Moduie-2 Cenh u i b n

Frinciples of Communication Systems SVIT 18EC 53

19
35jeneration af FM- wWaves
There ave wo basic methock geneTafi FM-Wave,

Ki> Diret Meh0

<ii Jodiret Method (ATsrog Moclula tor)

i ieerahion f Pregyency modulatd Biana Ting

DIRECT- METHOD
K EXplain geneTaion f frequeny modu laded gna ui
V.TU JuneJuly-2o)4
diret method
(SM)
| The Diret method iousoida) Oscillatoa, Wi5 one o
BeB
Jhe reoive elemenk (e xample: opad Hve element) nJe
JanK Circuft f te oscilatos being divectly Corrtadlled
e es%age 8iqnad, mtt)
Indiret method o FM-3igna geneTation, tke ioshananets
frequenuy of Te aasyies wave s vaaied dfvedtdy naccoT
donce wi5 e message SígnaJ.
Frg1, shows a
Hasty OBCillator in which the Capacs fve
Comporent oThe tank Ciscuit. ,
C)= CotK
Kmt) Kemtt)

wheTe C Totad Gpadaate inthe abaence moolulaion.

here,
k= Variable Gparitor Sen8i H vity s voltage change

nt) message siqna=os(aRPt).

L L

F31Hastley osi|lator
Venkatesha M, ,Dept.,of ECE Email: [email protected]
Principles of Communication Systems SVIT 1SEC 58

The frequeny of he Haytley ocillator i tiven by

where cct)= Co+ Km
(t)=-
7 NL+L) clt)

Fc4)=
LHL,) fco+kem{t)
c)
t La ) Co l1+ KC mtt))J
Co
ca) = f
uhere t2
Co
+L) Co

(O
uing Bnomíodteo nen, (1+x) = (1-x)
(I+mt) (1-Ke mlt)
fc+)=fo (1- Kc me)
Co
Le B
RSU me, -Ke K} here Ke=frequeauyermh
PaamekY ;
Vy
.F+) = to (I+ Kemit)
f4)=F, + Kp mít)-(4)
for inuoida mesSoqe iqna, mtt) =
Asosant
4) =
fo+ kpAm. Cos(2n m+)
f() =
fo tAf cos (1ft) whex
(5) =kMy*Mpxinm

Euodion ves, freaienu

the taantaneous freenuy deviahon
FM- Wave generatd ty i g diret vnehod.
Venkatesha M, ,Dept., of ECT Fmail: [email protected]
Principles of Communication Systems SVIT 19EC 3
fmplement
Therefore, he direct method is &tTight foo ward to
and i Capable bf paovidng large freteny deviatien (AF).
Ls One f the major limitation f dhe dryect meh od i , " the
From a highly <tablJe
freyueaty i< not- obtained
Caie
Ogclato3.
T o oveTCome, 6 s lloitation a closed Joop feedback &psfem
For the carrter frequency a b i i 3ation is sed to
PTovide Frequenuy &tabi i 3ed FM wave. Thi aangemen
i8hown FF9.2.

Messae voltage Foequenty

Contro lled Stabilized
signa Oci lato0o FM-Wave.
mt)

Low- Pass
Freueny Mixer Coysta
FiHer
desciminator OsCi la ta
Caroer
F92 Caavier frequenuy Ktab3oian f Dired method
EM-8Rion
Fi9.2 Corsi&g Caustal 08ú lator, Mixer, Foequeouy degt dimi
of
-

nas, Low-pass fiAkx and voltege ontovlled

osdllatur (Vco).
Thi Ceiqurahon pDV ides
Goodfrequeoy 2tabi li ty
Required frequeny deviahon o genera
eFM.
Conganproportionality tbetween oupu
TeUenug Change to inpulVolage herge
the requiseo NeFM-ave 1 obai ned.

Venkatesha M, , Dept, of ECE Pmail: [email protected]

 SVIT 19EC 53
Principles of Communication Systems

KT Indiret Me thod Armsiro9 Mocdulotor

KERplai) The eneration FM- Wave "ina Jdi t t (o
Msong omethod
I t h e ndirect methud, the message 8igna) i fi12t
Bed o produce Naro band F M, Which i8 folldwed by

eueny mu tip ber to increqse tke Preuueoy deviation

to the desired level.
Ihe Freq uenymutiplier produces wide- baod FM ave.
L
Indirect method of FM-9eneraien Scheme i ako Called
TFe Amsirong wide band-Freuenu madukto . în
Tecogniion i k inventbr.
TRe
LThe $mpified block diagrum of i s Iodire FM-Bpenm
showsn ntgude 1.
show NBFM
SG)
Mes sage $'gna Narow-kand | i
Totegator PhaRe Foequeny Wide
mt) band
Modu ladu MUtplier FM
save
s)
Cays ta

F91 Plock diqram of he niret

methocdf3enera9
aide-bamd FM-Nave

and
To Fig 1, he rnessage igna m(t) is Pire ntegrated
ten sRd o phoL- modu late a carries ave generakd bt
is NBFM (NavD bane
Carystal oAi lator. which TBUlB
a

FMNave) se) wi Cariea freuunny fonol modulatian

ndex B<1,%howa i euadion 1.

St) Ac Cos [anft +27kpJma) dt

|L Te uge ot Cnsd o&A|latos psoviclesreuieny Subiliy
Venkatesha M, Dept., ofTCT Tmail: [email protected]
 18C 53
SVIT
Principles of Communication Systems
23
L The Nawowband FM-Nave is next multiplie d ) Frequeny

by in9 Freguenty ruUipliex.

Nide baad FM
FreUeNY muuhplies produrez he rEVuired
Wave,s (t) as 8hown m Fi.2.
No ON band
FM Wave s(t) Band pass
Memoryess frlter Wide band
NBEM Non linear devicel Wih Cetes
frewenu FM-Sig
s+)
Fig.2: Block ciaq ram o Freqyeny' mu Iti plicr
A requeny multiplies Consi8G o a memoryte ss non-linead
oevice Fo ||0wed bya band pass fi Ier having Cenks freueny
9he oput Velfage ofrTemonyk ss non- linead device ig

Ct)=a, st) + g St)+a3s°(t)+ . +a'(t)

he SH)- Na av wbarnd FM-Signa) i f5 aefreneny

#and odulation mdez 'B:
i, S4)= Ac Cos Bft+ a7 kp mtt)dtand î
instantantow frequeny i ,
#t)==fe + k mct)
when g(4),tte output pn-linar devico ix passed thodug
when
aBPFhavg Certer fregueny
ide band FM-81ou sa). reun

S'4) = Ac Cos 2 f +27 Kp Smt)olt

(3)
where nf an = nx a pp
i tatangow freLenu . ' . Reqlirs WeFM

Ct)= e+kpmtt).
Dept., of ECE
obtei ned
Fmail: Venkatesha.mosaividya.ac.in
Venkatesha M,
 Principles of Communication Systems SVIT 18EC 53

problemg 0n NBFM EFM wih Frequenuy multiplieYs-

Nol Frequeny mutiplier,

Ma lhplie
nx

euenuy muhipler, multipli es the inpwt Prequeny,

odnoie Tndex (p) reuenyeviahon ( ) a
mutipk Gim factor
A bloCk diaqram F FMdrangmitHer is shown in Fi91. Cooput
The maximum freqAteay deviahon sf of the Outpus of he
FM haokmittkr aod the Carier FrequetYf. If
f= a0oKHz, f= lo»8 MHZ, 2F,-2S H2, n,= 64 ad n,42

mt)NBFM FreuenG
Muipliey Mixer FoeUenySe
Muusipli c Fe
xn X

LoCa
oScTIlato

F1 FM-tran3mltHer-
slion TheMarimumveuenuydeviaion Af at tte ouspd:-|
Gien
f = XM2Xaf = 64X48x S = T6:8 KHZ

L Tke Grier freuenuy "fed e odpd-

l0-8MH2 from the block.cioqrelm, the Cier Preuieny
n64 -(1)

fe ? = M,xf,tL,64xaoxit lo-ex6)
Af ? 23.6MH2aMH2
fc= ngxfa 48 (33.6 MH2 to 2MH2)=1/32-9MH2 .
Venkatesha M, ,Dept,ofECE Email: Venkatesha.m@saividus47KMHt
 P'rinciples of Communication Systemns SVIT 18EC 53

*
2.for a Wicleband Fveq Uenty mbdu htor, iP a ngtow band
Carier, f, = 0.1 MHZ, SeCond a77i es
f-9.5 MH2
Output GiedPrequecy = l00 MHZ and of=1S KH2
Calculu tke rutiplsing fattos3 n, and P NBFM
euenty deviotion i ddHZ. Da he uitabe blo
blocCE
diogra m f the modulaor (6-Mas 3)
VTU P
Siven
outpud &ies, f= loo MHE
mlt)
OvesallfreWenuy devietim NBFM Frequent Mixesu
) = SkH2
Muhplits4 Phe

D MH (Caier1) D-1M
F SM H-Loo |Lo
OsGlat
freue n 'Bbckdioqram
from zien dasa t ouspfreauenu
devintion is
OFdH2 NeF...
frey.dtvjahon
x af= 1SKH2 2-7S X10
The olr Prauenuy n 31So
tuenu altiplier1 n1X3
T o Prewen uy
Mixer i ("3)- Assum Lover freuenu]

Freweay Muuhpler 2
oP freueauy fc= (oupus Freaaenyt
ixer

fen23-)%t ( =37 So)

nn=3So
(10OX1O)= 31SoX 0-Ixlo°-1gx9.S xid
31Sox 0.1Xlo -1oD Xlo6
8.9S
9.S XI
37So 3TSo = I29.54
&.95
Venkatesha M," ,Dept., of ECE Email: [email protected]
 Principles of Communication Systems SVIT 19EC 53

An angle modulak 8igna) is epseSented by

S(t= 1D Cos L XIb +5 Sin2DD 0At t 10 Sin300ot) Vol5|
FndThe -follbwiog:
() POwea fn the modulated Bigno KA Freueny devi oion
<il> Deviaiom Ratio i phaae deviahion ATranmisSion Ba-daia
i ven SC4)= l0 Cos LRaxIot +5sin 2o0o t +osin30vDAtJ
=Jo cosnf + Pi Sinanf +B Sna7f
St)
Ac10v: fc= ixlo° B5:F= 100o H?2 B lo:
fISopir
ipowes m Mocllakd %gal: P-Ac
R
LetR R=n-Nosmali?ed
Velue.

it Freauenuy devioion: 2t"

Ki A-19=100-50N
T f = Bxfm i l messoga Bignw
ven d uds Tea) sqnad S+) Coniat 9-mess * 8
i thP=5 3m lo0oHt Bo=lo3500HE
f:FftRafn, 5x 100o -+ 10x 1So
Af= 5000+IS,0oo = 20,Ddo T

eitio Rtio Moduledion Indax)

B D 4f
D 1S
max(to00, I`DD
BD0 13.333
phaE Dvinho
A0 =
|0t)-Oc Imay
A8 = |S sin2mant
+Josin3000At[max
6
K> Tranmisin Banddt5: S t1o =IS rooliany
=

B 4 F +2f= AP +3N
= xok -+a(SK)
BW= 43kHt /
Venkatesha M, ,Dept., ofTCT Tmail: Venkatesha.meisaividya.ac.in
FM STEREO MULTIPLEX IN
division mu l i -
Ste reo MUHPlexing s a form of freUen
Plexing <FPM) designed to transmittwo sepavafe 8ignal3
L m t )and m(t)via the Same CayTier
FM-S*reo 8alem Conaist8 of
0 FM-Stereo t a n s m í e r

FM- Sero Receîver.

FM-SerEo trangm7He3-
Ler and denote thetwo me SS age 8ignal pitked
m_t) m(+)
hand micTophonex at he rakmi-
Up by Left hand and Right
end of he &ygtem, oR 3hown
n Fíg.1.
t#g
T t use3 a pílot Cariey Freyueny, fc= 11 KHE. Freueny douber
-pToduces, Sub a7vier, coSAnfed).
mt) ILt)+mgt)

mt) mLt)-mle() Mutifexe

sub-caier Signa
Matoixer CoS 4Mit) mt)
K cos(Af)
-k
38KHE Freyeny
Doubler
Fig1: Multiplexr în.tarsmittes Cosanft
oP FM-Sereo SyBtem Pilot
Caries
=19kHE
.TBe Musipleyed 2ignau m(t), produced ot the Outpus
muiplexer in T a amiHer of FM &t Teo 8Btm 3,

4)=m4)+ mglt)) t m)-mpt](os4nit + keos(ant)

-()
Basebal DS&SC Pi lotr
9nod Gieygnu,
afc=3Pk*t fc19K*2
T.V atochA H O L d
 .
MulHplexed &ignal, mct) Consi3g of r e e dipfeaet gnalg
1. m4)+pl*) sum of m(t), mglt) enerakd by he

mple mah xer.It is base band g

2
m4)-mptt) Cos (4 t) = DSBS- 8igna) Produted by
he produtt modulator
K.Cos ( an Fc) Pi\6t Carier ignad mulhpli ed by a
Contat K'.
FM-Seveo Reteîver
Mataixer
Base band mct)+mR(4)
LPF
Coherent DektOd
HuHiplexed BPF
Centered at Base-band 1L
STgna LPF R
) fc3SKAZ| -mgt)
LTcsl4nft)_.
Freuery
doublev l
NaTTouw-band
Frler 4unedto
cOS (nFa)
f9kHZ

F2 Demultiplexer in Teceîve of FMSereo 28RM

F9.2, shcw2 the deimulti plexer in eceiver f PM-sereo Bsem. I t

& e d secovev the too rnessage signaß m4) and R+).
FM-8teveo demultipkxes Coniag 3- FHeJs,
.Baseband LPF :It 8eleds the base-band Component mttmtt)
Poesend in multiplexed &igna mtt).
BPF:(Band pass filk) ItSeleck the Ds8Sc-Kigna.
3. Nawo bard es:-14 Sde the piled ores Aigrw, Cos(k+).

Frequenuy doubles procduces he deGuired Subca3iex signad,cos(4f+)

fos Cohesens deteGion DSe SC- ignal
Coherent Dekcto%, TecoveTz ke drPfevence &ignw Im4)-mg4).
|. Finaly te Matrixer, produCes e veyuised inag amt) andamg(#).
a i l Vonlkatosha m@saividya C
SUPER HETERDDYNE RECEVER

L
 Principles of Communication syste

Tecei ver
TFe Supeshetevodyne Teceives, is a pecia) tPe ef
that fu1D PTle ke followimg Feotuse
Eood Seledivity Ly qod Sensiti vity ly Good Stebiliy.
Te block diaqsam ot Super-hetervdyne Teceive is8hown n
Fi9.1
Super-hetewdyne Tecei ves wos kg On the Poinkple f" heBtrodyning"

Heerodyning , î§ a process op Combfning Incomig RF-8ignad and

Lood OBGIlodts freguenty &iqnaJ, TeSuI5 ina Constant neamediat

freueny igra. TiR operation ta perfomed ANxeT Restfore

Mxes i8 alled Gs Hears of Super-hetervdyne receiver.

TFe VaxtouB blockg Sapes heH3Ddyne eCri ver ae

ReceyhgArtnna-t vecefvez the RF-8igna. RF-Signa Gn be
ermes AM-8igna FM-61gnal
for
AM-3gna:e 535 KHZz t6 '1605kHz
for FM-ignal: fee 88 MHZ 108MHZ

RF-3age:-It selecg the vequired freieUy from încoming

ts
RF-Bignal and AplFiea he seleced fRe ignal
Teured aumpitude level far fusther processing.
L Lo oScillator?- H generedes Sinuvido %gnoau aving
freukoy
LMixes
xey":I t pepoyms te heerndyning operatien.&
Pooduces Congtant iaksmediala-freueny ignou
a odput

RF Mxer Fko AM EM
Constant TF 4SSKHEt0-TMHE
Heepdy nir?
operojen-
*To achieve CongBad f , the &padts Present RF-sage,
Lo osa|lados, i x e s ave Conneted lb ComenGarged -tuner.

Mltigtage TEAmPRier- I+ ampli Pies The meamecdlialr

i8fed dekct.
Freueny grod.Amplfied 1f-Signad
maT VOnatecha mosaividva aCin
d8De modu lation 33
of FM-Wave
Waves

eyuent Demodulation isthe poocess of Tecovering osigin

message 8ignal From an încoming FM-Wave
There ase two mehods in freqverny demod ulation
Freueny descrimínator Balanted Sope detecto
it phoge - Locked Loop

Fregueny deininador Balanced slpe DedetT-

.TRe Balaned slape detector Conizg ofwo Slope deector
O balantad
CCULB. T5e BlocK diaqram q Frequeny dezcaime
Sope detetor ig shown tn Fig.1 and fy euîvalend irCui
diog ram is shon in rg.2,

Slope cigcuid Envelope Vo

H,(F Deletor
Basebardd
FM > Aigna
kJave VVo
S(+)
Slope Ciacuit| Envelope
DeRctoo
HF)
Ff1: Blo ck diagvam
TFe Outpud Voltage of freqYUenuy deRcai mi nados is,
Baance d &lope detecor)
0
V= VoV, tve Fn>Fe - (1)

-Ve
finFe
whese, finFTequeny of FM-Nave
t CaTTier freauenu (unmodulakd Grier)
.This method is popular Krouon a Balanted slope deecto
Fmail Yankatanh
 OEC45

Theew Valen Circuit diogram ia shouwn oFi*-2. It

Corwis
Centrfeppedtransfov mer IJs prímasy 4 uned
frequency f FM-&1gna, " Fetaf. (Inkrmediate frequency)

T prdutes I8ô ous-of-phae

VoHages at
SeCondart Winding
h e upper pat
of the Setondan ofraBformer, Cersialg
Diode- Envelope detectog and suned aboe fe by
P.Tat ia itTeconaul foeqUeOLY Ts fct af luppes,tunec
PPe Padt
Seconda sy Etaf
D1
FHer
FM o finf
Wave oupu
outpud
vo=VoVo -ve;
ve Fin>fe
- vez intfe
finic
D2 Ca ZR
Loe f - a t
Secondat. Fi92: Cruit diagTam of Balanccd slope dekcta
T e lower pood t h e Secondaay of toanyormes aio onisG
f8imi k) dkodl envelope dekGu dand 14 i4uned belbN fe by
P. Tad is 1E ronant foepuency i s " fc-f.L° unad

Ly H produtes the reuied eupd vo ltege (Baie baoud messee Sig

4 Nomaul3d ovspd
Vo lHage' V
Amplitude Response f
0 ToT
UPPe uned iIkr
Vo

-Aropude
Lowes
respemax -0- To Net ResPonSe
tuned fi lf
T-1 (V)

3:Faueu Repor NE JTSponge

e th
Freutenuy resperse oUPper & Lonses tuned PrRIS ,
oP th ciscufs i8
oF Circuf shownn fG:3
 35
FM- olemodulontion i n g phase Locked Lovp.(PLL

Phase LocKed Loop (PLL) is a negaive feedback skm

h o CenvAgt of hree mnajor (om ponen
KI> A Klultipliey sed aj a pha8e leecuy O phase
Comparodoy
i i A- oltege Conboled oxcilatorVco
A - Lodp Pilks, which k a Low PaSs Pi|er LPF),
The Block diogan of PLL i shown m Frg-1.

FM- kla ve ect). LoOP Fi Hty Vt)

St)
Ct)
Yoltege
Contoo lled
OACillotur
(V¢o)

i3-1: Block oliagram of PLL

The Vco odpd is detind

(t)= A,cos (An fct t ( + ) - 0
shx +)= 7 ky VC) dh
T h n , h e momig qrod (FM) and t Vco oudpt d(+ )
(S))
ATe aÞplied to t mutipli er,then 1Gives evr Aiod,

et)= T(t). S(4)

skex St+) =
Ac n nft +¢(4)-
ka (#) ATkp Jmit) dt.
= - (9
Kt LinecaY Mod el f phoRe - Loc ked- Loop (Linens- PLL)- 36
VT URP 8 Max
The phaße loCked ldp (PLL) 1
The &aid fo be in phase- Loc K, when

he phase er4=o
Phe Linea mode PLL for the demodulahon of FMA9naJ i
show fy Fuor. 2 .

he) V)
t)

- EgTivale
Fiq2:Lineas Model of Phase LucKed LooP Model
we knos tho
44)= 2T Kel mit) d uhex Kp re Seoi hiy
FM-Nave
( ) = T Ky v4) dt she ky= Preueny
o Sershiy
onsan fVco
Fromf9 2, 4)= ¢(4)-¢4)-
WK TFo phaae- bck mode 4) = 0 ASSuming
Smail @dr6

EUaion (3) = O =
( ) ¢(4) -

c(4)= )

2n k m t ) dt = 7ky| v4) dE
6

kk mt)ddt= ky v4)at
-
 D P Fesemh onng both i d e eUlation (AD, We g e

Ky V+).
K mt) =

V) Lmlt) =Km(t Tuhet

k= K
i,V(4) mlt)

Fius e output Vt) * he low pags-loop fr\s h ) is

Pa
PTopor iona) hu 0sigínod moduloing Aígna.
Ce., Te messoge ignod prsend fn FM-modulatedwave S(t)
i ecovered and it is ponduced at he oudput of loop Flkr

3.9:Non- Lfnear effecg fs FM-hlave -<vTU& P)

rie a short Mot on Non-linear ePfectz in FM-Rem.

Non-lineas ePfecg Can be of wo- tHPes

() ahong (i1) weak.
be rong, TE it A nknionally
Non-ltneca7ity R 80id tt
n a Cenbolled manner
noduced mto fhe Circu
Ex: 3uabe aw device3
mhesenty
3oid to be weak when iH 8
+Non Ineaihy e
Present n The crtuit
non-siasr heg il ni t m(4) Levelg m
The &tet Auh

k non-lFneaity
i8 pregen
To FM1-eneratien &BBem, Wea
on-ünga í ty in FM-ssems Can be
the 2tet weak
tke pd and ontpd Telahon of e
Conicle ig n the freony
l e non inaas devi Ce ßed
memony -

muipler.
 FM Uae Memory les
38
V4)
S(t) Nosn-inear deviCe
F91 Non- lmeas devicg t d
F M skm-
Cekider a memoyless Non- [nar deuito a Bho0nt91
K T, 4ie e lonhioy between mpd & ondpd nod is
V(4) = a S(4) + , s'C#) +S"#)+ . +s'+)

Le u Comider ypt 3 oder

t V4) =a,stt)-+99S4) +as°(4)

(
KT te ExpseS i0)fFM-WaVe is
shex
s+)= Accosnfet t ¢(+)): 4ct)= aTk| mt)dt
-

2
V(t)= a Ac tos
[nf,t+d4))+a, Ac Cos [entt+4+
agACos [Rnted+4,
TR the oudpud otage CosG of DC -(8)
FM- mGnak ithGmier
Conpeneng and e
#reuenu f åfe & 3P hau ,
freuen y oleviah ons f , asf ard
3ap TespeH vely.
The Dened FM-gnod an be epaDakd a
BPF % hown ta 92

BPF
Ceme red t

The FM-8Rkm up ateo povssip throvp BPE iA

e t

V'4) =
a Ac Cos n t t t eb(+))
eubon A ame a P FM- p t i9hod
st) Ac os anfct+¢(+)]Exopt Pur chounge Fnh
=

ampliude
ideNon-lnearies oTR EM-SIm does not affet FM-Sin