning
tools for the development of automaton systems.

The different components of Board are explained as follows:

a) Pins:

One of the most important characteristics to keep in mind when choosing an Arduino board
is the number of inputs and outputs. It can be digital or analog, depending on the application it is
more important to pay attention in one type or another, but usually one parameter depends on the
other, if the board has an important number of digital inputs, the analog input number will be
considerable too because it normally has relation with the size of the board.

In this case, both digital and analog pins matter because the project involves digital and
analog components and all of them will be connected to the board, the core of the application and
the responsible of the information collection. Taking into account that the two types of pins are
needed, that the project has 14 components and that the number could increase with the progress

8
of the project, the best option is to choose a board which contains more pins than are needed at the
beginning of the project so that at the end there is no risk of missing. Then the orange shaded types
are discarded for having a pin number very fair for the scope of the project.

b) Memory:

Flash memory is the program space, where the program is stored. At the beginning of the
project, without knowing what programming will behave in terms of size, and knowing that the
application will have several operation modes and can grow as project progress, the safest way to
avoid having to go back in an advanced stage is to ensure that the memory will be sufficient. For
this reason, the yellow shaded types are discarded for having less KB of flash memory.

SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) is a type of volatile memory where program is
stored and it manipulates variables when executing. The information stored will be deleted when
the power is lost since this memory is only for the program execution. If SRAM run out of space,
the program will fail unexpectedly, even if it is compiled and uploaded to board correctly the
application will not run or be run in an unwanted way. This is a very important point to have a
fully functional application, so the blue shaded types are marked for having few KB of this
memory.

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) memory is a RAM

memory programmable and electrically erasable, unlike the EPROM that must be erasable by
ultraviolet rays. Is a non-volatile memory, it means that is capable to retrieve data after power
down. Arduino Due has no EEPRO Mand although it is not planned to use, is a parameter that
should also be evaluated in case that to keep the values stored after a possible loss of power
becomes necessary

c) Clock frequency:

Clock frequency refers at which speed CPU (Central Processing Unit) is running and is an
indicator of the processor’s speed. In this case the slowest is Arduino Pro.

d) Operating voltage:

The only board which has an operating voltage different than 5 V is Arduino Due, this is
a major disadvantage in terms of hardware, as all components planned to be used operate at 5 V.

As a summary and final decision, it is considered that the most suitable Arduino board for
this project is Arduino Mega. On the one hand, it is quite similar to Arduino UNO in terms of
electronic characteristics but contains many more pins, and on the other hand, Arduino Due is the
most powerful board in this range but it presents a problem due to hardware incompatibility with
project components.

9
3.2.2 Different Parts of Arduino ATMega board

Figure 4.Arduino Uno Atmega Board

• Microcontroller: -
For this project an Arduino UNO will be selected. Widely employed
in basic programming projects, it contains a 16MHz clock, 14 digital input/output pins, 6 analog
inputs and 6 PWM Outputs. It is based on Atmega 328P microcontroller and can be powered via
USB connection or by an external power supply. The ATmega328 is a low power, CMOS 8-bit
microcontrollers based on the AVR® enhanced RISC architecture. By executing instructions in a
single clock cycle, the devices achieve CPU throughput approaching one million instructions per
second (MIPS) per megahertz, allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption
versus processing speed.

10
3.2.3 Arduino Uno to ATmega328 Pin Mapping
When ATmega328 chip is used in place of Arduino Uno, or vice versa, the image below
shows the pin mapping between the two.

Figure 5.Pin Diagram of Atmega 328p

The 14 digital input/output pins can be used as input or output pins by using pinMode(),
digitalRead() and digitalWrite() functions in arduino programming. The program used for to
develop smart bridge is available in Annexure I. Each pin operate at 5V and can provide or receive
a maximum of 40mA current, and has an internal pull-up resistor of 20-50 KOhms which are
disconnected by default. Out of these 14 pins, some pins have specific functions as listed below:

11
3.2.4 Arduino Uno Pin out Configuration:
Pin Category Pin Name Details

Vin: Input voltage to Arduino when using an external

power source.

5V: Regulated power supply used to power

microcontroller and other components on the board.
Vin, 3.3V, 5V, GND
Power
3.3V: 3.3V supply generated by on-board voltage
regulator. Maximum current draw is 50mA.

GND: ground pins.

Reset Reset Resets the microcontroller.

Analog Pins A0 – A5 Used to provide analog input in the range of 0-5V

Input/Output Pins Digital Pins 0 - 13 Can be used as input or output pins.

Serial 0(Rx), 1(Tx) Used to receive and transmit TTL serial data.
External
Interrupts 2,3 To trigger an interrupt.

PWM 3, 5, 6, 9, 11 Provides 8-bit PWM output.

10 (SS), 11 (MOSI),
SPI 12 (MISO) and 13 Used for SPI communication.
(SCK)

Inbuilt LED 13 To turn on the inbuilt LED.

TWI A4 (SDA), A5 (SCA) A4 (SDA), A5 (SCA)

AREF AREF To provide reference voltage for input voltage.

12
3.2.5 Arduino Uno Technical Specifications: -
Microcontroller ATmega328P – 8 bit AVR family

Microcontroller

Operating Voltage 5v

Recommended input Voltage 7-12v

Input Voltage Limits 6-20v

Analog Input Pins 6(A0-A5)

Digital I/O Pins 14 (Out of which 6 provide PWM output)

DC Current on I/O Pins 40mA

DC Current on 3.3v Pin 50mA

Flash memory 32kb (0.5kb is used for Boot loader)

SRAM 2 KB

EEPROM 1KB

Frequency (Clock Speed) 16MHz

13
3.2.6. Servo Motor: -

Figure 6.Servo Motor

Servo motor is part of a motion control system that produces motion in response to a
command. To do the job, there should be a closed loop control system. This simple closed loop
control system consists of an actuator which here is an electric motor, a sensor to measure
controlling parameters, and a controller to generate suitable commands to achieve the desired
output. So in order to understand servos better, let’s take a look at a simple diagram of a closed
loop control system.

3.2.7 Servo Motor Pinout

Figure 7. Pin Diagram of Servo Motor

14
 Servo motors typically have three connections, her is the PIN Out of the Tower Pro™
Micro Servo S9 (SG90). he wires varies between servo motors, but the red wire is always
5V and GND will either be black or brown. The control wire is usually orange or yellow.

Wire Number Wire Colour Description

1 Brown Ground wire connected to the ground of system

2 Red Powers the motor typically +5V is used

3 Orange PWM signal is given in through this wire to drive the motor

15
3.2.8. Servo Motor Position
You can control the servo motor by sending a series of pulses to the signal line. A
conventional analog servo motor expects to receive a pulse approximately every 20 milliseconds
(the signal should be 50 Hz). The length of the pulse determines the position of the servomotor.

Figure 8.Different Positions of Servo Motor

16
Example

If the pulse is high for 1ms, then the servo angle will be zero. If the pulse is high for 1.5ms,
then the servo will be at its center position. If the pulse is high for 2ms, then the servo will at 180
degrees. Pulses ranging between 1ms and 2ms will move the servo shaft through the full 180
degrees of its travel. The duration of the pulses may sometimes vary with different brands and
they can be 0.5ms for 0 degrees and 2.5ms for 180 degrees

Arduino Example:

The Arduino IDE comes with a standar Servo library called; Servo Library for Arduino. This
library allows an Arduino board to control RC (hobby) servo motors.

• Usage

This library allows an Arduino board to control RC (hobby) servo motors. Servos have
integrated gears and a shaft that can be precisely controlled. Standard servos allow the shaft to be
positioned at various angles, usually between 0 and 180 degrees. Continuous rotation servos allow
the rotation of the shaft to be set to various speeds.

The Servo library supports up to 12 motors on most Arduino boards and 48 on the Arduino
Mega. On boards other than the Mega, use of the library disables analogWrite() (PWM)
functionality on pins 9 and 10, whether or not there is a Servo on those pins. On the Mega, up to
12 servos can be used without interfering with PWM functionality; use of 12 to 23 motors will
disable PWM on pins 11 and 12.

To use this library:

#include <Servo.h>

17
 3.2.9 Water level Sensor: -

Figure 9.Water Level Sensor

The power and sense traces form a variable resistor (much like a potentiometer) whose
resistance varies based on how much they are exposed to water. This resistance varies inversely
with the depth of immersion of the sensor in water:

• The more water the sensor is immersed in, the better the conductivity and the lower the
resistance.

• The less water the sensor is immersed in, the poorer the conductivity and the higher the
resistance.

The sensor generates an output voltage proportional to the resistance; by measuring this voltage,
the water level can be determined.

18
3.2.10 Water Level Sensor Pinout:

Figure 10.Pin diagram of water level Sensor

VCC is the power supply pin of the Rain Detection Sensor that can be connected
to 5V of the supply.

GND is the ground pin of the board and it should be connected to the ground pin
of the Arduino.

OUT is the Analog output pin of the board that will give us an analog signal in
between VCC and

Application of water level sensor:

Following are the applications of water level sensor

1. Water level detection in the water tank to measure the level of the water inside the tank.
2. we can use this sensor in the air cooler to prevent the overflow and less amount problem
3. we can use this sensor into the lead-acid battery to measure the level of acidic water
inside the battery
4. We can use this awesome sensor into the irrigation in the rural area also we can monitor
the level of the water.
5. We can use this water level sensor to measure the water inside the RO machine of water.

19
3.2.11 Advantages & Disadvantages of Water level sensor:

Advantages:

Following are the advantages of water level sensor

• The main advantage is the simplicity of the sensor that a beginner can also use it easily and
easily to build schematic even on a piece of PerfBoard.

• The working voltage level has an input of 40V, which covers all the popular Development
board and microcontrollers.

• The sensor can also be built on the large scale as required by the user, as the schematic is so
simple and requires only few active and passive components.

• With the help of mounting holes, you can easily mount the sensor anywhere of the surface or
custom-built the PCB for the same.

• More advanced version and different types of water level sensor are also available which works
differently, but the output is same.

Disadvantages:

Following are the disadvantages of water level sensor

• The main disadvantage of the sensor is the single type of OUTPUT it gives. The sensor should
be modified to give the ANALOG value of the water level with respect to physical water level,
which is much more useful than DIGITAL values.

• Open traces on the sensor PCB for the sensing of the water is not galvanized, as a result it
deposits a layer of salt over then over a period of continuous use or time.

• There is no such way to control the logic level of the OUTPUT signal as it depends on the input
voltage, so it needs to be connected with the microcontroller power pins.

20
3.2.12 Jumper Wires:

Figure 11.Jumper Wire

Element that allows closing an electrical circuit. It has to be combined with soldering.
Jumper wires are used for making connections between items on your breadboard and your
Arduino’s header pins. Use them to wire up all your circuits!

3.2.13 Battery:

Figure 12.9v battery

A battery is a device that converts chemical energy contained within its active materials
directly into electric energy by means of an electrochemical oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction.
This type of reaction involves the transfer of electrons from one material to another via an electric
circuit.

21
3.2.14 Buzzer
It is a piezoelectric transducer, a device that converts electrical signals into sound.
Piezoelectric materials have the possibility of varying its volume when being crossed by electrical
currents. A buzzer takes advantage of this phenomenon to vibrate a membrane by traversing the
piezoelectric material with an electric signal. An audio signaling device like a beeper or buzzer
may be electromechanical or piezoelectric or mechanical type. The main function of this is to
convert the signal from audio to sound. Generally, it is powered through DC voltage and used in
timers, alarm devices, printers, alarms, computers, etc. Based on the various designs, it can
generate different sounds like alarm, music, bell & siren.

Figure 13.Buzzer

The pin configuration of the buzzer is it includes two pins namely positive and negative.
The positive terminal of this is represented with the ‘+’ symbol or a longer terminal. This terminal
is powered through 6Volts whereas the negative terminal is represented with the ‘-‘symbol or short
terminal and it is connected to the GND terminal.

22
3.2.15 Component Table

Sr. no. Component Name Quantity Price (Rs) Total (Rs)

1. Arduino Uno Board 1 550 550

2. Servo Motor 4 140 560
3. Water Level Sensor 1 85 85
4. Buzzer 1 15 15
5. Bread Board 1 70 70
6. Battery 1 100 100
6. Jumper Wires 20 70 70
7. Data Cable 1 60 60
10. Foam Sheet 2*2 100 100
17. Other 200 200

Total Price Rs. 1810/-

23
 CHAPTER IV

SMART BRIDGE: AUTOMATIC INCREASE IN HEIGHT DURING FLOOD

4.1Methodology-
Bridges are essential infrastructure that connects different areas and makes
transportation more accessible. However, they can be challenging to maintain, especially when
water levels increase due to heavy rainfall or floods. In such cases, bridges can become dangerous,
causing traffic to come to a halt or even collapse. To prevent this, engineers have developed an
automatic height-adjusting bridge that can help maintain the safety of the bridge even during heavy
rain or floods. This bridge is equipped with an Arduino, servo motor, moisture sensor, and other
components that help adjust its height based on the water level. In this essay, we will discuss the
automatic height-adjusting bridge and how it works. The Automatic Height-Adjusting Bridge: An
automatic height-adjusting bridge is designed to maintain a safe height during heavy rain or floods.
It is equipped with a servo motor, which is connected to an Arduino board that controls its
movements. The servo motor is attached to a hydraulic system that raises or lowers the bridge's
height based on the water level. The Arduino board receives input from a moisture sensor that
detects the water level and sends signals to the servo motor to adjust the bridge's height. The
moisture sensor is installed in the water channel, and it sends data to the Arduino board through a
wireless connection. The servo motor is connected to the hydraulic system that raises or lowers
the bridge's height. When the moisture sensor detects a rise in water level, it sends a signal to the
Arduino board, which then sends a signal to the servo motor to raise the bridge's height. This
process continues until the water level decreases to a safe level. Similarly, when the water level
decreases, the moisture sensor sends a signal to the Arduino board, which then sends a signal to
the servo motor to lower the bridge's height. This helps ensure the bridge is at a safe height,
preventing any accidents or damage during heavy rain or floods.

24
 4.2 Working Principle:

An automatic height-adjusting bridge is designed to maintain a safe height during heavy

rain or floods. It is equipped with a servo motor, which is connected to an Arduino board that
controls its movements. The servo motor is attached to a hydraulic system that raises or lowers the
bridge's height based on the water level. The Arduino board receives input from a moisture sensor
that detects the water level and sends signals to the servo motor to adjust the bridge's height. The
moisture sensor is installed in the water channel, and it sends data to the Arduino board through a
wireless connection. The servo motor is connected to the hydraulic system that raises or lowers
the bridge's height. When the moisture sensor detects a rise in water level, it sends a signal to the
Arduino board, which then sends a signal to the servo motor to raise the bridge's height. This
process continues until the water level decreases to a safe level. Similarly, when the water level
decreases, the moisture sensor sends a signal to the Arduino board, which then sends a signal to
the servo motor to lower the bridge's height. This helps ensure the bridge is at a safe height,
preventing any accidents or damage during heavy rain or floods

Figure 14.Block Diagram of Automatic Increase in Height during Flood

25
 4.3 Working Model of Smart Bridge –Automatic Increase in Height during
Flood: -
The testing result of the SMART BRIDGE system is shown below. Hardware
implementation of overall SMART BRIDGE is in below figures:

A. Implementation of the setup initially.

Figure 15. SMART BRIDGE in its Normal Position.

Figure 16. SMART BRIDGE –Top view in Normal Position.

From above two figures 15 and 16 the bridge structure is in normal position. As discussed
from above chapters the Water Level sensor detects the water level and activates the servo motor.

26
As shown in the above figures the detected water level by the sensor is in its normal level and the
bridge is in its normal position.

B. When Increased water level is detected by Water Level Sensor:

Figure 17. Water Level Sensor Detecting Increased Water Level.

In the above fig 4 the water level is detected by Water Level sensor i.e., the water level is
beyond the normal level. As the water level is increased beyond the normal level the servo motors
are activated. So the motors drive the bridge and adjust the height automatically signaling through
buzzer. The increased height of the bridge is shown in the below fig 17.

Figure 18.Water Level Sensor Detecting Decreased Water Level

27
The height of the bridge is adjusted automatically based on the water level detected by the Water
Level sensor. This increased height is maintained till the water level is decreased to the normal
position. This would adjust the height of the bridge to ensure safe passage for vehicles and
pedestrians. This solution would provide a more efficient and safer way to deal with changing
water levels in bridges.

4.3.1 Result Table: -

Condition Water Level Buzzer Result

Flood Increase In Height of

High ON
Condition Bridge

Normal Position of Bridge does

At Normal OFF
Condition not change

28
4.3.2 Advantages and Application

Advantages:
Following are the advantages of automatic increase in height during flooding

1. To save lives and property

2. Take real time information of bridge
3. It has safe and easy operations
4. Provides smooth and accurate acceleration
5. Quantity of materials can be reduced to construct bridge

Applications:

Following are the advantages of water level sensor

1. To react timely
2. Work under an automated control system
3. And be able to collect information for making smart decisions
4. Water Level Monitoring & Emergency management

29
 Annexure I

Programming Explanation:

Program for this Project is very simple and can be easily understandable. #Include
SoftwareSerial.h is header file in our Arduino Code.

#include <Servo.h>

Servo tap_servo;

int sensor_pin = A0;

int tap_servo_pin =10;

int Buzzer_pin = 7;

int val;

void setup(){

pinMode(sensor_pin,INPUT);

tap_servo.attach(tap_servo_pin);

void loop(){

val = digitalRead(sensor_pin);

if (val==0)

{tap_servo.write(0);

if (val==1)

{tap_servo.write(90);

30
 FUTURE SCOPE

• System can be implemented at a global level in which different countries can manipulate
data of their bridges at a single server.

• Implement on high-cost suspension bridge.

• Monitoring Structural Performance and Applied Loads.

The scope of the smart bridge monitoring system using Arduino is vast and encompasses
various aspects of bridge health and safety. The system aims to continuously monitor and analyze
the condition of bridges in real-time to ensure their structural integrity and safety. The problem
addressed by the smart bridge monitoring system using Arduino is to overcome the limitations of
traditional bridge monitoring methods. These traditional methods often rely on manual inspections
and periodic assessments, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and may not provide real-
time information. The lack of real-time monitoring can lead to delays in detecting structural issues,
potentially compromising the safety of the bridge and causing significant maintenance costs.

31
 CONCLUSION

We have developed the Arduino based automated river bridge control system for open and
close of river bridge. This automated process able to reduce the man power required in this process.
The main aim of this project is to minimize the structural damages and prevent the life and
property. The working principle of Bridge Monitoring, we display data using LCD display when
there are signs of collapsing the bridge. This system will help to reduce big disasters in future. This
system can save the lives of many people. In conclusion, an automatic height-adjusting bridge
would be a great application of Arduino, servo motors, and moisture sensors. This system would
help prevent accidents and provide a safer way for people to travel across bridges, especially during
periods of heavy rainfall or flooding.

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 REFERENCES
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