S.No.

Content Page

Syllabus I - II

01. Chapter-1 : Relations and Functions 01 – 14

02. Chapter-2 : Inverse Trigonometric Functions 15 – 28

03. Chapter-3 : Matrices 29 – 44

04. Chapter-4 : Determinants 45 – 60

05. Chapter-5 : Continuity and Differentiability 61 – 82

06. Chapter-6 : Application of Derivatives 83 – 98

07. Chapter-7 : Integrals 99 – 124

08. Chapter-8 : Application of Integrals 125 – 142

09. Chapter-9 : Differential Equations 143 – 160

10. Chapter-10 : Vector Algebra 161 – 176

11. Chapter-11 : Three Dimensional Geometry 177 – 190

12. Chapter-12 : Linear Programming 191 – 202

13. Chapter-13 : Probability 203 – 220

14. RBSE Board Question Paper-2022-23 (With Solution) 221 – 240

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BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION, AJMER

SYLLABUS 2023–24
Class-12
Subject : MATHEMATICS (15)
Time table of this subject is following :
Question Time (hr.) Time of Question Sessional Max.
Paper Paper Marks Marks
Single 3:15 80 20 100

NAME OF UNITS MARKS

1. RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 07
2. ALGEBRA 10
3. CALCULUS 36
4. VECTORS AND THREE - DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 16
5. LINEAR PROGRAMMING 04
6. PROBABILITY 07

UNIT-I : RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

1. Relations and Functions [3]
1.1 Introduction, 1.2 Types of Relations, 1.3 Type of Functions 1.4 Composition of
Functions and Invertible Function
2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions [4]
2.1 Introduction, 2.2 Basic Concepts, 2.3 Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

UNIT-II : ALGEBRA
3. Matrices [5]
3.1 Introduction, 3.2 Matrices, 3.3 Types of matrices, 3.4 Operations on Matrices,
3.5 Transpose of a Matrix, 3.6 Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices, 3.7 Invertible Matrices
4. Determinants [5]
4.1 Introduction, 4.2 Determinant, 4.3 Area of a Triangle, 4.4 Minors and Cofactors,
4.5 Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix, 4.6 Applications of Determinants and Matrices.

UNIT-III : CALCULUS
5. Continuity and Differentiability [8]
5.1 Introduction, 5.2 Continuity, 5.3 Differentiability, 5.4 Exponential and Logarithmic
Functions, 5.5 Logarithmic Differentiation, 5.6 Derivatives of Functions in Parametric
Forms, 5.7 Second Order Derivative
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6. Applications of Derivatives [6]
6.1 Introduction, 6.2 Rate of Change of Quantities, 6.3 Increasing and Decreasing
Functions, 6.4 Maxima and Minima
7. Integrals [12]
7.1 Introduction, 7.2 Integration as inverse process of differentiation, 7.3 Methods of
Integration, 7.4 Integrals of Some Particular Functions, 7.5 Integration by Partial Fractions,
7.6 Integration by Parts, 7.7 Definite Integral, 7.8 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,
7.9 Evaluation of Definite Integrals by Substitution, 7.10 Some Properties of Definite
Integrals
8. Applications of the Integrals [4]
8.1 Introduction, 8.2 Area Under Simple Curves
9. Differential Equations [6]
9.1 Introduction, 9.2 Basic Concepts, 9.3 General and Particular Solutions of a Differential
Equation, 9.4 Methods of solving first order, first degree Differential Equations

UNIT-IV : VECTORS AND THREE – DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

10. Vectors Algebra [7]
10.1 Introduction, 10.2 Basic Concepts, 10.3 Types of Vectors, 10.4 Addition of Vectors,
10.5 Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar, 10.6 Product of Two Vectors
11. Three Dimensional Geometry [9]
11.1 Introduction, 11.2 Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios of a Line, 11.3 Equation of
a Line in Space, 11.4 Angle between two lines, 11.5 Shortest Distance between two lines

UNIT-V : LINEAR PROGRAMMING

12. Linear Programming [4]
12.1 Introduction, 12.2 Linear Programming Problems and its mathematical formulation

UNIT-VI : PROBABILITY
13. Probability [7]
13.1 Introduction Probability, 13.2 Conditional Probability, 13.3 Multiplication theorem on
probability, 13.4 Independent Events, 13.5 Baye’s Theorem

Prescribed Books :
Mathematics Part I - Text Book for class XII NCERT's Published under Copyright
Mathematics Part II - Text Book for class XII NCERT's Published under Copyright

Follow 2022-23 NCERT Test Book for complete syllabus of 2023-24

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CHAPTER-1 : RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
EXERCISE–I
1. Choose the correct option :

(i) Let A = {1, 2, 3}, then the number of Equivalence relations containing (1, 2) is

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

(ii) Let R be the relation in the set A = {1,2,3,4}defined by R = {(1,2), (1,1), (2,3), (2,2), (3,1),

(3,3), (2,1), (4,4) (1,3), (3,2)}, then what can be said about the relation R ?

(A) Reflexive (B) Symmetric

(C) Transitive (D) Equivalence relation

2
(iii) A function f : {–2, –1, 1, 2} {4, 5, 6, 7, 8} define as f(x) = x + 4, then function f is

(A) one-one onto (B) one-one into (C) many-one onto (D) many-one into

(iv) If f : AB is an into function, Then

(A) f(A) = B (B) f(B) A (C) f(B) = A (D) f(A) B

(v) A relation R define on set A = {1,2,3} such that R = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3)}, then R is

(A) Reflexive (B) Symmetric (C) Transitive (D) Equivalence

(vi) If R is the largest equivalence relation on the set A and S is any relation on set A, then

(A) S = R (B) R  S (C) S  R (D) S  R

(vii) The function f: N N, given by f(x) = x–1, x > 2 and f(1) = 1 = f(2), then f is

(A) one–one onto (B) many–one onto (C) one–one into (D) many–one into

(viii) If f = {(1,2), (3,5), (4,1)} and g = {(1,3), (2,3), (5,1)} are two functions, then range of

function gof is :

(A) {1,3,4} (B) {1,3} (C) {1,2,3} (D) {2,5}

(ix) If R be the relation on N given by R = {(x, y) : x + 2y = 8}, then domain of R is

(A) {1, 2, 3} (B) {2, 3} (C) {2, 4, 6} (D) {1, 3}

2
(x) If f : R R, f(x) = 2x + 3 and g : R R, g(x) = x + 1 are two functions, then gof(3) is

(A) 21 (B) 23 (C) 82 (D) 101

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2. Fill in the blanks :
3 1/3
(i) If f : R R is given by f(x) = (3 – x ) . Then fof(x) is __________.

(ii) If f and g are two invertible functions such that their composite function gof be defined,
–1
then (gof) = __________.

(iii) Let R is an equivalence relation on set A = {x Z; 0  x  12} given by R = {(a, b):|a – b|

is a multiple of 4}, then equivalence class of element 2A is __________.

(iv) If n(A) = p and n(B) = q, Then the number of total relations define from set A to set B

is __________.

(v) A relation defined on a set be always reflexive relation if it is __________ relation on that

set.

3. Answer the following questions :

x 1
(i) If f(x) =  , then find f(y) in terms of x.
1 x y
3 –1
(ii) If f : RR, f(x) = 2x – 3 and g : RR, g(x) = x + 5, then find (fog) (x).
x
(iii) Show that function f : RR, f(x) = e , is not bijective.
2 –1
(iv) If the function f : RR given by f(x) = x + 5x + 9, then find f (9).

(v) Let A = {1,2,3.......,9} and R be an equivalence relation on A × A defined by

(a, b)R (c, d)  a + d = b + c, for all (a, b), (c, d)  A × A, then find equivalence class [(2,5)].

ANSWER KEY
Q.1 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)
Ans. C D D D D C B B C C
Q.2 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
–1 –1 pq
Ans. x f og {2,6,10} 2 Identity
Q.3 (i) (ii) (iv) (v)
1 x  x  7
1
3
Ans.   {0,–5} {(1,4), (2,5), (3,6),(4,7), (5,8), (6,9)}
2x  1 2 

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SOLUTIONS
1. (i) (C) A = {1, 2, 3}
Now ; equivalence relations containing (1, 2) can be expressed as :
{(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1)} and
{(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3), (2, 1), (3, 1), (3, 2)}
Hence ; required number is 2.
(ii) (D) Given ; R = {(1, 2), (1, 1), (2, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1), (3, 3), (2, 1), (4, 4) (1, 3), (3, 2)}
on set A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
(i) (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4) R
 R is reflexive
(ii) Each ordered pair follows the definition.
If x R y  y R x x, y  A
 R is symmetric
(iii) Each ordered pair follows definition
If x R y and y R z x R z x, y, z  A
 R is transitive.
Hence R is a equivalence relation.
2
(iii) (D) Given ; f(x) = x + 4
Let f(x1) = f(x2)  x12 + 4 = x 22 + 4
or x1 = ± x2
Hence ; f is many–one.
Also ; range of f(x)  co–domain of f(x)
Hence ; f is into.
(iv) (D) Given, f : AB is an into function
f(A)  B [ Range  co–domain for an into function]

(v) (D) Given ; R = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3)} defined on set A = {1, 2, 3}

Since R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive ;
Hence it will be an equivalence relation.
(vi) (C) Given ; R is the largest equivalence relation on set A and S is any relation on set A;
    SR
(vii) (B) Given ; f(x) = x – 1 x > 2
Also, f : N  N and f(1) = 1 = f(2)
Hence ; f is many–one.
Now ; for f(x); Range = Co–domain
 f is onto.
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(viii) (B) gof(x) = g[f(x)]
 g[f(1)] = g(2) = 3
g[f(3)] = g(5) = 1
and g[f(4)] = g(1) = 3
Hence ; range of gof = {1, 3}
(ix) (C) Given ; R = {(x, y) : x + 2y = 8} defined on N
 R = {(2, 3), (4, 2), (6, 1)}
Hence ; domain of R is {2, 4, 6}
(x) (C) gof((3) = g[f(3)]
= g[(2 × 3) + 3] { f(x) = 2x + 3}

= g(9) = 92 + 1 { g(x) = x2 + 1}

= 82
2. (i) Given ; f : R  R and f(x) = (3 – x3)1/3
 fof(x) = f[f(x)] = [3–{(3–x3)1/3}3]1/3 = [3– 3 + x3]1/3
 fof(x) = x
(ii) Given ; f and g are two invertible functions such that gof is defined.
 (gof) –1 = f –1 o g–1
(iii) Given ; R = {(a,b):|a–b| is a multiple of 4}
Let (x, 2)  R x A
 |x – 2| is a multiple of 4.
or |x – 2| = 0, 4, 8, 12
 [2] = {2, 6, 10}
(iv) Given ; n(A) = p and n(B) = q
Total number of relations defined from A to B is given as 2pq.
(v) A relation defined on a set is always a reflexive relation if it is an identity relation on that
set.
x 1 1 x
3. (i) Given ; f(x) =  y =
1 x y x

1 x
1 x  x 1 x   x  1 x
 f(y) = f    =    =
 x  1  1  x  x   x  1  x  2x  1
x

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Given ; f : R  R, g : R  R and f(x) = 2x – 3, g(x) = x + 5
3
(ii)
Since f and g are bijective functions, we can calculate f –1 and g–1
Now ; y = f(x) = 2x – 3
y3
 x=
2
y3 x3
or f 1 (y)   f 1 (x) 
2 2
Also ; y = g(x) = x3 + 5
x = (y – 5)1/3
or g–1(y) = (y – 5)1/3
 g–1(x) = (x – 5)1/3
1/3 1/3
x  3  x  3   x  7
  5 
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1
(fog) (x) = g of (x) = g [f (x)] = g  = 
 2   2   2 
(iii) Given ; f (x) = ex where f : R  R
f(x) = ex is not a bijective function as it is not surjective since there exists no pre–image for
negative real numbers.
(iv) Given , f(x) = x2 + 5x + 9
where f : R  R
Since we have to find f–1 (9) ; the function must be bijective and hence invertible.
Let y = f(x) x = f–1 (y) …..(1)
2 2
y = x + 5x + 9 or x + 5x + 9 – y = 0
5  25  4(9  y)
x
2
5  4y  11
x  f 1 (y) [Using (1)]
2
5  36  11 5  25 5  25
f 1 (9)  = , = 0, –5
2 2 2
(v) Given ; A = {1, 2, 3......., 9}
and R is defined on A × A
As (a, b) R (c, d) a + d = b + c (a, b), (c, d) A × A
Let (x, y) R (2, 5) (x, y)  A × A
 x + 5 = y + 2 or x + 3 = y
Hence ; [(2, 5)]
= {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 7), (5, 8), (6, 9)}

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EXERCISE–II
1. If R = {(x, y) : x + 2y = 8} is a relation on N, write the range of R.
2. Show that the number of equivalence relations on the set {1, 2, 3} containing (1, 2) and (2, 1) is
two.
x
3. If the function f : R  R be given by f(x) = x2 + 2 and g : R  R be given by g(x) = ,
x 1
x  1, find fog and gof and hence find fog(2) and gof(–3).

 4 4 4x  3
4. Consider f :     R    given by f(x) = . Show that f is bijective. Find the
 3 3 3x  4

inverse of f and hence find f –1(0) and x such that f –1(x) = 2.

5. Let A = {x  Z : 0  x  12}. Show that R = {(a, b) : a, b  A, |a – b| is divisible by 4} is an
equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1. Also write the equivalence class [2].
OR
x
Show that the function f : R  R defined by f(x)  ,  x  R is neither one-one nor onto.
x 1
2

Also, if g : R  R is defined as g(x) = 2x – 1, find fog(x).

6. Let N be set of all natural number and let R be a relation on N × N, defined by
(a, b) R (c, d) a + d = b + c for all (a, b), (c, d)  N × N. Show that R in equivalence relation
on N × N.
3x  2
7. If f : R – {1}  R – {3} is defined by f(x)  , show f is bijective.
x 1

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SOLUTIONS
1. Given x + 2y = 8 x, y  N
8x
y
2
at x=2 y=3
x=4 y=2
x=6 y=1
R = {(2, 3) (4, 2) (6, 1)}
Range of R = {3, 2, 1}
2. Required relation are
R1 = {(1, 1),(2, 2),(3, 3),(1, 2),(2, 1)}
R2 = {(1, 1),(2, 2),(3, 3),(1, 2),(2, 1),(1, 3),(3, 1),(2, 3),(3, 2)}.

3. f : R  R; f(x) = x2 + 2
x
g : R  R; g(x) = ,x1
x 1
2
 x   x 
fog = f(g(x)) = f    2
 x 1   x 1 
x2 x 2  2(x  1) 2 x 2  2x 2  4x  2 3x 2  4x  2
 2   
 x  1 2  x  1 2  x  1 2  x  1 2
gof = g(f(x))
(x 2  2) x2  2 1
= g{(x2 + 2)}  2  2  1 2
(x  2)  1 x  1 x 1
3(2)2  4(2)  2
 fog(2)  6
(2  1)2
1 11 1
gof(3)  1   1
(3)  1 10
2
10
4x  3
4. f(x) =
3x  4
 4
(i) For one-one function : we have f(x1) = f(x2)  x1,x2 & R   
 3
4x1  3 4x 2  3
 
3x1  4 3x 2  4
 12x1x2 + 16x1 + 9x2 + 12 = 12x1x2 + 9x1 + 16x2 + 12
 7x1 – 7x2 = 0  x1 = x2
function is one-one.

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(ii) For onto function : Let y = f(x)
4x  3
y= 3xy + 4y = 4x + 3 x(3y – 4) = 3 – 4y
3x  4
3  4y  4 4 
 x=  R    , y  R   
3y  4  3 3
4
if 3y – 4  0  y 
3
Every element of co-domain has pre-images in domain.
So range = co-domain
Function is onto
Now, f(x) is bijective
since it is one-one and onto both.
(iii) Inverse of f : Let y = f(x)  x = f 1 (y)
3 – 4y 3  4y 3  4x
x=  f 1 (y)   f 1 (x) 
3y – 4 3y  4 3x  4
3
(iv) f 1 (0)  
4
f–1(x) = 2
3  4x
2
3x  4
11
 3 – 4x = 6x – 8 10x = 11  x 
10
5. (i) Reflexive : Let a  A
|a – a| = 0 which is divisible by 4.
So, (a, a)  R  a  A
Hence R is reflexive.
(ii) Symmetric : Let a, b  A such that (a, b)  R
i.e. |a – b| is divisible by 4.
 |–(b – a)| = |b – a| is divisible by 4.
Hence (b, a)  R.
So, S is symmetric.
(iii) Transitive : Let a, b, c  A such that (a, b), (b, c)  R
i.e. |a – b| & |b – c| is divisible by 4.
 |a – b| = 4k1 (say)
& |b – c| = 4k2 (say)
 (a – b) = ±4k1 ......(1)
& (b – c) = ±4k2 ......(2)

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add equation (1) & (2)
 (a – b) + (b – c) = ± 4k1 ± 4k2
   a – c = ± 4 (k1 + k2)
 a – c is divisible by 4.
 |a – c| is divisible by 4.
Hence, (a, c)  R. So, R is transitive.
Hence R is an equivalence relation.
Further, let (x, 1)  R, x  A
 |x – 1| is divisible by 4
 x – 1 = 0, 4, 8  x = 1, 5, 9
Now equivalence class of [2]
let (x, 2)  R, x  A
 |x – 2| = 0, 4, 8.
x = 2, 6, 10
Equivalence class of [2] = {2, 6, 10}.
OR
x
ƒ : R  R , f(x) 
x 1
2

(i) for one-one ; Let x1 = 2  R ; x2 = 1/2  R

ƒ(x1) = ƒ(2) = 2/5
ƒ(x2) = ƒ(1/2) = 2/5
x1  x2  ƒ(x1) = ƒ(x2)
ƒ is not one-one
(ii) for onto ; Let y = ƒ(x)
x
y  x2y – x + y = 0
x 1
2

1  1  4y 2
x R
2y
If 1 – 4y2  0 and y  0
4y2 – 1  0
(2y + 1)(2y – 1)  0
+ – +  1   1
=   , 0    0, 
–1/2 1/2  2   2
Thus every element in the codomain do not have their pre-images in domain.
Hence ƒ : R  R is not onto
2x  1 2x  1
(iii) ƒog(x) = ƒ[g(x)] = ƒ(2x – 1) =  2
(2x  1)  1 4x  4x  2
2

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6. We observe the following properties of relation R.
Reflexivity : Let (a, b)  N × N. Then
(a, b) R (a, b) a + b = b + a [by commutativity of addition and multiplication on N]
So, R is reflexive on N × N .
Symmetry : Let (a, b), (c, d)  N × N be such that (a, b) R (c, d). Then
 a + d = b + c  c + b = b + a [by commutativity of addition and multiplication on N]
 (c, d) R (a, b)
Thus, (a, b) R (c, d) (c, d) R (a, b) for all (a, b), (c, d)  N × N
So, R is symmetric on N × N.
7. Let f(x1) = f(x2),  x1, x2  R – {1}
3x1  2 3x 2  2
 
x1  1 x2  1
 (3x1 – 2) (x2 – 1) = (3x2 – 2) (x1 – 1)
 3x1x2 – 3x1 – 2x2 + 2 = 3x1x2 – 3x2 – 2x1 + 2
 –3x1 + 2x2 = –3x2 + 2x1
 x1 = x2
 f is injective
To show that f is surjective
Let y  R – {3} i.e. y  3 and f(x) = y
3x  2
  y 3x – 2 = xy – y 3x – xy = 2 – y
x 1
2y
 x(3 – y) = 2 – y  x  y  R – {3}, x R – {1}
3y
Every element of co-domain has pre-image in domain.
Range = Co-domain
f is surjective
Hence, f is a bijective function.

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NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

2
1. Show that the relation R in the set R of real numbers, defined as R = {(a, b) : a  b } is neither
reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive. [Ex.1.1, Q.2]
2. Show that each of the relation R in the set A = {x  Z : 0  x  12}, given by
(i) R = {(a, b) : |a – b| is a multiple of 4}
(ii) R = {(a, b) : a = b}
is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1 in each case. [Ex.1.1, Q.9]
3. Let L be the set of all lines in XY plane and R be the relation in L defined as R = {(L 1, L2) : L1 is
parallel to L2}. Show that R is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all lines related to the line
y = 2x + 4. [Ex.1.1, Q.14]
 n 1
 , if n is odd
4. Let f : N  N be defined by f (n) =  2 ; for all n  N.
n
 , if n is even
2
State whether the function f is bijective. Justify your answer. [Ex.1.2, Q.9]
x–2
5. Let A = R – {3} and B = R – {1}. Consider the function f: A  B defined by f(x) =  .
 x–3
Is f one-one and onto? Justify your answer. [Ex.1.2, Q.10]
2
6. Consider f: R+  [4, ) given by f(x) = x + 4. Show that f is invertible with the inverse
f –1 of f given by f –1(y) = y – 4 , where R+ is the set of all non-negative real numbers.
[Ex.1.3, Q.8]
2
7. Consider f : R+  [–5, ) given by f(x) = 9x + 6x – 5. Show that f is invertible with

f (y) = 
–1  
y  6 –1
 , Where R is the set of all non-negative real numbers. [Ex.1.3, Q.9]
 3  +

 
8. Let f : X  Y be an invertible function. Show that the inverse of f –1 is f, i.e., (f –1) –1 = f.
[Ex.1.3, Q.12]
x
9. Show that the function f: R  {x  R : –1 < x < 1} defined by f (x)  , x  R is one-one
1 | x |
and onto function. [Misc. Ex., Q.4]
10. Let f: N  Y be a function defined as f (x) = 4x + 3, where,
Y = {y  N: y = 4x + 3 for some x  N}. Show that f is invertible. Find the inverse of f(x)
[Example 23]

ANSWERS
x 3
4. No, function f is not bijective. 5. Yes 10. f–1(x) =
4

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PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1. If f : R  R be defined as f(x) = x4, then the function [2022]
(A) f is one-one and onto (B) f is many-one-onto
(C) f is one-one but not onto (D) f is neither one-one nor onto
Sol. (D) Given, f : R  R, f(x) = x4
f(–1) = 1, f(1) = 1
 f(–1) = f(1), but –1  1
Hence, f is many-one.
Also negative real number don't have any pre-image in domain,
Therefore f is into.
 f is neither one-one nor onto.
3 1/3
2. If f(x) = 27 x and g(x) = x , then gof(x) = ………….. [2022]

3
Sol. Given; f(x) = 27x , g(x) = x 3

1
3
 3 3
g of (x) = g[f(x)] = g[27x ] = [27x ] = 3x

3. Show that the function f : N  N, given by f(x) = 2x is not onto [2022]

Sol. Given, f : N  N, f(x) = 2x
Since, every odd number of the co-domain has not pre-images in domain ;
So, given function is not onto.
4. If f : R  R, f(x) = x2 + 5x + 9, then find the value of f–1 (8) and f–1(9). [2020]

Sol. Let f –1(8) = x  f(x) = 8

x2 + 5x + 9 = 8
x2 + 5x + 1 = 0
5  21
x=
2
5  21
 f –1 (8) =
2
and similarly
x2 + 5x + 9 = 9
x2 + 5x = 0
x(x + 5) = 0
x = 0, x = –5
 f (9) = 0, –5
–1

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5. If f : R  R, f(x) = sin x and g : R  R, g(x) = x2 then, find gof(x). [2019]
Sol.  f(x) = sinx, g(x) = x2

 gof(x) = g[f(x)] = g(sinx) = sinx2

6. If f : R  R, f(x) = x2 – 5x + 7, then find the value of f 1 (1) . [2018]

Sol. Let f(x) = y i.e., f 1 (y) = x

5  4y  3
  x2 – 5x + 7 = y x =  f 1 (y)
2

 f 1 (1) = 3 and 2

1
7. If f : R  R and g : R  R, are defined such that f(x) = x2 + 3; g(x) = 1  then find gof(x)
(1  x)
and fog(x). [2018]
1 x
Sol. Given f(x) = x2 + 3, g(x) = 1 – =
1 x x 1

x2  3
 gof(x) = g{f(x)} = g(x2 + 3) =
x2  2

 x  x2 4x 2  6x  3
and fog(x) = f{g(x)} = f   + 3 = (x  1)2  3 = (x  1) 2
 x 1 

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

8. Considering f : R  R given by f(x) = 2x + 3, prove that f is invertible. [2022]
Sol. Given that, f : R  R, f(x) = 2x + 3
If function f be invertible then it must be bijective function i.e. one-one and onto.
for one-one function:
Let x1, x2  R (domain) such that
if x1  x2  2x1 + 3  2x2 + 3  f(x1)  f(x2)
So, f(x) is one-one function
for onto function
y 3
f(x) = y = 2x + 3  x =  R;  y  R (codomain)
2
i.e. Range of f = codomain of f
therefore f(x) is onto function
since f(x) is one-one and onto i.e. bijective
Hence, it is invertible function.

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9. If f and g are one-one onto function such that composite function (gof) and (gof)–1 are defined,
then show that (gof)–1 = f–1 og–1. [2020]
f :A B
Sol.  gof : A  C ( bijection )
g:BC

(gof)–1 : C  A exist

f –1 : B  A (bijective)
 f –1og –1 (bijective)
g : C  B (bijective)
–1

Let x  A, y  B, z  C such that

f(x) = y, g(y) = z
x = f –1(y), y = g–1(z)
gof = A  C
g of (x) = g{f(x)} = g(y) = z
(gof)–1 (z) = x …..(1)
f –1 og–1(z) = f –1 {g–1(z)} = f –1(y) = x …..(2)
From (1) and (2)
–1 –1 –1
(gof) = f og
x 3
10. If f(x)  , then find f[f{f(x)}]. [2019]
x 1

x 3
Sol.  f(x) 
x 1

 x 3 
  3
 x  3  x 1  x  3
 f[f(x)]  f    …..(1)
 x  1   x  3  1 1  x
 x 1 
 

 x3 
  3
x  3  1 x   4x  x
 f[f{f(x)}]  f    [Using eq. (1)]
 1  x   x  3  1 4
 1 x 
 

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CHAPTER-2 : INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
EXERCISE–I
1. Choose the correct option :
(i) The principal value of tan–1 (  3) is
2 4 
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
3 3 3
 2 
(ii) The value of sin–1  sin  is :
 3 
 2 
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
3 3 6

(iii) If tan–1 1  tan 1 2  tan 1 a, then value of a is :

2 11
1 1 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
4 2 4

(iv) If sin–1x + sin–1y = , then cos–1x + cos–1y is equal to :
3
  2
(A) (B) (C) (D) 
6 3 3
1
(v) 2tan–1   equals
2
1 3 3 5
(A) cos–1   (B) cos–1   (C) cos–1   (D) cos–1  
2 4 5 3
(vi) The value of cot [2tan(tan x + tan–1x3)] is
–1 –1

   
(A)  2 tan 1 x (B)  tan 1 x (C)  tan 1 x (D)  2 tan 1 x
2 2 2 2
1 1
(vii) The value of 2 tan 1  tan 1 is
2 7
   
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 4 6
(viii) If 4cos x + sin x = , then the value of x is
–1 –1

1 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
2 2 2
(ix) The value of cosec (tan 2) + sec2(cot–13) is :
2 –1

36 59 41 85
(A) (B) (C) (D)
85 10 4 36
x xy
(x) tan 1    tan 1   is equal to
y xy
   2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 4 3

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 
2. Fill in the blanks :
 3
(i) The set of values of cosec–1   is __________.
 2 
  1 
(ii) The principal value of sin–1  cos  sin 1   is __________.
  2 

 1
(iii) The value of tan  2 tan 1  is __________.
 5

(iv) If tan–1x + tan–1y = , then the value of x + y + xy is __________.
4
 1 
(v) If sin  sin 1  cos1 x   1 , then the value of x is __________.
 5 

3. Answer the following questions :


(i) If tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1 z  , then find the value of xy + yz + zx
2
 5   2 
(ii) Find the value of cos1  cos   sin 1  sin  .
 3   3 
  3  
(iii) Find the value of tan 1 2sin  2 cos 1  .
  2  



2
(iv) Evaluate : sin  2 tan 1   cos tan 1 3
3
 
 3 1
(v) Evaluate : tan  cos 1  tan 1 
 5 4

ANSWER KEY
Q.1 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)
Ans. C A C C C D C B D C
Q.2 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
 5 1
Ans.  1
3 12 5
Q.3 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
2  37 19
Ans. 
3 3 26 8

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SOLUTIONS
1. (i) (C) Let tan–1   3  = 
tan = – 3
  
tan = – tan  tan   
3  3


3
 2 
(ii) (A) sin–1  sin 
 3 
     1   
sin–1 sin          sin (sin )  ,     2 , 2  
  3    


3
1 2
(iii) (C) tan –1  tan –1  tan –1 a
2 11
 1 2 
    xy 
tan –1  2 11   tan –1 a ( tan–1x + tan–1 y = tan1  )
1 2  1  xy 
1   
 2 11 
 11  4 
tan–1   tan –1 a
 22  2 
taking tan both sides, we get :
3
a=
4
 
(iv) (C) Given sin–1x + sin–1 y = ( sin–1x + cos–1x = )
3 2
  
 cos –1 x   cos –1 y 
2 2 3
  
[cos –1 x  cos –1 y]   
3 2 2

[cos –1 x  cos –1 y]   
3
2
cos –1 x  cos –1 y 
3
 1
2 
–1  1  –1  4
(v) (C) 2tan   = tan  2   tan –1      (Let) C
2 1 3
1   5
 4 4

4 3 3 
 tan =  cos =   = cos–1 A 3 B
3 5 5

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(vi) (D) Given cot –1 2tan(tan –1 x  tan –1 x3 )
  –1  x  x 3      x  
 cot  2 tan  tan 
–1
4  
 cot –1 2 tan tan –1   
   1  x      1  x 2  

 2x   2 tan  
 cot –1  2
 cot –1  put x = tan
1  x  1  tan 2  
  
= cot–1 (tan 2) = cot –1 cot   2  
 2 
 
=  2 =  2 tan –1 x
2 2
 1
1 1  2  1
(vii) (C) 2 tan –1  tan –1 = tan –1  2   tan –1
2 7 1 7
1  
 4
 4 1 
4 1    
 tan –1  tan –1  tan –1  3 7   tan –1 (1) 
3 7 4 1 4
1   
 3 7

(viii) (B) 4cos–1x + sin–1x =  [ sin–1x + cos–1x = ]
2
3cos x + cos x + sin x = 
–1 –1 –1


3cos–1 x + = 
2

   3cos–1 =  –
2
   3
   3cos–1 =  cos–1x =  x = cos 
2 6 6 2
2 –1 2 –1
(ix) (D) cosec (tan 2) + sec (cot 3)
= 1 + cot2 (tan–12) + 1 + tan2 (cot–13)
 1  1  –1 –1 1 
= 1 + cot2  cot –1  + 1 + tan2  tan –1 
 2  3 cot x  tan x 
1 1 85
= 1 1 =
4 9 36
 x xy 
  
–1  x  –1  x  y  –1  y  x  y  
(x) (C) tan    tan   = tan 
y xy xxy
 1  
 y  x  y  
 x(x  y) – y(x – y)  –1  x  y  
2 2
= tan –1    tan  2
= tan–1 (1) =
 y(x  y)  x(x – y)  x  y 
2
4

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 3 3
2. (i) Let cosec–1   =  cosec 
 2  2
 is not defined. i.e. () empty set
  1   
(ii) sin –1 cos  sin –1    sin –1 cos 
  2   6
3 3 
 sin –1     sin    
2 2 3
  2 
 1      5  –1  2x 
tan  2 tan –1   tan  tan –1  5    tan  tan –1     2tan x = tan 
–1
(iii)
 5  1
 1     12   1  x 2 
  25  
5
=
12
 xy 
(iv) tan–1x + tan–1y =  tan–1  
4 1  xy  4
xy
  1  x + y = 1 – xy  x + y + xy = 1
1  xy
1
(v) sin(sin–1 + cos–1 x) = 1  sin–1 1 + cos–1 x = sin–11
5 5
1  1  
 sin–1 + cos–1 x = sin–1   =  cos 1 x [ sin–1 x + cos–1x = ]
5 2 5 2 2
1 1
 sin–1   = sin–1 x  x 
5 5

3. (i) tan–1x + tan–1y + tan–1z =
2
xy   xy 
 tan –1    tan –1 z  [ tan–1x + tan–1 y  tan –1  ]
1  xy  2  1  xy 
 xy 
 z 
1  xy  x  y  z  xyz 
 tan –1     tan
1   x  y  z  2 1  xy  xz  yz 2
  1  xy  
1  xy  yz  zx 
  cot  0 xy + yz + zx = 1
x  y  z  xyz 2
 5   2 
(ii) cos –1  cos   sin –1  sin 
 3   3 
  2   –1     –1  2  –1  
= cos –1 cos       sin sin      = cos   cos   sin sin 
  3    3   3  3
 2    2    2
=   cos –1 cos   sin –1 sin  =    =  
 3  3 3 3 3 3 3
E 19
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  3  –1    
(iii) tan –1 2sin  2cos –1   tan 2sin  2   
  2    6 

  
 3
 
 tan –1 2sin   tan –1 2    tan 3 =
–1

 3 
 2 
 3

  4 
 2     
(iv) sin  2 tan –1   cos(tan –1 3)  sin  tan –1  3    cos
 3   1  4  3
  9  

  4 9  1   12   1
 sin  tan –1       sin  tan –1    
  3 5  2   5  2

 12  1 12 1 24  13 37
 sin  sin –1   =   
 13  2 13 2 26 26

 3 1  3 3
(v) tan  cos –1  tan –1   Let cos –1    cos  
 5 4  5 5

 C
 4 1 
 –1 4 –1 1 
 1
 3  4 
 tan  tan  tan   tan  tan  4 1   4 5
 3 4   1    
  3 4  
A 3 B
  16  3  
 –1  12     19   19
 tan  tan     tan  tan –1    
 4   8  8
1 
  12  

20 E
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EXERCISE–II
1. Find the value of cot (tan–1a + cot–1a).

2. Find the value of tan 1 3  cot 1   3  .

 1  cos x 
3. Write the function in the simplest form tan 1  
 sin x 

 1 1
4. Prove that : 3sin–1x = sin–1(3x – 4x3), x    , 
 2 2

 1 x  1 x   1 1
5. Prove that tan 1  1
   cos x,  x 1
 1 x  1 x  4 2 2

OR

 x2 1  x  2  
If tan 1    tan    , find the value of x.
 x4  x4 4

  1  
6. Evaluate : tan 2 tan 1    
  5 4

7. Solve for x : tan–1(x – 1) + tan–1x + tan–1(x + 1) = tan–13x.

OR

 6x  8x 3 
1  4x  1
Prove that tan  2 
 tan 1  2 
 tan 1 2x;| 2x | 
 1  12x   1  4x  3

E 21
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SOLUTIONS
1. cot (tan–1a + cot–1a)
 
= cot =0 [ tan–1 x + cot–1 x = ]
2 2

2. tan1 3  cot 1   3   tan 1 3    cot 1 3

  
 tan 1 3    cot 1 3 =  = 
3 6 2
1  cos x 
3. Let y  tan 1 
 sin x 
 x   x
 2 cos 2   cos 
 y  tan 1  2  y  tan 1  2  tan 1 cot x 
 x 
x
 2sin cos 
x
 sin  2 
 2 2  2
   x   x
 y  tan 1  tan      y 
  2 2  2 2
4. R.H.S. = sin–1(3x – 4x3)
put x = sin;  = sin–1x
= sin–1[3sin – 4sin3]
= sin–1[sin3] = 3 = 3sin–1x = L.H.S.

 1 x  1 x   1 1
5. tan 1  1
   cos x,  x 1
 1 x  1 x  4 2 2

In LHS

put x = cos2

 1  cos 2  1  cos 2 
tan 1  
 1  cos 2  1  cos 2 

 1  2cos 2   1  1  1  2sin 2  
 tan 1  
 1  2cos 2   1  1  1  2sin 2  

 cos   sin   1  tan    tan( / 4)  tan  

 tan 1    tan 1    tan 1  
 cos   sin   1  tan   1  tan( / 4).tan  

 x  cos 2 
  
= tan–1[tan(/4 – )]    as  cos 1 x 
4 so,   
 2 

 1
  cos 1 x = RHS proved
4 2
22 E
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OR
 x2 1  x  2  
tan 1    tan   …..(1)
 x4  x4 4
 x2 x2 

1  x  4 x4   
Use formula, tan  
1   x  2   x  2   4
  x  4   x  4  
 (x  2)(x  4)  (x  2).(x  4)  
 tan 1  
 (x  4).(x  4)  (x  2).(x  2)  4
(x  2)(x  4)  (x  2).(x  4) 
  tan  
(x  4).(x  4)  (x  2).(x  2) 4
x 2  8  2x  x 2  8  2x 2x 2  16
  1  1
x 2  16  x 2  4 12
 2x2 = –12 + 16 = 4  x2 = 2  x   2
   
 1     2 / 5   
6. tan 2 tan 1   = tan  tan 1    
 5 4   1 1  4 
  25  
 5
1  tan  tan 1  1  5
  5   12  12  17
= tan   tan 1    = =
4  12   1  tan  tan 1 5  1  5 7
  12
 12 
–1 –1 –1 –1
7. tan (x – 1) + tan x + tan (x + 1) = tan 3x
 tan–1(x – 1) + tan–1(x + 1) = tan–13x – tan–1x.
 x 1  x 1  1  3x  x  1  2x   2x 
 tan 1   = tan    tan  2 
 tan 1  2 
 1  (x  1)(x  1)   1  3x · x   2x   1  3x 
1
 2x(1 + 3x2) = (2 – x2)2x  2x[4x2 – 1] = 0 x = 0 and x  
2
OR
 3(2x)  (2x)3   2.(2x) 
LHS = tan 1    tan 1  2
 1  3(2x)  1  (2x) 
2

put 2x = tan;  = tan–12x.

 3tan   tan 3    2 tan  
tan 1    tan 1 
 1  3tan   1  tan  
2 2

tan 1 (tan 3)  tan 1 (tan 2)

3  2
 = tan–12x = RHS.

E 23
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NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Find the values of the following :

1 1
1. cos–1 + 2 sin–1 [Ex.2.1, Q.12]
2 2

2. tan–1 ( 3) – sec –1 (–2) is equal to [Ex.2.1, Q.14]

  2
(A)  (B) – (C) (D)
3 3 3

Write the following function in the simplest form:

 cos x  sin x 
3. tan–1  , 0 < x <  [Ex.2.2, Q.8]
 cos x  sin x 

Find the values of each of the following:

1  –1 2x –1 1  y 
2
4. tan sin  cos , | x | < 1, y > 0 and xy < 1 [Ex.2.2, Q.13]
2  1 x2 1  y2 

 1 
5. If sin  sin –1  cos –1 x  =1 , then find the value of x [Ex.2.2, Q.14]
 5 

  1 
6. sin  – sin –1  –   is equal to [Ex.2.2, Q.20]
3  2 

1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
2 3 4

Find the value of the given function:

 7 
7. tan–1  tan  [Misc. Ex., Q. 2]
 6 

Prove that :

1 1 1 1 
8. tan–1 + tan–1 + tan–1 + tan–1 = [Misc. Ex., Q. 8]
5 7 3 8 4

 1  sin x  1  sin x  x  
9. cot–1    , x   0,  [Misc. Ex., Q. 10]
 1  sin x  1  sin x  2  4

 1 x  1 x   1 1
10. tan–1     cos–1x, x 1 [Misc. Ex., Q. 11]
 1  x  1  x  4 2 2

24 E
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Solve the following equations :

11. sin–1 (1 – x) – 2 sin–1 x = , then x is equal to [Misc. Ex., Q. 16]
2
1 1 1
(A) 0, (B) 1, (C) 0 (D)
2 2 2

x xy
12. tan–1   – tan–1 is equal to [Misc. Ex., Q. 17]
y xy

   –3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 4 4
3
13. Find the value of sin–1(sin ) [Example 9]
5

 a cos x  b sin x  a
14. Simplify tan–1   , if tan x > –1 [Example 12]
 b cos x  a sin x  b


15. Solve tan–1 2x + tan–1 3x = [Example 13]
4

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 12 13
2  xy 1  2
Ans. B x D C C
3 4 1  xy 5 6 5
Que. 14 15
a 1
Ans. tan–1 – x x
b 6

E 25
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PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

–1  1  –1  1 
1. The value of 2 sin   + cos   is : [2022]
2 2
 2 3 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 2 6
1
–1  1 
Sol. (B) 2sin   + cos  2 
–1 

2

          2
= 2       ,  and  [0, ] =
 6 3  6  2 2 3  3
 1 
The principal value of cos  2  is …………
–1
2. [ 2022]

–1   1  –1  1   3
Sol. cos   =  – cos   =  – 4 = 4  [0, ]
 2  2

–1  3 –1  3
3. Find the value of 3 cos   + sin  . [ 2022]
 2   2 
   

–1  3 –1  3           
Sol. 3 cos   + sin   =  3      [0, ];   ,  
 2   2   6 3  6 3  2 2 

  5
=  
2 3 6
4. Find the value of 2 tan (tan–1 x + tan–1 x3). [ 2020]
 x  x3 
1  x  x3   1  x2  2x
Sol. 2tan tan  4 
= 2 4 
= 2x  2 
=
 1 x   1 x   (1  x )(1  x )  1  x
2 2

  1 
5. Find the value of sin  tan –1 (1)  cos–1   . [2019]
  2 

  1    
Sol. sin tan 1 (1)  cos1     sin  4  4   sin 2  1
  2   

1 1
6. Find the value of sin–1   +2cos–1   . [2018]
2 2

1 1     5
Sol. sin–1   + 2 cos–1  2  = 6  2 3  = 6
2    

26 E
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THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
–1 1 –1 2 –1 3
7. Prove that tan + tan = tan . [2022]
2 11 4
Sol. L.H.S. = tan  1   tan –1  2 
–1
2  11 
   
 1 2 

–1    11  4   22   3
= tan  2 11  = tan
–1 –1

1 2  22    20   = tan  4  = R.H.S.
1         
 2 11 
OR
–1  x  1  –1  x  1  
If tan   + tan   = , then find the value of x.
 x2 x2 4
 x 1   x 1  
Sol. tan 1    tan 1  
 x2  x2 4
 x 1 x 1 
     (x2  2x  x  2)  (x 2  2x  x  2)  
 x  2 x  2    tan
–1 –1
 tan   = 4
1   x  1  x  1   4   
2 2
 (x 4) (x 1) 
  x  2  
 x  2  
–1 2x 2  4   2x2 – 4 
 tan  =
 4   tan  1
 3  –3 4
2 2 1
 2x – 4 = –3  2x = 1 x = ±
2
63 1 3
8. Prove that cos1  2 tan 1  sin 1 . [2019]
65 5 5

63 1 16  2 1 / 5 
Sol. LHS = cos–1  2 tan 1 = tan–1  tan 1  
65 5 63  1  1 / 25 

 16 5 
16  5  63  12  1  3 
= tan–1  tan 1   = tan–1  16 5   tan   = sin–1 (3/5) = RHS
63  12  1   4
 63 12 

OR

  3x  2x  
tan–1 3x + tan–1 2x = tan–1  2 

4  1  6x  4

 5x   5x 
tan–1  2 
  = tan  1
 1  6x  4 1  6x 2
4

 5x = 1– 6x2  6x2 + 5x – 1 = 0  (6x – 1)(x + 1) = 0 x = –1, 1/6

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IMPORTANT NOTES

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CHAPTER-3 : MATRICES
EXERCISE-I
1 a   2 3  1 3
1 If X =   and 3X –  0 2    0 1  then 'a' is equal to-
0 1     
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) –2
0 1 
2. If A    and a and b are arbitary constants then (aI + bA)2 =
0 0 
(A) a2I + abA (B) a2I + 2abA (C) a2I + b2A (D) None of these
1 0   0 1  cos  sin  
3. If I =  , J =  1 0  and B =   sin  cos   , then B equals
0 1     
(A) I cos  + J sin  (B) I cos  – J sin  (C)  sin  + J cos  (D) – I cos  + J sin 
2 3 1   x 
4. If [1 x 2] 0 4 2   1  = O, then the value of x is-
0 3 2   1

(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2

5. P and Q are matrices such that both (P + Q) and (PQ) are defined. Which of the following is true
about P and Q ?
(A) P and Q can be any matrices but of the same order.
(B) P and Q must be square matrices of the same order.
(C) P and Q must be square matrices not necessarily of the same order.
(D) Order of P and Q must be form m × k and k × n respectively, with no condition on m and n.
 2 1 4 1 
6. If A =   and B =  7 2  then B'A' is equal to-
 7 4   
1 0  1 1 0 1  1 0 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
0 1  1 1 1 0  0 0 
1, if i  j
7. If matrix A  a ij  , where a ij   , then A2 is equal to :
22
0, if i  j
(A) I (B) A (C) O (D) –I
1 0   a 1  2 1 
8. If     , then values of a, b are-
3 4   1 b  2 2 
(A) 1, –2 (B) –1, 2 (C) –1, –2 (D) 1, 2
9. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = I then (A – I)3 + (A + I)3 – 7A is equal to
(A) A (B) I – A (C) I + A (D) 3A
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1 4 
10. If A    , then skew symmetric part of A is :-
2 3 

 1 
 1 
 0 1 0 1   0 1
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  2 
 1 0  1 0   1 0   2 3 
 2 
11. Fill in the blanks :
(i) Any square matrix A is symmetric if ________.
(ii) If A and B are symmetric matrices of same order then BA – 2AB is a ________ matrix.
(iii) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then A2 is a ________ matrix.
(iv) A square matrix which is both symmetric and skew symmetric matrix is ________ matrix.
12. Answer the following questions :
 3 4 
(i) Express the matrix A =   as the sum of a symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix.
1  1 
 2 3   1 0 
(ii) If A' =   and B =   , then find (A + 2B)'.
 1 2  1 2
 3 3 
(iii) If matrix A =   and A = A, then write the value of 
2

  3 3 
 3 1
(iv) If A =   , then find A – 5A + 8I.
2

 1 2 
(v) If A is matrix of order m × n and B is a matrix such that AB' and B'A are both defined, then
order of matrix B is.

ANSWER KEY

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B B A A B A A D A A
Q. No. 11(i) 11(ii) 11(iii) 11(iv)
Ans. A' = A Neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric matrix Symmetric Zero
Q. No. 12(i) 12(ii) 12(iii) 12(iv) 12(v)
 3  5
 3   0  
2  2  4 5  1 0 
Ans. A     1 6 6 0 1  m×n
 3 1  
5
0     
 2   2 

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SOLUTIONS
1 a   3 3a 
1. (B) Given X =    3X   
0 1  0 3 
 2 3   1 3
Also given 3X    
0 2  0 1
 3 3a   2 3  1 3 1 3a  3 1 3
 0 3   0 2   0 1   0 
1  0 1 
      
Now by equality of two matrices, we have 3a – 3 = 3  a = 2.
0 1 
2. (B) Given A =  
0 0 
a 0 0 b a b
Here aI + bA =     
0 a  0 0 0 a 
 a b   a b   a 2  0 ab  ba 
(aI +bA)2 =    = 2 
0 a  0 a   0 0 0 a 
 a2 0   0 2ab  2 1 0 0 1
 (aI +bA)2 =      = a    2ab    a I  2abA
2

0 1 0 0
2
0 a  0 0 
1 0   0 1  cos  sin  
3. (A) Given I    , J  and B   
0 1   1 0    sin  cos 
 cos  sin    cos  0   0 sin  
Here   =   + 
  sin  cos    0 cos     sin  0 
1 0   0 1
= cos    + sin    = I cos  + J sin 
0 1   1 0 
2 3 1   x  x
4. (A) Given [1 x 2] 0 4 2   1  = O = [2 4x + 9 2x + 5] 1  =O
 
0 3 2   1  1
 [2x + 4x + 9 – 2x – 5] = O
Thus 4x + 4 = 0  x = –1
5. (B) P and Q must square matrices of the same order.
Let P and Q matrices has order m × n and p × q respectively.
If P + Q defined then,
m × n = p × q m = pand n = q …..(1)
If PQ defined then n = p …..(2)
from equation (1) and (2)
n=m=p=q
Thus P and Q must be square matrices of same order.
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 2 1 4 1 
6. (A) Given A =   and B = 7 2
 7 4   
 2 7  4 7
A' =   and B' = 1 2 
 1 4   
 4 7   2 7  8  7 28  28  1 0 
Now B'A' =     =   
1 2   1 4  2  2 7  8  0 1 
1, if i  j
7. (A) Given that A  a ij  , where a ij  
22
0, if i  j
0 1 
Now, A   
1 0 
0 1  0 1  1 0 
A 2  AA     I
1 0  1 0  0 1 
1 0   a 1  2 1 
8. (D) Given    
3 4   1 b  2 2 
1  a 0  1   2 1 
      
 3  1 4  b   2  2 
  1 + a = 2 and –4 + b = –2  a = 1, b = 2
9. (A) Given that A2 = I
(A – I)3 = A3 – I3 – 3AI (A – I)
= A – I – 3A2 + 3A [ A2 = I]
= A – I – 3I + 3A [ A2 = I]
= 4A – 4I …..(1)
Similarly (A + I)3 = 4A + 4I …..(2)
Now, (A – I)3 + (A + I)3 – 7A = 4A – 4I + 4A + 4I – 7A [From equation (1) & (2)]
=A
10. (A) We know skew symmetric part of matrix

1 1  1 4  1 2    0 1 
A  A  AT     =  
2 2 2 3   4 3  
  1 0 
11. (i) AT = A
(ii) Given; AT = A, BT = B
Let BA – 2AB = C
CT = (BA – 2AB)T = (BA)T – (2AB)T
= ATBT – 2.BT.AT = AB – 2BA
 BA – 2AB is neither symmetric, nor skew symmetric matrix.
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(iii) Given; AT = –A
Let A2 = B
BT = (A2)T = (AA)T = AT.AT
= (–A) (–A) = A2 = B

Since BT = B  A2 is a symmetric matrix.

(iv) Let A is both symmetric and skew symmetric matrix

A = AT and AT = –A

 A = –A

A + A = O 2A = O A = O matrix is a zero matrix.

 3 4 
12. (i) Given, A =  
1  1 

3 1
AT =  
 4 1

3 4   3 1   6 3 
Now A + AT =    
1 1  4 1  3 2 

3 4   3 1  0 5 
A – AT =    
1 1  4 1 5 0 

1 1
We know A = (A + AT) + (A – AT)
2 2

3 4   3 3 / 2   0 5 / 2 

1 1  3 / 2 
   1  5 / 2 0 

 2 3   1 0 
(ii) Given, A' =   ,B=  
 1 2  1 2

 2 1 
 A=  
 3 2

 2 1   1 0   4 1 
Now A + 2B =    2  
 3 2  1 2  5 6

 4 5 
 (A + 2B)' =  
 1 6

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 3 3 
(iii) Given, A =  
 3 3 
 3 3  3 3  18 18
A2 = A·A =    
 3 3   3 3   18 18 
Also A2 = A
 18 18  3 3
 18 18     3 3 
   
 3 = 18 or = 6
 3 1
(iv) Given A =  
 1 2 
 3 1   3 1   8 5
Now, A2 =    
 1 2   1 2   5 3
 8 5  3 1 1 0  1 0 
A2 – 5A + 8I =   5  8  
 5 3  1 2  0 1  0 1 
(v) Given order of matrix A is m × n
Let order of B is x × y
 order of B' is y × x
now AB' is defined
 no. of column of matrix A = no. of row of matrix B, n = y
Also B'A is defined
 no. of column of matrix B' = no. of row of matrix A, x = m
 order of matrix B is m × n

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EXERCISE-II
 cos   sin  
1. If A =   , then find the values of satisfying the equation A' + A = I2.
 sin  cos  

 3 1
2. Find A2 – 5A + 7I if A =  .
 –1 2 

3. 
 sin  cos   
If A  cos  sin  , find a satisfying 0    when A + A' =
2
2I 2 ; where A' is transpose

of A.

3 3
4. If matrix A =   and A2 = A, then write the value of .
 3 3 

a  b 2   6 2 
5. If  7 ab    7 8  , then find the value of a and b.
 –3 4   –3 4 

1 2 2 
6. Show that matrix A  2 1 2  satisfies the equation A2 – 4A – 5I = O.
2 2 1 

1 2 2 
7. If A  2 1 2  is a matrix satisfying AA' = 9I3, then find the values of a and b.
 a 2 b 

 2 2 4 
8. Express the matrix A=  1 3 4  as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
 1 2 3 

 0 6 7 0 1 1   2
9. If A  6 0 8 , B  1 0 2 , C   2  , then calculate AC, BC and (A + B)C. Also
   
 7 8 0  1 2 0   3
     

verify that (A + B)C = AC + BC.

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SOLUTIONS
 cos   sin    cos  sin  
1. We have, A =   A' =  
 sin  cos     sin  cos  
Now, A' + A = I2
 cos  sin   cos   sin  1 0  2 cos  0  1 0 
        
  sin  cos    sin  cos   0 1   0 2 cos  0 1 
1  
 2 cos  = 1  cos  = cos  = cos    = 2n  , n  Z
2 3 3

Given A  
3 1
2.
 1 2 

 3 1   3 1   9  1 3  2   8 5
A2  A  A    
 1 2   1 2   3  2 1  4   5 3

Now, A2 – 5A + 7I  
8 5 15 5  1 0  0 0 
    7 
 5 3   5 10  0 1  0 0 
3. A  A'  2I2
 cos  sin    cos   sin   1 0
   sin  cos     sin  cos    2  0 1 
     
 2 cos  0   2 0 
    
 0
 2 cos    0 2
1   
2 cos   2  cos       0, 
2 4  2 
 3 3
4. Given A = 
 3 3 
A2 = A
 3 3  3 3  3 3
A.A = A       
 3 3   3 3   3 3 
 18 18  3 3  1 1  1 1
 18 18     3 3  or 18    3  1 1  18 = 3  = 6
 1 1   
a  b 2   6 2 
5. Given  7 ab    7 8 
   
 3 4   3 4 
By equality of matrices
a+b=6 …..(1) and ab = 8 …..(2)
Put the value of b in equation (1)
8
a   6  a2 – 6a + 8 = 0
a
Solving we get, a = 2, 4 then put the value of a in equation (2)
a = 4, b = 2 or a = 2, b = 4

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1 2 2 
6. We have, A  2 1 2 
2 2 1 
 1 2 2  1 2 2   9 8 8  4 8 8  5 0 0 
  A  AA  2 1 2  2 1 2   8 9 8  , 4A   8 4 8  and 5I  0 5 0 
2        
2 2 1  2 2 1  8 8 9   8 8 4  0 0 5 

9 8 8   4 8 8   5 0 0 
  A  4A  5I  8 9 8   8 4 8   0 5 0 
2

8 8 9 8 8 4  0 0 5 

 9  4  5 8  8  0 8  8  0  0 0 0 
 A  4A  5I  8  8  0 9  4  5 8  8  0   0 0 0  = O
2

8  8  0 8  8  0 9  4  5 0 0 0 

1 2 2  1 2 a 
7. Given A   2 1  2   A '  2 1 2 
a 2 b  2 2 b 
   
 AA' = 9I3
1 2 2  1 2 a  1 0 0 
  2 1 2  2 1 2   9 0 1 0 
 a 2 b  2 2 b  0 0 1 
    

 9 0 a  2b  4  9 0 0 
   0 9 2a  2  2b   0 9 0 
 2  
a  2b  4 2a  2  2b a  4  b  0 0 9 
2

  a + 2b + 4 = 0, 2a + 2 – 2b = 0 and a2 + 4 + b2 = 9
  a + 2b + 4 = 0, a – b + 1 = 0 and a2 + b2 = 5
Solving a + 2b + 4 = 0 and a – b + 1 = 0, we get a = – 2 and b = – 1
2 2 4 
8. Given A   1 3 4
 
 1 2 3

A square matrix A can be expressed as sum of a symmetric and skew symmetric matrices.
1 1
A  [A  A]  [A  A]
2 2
(P  symmetric (Q  skew symmetric
matrix) matrix)

 2 1 1 
Here A   2 3 2 

 
 4 4 3

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 3 3
 2   
 4 3 3   2 2

1 1 3
Let P  (A  A)   3 6 2     3 1 
2 2    2 
 3 2 6   3 
 1 3 
 2 
 3 3
 2   
2 2
 
3
Now, P '    3 1   P (say)
 2 
 3 
 1 3 
 2 
 1 5
0   
2 2
 
1 1
Also, Let Q  (A  A)   0 3 
2 2 
5 
 3 0 
 2 
 1 5
 0 2 2
 
1
Q    0 3  Q (say)
 2 
 5 
 3 0
 2 
1
Q= (A – A') is a skew symmetric matrix
2
 3 3  1 5
 2    0   
2 2 2 2
     2 2 4 
3 1
Now P  Q    3 1  0 3    1 3 4   A
 2  2   
 3  5   1 2 3
 1 3   3 0 
 2   2 
 0 6 7 0 1 1   2
9. Given A   6 0 8  , B  1 0 2  , C   2 
 7 8 0  1 2 0   3
     
 0 6 7  2
Now, AC  6 0 8  2 
 7 8 0   3
  
 0  12  21  9
AC  12  0  24   12  .........(1)
 14  16  0  30 
   
0 1 1   2  0  2  3   1
BC  1 0 2 2  BC  2  0  6    8
    ..........(2)
 1 2 0   3 2  4  0  2 
      
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  0 6 7  0 1 1    2 
 
(A + B)C =   6 0 8   1 0 2    2 
      3
  7 8 0  1 2 0    
 0 7 8   2   0  14  24  10 
  5 0 10   2   10  0  30   20  .........(3)
 8 6 0   3  16  12  0  28 
      
10 
Now, LHS = (A + B)C =  20  from equation (3)
 28 
 
9 1 10 
RHS = AC + BC = 12    8  =  20  from equation (1) and (2)
30   2   28 
     
Hence, (A +B) . C = AC + BC

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NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1
1. Construct a 3 × 4 matrix, whose elements are given by a ij  3i  j . [Ex.3.1, Q.5(i)]
2
2. Which of the given values of x and y make the following pair of matrices equal
3x  7 5  0 y  2  [Ex.3.1, Q.9]
 y  1 2  3x  , 8 4 

1
(A) x  ,y=7 (B) Not possible to find
3
2 1 2
(C) y = 7, x  (D) x ,y
3 3 3
3. The number of all possible matrices of order 3 × 3 with each entry 0 or 1 is: [Ex.3.1, Q.10]
(A) 27 (B) 18 (C) 81 (D) 512

Compute the following: : 

a b a b
4.  [Ex.3.2, Q.2(i)]
 b a   b a 


1 1
Solve the equation for x, y, z and t, if 2 
x z  3 5
5.  3   3 [Ex.3.2, Q.10]
 y t   0 2   4 6 
2 0 1 
6. Find A2 – 5A + 6I, if A =  2 1 3  [Ex.3.2, Q.15]
 1 1 0 
 
 
 0  tan 2 
7. If A =   and I is the identity matrix of order 2,

 tan 0 
 2 
cos   sin  
show that I + A = (I – A)  [Ex.3.2, Q.18]
 sin  cos  
0 a b
1 1
8. Find (A + A') and (A – A'), when A =  a 0 c  [Ex.3.3, Q.9]
2 2   b c 0 
 
9. If A, B are symmetric matrices of same order, then AB – BA is a [Ex.3.3, Q.11]
(A) Skew symmetric matrix (B) Symmetric matrix
(C) Zero matrix (D) Identity matrix
1 2 0   0 
10. For what values of x : 1 2 1 2 0 1   2  = O ? [Misc.Ex.,Q.4]
1 0 2   x 
  
  
11. If A =  is such that A2 = I, then [Misc.Ex.,Q.9]
  

(A) 1 + 2 +  = 0 (B) 1 – 2 +  = 0 (C) 1 – 2 –  = 0 (D) 1 + 2 –  = 0

40 E
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1
12. Construct a 3 × 2 matrix whose elements are given by aij = |i – 3j|. [Example 3]
2
x 5  3 4   7 6 
13. Find the values of x and y from the following equation 2   
 7 y  3 1 2  15 14 
[Example 10]
 1 2 3
14. If A =  3 2 1  , then show that A3 – 23A – 40I = O [Example 18]
 4 2 1
 
 2 2 4 
15. Express the matrix B =  1 3 4  as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
 1 2 3 
 
[Example 22]

ANSWERS
 1 1
1 2
0
2
 
5  2a 2b 
1  2.
3
1. (B) 3. (D) 4. 0 2a 
2
2 2  
 7 5 
4 3
 2 2 
 1 –1 –3  0 0 0   0 a b
5. x = 3, y = 6, z = 9, t = 6 6.  –1 –1 –10  8. 0 0 0  ,  –a 0 c 
     
 –5 4 4  0 0 0   –b –c 0 
 5
1 2 
 
 1
9. (A) 10. x = –1 11. (C) 12. 2
2 
 
0 3
 2 
13. x=2,y=9
 3 3  1 5
 2 –
2
– 
2 0 –
2
– 
2
   
3 1
15. Symmetric matrix =  – 3 1  , Skew-symmetric matrix = 0 3 
 2  2 
 3  5 
– 1 –3   –3 0 
 2   2 

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PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

 2 3  2 3 
1. If A =   and B =  1 2  are two matrices, then AB will be : [2022]
 1 2   
1 0  0 1  1 1 1 1 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
0 1  0 0  1 1 0 0 
 2 3 2 3 
Sol. (A) Given, A =   , B=  
 1 2  1 2 
 2 3 2 3   4  3 6  6  1 0 
 AB =     =  =  
 1 2  1 2   2  2 3  4   0 1 
x  y  z  9
2. In the equation  x  z    5  , the value of x is :- [2022]
 y  z   7 
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 2
x  y  z  9 
Sol. (D) Given,  x  z  =  5 
 y  z   7 
 x + y + z = 9 and y + z = 7 [By equality of matrices]
 x=9–7=2
 1 3 2 4 
3. If A =   and B =   , then A – B = ………… [2022]
 2 5  3 2 
 1 3 2 4   1 3 2 4   1 1
Sol. Given, A =   ,B=   A–B=     A–B=  
 2 5  3 2   2 5   3 2   5 3 
4. Write the identity matrix of 3 × 3 order. [2022]
Sol. Identity matrix of 3 × 3
1 0 0 
order is given as : I3 = 0 1 0 
0 0 1 
 k  4 1  a 1
5. If   , then find the value of a. [2020]
 3 k  6  3 4 
 k  4 1   a 1 
Sol.  3 =
 k  6  3 4 
on equating, k + 4 = a .....(1)
and k – 6 = – 4  k = 2
from eq. (1), a = 2 + 4 = 6 ( k = 2)

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a  b 4   6 4 
6. If    , then find the value of a and b. [2019]
 –3 ab   –3 8 
a  b 4   6 4 
Sol.   3 ab    3 8 
   
a+b=6 .....(1)
ab = 8 .....(2)
by equation (1) & (2)
a = 4, b = 2 or a = 2, b = 4
 3 1 1 5
7. Find A, if 2A– 1 2    3 2  . [2018]
0 5  0 1 

 3 1 1 5 4 4  2 2 
1 
Sol. 2A– 1 2    3 2  A =  4 4    2 2 
   
2
0 5  0 1  0 6  0 3 

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

 2 
8. If A =  4  , B = 1, 3, 6 , then verify that (AB)' = B'A'. [2022]
 5 

 2 
Sol. Given that, A =  4  ; B = 1 3 6
 5 

1
Here, A' = 2 4 5 ; B' =  3 
 6 

 2   2 6 12 
Now, AB =  4  1 3 6    4 12 –24 
 
 5   5 15 30 

 2 4 5 

 (AB)' =  6 12 15  …..(1)
12 24 30 

1  2 4 5 
  
B'A' =  3   2 4 5   6 12 15  …..(2)
 6  12 24 30 
from equation (1) & (2), (AB)' = B'A'

E 43
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7 0  3 0 
9. If X + Y =   and X – Y =  0 3  , then find X and Y. [ 2022]
2 5   
7 0 
Sol. Given that X + Y =   .....(1)
2 5 
3 0 
X–Y=   .....(2)
0 3 
Adding equation (1) & (2)
10 0  5 0 
2X =   X=  
 2 8 1 4 
putting in equation (1)
5 0  7 0   7 0  5 0  2 0 
1 4   Y   2 5  Y =   Y = 1 1 
     2 5  1 4   
 2 3 1 1
10. If A    and B    , then prove that (AB) = B A .
T T T [2019]
 1 4   2 5 
 2 3 1 1
Sol. Given A    , B 
 1 4  2 5 
 2 3  1 1 8 13 
AB     
 1 4   2 5   7 21
2 1  1 2 8 7
Here, A T    , BT    and (AB) T   
3 4   1 5  13 21
 1 2   2 1  8 7 
BT A T     
 1 5   3 4  13 21
Hence (AB)T = BTAT
 1 2   –5 2 
11. If A =   and B =  1 2  then find 2A – 3B.
2 [2018]
2 3   
 1 2   –5 2 
Sol. Given A =   ,B=  
2 3  1 2
 1 2   1 2   3 8 
 A2 =     = 
2 3  2 3   8 5 

 3 8   5 2   9 10 
 2A2 – 3B = 2   – 3  =  
8 5  1 2  13 4 

44 E
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CHAPTER-4 : DETERMINANTS
EXERCISE-I
 1 3
1. If A    , then the value of |A2 – 2A| is
 2 1
(A) 25 (B) –25 (C) 0 (D) 5

1 0 1 
2. If A  0 1 2  then |3A| is equal to :-
0 0 4 

(A) 9 |A| (B) 81 |A| (C) 27 |A| (D) 31 |A|

3. If A and B are square matrices each of order 3 and |A| = 5, |B| = 3, then the value of |3AB| is
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
4. A triangle whose area is 3 sq. units and its vertices are (1, 3), (0, 0) and (k, 0) then the value of k is
(A)  2 (B)  1 (C)  4 (D)  8

5. If for any 2 × 2 square matrix A, A(adjA) =  8 0  , then the value of |A| is .

 0 8 

1 1
(A) 8 (B) 64 (C) (D)
64 8
6. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3, then prove that det A is
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) 0

0 1 
 0 1 2   1 0  and M = AB, then M–1 is equal to-
7. If A =  , B =  
 2 2 0   1 1 

 2 2   1 / 3 1 / 3 1 / 3 1 / 3  1 / 3 1 / 3
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
2 1   1 / 3 1 / 6  1 / 3 1 / 6   1 / 3 1 / 6 

8. Fill in the blanks :

2 3 5
(i) If Aij is the Co-factor of the elements aij of the determinant 6 0 4 , then the value of
1 5 7
a32A32 is __________.
(ii) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3, then |A| is equal to __________.
(iii) The sum of products of elements of any row of a determinant with the cofactors of
corresponding elements of another row is equal to __________.

E 45
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1 2 5
(iv) If there are two values of a which makes determinant   2 a 1  86 , then the sum
0 4 2a
of these numbers is __________.
xa pu f
(v) If the determinant y  b q  v m  g splits in to exactly k determinants of order 3 and
zc rw nh
each element contains only one term, then the value of k is __________.

9. Answer the following questions :

(i) For what value of k, the given system of linear equations has a unique solution :
x+y+z=2
2x + y – z = 3
3x + 2y + kz = 4
 2 1
(ii) Find the inverse of the matrix  .
3 4 
(iii) If the points (a, 0), (0, b) & (1, 1) are collinear; then using determinant, prove that a + b = ab .
(iv) If A and B are matrices of order 3 and |A| = 5, |B| = 3 then |3AB| is equal to.

ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8(i) 8 (ii) 8 (iii)
Ans. A C A A A D C 110 0 0
Q. No. 8 (iv) 8 (v) 9 (i) 9 (ii) 9 (iv)
 4 1
 11 11
Ans. –4 8 k0   405
 3 2 
 11 11 

46 E
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SOLUTIONS
 1 3  1 3   7 6  2 6 
1. (A) A2  A.A        ,2A   
2 1 2 1  4 7  4 2 
 7 6  2 6   5 0  5 0
Now, A 2  2A         A 2  2A   25
 4 7   4 2  0 5  0 5

2. (C) |3A| = 33. |A| = 27 |A| [ |kA| = kn|A|]

3. (A) We know that |KA| = Kn|A|

Where n is the order of the matrix.
 |3AB| = 33 |A| |B| ( order given is 3)
 |3AB| = 33 × |A| |B| = 27 × 5 × 3 = 27 × 15 = 405
1 3 1
1
4. (A) Area of triangle  0 0 1   3
2
k 0 1

1 (0 – 0) –3 (0 – k) + 1 (0 – 0) =  6 3k =  6  k =  2

5. (A) Given A(adjA)   8 0 

0 8 
We know, A(adjA) = |A| I …..(1)
1 0 
A(adjA) = 8  = 8I …..(2)
0 1 
From equation (1) and (2), |A| = 8
6. (D) By definition of skew-symmetric matrix A' = –A
 | A' | = |–A |
 |A| = (–1)3 |A| = – |A| [ |A'| = |A| and |kA| = kn|A|, where is order of matrix]
 2|A| = 0 |A| = 0
0 1 
 0 1 2  1 0 
7. (C) Given A =  , B =  
 2 2 0   1 1 

0 1 
 0 1 2    1 2
M = AB =    1 0  =  
 2 2 0     2 2 
 1 1 
 2 2 
|M| = 6 , adj (M) =  
2 1 
 1 2 2  1 / 3 – 1 / 3
 M–1 = ·adj(M)   
|M| 6 2 1  1 / 3 1 / 6 

E 47
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8. (i) a32 = 5
2 5
Cofactor of A32 = –
6 4
A32 = –(8 – 30) = 22
a32A32 = 5 × 22 = 110
(ii) A matrix A is skew symmetric if
A' = –A
|A'| = |–A|
|A| = –|A|
2|A| = 0
 |A| = 0
(iii) 0
1 2 5
(iv)   2 a 1  86
0 4 2a
1(2a2 + 4) + 2(4a – 0) + 5(8 – 0) = 86
 2a2 + 4 + 8a + 40 = 86 2a2 + 8a – 42 = 0
 a2 + 4a – 21 = 0 a2 + 7a – 3a – 21 = 0
 a(a + 7) – 3(a + 7) = 0 a = 3, –7
The sum = 3 – 7 = –4
xa pu f
(v) yb qv mg
zc rw nh
Splitting R1
x p a u f
= y b q  v m g  y b q v m g
zc rw nh zc r w n h
Splitting R2
x p x p a u f a u f
= y q m  b v g  y q m  b v g
zc rw nh z c r w n h zc r w n h z c r w n h
Splitting R3
x p x p x p x p
= y q m  y q m  b v g  b v g
z r n c w h z r n c w h
a u f a u f a u f a u f
+ y q m  y q m  b v g  b v g
z r n c w h z r h c w h

48 E
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9. (i) Condition for unique solution |D|  0
1 1 1
2 1 1  0
3 2 k

1(k + 2) – 1(2k + 3) + 1(4 – 3)  0

k + 2 – 2k – 3 + 1 = 0
–k  0
k0
 2 1
(ii) A=  
3 4 
adj(A)
A 1  , | A | 0
|A|
|A| = (4 × 2) – (3 × –1) = 8 + 3 = 11
|A|  0
 4 1
adj (A) =  
 3 2 
1  4 1
A–1 =
11  3 2 

(iii) Area of  = 0
a 0 1
0 b 1  0  a(b – 1) + 1(0 – b) = 0
1 1 1
ab – a – b = 0
ab = a + b H.P.
(iv) Given, |A| = 5
|B| = 3
|3AB| = 27|A| |B| (by using properties |kA| = kn|A|)
= 27 × 5 × 3 where n is order of matrix A.
= 27 × 15
= 405

E 49
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EXERCISE-II

Let A = 
3 7
and B = 
6 8
1.   . Verify that (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1.
2 5  7 9

 x  1 3 4 
2. 
Determine the values of x for which the matrix A   5 x  2 2  is singular.
 4 1 x  6 

3. If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are vertices of an equilateral triangle whose each side is equal
2
x1 y1 2
to a, then prove that x 2 y2 2  3a 4 .
x3 y3 2

cos   sin  0 
4. If A   sin  cos  0  , find adj A and verify that A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| I3.
 0 0 1 

5. Use matrix method to examine the following system of equations for consistency or
inconsistency :
4x – 2y = 3, 6x – 3y = 5

2 3
6. Show that A    satisfies the equation x2 – 6x + 17 = 0. Hence, find A–1.
3 4 

1 2 –3
7. If A =  2 3 2  then, find A–1 and solve the following system of equations using it :
 3 –3 –4 

x + 2y – 3z = –4, 2x + 3y + 2z = 2, 3x – 3y – 4z = 11

8. The management committee of a residential colony decided to award some of its members
(say x) for honesty, some (say y) for helping others and some others (say z) for supervising
the workers so keep the colony neat and clean. The sum of all the awardees is 12. Three times
the sum of awardees for cooperation and supervision added to two times the number of awardees
for honesty is 33. If the sum of the number of awardees for honesty and supervision is twice
the number of awardees for helping others, using matrix method, find the number of awardees of
each category.

50 E
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SOLUTIONS

Given; A = 
3 7
, B = 
6 8
1. 
2 5   7 9 

AB = 
3 7  6 8   67 87 
= , |AB| = 67 × 61 – 87 × 47 = – 2
 5   7 9   47 61
2

1 –1  61 –87
(AB)–1 = ·adj(AB) = …..(1)
| AB | 2  –47 67 

1 1  9 8 –1  9 –8
Now, B–1 = ·adj(B)  
| B| 6  9 – 8  7  –7 6  2  –7 6 
1 1  5 –7  5 –7 
A–1 = ·adj(A)  
|A| 3  5 – 2  7  –2 3   –2 3 
–1  9 –8  5 –7  –1  61 –87
B–1A–1 = = …..(2)
2  –7 6   –2 3  2  –47 67 
From (1) and (2)
(AB)–1 = B–1A–1 Hence proved

 x  1 –3 4 
2. Given, A =  –5 x  2 2 
 4 1 x – 6 


A is singular matrix if |A| = 0

x  1 –3 4
 –5 x  2 2 =0
4 1 x–6

(x + 1) [(x + 2) (x – 6) – 2] + 3 (–5x + 30 – 8) + 4 (–5 –4x –8) = 0

 (x + 1) (x2 – 4x – 14) + 3 (–5x + 22) + 4 (–4x – 13) = 0

 x3 – 3x2 – 49x = 0 or x(x2 – 3x – 49) = 0

1
Solving we get x = 0, (3 205 )
2

3. Let  be the area of triangle ABC. Then,

x y1 1 x1 y1 1
1 1
 x2 y 2 1  2   x 2 y2 1
2x y3 1 x3 y3 1
3

2
x1 y1 1 x1 y1 2 x1 y1 2
 4  2 x 2 y2 1  x2 y2 2  16  x 2
2
y2 2 …..(1)
x3 y3 1 x3 y3 2 x3 y3 2

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3 2
But, the area of an equilateral triangle with each side equal to a is a .
4
3 2
  a  162 = 3a4 …..(2)
4
2
x1 y1 2
From (1) and (2), we obtain x 2 y2 2  3a 4
x3 y3 2

 cos  – sin  0 
4. Given A =  sin  cos  0 
 0 0 1 


|A| = cos  (cos – 0) + sin  (sin  – 0)

|A| = cos2  + sin2  = 1

Now, A11 = cos , A12 = –sin, A13 = 0

A21 = sin , A22 = cos  , A23 = 0

A31 = 0, A32 = 0, A31 = 1

 cos  sin  0 
 adj A =  – sin  cos  0 
 0 0 1 


cos  – sin  0   cos  sin  0 

Now, A(adj A) =  sin  cos  0   – sin  cos  0 
 0 0 1   0 0 1 


1 0 0 
= 0 1 0  = I3 = |A| · I3 [since |A| = 1]
0 0 1 

 cos  sin  0  cos  – sin  0 

( adj A)A =  – sin  cos  0   sin  cos  0 
 0 0 1   0 0 1 

1 0 0 
= 0 1 0  = I3 = |A| · I3 (since |A| = 1)
0 0 1 
5. The given system of equations can be written as
 4 2  x  3 
AX = B, where A    , X    and B   
 6 3  y  5
4 2
Now, | A |  = –12 + 12 = 0
6 3

52 E
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So, the given system of equations is inconsistent or it has infinitely many solutions according as
(adj A) B  O or, (adj A) B = O respectively.
Let Cij be the co-factors of elements aij in A = [aij]. Then,
C11 = –3, C12 = – 6, C21 = 2 and C22 = 4

  3 6    3 2 
adjA   
 2 4   6 4 
 3 2  3  9  10  1 
So, (adjA)B     O
 6 4  5  18  20  2 
Hence, the given system of equations is inconsistent.
2 –3
6. Given; A = 
 3 4 

A2 = 
2 –3 2 –3  –5 –18

3 4  3 4  18 7 
 –5 –18  2 –3 1 0  0 0 
 A2 – 6A + 17 I =   – 6   17   =   =O
18
 7  3 4  0 1  0 0 
 A2 – 6A + 17I = O or A2 – 6A = –17I
A.A.A–1 – 6 A.A–1 = –17 I.A–1 (Both sides on post multiplying by A–1)
A – 6I = – 17A–1 ( AA–1 = I)

–1 –1  2 –3  6 0   –1  –4 –3  1  4 3
 A–1 = (A – 6I) =    –   =   =
17 17   3 4   0 6   17  3 –2  17  –3 2 

 1 2 3 
7. Given; A =  2 3 2 
 3 3 4 
 

|A| = 1(–12 + 6) – 2(–8 – 6) – 3 (–6 – 9) = –6 + 28 + 45 = 67

 6 17 13 
adj A =  14 5 8 
 15 9 1
 

 6 17 13 
1 1 
 A = adj A  14 5 8
–1

|A| 67  15 9 1

 
also given,
x + 2y – 3z = –4
2x + 3y + 2z = 2
3x – 3y – 4y = 11
by using matrix method
AX = B

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 1 2 3  x   4 
where A =  2 3 2  , X = y  , B = 2
 3 3 4  z   
     11 

we know X = A–1 B

x   6 17 13   4   24  34  143   201 
 y  = 1  14 5 8  2  = 1  56  10  88 = 1 134 
 z  67  15 9 1 11  67  60  18  11  67  67 
        
x = 3, y = –2, z = 1
8. x = awarded members for honesty
y = awarded members for helping (cooperation)
z = awarded members for supervision.
Sum of all the awarders is 12
so x + y + z = 12 .....(1)
Three times the sum of awardees for y and z.
added to two times the x is 33
3(y + z) + 2x = 33
2x + 3y + 3z = 33 .....(2)
The sum of number of for x and z is twice the y
x + z = 2y
x – 2y + z = 0 .....(3)
above all three equation can be written as matrix form
1 1 1  x  12 
2 3 3  y   33
    
1 2 1 z  0 
1
Let A X = B X = A–1.B X =  adjA  .B
|A|
|A| = 1(3 + 6) –1(2 – 3) + 1(–4 – 3) = 9 + 1 – 7 = 3
adjA = [Cij]T
T
 9 1 7   9 3 0 

  3 0 3    1
 0 1
 0 1 1   7 3 1 

 9 3 0  12  108 99 0 

1 1
X   1 0 1 33   12 0 0 
  
3 3
 7 3 1  0   84 99 0 
 x  3 
 y    4  x = 3, y = 4, z = 5
   
z   5 

54 E
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NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Show that points A (a, b + c), B (b, c + a), C (c, a + b) are collinear. [Ex.4.3, Q.2]

2. Find values of k if area of triangle is 4 sq. units and vertices are

(i) (k, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2) (ii) (–2, 0), (0, 4), (0, k) [Ex.4.3, Q.3]

a11 a12 a13

3. If  = a 21 a 22 a 23 and Aij is Cofactors of aij, then value of  is given by [Ex.4.4, Q.5]
a 31 a 32 a 33

(A) a11 A31 + a12 A32 + a13 A33 (B) a11 A11+ a12 A21 + a13 A31

(C) a21 A11+ a22 A12 + a23 A13 (D) a11 A11+ a21 A21 + a31 A31

Let A  
3 7 6 8 
 
1
4.  and B    . Verify that AB  B1A1 . [Ex.4.5, Q.12]
 2 5   7 9 

3 2 
5. For the matrix A    , find the numbers 'a' and 'b' such that A2  aA  bI  O . [Ex.4.5, Q.14]
1 1 

 2 1 1
6. If A  1 2 1 , verify that A3  6A2  9A  4I  O and hence find A1 . [Ex.4.5, Q.16]
 1 1 2 
 
7. Let A be a non-singular square matrix of order 3  3 , then adj A is equal to ? [Ex.4.5, Q.17]

(A) |A| (B) |A|2 (C) |A|3 (D) 3|A|

8. If A is an invertible matrix of order 2, then det (A–1) is equal to ? [Ex.4.6, Q.18]
1
(A) det  A  (B) (C) 1 (D) zero
det  A 

9. Solve the following system of linear equations, using matrix method

2x  3y  3z  5, x  2y  z  4, 3x  y  2z  3. [Ex.4.6, Q.13]

 2 3 5 
10. If A   3 2 4  , find A1 . Using A1 , solve the system of equations 2x  3y  5z  11,
 1 1 2 
 
3x  2y  4z  5, x  y  2z  3 . [Ex.4.6, Q.15]

11. The cost of 4 kg onion, 3 kg wheat and 2 kg rice is ` 60. The cost of 2 kg onion, 4 kg wheat and
6 kg rice is `90. The cost of 6 kg onion, 2kg wheat and 3 kg rice is ` 70. Find cost of each item
per kg by matrix method. [Ex.4.6, Q.16]

E 55
 
 3 1 1  1 2 2 
12. If A  15 6 5 and B   1 3 0  , find (AB)–1.

1  [Misc. Ex., Q.7]
 5 2 2   0 2 1
  

 1 sin  1 
13. 
Let A =   sin  1 sin  , where 0  2. Then [Misc. Ex., Q.19]
 1  sin  1 

(A) Det (A) = 0 (B) Det (A)  (2, )

(C) Det (A)  (2, 4) (D) Det (A)  [2, 4]

3 x 3 2
14. Find values of x for which  . [Example 5]
x 1 4 1

 1 1 2   2 0 1
15. Use product 0 2 3  9 2 3 to solve the system of equations
 3 2 4   6 1 2 
  

x  y  2z  1
2y  3z  1 [Example 33]
3x  2y  4z  2

ANSWERS

2. (i) k = 0 , 8 ; (ii) k = 0, 8 3. (D)

 3 1 1
1
5. a = – 4, b = 1 6. 1 3 1
4 1 1 3
 

7. (B) 8. (B)

 0 1 2 
9. x = 1, y = 2, z = –1 10.  2 9 23 , x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
 1 5 13
 

11. Cost of onions per kg = Rs.5; Cost of wheat per kg = Rs.8; Cost of rice per kg = Rs.8

 9 3 5 
12.  2 1 0 13. (D)
 1 0 2
 

14. x  2 2 15. x = 0, y = 5 and z = 3

56 E
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PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
3 3 3 x
1. If  , then value of x is [2022]
x 1 1 1
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) –3 (D) –2
3 3 3 x
Sol. (B) Given, =
x 1 1 1
 3 – 3x = – 3 – x
 6 = 2x  x = 3
3 2
2. For which value of x, the value of determinant will be zero ? [2022]
5 x
3 2 0
Sol. If = 0  3x – 10 = 0 or x =
5 x 3

1 3 2
3. Find the minor of the element 6 in the determinant 8 6 3 . [2022]
9 5 4

1 3 2
Sol. Given determinant is 8 6 3
9 5 4

1 2
 Minor of element 6 = = 4 – 18 = –14
9 4
4. Define singular and Non-singular matrix. [2020]
Sol. Singular matrix – Any square matrix A is said to be singular matrix if |A| = 0.
Non-singular matrix – Any square matrix A is said to be non-singular matrix if |A|  0.
 cos  sin  
5. If matrix A =   , then find A .
–1 [2019]
  sin  cos  
 cos  sin  
Sol.  A 
  sin  cos  
|A| = cos2 + sin2 = 1
cos   sin  
adjA   
 sin  cos  

1 1  cos   sin  
 A  (adjA)   
|A|  sin  cos  

E 57
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3 4 
6. If A =   , then find A .
–1 [2018]
 1 2 
3 4 
Sol. Given A =  
1 2 
3 4
|A| = =6–4=2
1 2
 2 4 
adj A =  
 1 3 
 1 2 
1 1  2 4 
 A–1 = (adjA)     1 3 
|A| 2  1 3   
 2 2
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
2 3 x y
7. If = 3, = 5, then find the values of x and y. [2022]
y x 4 2

2 3 x y
Sol. Given that  3 and 5
y x 4 2

 2x – 3y = 3 …..(1)
& 2x – 4y = 5 …..(2)
Equation (1) & Equation (2)y = –2
3
for y = –2 x = 
2
8. Prove that the points A(a, b + c), B(b, c + a) and C(c, a + b) are collinear. [2022]
Sol. Given points, A(a, b + c), B(b, c + a) & C(c, a + b)
If points A, B, C are collinear then
Area of ABC will be zero.
a bc 1
1
Area of ABC = b c  a 1
2
c ab 1

1
= [a(c + a – a – b) – (b + c) (b – c) + 1 (ab + b2 – c2 – ac)]
2
1
= [ac – ab – b2 + c2 + ab + b2 – c2 – ac]
2
1
= (0)
2
Hence A, B, C are collinear.
58 E
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THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
9. Solve the following system of equations. [2020]
 3 0 3   x  8  2y 
2 1 0   y   1   z 
      
 4 0 2  z   4  3y 

 3 0 3   x   8   2y  3x  3z  8  2y 
Sol. Given system of equations  2 1 0   y  =  1  +  z   2x  y    1  z  
       
 4 0 2   z   4   3y   4x  2z  4  3y 
 On equating
 3x – 2y + 3z = 8
2x + y – z = 1
4x – 3y + 2z = 4
 3 2 3   x   8 
Above system of eqs. can be written in matrix eq. form as  2 1 1  y  =  1 
 4 3 2   z   4 
AX=B ... (1)
3 2 3
Here |A| = 2 1 1 = 3X – 1 + 2 × 8 + 3X – 10 = – 17
4 3 2
|A| 0 So A–1 be exists
Hence A is non-singular.
Cofactors of elements of |A| are
A11 = – 1, A12 = – 8, A13 = – 10
A21 = – 5, A22 = – 6, A23 = 1
A31 = – 1, A32 = 9, A33 = 7
 1 5 1
 adj A =  8 6 9 
 10 1 7 

 1 5 1
1 1 
1
A  ·(adjA)  A    8 6 9 
1

|A| 17
 10 1 7 
from eq. (i) A X = B
 X = A–1 B
x   1 5 1  8   8  5  4  x   17  1 
  y  = – 1  8 6 9   1  = – 1  64  6  36    y  = – 1  34   2 
  17    17     17    
 z   10 1 7   4   80  1  28   z   51  3 
 x = 1, y = 2, z = 3

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10. Solve the system of linear equations x + y + 2z = 0, x + 2y – z = 9, x – 3y + 3z = –14 by using
matrix method. [2019]
Sol. Given system of linear equation
x + y + 2z = 0
x + 2y – z = 9
x – 3y + 3z = –14
1 1 2   x   0 
above system can be expressed in matrix equation form as 1 2 1  y    9 
1 3 3   z   14 

AX = B …..(1)
1 1 2
|A| = 1 2 1 = 1(6 – 3) –1(3 + 1) + 2( – 3 – 2) = –11
1 3 3

 |A|  0, i.e. A is non-singular matrix

so A is invertible matrix.
Now cofactors of elements of matrix A are
A11 = 3, A12 = –4, A13 = –5
A21 = –9, A22 = 1, A23 = 4
A31 = –5, A32 = 3, A33 = 1

 3 9 5
adj A =  4 1 3 
 5 4 1 

 3 9 5
1 1  4 1 3 
 A–1 = (adjA) A–1 =
|A| 11  
 5 4 1 

by (1) X = A–1 B
x   3 9 5  0   11  1 
 y    1  4 1 3   9    1  33   3 
  11    11    
 z   5 4 1   14   22   2 

 x = 1, y = 3, z = –2

60 E
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CHAPTER-5 : CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
EXERCISE–I
1– cos4x
 , x0
1. If f(x) =  x 2 is continuous then the value of a -
a , x=0

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 4 (D) 8

 | x –1 |
 1– x + a , x > 1

2. If f(x) = a + b , x =1 is continuous at x = 1, then the values of a and b are respectively:
 | x –1 |
 + b , x <1
 1– x
(A) 1, 1 (B) 1, –1 (C) 2, 3 (D) None of these
 x3 + x 2 –16x + 20
 , x2
3. If f(x) =  (x – 2)2 is continuous for all values of x, then the value of k is:
 k , x=2

(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8 [Exemplar]
a  bx 2 ;x  1
4. If f(x)   , then find a and b so that f(x) become differentiable at x = 1?
3ax  b  2 ; x  1
(A) a = 3, b = 2 (B) a = 2, b = 3 (C) a = 0, b = 3 (D) a = 2, b = –3

d  2  1 1  x  
5. sin  cot   is :
dx   1  x  
1 1
(A)  (B) 0 (C) (D) –1
2 2
1 d2y
6. If y = , then equals-
x2 – a2 dx 2

3x 2 + a 2 3x 2 + a 2 2(3x 2 + a 2 ) 2(3x 2 + a 2 )
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(x 2 – a 2 )3 (x 2 – a 2 )4 (x 2 – a 2 )3 (x 2 – a 2 )4

 1  x2  dy
7. If y  log  2 
, then is equal to [Exemplar]
1 x  dx
4x 3 4x 1 4x 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1  x4 1  x4 4  x4 1  x4
8. If y = xn – 1 log x then x2y2 + (3 – 2n) xy1 is equal to
2 2 2 2
(A) –(n – 1) y (B) (n – 1) y (C) –n y (D) n y

E 61
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1  sin 3 x
 2
, x /2
 3cos x
9. If f(x) =  a , x   / 2 is continuous at x = /2, then value of a and b are-
 b(1  sin x)
 , x / 2
 (  2x)
2

(A) 1/2, 1/4 (B) 2, 4 (C) 1/2, 4 (D) 1/4, 2

–1 2 –1
10. The derivative of cos (2x – 1) with respect to cos x is
1 2
(A) 2 (B) (C) (D) 1 – x2
2 1 x 2 x
dy
11. If cos(xy) = x, then is equal to-
dx
y  cosec(xy) y  sin(xy) y  cos(xy)  y  cosec(xy) 
(A) (B) (C) (D) –  
x x x  x 
d2y
12. If x = a(+ sin), y = a(1 – cos) then the value of at  = /2 is-
dx 2
1 1
(A) a (B) – (C) (D) –a
a a
13. Fill in the blanks :
(i) Derivative of x5 with respect to x2 is __________.
(ii) Derivative of x2 w.r.t. x3 is __________.

(iii) If f(x) = |cos x – sin x|, then f '   is equal to __________.
3
dy 1 1
(iv) For the curve x  y = 1, at  ,  is __________.
dx 4 4
14. Answer the following questions :
1
(i) If the function f(x) = , then find the points of discontinuity of the composite function
x2
y = f{f(x)}.
dy
(ii) Evaluate , if y = log (x + x2  a )
dx
dy  1  1
(iii) Evaluate , if y = sec–1  3  ,0<x<
dx  4x  3x  2
dy
(iv) Find when x and y are connected by the given equation tan–1 (x2 + y2) = a
dx
d2 y
(v) If y = tan–1 x, then find in terms of y alone.
dx 2
62 E
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ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. D B C B A C B A C A
Q. No. 11 12 13 (i) 13 (ii) 13 (iii) 13 (iv) 14 (i)
5 3 2  3 1  y is discontinuous at x = 5
Ans. D C x   –1
2 3x 2
 2 
Q. No. 14 (ii) 14 (iii) 14 (iv) 14 (v)
dy 1 dy 3 dy  x d2 y
Ans.    = –sin2y. cos2y
dx ( x  a )
2
dx 1 x2 dx y dx 2

SOLUTIONS
1. (D) Since the given function is continuous at x = 0 ; therefore lim f(x)  f(0)
x0

1  cos 4x 2sin 2 2x 4
 lim = a  lim × =a
x0 x 2 x 0 x 2
4
2
 sin 2x 
 lim 2   × 4 = a 8 = a
x0  2x 
2. (B) f(x) is continuous at x = 1; therefore, limf(x)  f(1)
x1

f(1) = a + b (given)
|1  h 1|
RHL : lim f(1 + h) = lim + a = –1 + a
h0 h0 1  (1  h)
 a + b = –1 + a b = –1
|1  h 1|
LHL : lim f(1 – h) = lim +b=1+b
h0 h0 1  (1  h)
 a + b = 1 + b a = 1
3. (C)  f(x) is continuous at x = 2; therefore, lim f(x)  f(2)
x2

 f(2–) = f(2+) = f(2) = k .......(1)

+ (2  h)3  (2  h)2  16(2  h)  20 h 3  7h 2
Now, f(2 ) = lim = lim =7
h 0 (2  h  2)2 h 0 h2
From (1) k = 7
4. (B) f(x) will become differentiable at x = 1 if R.H.D. at (x = 1) = L.H.D. at (x = 1) (should be finite)
f(1  h)  f(1)
R.H.D. : f '(1+) = lim
h 0 h
3a(1  h)  b  2  3a  b  2 3ah
= lim = lim = 3a
h 0 h h  0 h

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f(1  h)  f(1) a  b(1  h)  3a  b  2
2
L.H.D. : f '(1–) = lim = lim
h 0 h h 0 h
(2a  2b  2)  bh 2  2bh
= lim
h 0 h
Hence for this limit to be defined
– 2a + 2b – 2 = 0 b = a + 1
f'(1–) = – lim (bh – 2b) = 2b
h0

 f'(1–) = f'(1+)

3a = 2b 3a = 2(a + 1) a = 2, b = 3
 1 x 
5. (A) Let y = sin2  cot 1 
 1  x 

Put x = cos 2
 1  cos 2 
 y = sin2  cot 1  = sin (cot (cot ))
2 –1

 1  cos 2 

1  cos2  1  x 1 x
 y = sin2  =    (Differentiating w.r.t. x)
2 2 2 2
dy 1
 
dx 2
dy 2x
6. (C) = 2 2 2
dx (x  a )

d2y  (x 2  a 2 )2 .2  2x.2(x 2  a 2 ).2x  2(3x 2  a 2 )

 = –  = (x 2  a 2 )3
dx 2  (x 2  a 2 )4 

 1  x2 
7. (B) We have, y  log  2 
 log(1  x 2 )  log(1  x 2 )
1 x 
dy 1 1 2x[1  x 2  1  x 2 ] 4x
  ·(2x)  ·(2x)  
dx 1  x 2 1  x2 (1  x 2 ) ·(1  x 2 ) 1  x4
8. (A) We have y = xn – 1 log x
Diff. w.r.t. x
1
y1  (n  1)x n 2 log x  x n 1 ·
x
 xy1  (n  1)x n 1 log x  x n 1

 xy1  (n  1)y  x n 1 …..(1)

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Diff. w.r.t. x again :
y1  xy 2  (n  1)y1  (n  1)x n 2

 x 2 y 2  xy1  x(n  1)y1  (n  1)x n 1

 x2 y2  xy1 (2  n)  (n 1) xy1  (n 1)y [from (1)]

 x 2 y 2  xy1 (2  n)  xy1 (n  1)  (n  1) 2 y

 x 2 y 2  xy1 (3  2n)  (n  1) 2 y

     –  
9. (C) f(x) is continuous at x = therefore f   = f   = f  
2  2   2  2

 
   1  sin 3   h 
 = lim 1  cos h = lim (1  cosh)(1  cosh  cos h) = 1
3 2
LHL : f   = lim 2
2  h0    h0 3sin 2 h h0 3(1  cosh)(1  cosh) 2
3cos2   h 
2 
2
   h
b 1  sin   h   2b sin 2  
   2  b(1  cosh) 2 = b
RHL : f   = lim  2
= lim 2
= lim
2  h0
   h0 4h h0
2 h 
2
8
   2  2  h   4h   
  2

Now f(x) is continuous at x =
2
       1 b
 f   = f   = f     a
2  2  2 2 8
  a = 1/2, b = 4
10. (A) Let u = cos–1 (2x2 – 1) and v = cos–1 x
For u = cos–1 (2x2 – 1)
Let x = cos  = cos–1x
u = cos (2 cos – 1) = cos (cos 2) = 2 = 2 cos x
–1 2 –1 –1

du 2 dv 1
  and 
dx 1  x2 dx 1  x2
du du dx
   2
dv dv dx
11. (D) cos(xy) = x (Differentiating w.r.t. x)
 dy  dy
 –sin(xy) x.  y.1  1  x sin(xy).  y sin(xy)  1
 dx  dx
dy 1  ysin(xy)  y  cosec(xy) 
 = = – 
dx  xsin(xy)  x 

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12. (C) We have x = a( + sin), y = a(1 – cos)
dx dy
Here, = a(1 + cos) and = asin
d d
dy dy / d  a sin  dy 2sin  / 2 cos  / 2 dy 
 = =  = = tan/2   tan
dx dx / d  a(1  cos ) dx 2 cos  / 2
2
dx 2

d2y 2  1 d 1 2 1 1 / 2sec 2  / 2 1
Again  sec . .  sec  = = sec4/2
dx 2
2 2 dx 2 2 a(1  cos ) a.2cos  / 2
2
4a

 d2y  1 1 4 1
 2 =
4
  2 = sec4/4 = =
 dx /2 4a 4a 4a a

13. (i) Let z = x5 , y = x2

dz dy
 5x 4  2x [Diffn w.r.t. x]
dx dx
dz
dz dx 5x 4 dz 5 3
    x
dy dy 2x dx 2
dx
(ii) Let z = x2, y = x3
dz dy
 2x  3x 2
dx dx
dz 2x 2
 2
dy 3x 3x
(iii) f (x) = |cos x – sin x|
 
cos x  sin x, 0  x  4
f (x)  
sin x  cos x,   x  
 4 2
f(x) = sin x – cos x

 1 3 1 3
f (x) = cos x + sin x  f '     
3 2 2 2

dy 1 1
(iv) x  y 1, at  , 
dx 4 4

1 1 dy dy y 1 1
 0,  at  , 
2 x 2 y dx dx x 4 4
dy
 1
dx

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1
14. (i) f (x) 
x2
 1  x2
y = f  f (x)   f     y 
x  2 2x  5

5
y is discontinuous at x =
2

(ii) y  log  x  x 2  a 
 

dy  1  2x  1  x2  a  x  1
  1      =
dx  x  x2  a   2 x 2  a  x  x 2  a  x 2  a  x a
2

 1 
(iii) y  sec –1  3 
 4x  3x 
put x = cos
 1 
y  sec –1    y  sec (sec ) y = 3
–1

 4cos   3cos  
3

y = 3cos–1x [Diff. w.r.t. x]

dy 3

dx 1 x2
(iv) Given tan–1 (x2 + y2) = a
x2 + y2 = tan a
Differentiate w.r.t. x
dy dy  x
2x + 2y = 0  
dx dx y
(v) y = tan–1x tan y = x
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy
sec2y =1
dx
dy
 cos 2 y
dx
Again differentiate w.r.t. x
d2 y dy
2
 2cos ysin y  = –sin2y cos2 y
dx dx

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EXERCISE–II

 log(1  mx) – log 1 – nx 

 if x  0
1. If f(x) =  x , is continuous at x = 0, then find value of k.
 k if x  0


2. Determine the value of 'k' for which the following function is continuous at x = 3 :

 (x  3)2  36
 , x3
f(x)   x 3
 k , x 3


d2 y
3. If y = a sin x + b cos x, then prove that + y = 0.
dx 2

 x2  y2  dy y
4. If cos1  2 2 
 tan 1 a , prove that 
x y  dx x

d2y
5. If x = a(cos2t + 2t sin2t) and y = a(sin2t – 2t cos2t), then find the .
dx 2
6. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function f(x) = |x| + |x – 1| in the interval (–1, 2).
dy
7. Find the value of if xy + yx = ab
dx
2
 d 2 y   dy 
If (ax + b)e = x, then show that x  2    x  y 
3
y/x
8.
 dx   dx 

 a cos x – bsin x 
9. Differentiate tan –1   with respect to x. [Exemplar]
 b cos x  a sin x 

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SOLUTIONS
 log(1  mx)  log(1  nx)
 ,x  0
1. Given, f(x)   x
 k ,x  0
Since f(x) is continuous at x = 0
So, RHL = LHL = f(0)
log(1  mx)  log(1  nx)
 lim k
x 0 x

 lim
m log(1  mx)
 lim n log
1  nx   k  (1  x) 
 1
mx nx  lim log
x
x 0 x 0
 x 0

 m+n
 (x  3)2  36
 , x3
2. f(x)   x 3
k , x 3

Since function is continuous at x = 3
So RHL = LHL = ƒ(3) or limf(x)  f(3)
x 3

(x  3)2  36 (x  3)2  (6)2

 lim  k  lim k
x 3 x 3 x 3 (x  3)
(x  9)(x  3)
 lim  k 12 = k  k = 12
x 3 (x  3)
3. y = a sin x + b cos x …..(1)
dy
  a cos x  b sin x (Differentiating w.r.t x)
dx
d2y
  a sin x  b cos x (again Differentiating w.r.t. x)
dx 2
d2y
  (a sin x  b cos x)
dx 2
d2y
 y 0 (from eq. (1))
dx 2
4. We have
 x2  y2  x2  y2
1
cos  2 2 
 tan 1 a   cos(tan 1 a)   , say
x y  x y
2 2

2x 2  1
  [Applying Componendo and dividendo]
2y 2
 1
x2 1  
 
y2 1  

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Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
d 2 d 2 dy
y2 (x )  x 2 (y ) y 2  2x  x 2  2y
 dx dx  0  dx  0
(y 2 )2 y4

dy dy dy 2xy 2 dy y
 2xy 2  2x 2 y  0  2x 2 y  2xy 2   2  
dx dx dx 2x y dx x
Aliter
 x2  y2 
We have cos1  2 2 
 tan 1 a
 x  y 

1   y x  
2
1 y
 cos  2 
 tan 1 a  2 tan 1    tan 1 a 
1   y x   x

y 1 y 1 
  tan 1    tan 1 a   tan  tan 1 a  
x 2 x 2 
dy
x  y 1
d y dx
     0  0
dx  x  x2
dy dy y
  x  y  0   
dx dx x
5. Given : x = a(cos2t + 2tsin2t) and y = a(sin2t – 2tcos2t)
dx
  a[ 2 sin 2t  2(2t cos 2t  sin 2t)] (differentiating w.r.t. t)
dt
dx
  4at cos 2t ......(1)
dt
and y = a(sin2t – 2tcos2t) (differentiating w.r.t. t)
dy
  a 2 cos 2t  2  2t sin 2t  cos 2t  
dt
dy
  4at sin 2t .......(2)
dt
dy dy / dt 4at sin 2t
  
dx dx / dt 4at cos 2t
dy
  tan 2t
dx
d2y dt
Now, 2
 2sec2 2t  (Again differentiating w.r.t. x)
dx dx
2
dy 1
 2
 2sec2 2t 
dx 4at cos2t
2
dy 1
 2
  sec3 2t
dx 2at

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6. f(x) = |x| + |x – 1|
1  2x , 1  x  0

f (x)  1 , 0  x 1
2x  1 , 1  x  2

The possible point of discontinuity and non-differentiability are x = 0 and x = 1
(i) We have to check continuous at x = 0
RHL = lim f (x)  lim 1  1
x 0 x 0

LHL = lim ƒ(x)  lim  2x  1  1

x 0 x 0

f(0) = 1
Here RHL = LHL = f(0)

So, function is continuous at x = 0

(ii) We have to check continuous at x = 1

RHL = lim f (x)  lim 2x  1  1

x 1 x 1

LHL = lim f (x)  lim1


1
x 1 x 1

f(1) = 1

Here, RHL = LHL = f(1)

So, function is continuous at x = 1

(iii) We have to check differentiability at x = 0

f (0  h)  f (0) 1 1
R.H.D. = lim  lim 0
h 0 h h 0 h

f (0  h)  f (0) 2(h)  1  1
L.H.D. = lim  lim  2
h 0 h h  0 h
Here, R.H.D.  L.H.D.
So f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0.
(iv) We have to check differentiable at x = 1
f (1  h)  f (1) [2(1  h)  1]  1
R.H.D. = lim  lim 2
h 0 h h 0 h
f (1  h)  f (1) 11
L.H.D. = lim  lim 0
h 0 h h 0  h

Here, R.H.D.  L.H.D.

So f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1

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y x b
7. Given, x + y = a
Let u + v = ab Where u = xy & v = yx (Differentiating w.r.t. x)
du dv d(a b ) du dv
    0 ......(1)
dx dx dx dx dx
Now, u = xy
 log u = y log x (taking log on both sides)
d d 1 du 1 dy
  log u   (y log x)   y  log x
dx dx u dx x dx
du  1 dy  du y dy 
  u  y  log x    x y   log x  …..(2)
dx  x dx  dx x dx 
Again v = yx
log v = x log y (taking log on both sides)
d d 1 dv 1 dy
log v  (x log y)  x  log y.1
dx dx v dx y dx
dv  x dy  dv  x dy 
v  log y    yx   log y  …..(3)
dx  y dx  dx  y dx 
Putting values from equation (2) and (3) in equation (1)
y dy   x dy 
 x y   log x   y x   log y  = 0
x dx   y dx 
dy dy
 yx y 1  x y log x  xy x 1  y x log y  0
dx dx
dy y
  x log x  y x 1x   x y 1y  y x log y
dx
dy  x y 1y  y x log y 
   y x 1 
dx  x log x  y x 
y
8. (ax  b)e x  x
x
e y/ x  .......(1) (taking log on both sides)
ax  b
y
  log x  log(ax  b)  (Differentiating w.r.t. x)
x
 dy 
 x. dx  y  1 a
  
 x ax  b
2
 x
 
 dy 
 x. dx  y  ax  b  ax dy bx
    x  y 
 x(ax  b) (ax  b)
2
 x dx
 

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from equation (1),
dy
x  y  be y/ x .......(2)
dx
again differentiate w.r.t. x,
 dy 
2 be y/x  x.  y 
d y dy dy  dx 
x. 2    2
dx dx dx x
from equation (2),
2
 d 2 y   dy 
x  2   x y
3

 dx   dx 
 a cos x  bsin x 
9. Let z = tan–1  
 b cos x  a sin x 
 a 
  tan x 
 z  tan 1  b  [Each term dividing by b cos x]
a
1  tan x 
 b 
a   xy  
 z = tan–1    tan 1 (tan x)  tan 1  1 1
  tan x  tan y 
b   1  xy  

a
 z = tan 1    x (Differentiating w.r.t. x)
b
dz
  1
dx

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NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Find all points of discontinuity of f, where f is defined by [Ex.5.1, Q.7]
 x  3, if x  3

f(x)  2x, if  3  x  3
6x  2, if x  3

2. Find the values of k so that the function f is continuous at the indicated point. [Ex.5.1, Q.26]
 k cos x 
   2x , if x  2 
f(x)   at x 
3,  2
if x 
 2
5, if x  2

3. Find the values of a and b such that the function defined by f(x)  ax  b, if 2  x  10 , is a
21, if x  10

continuous function. [Ex.5.1, Q.30]
4. Prove that the function f is given by f(x) = |x – 1|, x  R is not differentiable at x = 1.
[Ex.5.2, Q.9]
dy
5. Find : sin2x + cos2y = 1 [Ex.5.3, Q.8]
dx
 2x 
6. Differentiate w.r.t. 'x' : y  cos1  2 
, 1  x  1 [Ex.5.3, Q.13]
 1 x 
 1  1
7. Differentiate w.r.t. 'x' : y = sec 1  2  ,0x [Ex.5.3, Q.15]
 2x  1  2
dy
8. Find , if yx + xy + xx = ab [Example 30]
dx
x  1
 1 1 
9. Differentiate function w.r.t. 'x' :  x    x x  [Ex.5.5, Q.6]
 x
10. Differentiate function w.r.t. 'x' : xsin x + (sin x)cos x [Ex.5.5, Q.9]
dy y
11. Find : x + yx = 1 [Ex.5.5, Q.12]
dx
dy
12. Find : xy = e(x – y) [Ex.5.5, Q.15]
dx
13. If x and y are connected parametrically by the given equations, without eliminating the parameter,
dy
Find . x = a ( – sin ), y = a (1 + cos) [Ex.5.6, Q.6]
dx
14. If x and y are connected parametrically by the given equations, without eliminating the parameter,
dy  t
Find . x  a  cos t  log tan  , y  a sin t [Ex.5.6, Q.8]
dx  2
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15. If x and y are connected parametrically by the given equations, without eliminating the parameter,
dy
Find . x = a (cos + sin), y = a(sin –  cos) [Ex.5.6, Q.10]
dx
1 1 dy y
16. If x  asin t , y  a cos t
, show that  [Ex.5.6, Q.11]
dx x

d2y dy
17. If y = sin–1x, show that (1  x 2 ) 2
x 0 [Example 38]
dx dx

–1 d2y
18. If y = cos x, Find in terms of y alone. [Ex.5.7, Q.12]
dx 2
19. If y = 3 cos (log x) + 4 sin (log x), show that x2y2 + xy1 + y = 0 [Ex.5.7, Q.13]
d2y dy
20. If y = Aemx + Benx, show that 2
 (m  n)  mny  0 [Ex.5.7, Q.14]
dx dx
2
d2 y  dy 

y
21. If e (x + 1) = 1, show that [Ex.5.7, Q.16]
dx2  dx 
22. If y = (tan–1x)2, show that (x2 + 1)2 y2 + 2x (x2 + 1) y1 = 2 [Ex.5.7, Q.17]
23. Differentiate the following w.r.t. 'x' [Example 40]

1  sin x 
1 1 2x1 
(i) cos (sin x) (ii) tan   (iii) sin  x 
 1  cos x   1 4 
1 a
dy t  1
24. For a positive constant a, find , where y  a t , and x   t   [Example 42]
dx  t
 1  sin x  1  sin x  
25. Differentiate w.r.t. 'x' : cot 1  , 0  x  [Misc.Ex.,Q.6]
 1  sin x  1  sin x  2

26. Differentiate w.r.t. 'x' : xx + xa + ax + aa, for some fixed a > 0 and x > 0 [Misc.Ex., Q.10]
dy
, if y = sin x + sin 1 1  x 2 , 0 < x < 1
–1
27. Find [Misc.Ex.,Q.13]
dx
dy 1
28. If x 1  y  y 1  x  0 , for –1 < x < 1, prove that  [Misc.Ex., Q.14]
dx (1  x)2
3
  dy 2  2
1    
  dx  
If (x – a) + (y – b) = c , for some c > 0, Prove that 
2 2 2
29. is a constant independent of
d2y
dx 2
'a' and 'b'. [Misc.Ex., Q.15]

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dy cos2 (a  y)
30. If cos y = x cos (a + y), with cos a ±1, prove that  [Misc.Ex., Q.16]
dx sin a
d2y
31. If x = a(cost + t sint) and y = a (sint – t cost), find . [Misc.Ex., Q.17]
dx 2
1 d2 y dy
32. If y = e a cos x , 1  x  1 , show that (1 – x2) 2
 x  a2 y  0 [Misc.Ex., Q.22]
dx dx

ANSWERS
sin 2x
1. Discontinuous at x = 3 2. k=6 3. a = 2, b = 1 5.
sin 2y

2 2 [y x log y  y.x y1  x x (1  log x)]

6. 7.  8.
1  x2 1  x2 x.y x1  x y (log x)

x
 1   x2  1  1   1 1x  x  1  log x 
9.  x    log x  x 
 x   x 2  1 
 x    x2 


 sin x 
10. xsin x   cos x log x   (sin x)cosx [cos x cot x  sin x logsin x]
 x 

yx y1  y x log y y(x  1) 

11.  12. 13.  cot 14. tan t
x y log x  xy x1 x(y  1) 2

15. tan     18. –cot y cosec2y

1 2x1 log2
23. (i) –1 (ii) (iii)
2 1  4x
1
t
a t
loga 1
24. a 1
25. 26. x x (1  log x)  axa1  a x loga
 1 2
at  
 t

sec3 t
27. 0 31.
at

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PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS

dy
1. If 3x + 2y = sin x, then the is :- [2022]
dx
cos x  3 cos x  2 cos x  3 cos x  2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 2 3
Sol. (C) Given; 3x + 2y = sinx
Differentiating both sides w.r.to x
dy dy dy cos x  3
 3+2 = cosx  2 = cosx – 3  =
dx dx dx 2
3
2. The second order derivative of x log x w.r. to x is [2022]
2 2
(A) x(5 + 6 log x) (B) x (5 + 6 log x) (C) x(6 + 5 log x) (D) x (6 +5 log x)
3
Sol. (A) Let y = x logx
dy x3 2 2
  3x 2 log x  = 3x logx + x
dx x
d2y 1
 2
 6x log x  3x  .  2x = x(5 + 6 logx)
dx x
dy
3. If 3x + 2y = cos y, then = …………… [2022]
dx
Sol. Given, 3x + 2y = cosy
Differentiating both sides w.r.to x
dy dy
3+2 = – siny.
dx dx
dy dy 3
 (2  sin y)  3  
dx dx  2  sin y 
2
4. Show that the function f(x) = x , is continuous at x = 0 [2022]
2
Sol. Given; f(x) = x

lim f(x)  lim( h) 2 = 0

x 0  h 0

lim f(x)  lim(h) 2 = 0

x 0  h 0

Also, f(0) = 0

 lim f  x   lim f  x   f  0 
x 0 – x 0 

 f(x) is continuous at x = 0

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TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
–1  2x  dy
5. If y = sin  2 
; 0 < x < 1, then find . [2022]
1 x  dx
 2x 
Sol. Given that, y = sin 1  2 
1 x 
–1
put x = tan   = tan x
–1  2 tan   –1
y = sin    y = sin (sin2)
 1  tan  
2

y = 2
–1
y = 2tan x
Differentiate w.r.t.x
dy 2

dx 1  x 2
d2y
6. If y = 3 cos x – 2 sin x, then prove that + y = 0. [2022]
dx 2
Sol. Given that
y = 3cosx – 2sinx …..(1)
Differentiate w.r.t. x
dy
 = –3 sinx – 2 cosx
dx
again Differentiating w.r.to x
d2y d2y
  3cos x  2sin x     3cos x  2sin x 
dx 2 dx 2
d2y
  y [using (1)]
dx2
d2y
 y 0
dx 2
 sin x
  cos x; x  0
7. If function f(x) =  x is continuous at point x = 0, then find the value of k.
 k ; x0

[2019]
 sin x
  cos x ; x  0
Sol. Given f(x)   x
 k ; x0

if f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then lim f(x)  f(0)

x 0

 sin x  sin x
 lim   cos x   k  lim  lim cos x  k
x 0
 x  x  0 x x 0

 k=1+1=2

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8. Examine the continuity of function f defined by [2018]
 e 1x
 ; x 0
f(x)  1  e 1 x at x = 0.

0 ; x=0
 e1/x
 ; x0
Sol. Given f(x) = 1  e1/x
 0 ; x0

e1/x 1 1
lim f(x)  lim = lim 1/x   1  R and f(0) = 0R
x 0 x 0 1  e1/x x 0 e 1 0 1
 lim f(x)  f(0)
x 0

Hence f(x) is not continuous at x = 0

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

 t
9. If x and y connected parametrically by the equation x = a  cos t  log tan  , y = a sin t, then
 2
dy
without eliminating the parameters, find . [2022]
dx
OR
dy –1
Find , if y 1  x2 = sin x.
dx
 t
Sol. Given; x = a  cos t  log tan 
 2
     
dx  1 1  2 t  1 1 
 = a   sin t    sec  = a   sin t   
dt  2  tan t  2  2 sin t .cos t 
  2   2 2
 1  1  sin 2 t  a cos2 t
= a   sin t  = a  = …..(1)
 sin t   sin t  sin t
dy
y = a sin t   a cos t …..(2)
dt
dy
dy dt a cos t
   = tan t
dx dx a cos2 t
dt sin t
OR
Sol. y 1  x 2  sin 1 x
Differentiating both sides w.r.to x
dy 1 1 dy dy 1  xy
. 1  x2  y   (2x) =  (1  x 2 )  xy  1  
dx 2 1  x2 1 – x2 dx dx 1  x 2

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SIX MARKS QUESTIONS

10. Examine the continuity and differentiability of the function f (x) = |x – 1| + 2|x – 2| + 3 |x – 3| at
point x = 1, 2, 3. [2020]
Sol. Given function f(x) = |x – 1| + 2|x – 2| + 3|x – 3|,  x  R
The function f(x) can be written as
14  6x, if x 1
12  4x, if 1 x  2

f(x)  
 4, if 2x3
6x  14, if x 3
Continuity :
at x = 1
lim f(x)  lim(14  6x) = 14 – 6 × 1 = 8
x 1 x 1

lim f(x)  lim(12  4x) = 12 – 4 × 1 = 8

x 1 x 1

f (1) = 14 – 6 × 1 = 8
 lim f(x)  lim f(x)  f(1)
x 1 x 1

So f(x) is continuous at x = 1
at x = 2
lim f(x)  lim(12  4x)  12 – 4  2  4
x 2  x 2

lim f(x)  lim 4  4

x 2  x 2

f (2) = 12 – 4 × 2 = 4
 lim f(x)  lim f(x)  f(2)
x 2  x 2 

So f(x) is continuous at x = 2
at x = 3
lim f(x)  lim 4  4
x 3 x 3

lim f(x)  lim(6x  14)  6  3 – 14  4

x 3 x 3

f (3) = 4
 lim f(x)  lim f(x)  f(3)
x 3 x 3

So f (x) is continuous at x = 3

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Differentiability :
at x = 1
f(1  h)  f(1) [12  4(1  h)]  8 4h
f '(1+) = lim = lim = lim = –4
h 0 h h  0 h h  0 h
f(1  h)  f(1) [14  6(1  h)]  8 6h
f '(1 )  lim  lim  lim   6
h 0 h h  0 h h  0 h
 f '(1+)  f '(1–)

So f(x) not differentiable at x = 1

at x = 2
f(2  h)  f(2) 44
f '(2  )  lim  lim 0
h 0 h h 0 h
f(2  h)  f(2) [12  4(2  h)]  4 4h
f '(2  )  lim  lim  lim  4
h 0 h h 0 h h 0  h

 f '(2+)  f '(2–)

So f(x) not differentiable at x = 2

at x = 3
f(3  h)  f(3) [6(3  h)  14]  4 6h
f '(3 )  lim  lim  lim 6
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h

f(3  h)  f(3) 44

f '(3 )  lim  lim 0
h 0 h h 0  h

 f '(3+)  f '(3–)

So f(x) not differentiable at x = 3

Hence function f(x) is continuous at points x = 1, 2, 3
but not differentiable at points x = 1, 2, 3
1 1 d2y dy
11. If x 2  y 2  t  and x 4  y 4  t 2  2 , then prove that x 2  2 0. [2019]
t t dx dx
1
Sol. Given x2 + y2 = t  …….(1)
t
1
and x4 + y4 = t2 +
t2
1
(x2 + y2)2 – 2x2y2 = t2 +
t2
2
 1 1
 t  t   2x y  t  t 2
2 2 2
[using(1)]
 
–2 – 2x2y2 = 0 x2y2 = –1

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diff. both sides w.r. to x
dy
2x2y  2xy 2 = 0
dx
 dy 
 2xy  x  y   0
 dx 
dy
  x y =0 ( x  0, y  0)
dx
Again. diff. w.r. to x,
d 2 y dy dy
x   0
dx2 dx dx
d2y dy
 x 2
2 =0
dx dx
12. Differentiate (logx)x + xlogx with respect to x. [2018]
Sol. Let y = (logx)x + xlogx
y=u+v (let)
diff. both sides w.r.t to x
dy du dv
  .....(1)
dx dx dx
Here u = (log x)x, v = (x)log x
Now, u = (log x)x
 log u = x. log (log x)
1 du l 1
  log(log x)  x. .
u dx log x x
du  1 
  (log x) x  log(log x)  .....(2)
dx  log x 
and v = (x)log x
log v = log x . log x = (log x)2
1 dv 1
 2(log x) 
v dx x
dv 2 log x
 (x) log x  .....(3)
dx x
du dv
Using values of . and in equation (1)
dx dx
dy
 (log)(x 1)  log x. log(log x)  1  2(x)(log x 1) . log x
dx

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CHAPTER-6 : APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
EXERCISE–I
1. The function f(x) = 2 log (x – 2) – x2 + 4x + 1 strictly increases on the interval

(A) (1, 2) (B) (2, 3) (C) (1, 3) (D) (2, 4)

2. The maximum value of f(x) =(x – 2) (x – 3)2 is :

7 4
(A) (B) 3 (C) (D) 0
3 27

3. If the sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing at the rate of 2 cm/s then the rate at which
the area increases, when side is 10 cm, is

10
(A) 10 cm2/s (B) 3 cm2/s (C) 10 3 cm2/s (D) cm2/s
3
3 2
4. If f (x) = 2x – 3x – 36x + 6 has local maximum and minimum value at x = a and x = b
respectively; then ordered pair (a, b) is :

(A) (3, –2) (B) (2, –3) (C) (–2, 3) (D) (–3, 2)

5. A cylindrical vessel of radius 0.5m is filled with oil at the rate of 0.25 m3/minute. The rate at
which the surface of the oil is rising, is

(A) 1 m/minute (B) 2 m/minute (C) 5 m/minute (D) 1.25 m/minute

6. Two parts of 10 such that the sum of the twice of first with the square of second is minimum,
are

(A) 9, 1 (B) 5, 5 (C) 4, 6 (D) 1, 9

7. For all values of x, function f(x) = 2x3 + 6x2 + 7x – 19 is -

(A) Increasing (B) Decreasing (C) Not monotonic (D) None of these

8. For what values of x is the rate of increase of x3 – 5x2 + 5x + 8 is twice the rate of increase of x?

1 1 1 1
(A) –3, – (B) – 3, (C) 3,  (D) 3,
3 3 3 3

9. If x = p and x = q are respectively the maximum and minimum points of the function
x5 – 5x4 + 5x3 – 10, then-

(A) p = 0, q = 1 (B) p = 1, q = 0 (C) p = 1, q = 3 (D) p = 3, q = 1

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10. Fill in the blanks :
(i) For all real values of x, the function f(x) = ex – e–x is __________ .
(ii) A particle is moving in a straight line. Its displacement is given by s = 4t – 2t2, where t is in
seconds. Then the particle will come to rest after __________ second.
(iii) The radius of circular plate is increasing at the rate of 0.2 cm/s. When r = 10, then the rate
of change of the area of plate is __________ .
(iv) The values of a for which the function f(x) = sin x – ax + b increases on R are __________.

11. Answer the following questions :

(i) Find the marginal revenue at x = 15 when total revenue in rupees for x units is given as
R(x) = 3x2 + 36x + 5.
(ii) Find the interval on which the function f(x) = 2x3 + 9x2 + 12x – 1 is decreasing.

ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans. B C C C A A A D C
Q. No. 10 (i) 10 (ii) 10 (iii) 10 (iv) 11 (i) 11 (ii)
Ans. increasing 1 2
4cm /sec (–, –1] 126 f(x) is decreasing in [–2, –1]

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SOLUTIONS
1. (B) We have, f(x) = 2 log (x – 2) – x2 + 4x + 1
2
 f (x)   2x  4
x2
– + – + – +
(x  1)(x  3)
 f (x)  2 1 2 3
x2
Since domain of f(x) is x – 2 > 0 x > 2
 f(x) is strictly increasing on (2, 3).
2. (C) Given, f(x) = (x – 2) (x – 3)2
f '(x) = (x – 2) 2(x – 3) + (x – 3)2 (1) = (x – 3) (3x – 7)
7
For maxima or minima f '(x) = 0 x = 3,
3
Now, f"(x) = (x – 3).3 + (3x – 7) . 1 = 6x – 16
 7
f"(3) = 2 > 0 and f"   = –2 < 0
 3
7
 Maxima at f"(x) < 0 at x =
3
2
7  7  4
Maximum value =   2   3  
3  3  27
3. (C) Let the side of an equilateral triangle be x cm.
3 
 Area of equilateral triangle, A  x …..(1)
4
dx
Also,  2 cm / s
dt
On differentiating Eq.(1) w.r.t. t, we get
dA 3 dx 3  dx 
 ·2x ·  ·2 ·10 ·2  x  10 and  2
dt 4 dt 4 dt 
 10 3 cm 2 / s
3 2
4. (C) Given; f(x) = 2x – 3x – 36x + 6
2
 f '(x) = 6x – 6x – 36 and f''(x) = 12x – 6
2
Now, f '(x) = 0 6(x – x – 6) = 0
 (x – 3) (x + 2) = 0  x = –2, 3
f ''(–2) = –30
 x = –2 is a point of local maxima ( a = –2)
Also; f ''(3) = 30
 x = 3 is a point of local minima ( b = 3)
Hence; (–2, 3) is the required ordered pair.

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(A) V = r h (for cylindrical vessel)
2
5.
dV
Now, = 0.25  m3/minute
dt
and r = 0.5 m (given)
dV  dh  2 dh
  r 2    0.25 =  × (0.5)
dt  dt  dt
dh
 = 1 m/minute
dt
6. (A) Let two parts be x and (10 – x). If y = 2x + (10 – x)2
dy
Then = 2 – 2 (10 – x) = 2x – 18
dx
dy
Now = 0 x = 9
dx
d2y
Also then = 2 > 0. Hence when x = 9
dx 2
Value of y is minimum. So required two parts of 10 are 9 and 1.
7. (A) Given; f(x) = 2x3 + 6x2 + 7x – 19
 f '(x) = 6x2 + 12x + 7 = 6(x2 + 2x) + 7 = 6(x + 1)2 + 1;
which is positive for all values of x. Hence, f(x) is an increasing function.
8. (D) Let y = x3 – 5x2 + 5x + 8
dy dx
 (3x 2  10x  5) ….(1)
dt dt
dy dx
Given, 2
dt dt
2dx dx
= (3x2 – 10x + 5) [Using (1)]
dt dt
 3x2 – 10x + 3 = 0  3x2 – 9x – x + 3 = 0  3x(x – 3) – 1(x – 3) = 0
1
 (x – 3) (3x – 1) = 0  x = 3,
3
9. (C) Let f(x) = x5 – 5x4 + 5x3 – 10, then f '(x) = 5x4 – 20x3 + 15x2 = 5x2 (x – 1) (x – 3) and
f"(x) = 20x3 – 60x2 + 30x
for maxima and minima
f '(x) = 0 5x2 (x – 1) (x – 3) = 0
 x = 0, 1,3 Also f "(1) = –10 < 0
 x = 1 is a point of maxima p = 1 and f"(3) = 90 > 0
 x = 3 is a point of minima q = 3

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x –x
10. (i) increasing f(x) = e – e
1 e2x  1
 f'(x) = ex + e–x = ex + = >0
ex ex
ds
(ii) Given, s = 4t – 2t2   4 – 4t
dt
ds
Now, Particle will come to rest when 0
dt
 4 – 4t = 0 or t = 1 sec
dr
(iii) Given  0.2 cm/s
dt
dA dr
Area, A = r2   2r 
dt dt
dA
At r = 10,  2(10)  (0.2) = 4cm2/s
dt
(iv) Given, f (x) = sin x – ax + b f (x) = cosx – a
 –1  cosx  1

 – 1 – a  f '(x)  1 – a
For f(x) increasing, f '(x)  0
 –1–a0a–1
i.e. a  (–, 1]
11. (i) Given, R(x) = 3x2 + 36x + 5
dR
Marginal revenue ; = 6x + 36
dx
dR(x)
 At x = 15 ; = 90 + 36 = 126
dx
(ii) f (x) = 2x3 + 9x2 + 12x – 1
f (x) = 6x2 + 18x + 12 + – +
f (x) = 6(x2 + 3x + 2) –2 –1
= 6(x + 2)(x + 1)
 f(x) is decreasing  f '(x)  0

 Function f (x) is decreasing in the interval [–2, –1]

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EXERCISE–II
4x 2  1
1. Find the intervals in which f(x)  is increasing or decreasing.
x

2. Find the minimum value of f(x), where f(x) = (2x2 – 3) + 3(3 – x) + 4

3. Show that the function f(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 6x – 100 is increasing on R.

4. Find the points of local maxima, local minima and the points of inflection of the function

f(x) = x5 – 5x4 + 5x3 – 1. Also, find the corresponding local maximum and local minimum values.

[Exemplar]


5. Show that f(x) = sin x (1 + cos x) is maximum at x  in the interval [0, ].
3

  
6. Prove that the function f(x) = tan x – 4x is strictly decreasing on   ,  . [Exemplar]
 3 3

7. For the curve y = 5x – 2x3, if x increases at the rate of 2 units/sec, then how fast is the slope of

the curve changing when x = 3? [Exemplar]

8. A metal box with a square base and vertical sides is to contain 1024 cm3 of water, the material for

the top and bottom costs Rs. 5 per cm2 and the material for the sides costs Rs.2.50 per cm2. Find

the least cost of the box. [Exemplar]

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SOLUTIONS
4x 2  1
1. We have, f(x) 
x
1 1 4x 2  1 + – +
Now, f(x)  4x   f (x)  4  2  
x x x2 –
For f(x) to be increasing, we must have Signs of f'(x) for different values of x

f (x)  0

4x 2  1
  0 4x – 1 > 0
2
2
x
 1  1
 (2x – 1) (2x + 1) > 0   x   x    0
 2  2
1 1  1 1 
 x or x   x   ,     ,  
2 2  2 2 
 1 1  + – +
So, f(x) is increasing on  ,     ,   – 
 2 2 
For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have
Signs of f'(x) for different values of
f (x)  (0)
4x 2  1
  0 4x – 1 < 0 x 2  0]
2
2
[
x
1 1  1 1
 (2x – 1) (2x + 1) > 0    x   x    , 
2 2  2 2
 1   1
But domain (f) = R – {0}. So, f(x) is decreasing on   , 0    0,  .
 2   2
2. Given: f(x) = (2x – 3)+ 3(3 – x) + 4
2
…..(1)
f '(x) = 4x – 3
for maxima or minima f '(x) = 0
3
  4x – 3 = 0 x =
4
f "(x) = 4
3
So, x = is point of minima
4
 3  9   3
Now, f   =  2   3   3 3    4
 4   16   4
 3  15 9
f   9 4
4 8 4
 3  33 71
f    13  (min imum value)
4 8 8

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3 2
3. f(x) = x – 3x + 6x – 100
f'(x) = 3x2 – 6x + 6 f'(x) = 3(x2 – 2x + 2)
f'(x) = 3[(x – 1)2 + 1] f'(x) > 0  x  R
So ƒ(x) is an increasing function on R
4. Let y = f(x) = x5 – 5x4 + 5x3 – 1. Then
dy
 5x 4  20x 3  15x 2 = 5x2 (x2 – 4x + 3) = 5x2 (x – 1) (x – 3)
dx
dy
The critical points of y = f(x) are given by 0
dx
dy
Now,  0  5x2 (x – 1) (x – 3) = 0 x = 0, x = 1, x = 3
dx
dy
Clearly, does not change its sign as x increases through 0. So, x = 0 is a point of inflection.
dx
dy
It is evident from figure that changes it sign from positive to negative as x increases through
dx
1. So, x = 1 is a point of local maximum.
+ + – +
– 0 1 3 
Signs of for different values of x.

The local maximum value of f(x) is f(1) = 1 – 5 + 5 – 1 = 0

dy
We observe, from figure, that changes its sign from negative to positive as x increases
dx
through 3. So, x = 3 is a point of local minimum.
The local minimum value of f(x) is f(3) = 35 – 5 × 34 + 5 × 33 – 1 = –28
5. We have, f(x) = sin x (1 + cos x)
 f(x) = sin x (1 + cos x)  f (x)  cos x(1  cos x)  sin 2 x
 f (x)  cos x  cos2 x  (1  cos2 x)  f (x)  2cos2 x  cos x  1  (2 cos x  1)(cos x  1)
At stationary points, we have
f (x)  0
1 
 (2 cos x – 1) (cos x + 1) = 0  cos x  or, cos x = – 1  x  or x = 
2 3
Let us now compute the values of x at these stationary points and at the end-points of the interval.
     3 3
Now, f(0) = 0, f    sin   1  cos   and f() = 0
3  3  3 4
3 3 3 3
Of these values, the maximum value is . Hence, f(x) attains the maximum value at
4 4

x .
3

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6. We have, f(x) = tan x – 4x
 f (x)  sec 2 x  4
1  4 cos2 x 4 1  4 1  1 
 f (x)     cos x  =
2
  cos x   cos x 
2
cos x cos x  4
2
 cos x  2
2
 2 
  
Now, x    , 
 3 3
  1
   x    cos x  1
3 3 2
1 1 1 1 1
  cos x and   cos x   1
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 3
  cos x  0 and 1   cos x 
2 2 2
1 1
  cos x  0 and  cos x  0
2 2
1  1  4 1  1 
   cos x   cos x   0    cos x   cos x   0
2  2  cos x  2
2
 2 
 f (x)  0
  
Hence, f is strictly decreasing on   , 
 3 3
7. Let 'm' be the slope of the curve at an arbitrary point (x, y) on it. Then,
dy  dy 2
m=  m = 5 – 6x2  y  5x  2x  dx  5  6x 
3

dx  
dx dm
It is given that = 2 units/sec and we have to find when x = 3.
dt dt
dm  dx 
Now, m = 5 – 6x2  = – 12x  
dt  dt 
 dm   dx 
  dt  = – 12 × 3 × 2 = – 72 units/sec  x  3 and dt  2 
  x 3  
Thus, the slope of the curve is decreasing at the rate of 72 units/sec, when x is increasing at the
rate of 2 units/sec.
8. Let the length, breadth and height of the metal box be x cm, x cm and y cm respectively. It is
given that the box can contain 1024 cm3 of water.
1024
 1024  x 2 y   y  ….(1)
x2
Let C be the total cost in Rs. of material used to construct the box. Then,
5
C  5x 2  5x 2   4xy  C = 10x2 + 10xy
2

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We have to find the least value of C.
Now, C = 10x2 + 10xy
y
1024 y y
 C  10x  10x  2
2
[Using (1)] x
x
y
10240 x x
 C  10x 2  x
x
dC 10240 d2C 20480
  20x  2
and 2
 20x 
dx x dx x3
dC
The critical numbers for C are given by 0
dx
dC 10240
Now,  0  20x  2
 0 x3 = 5012 x3 = 83 x = 8
dx x

 d 2C  20480
Also,  2   20  0
 dx x 8 83
Thus, the cost of the box is least when x = 8. Putting x = 8 in (i), we obtain y = 16. So, the
dimensions of the box are 8 × 8 × 16.
Putting x = 8 and y = 16 in C = 10x2 + 10xy, we obtain C = 1920
Hence, the least cost of the box is Rs.1920.

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NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 5 cm/minute and the width y is increasing
at the rate of 4 cm/minute. When x = 8cm and y = 6cm, find the rates of change of (a) the
perimeter, and (b) the area of the rectangle. [Ex.6.1, Q.7]
2. A balloon, which always remains spherical has a variable radius. Find the rate at which its
volume is increasing with the radius when the later is 10 cm. [Ex.6.1, Q.9]
3. A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled along the ground,
away from the wall, at the rate of 2 cm/s. How fast is its height on the wall decreasing when the
foot of the ladder is 4 m away from the wall? [Ex.6.1, Q.10]
4. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cm3/s. The falling sand forms a cone on the ground
in such a way that the height of the cone is always one-sixth of the radius of the base. How fast is
the height of the sand cone increasing when the height is 4 cm? [Ex.6.1, Q.14]
5. Find the intervals in which the following functions are strictly increasing or decreasing:
(a) 6 – 9x – x2 [Ex.6.2, Q.6(d)]
(b) (x + 1)3 (x – 3)3 [Ex.6.2, Q.6(e)]
2x
6. Show that y = log (1 + x) – , x > – 1, is an increasing function of x throughout its
2x
domain. [Ex.6.2, Q.7]
7. Find the values of x for which y = [x(x – 2)]2 is an increasing function. [Ex.6.2, Q.8]
4sin   
8. Prove that y    is an increasing function of θ in  0, 2  . [Ex.6.2,Q.9]
(2  cos)
 
9. Find intervals in which the function given by f (x) = sin 3x, x 0,  is [Example 12]
 2
(a) increasing (b) decreasing.
10. Find the intervals in which the function f given by f (x) = sin x + cos x, 0  x  2 is strictly
increasing or strictly decreasing. [Example 13]
11. If length of three sides of a trapezium other than base are equal to 10 cm, then find the area of the
trapezium when it is maximum. [Example 25]
12. Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of greatest curved surface area which can be
inscribed in a given cone is half of that of the cone. [Example 26]
13. Show that of all the rectangles inscribed in a given fixed circle, the square has the maximum area.
[Ex.6.5, Q.19]
14. A wire of length 28 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is to be made into a square
and the other into a circle. What should be the length of the two pieces so that the combined area
of the square and the circle is minimum? [Ex.6.5, Q.22]

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8
15. Prove that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R is of the
27
volume of the sphere. [Ex.6.5, Q.23]
16. Show that the right circular cone of least curved surface and given volume has an altitude equal
to 2 times the radius of the base. [Ex.6.5, Q.24]
17. Show that the semi-vertical angle of the cone of the maximum volume and of given slant height
is tan 1 2 . [Ex.6.5, Q.25]
18. Show that semi-vertical angle of right circular cone of given surface area and maximum volume
1
is sin 1   [Ex.6.5, Q.26]
3
19. A water tank has the shape of an inverted right circular cone with its axis vertical and vertex
lowermost. Its semi-vertical angle is tan–1 (0.5). Water is poured into it at a constant rate of 5
cubic metre per hour. Find the rate at which the level of the water is rising at the instant when the
depth of water in the tank is 4 m. [Example 43]
20. A man of height 2 metres walks at a uniform speed of 5 km/h away from a lamp post which is 6
metres high. Find the rate at which the length of his shadow increases. [Example 32]
21. Show that the function f given by f (x) = tan–1(sin x + cos x), x > 0 is always an strictly increasing
 
function in  0,  . [Example 48]
4
 
22. An open topped box is to be constructed by removing equal squares form each corner of
a 3 metre by 8 metre rectangular sheet of aluminium and folding up the sides. Find the volume of
the largest such box. [Example 50]
23. The two equal sides of an isosceles triangle with fixed base b are decreasing at the rate of 3 cm per
second. How fast is the area decreasing when the two equal sides are equal to the base ?
[Mis.Ex., Q.3]
4 sin x  2x  x cos x
24. Find the intervals in which the function f given by f(x)  is
2  cos x
(i) increasing (ii) decreasing [Mis.Ex., Q.6]
1
25. Find the intervals in which of the function f given by f(x)  x 3  , x  0 is
x3
(i) increasing (ii) decreasing [Mis.Ex., Q.7]
26. A window is in the form of rectangle surmounted by a semicircular opening. the total perimeter
of the window is 10 m. Find the dimensions of the window to admit maximum light through the
whole opening. [Mis.Ex., Q.11]
27. A point on the hypotenuse of a triangle is at distance a and b from the sides of the triangle.
Show that the minimum length of the hypotenuse is (a2/3 + b2/3)3/2. [Mis.Ex., Q.12]

94 E
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4 3
28. Find the points at which the function f given by f(x) = (x – 2) (x + 1) has
(i) local maxima (ii) local minima (iii) point of inflexion [Mis.Ex., Q.13]
29. Show that altitude of the right circular cone of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a
4r
sphere or radius r is . [Mis.Ex., Q.15]
3
30. Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in sphere of
2R
radius R is . Also find the maximum volume. [Mis.Ex., Q.17]
3
31. Show that height of the cylinder of greatest volume which can be inscribed in a right circular
cone of height h and semi vertical angle '' is one-third of the cone and the greatest volume of
4
cylinder is h 3 tan 2  . [Mis.Ex., Q.18]
27

ANSWERS
1. (a) –2cm/min, (b) 2cm2/min 2. 400cm3/s
8 1
3. cm / s 4. cm / s
3 48
9 9
5. (a) S.I.  x <  ; S.D.  x >  (b) S.I. (1, 3) and (3, ) ; S.D.  (–, –1) and (–1, 1)
2 2
7. 0 < x < 1 and x > 2 9. (a) [0, /6] ; (b) [/6, /2]

10. S.I. (0, /4) (5/4, 2); S.D. (/4, 5)

112 28
11. 75 3 cm 2 14. cm, cm
4 4

19. 35/88 m/h 20. 5/2 km/hr.

200 3
22. m 23. b 3 cm 2 / s
27

 3  3
24. (i) 0  x  and  x  2 (ii) x
2 2 2 2
25. (i) x < –1 and x > 1 (ii) – 1 < x < 1
20 10
26. Length = m breadth = m
 
2
28. (i) local maxima at x  (ii) local minima at x= 2 (iii) point of inflexion at x = –1
7

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PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Prove that in interval (–1, 1) function f(x) = x2 – x + 1 is neither increasing nor decreasing.
[2020]
Sol. f(x) = x2 – x + 1  f '(x) = 2x – 1
1
f '   0
2
 1 1 
i.e. f ' (x) < 0  x   1,  and f ' (x) > 0  x   2 , 1
 2  
Hence f (x) is neither increasing nor decreasing in interval (–1, 1)

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

2. Show that the semi vertical angle of a cone of maximum volume and given slant height is
tan–1 2. [2020]
Sol. Let x be the radius, y be the height,  be the slant height of given cone and  be the semi-vertical
angle of cone.
 2 = x2 + y2
A
 2 2 2
x = –y …..(1)

1
 Volume of the cone (V) = x 2 y .…(2)
3 y 
1  2
 
V =  2  y2 y =
3 3

y  y3  
x
dV  2 d2V  B C
 
dy 3

 3y 2 and
dy 2 3

  6y   2y O

dV 
Now = 0   2  3y 2   0 2 = 3y2 = 0 3y2 = 2 y =
dy 3 3
d2V   2
At y= then 2
 2   = [Negative]
3 dx  3 3

 V is maximum at y =
3
2
2 2
  x=
2 2
From eq. (i), x =  – 2
3 3 3
x
 Semi-vertical angle, tan =
y

2
tan = 3  2   = tan–1 2

3
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3. Find the intervals in which the function f given by ƒ(x) = sinx + cosx; 0  x  2is :
(a) Strictly increasing (b) Strictly decreasing [2019]
Sol. Given function f(x) = sinx + cosx ; x [0, 2]
 f'(x) = cosx – sinx  f'(x) = cosx – sinx = 0
    
 sin   x   sin x  0  2 cos   x  sin  0
2  4  4
    3  5
 cos   x   0  x  , x = ,
4  4 2 2 4 4
which are critical points.
Case-I If f(x) st. increasing function, then
    
f'(x) =2 cos   x  sin  0  cos   x   0
4  4 4 
   3   
 0    x   ,    x   2
4  2 2 4 
  5 7    5 7 
  x , x  x  0,    ,
4 4 4 4  4  4 4 
Case-II If f(x) st. decreasing function, then
    
f'(x) = 2 cos   x  sin  0 cos   x   0
4  4 4 
  3  5   5 
  x   x  x   , 
2 4 2 4 4 4 4 
x
4. Prove that the value of function is maximum at x = cosx. [2018]
1+xtan x
x
Sol. Let f(x) =
1+xtan x
(1  x tan x)  1  x(tan x  x sec 2 x) 1  x 2 sec 2 x
 f (x)   f (x) 
(1  x tan x)2 (1  x tan x)2

1  x 2 sec 2 x
For maxima, f (x)  0 [ f'(x) = 0]
(1  x tan x)2
 x2 sec2x = 1 i.e., x = cos x
If x2sec2x < 1 i.e., x < cosx then f'(x) > 0
and if x2sec2x > 1 i.e., x > cosx then f'(x) < 0
So, x = cosx is point of maxima for f(x)
Hence, f(x) is maximum at x = cosx

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IMPORTANT NOTES

98 E
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CHAPTER-7 : INTEGRALS
EXERCISE-I

 sec x tan x dx  ?
5
1.

1 5 1 5
(A) tan x  C (B) sec x  C (C) 5 log |cos x| + C (D) None of these
5 5
log tan x
2.  sin x cos x dx  ?
1
(A) log {log(tan x)} + C (B) (log tan x) 2  C
2
(C) log (sin x cos x) + C (D) None of these

 tan
1
3. (cosec x  cot x) dx  ?

x2 x 2 x2 x 2
(A) C (B) C (C) C (D) C
4 4 2 2
x 3
4.  (x  4) 2
ex dx is equal to

 1   1   1   1 
(A) e x  C (B) e x  C (C) e x  C (D) e2x  C
 x4  x4  x4  x4

5 x
5. The value of 2
x  7x
dx is

(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 3/2 (D) 1/2

2 x
6. The value of 0
1  sin dx is
2

(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 8 (D) 4

dx
7.  sin 3 x cos x
?

2
(A) 2 tan x  C (B) 2 cot x  C (C) 2 tan x  C (D) C
tan x

x
8. If  a  x3
3
dx  g(x)  C, then g(x) =

2 2 1  x 3  2 1 x 3 2 x
(A) cos 1 x (B) sin  3  (C) sin (D) cos 1  
3 3 a  3 a3 3 a

E 99
 
dx
9.  cos x  3 sin x
1 x   x  
(A) log tan     C (B) log tan     C
2  2 12   2 12 
x   1 x  
(C) log tan     C (D) log tan     C
 2 12  2  2 12 
a
1 
10. If  9x
0
2
1
dx 
12
, then a is equal to

 1
(A) (B) (C) 3 (D) None of these
4 3
3ex  5e x
 4ex  5e x dx = ax + b log|4e + 5e | + C, then
x –x
11. If [Exemplar]

1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7
(A) a  ,b (B) a  , b  (C) a  ,b (D) a  , b 
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
y
dt d2 y
12. If x   and  ay , then a is equal to [Exemplar]
0 1  9t 2 dx 2
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 1
13. Fill in the blanks :
a
1 
(i)  1  4x
0
2
dx 
8
, then a = __________ .

sin x
(ii)  3  4 cos 2
x
dx  __________ .

 sin
3
(iii) The value of x cos2 x dx is __________ .


(iv)  a 2  x 2 dx = __________ .

 sin
1
(v) x dx  __________.

14. Answer the following questions :

(x 2  2) (1  cos x)
(i) Evaluate  dx (ii) Evaluate  dx
x 1 x  sin x
cos x  sin x dx
(iii) Evaluate  1  sin 2x
dx (iv) Evaluate  16  9x 2

(v) Evaluate  x.log xdx

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ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B B A A C C D C D B
Q. No. 11 12 13 (i) 13 (ii) 13 (iii)

1 1  2 cos x 
Ans. C C  tan 1  C 0
2 2 3  3 

Q. No. 13 (iv) 13 (v) 14 (i)

x 2 a2 x x
Ans. a  x 2  sin 1    C x sin 1 x  1  x 2  C  x  3log | (x  1) |  C
2 2 a 2
Q. No. 14 (ii) 14 (iii) 14 (iv) 14 (v)

1  3x  2 3/2  2
Ans. log|x + sinx| + C log |sinx + cosx| + C s in 1    C x  log x    C
3  4 3  3

SOLUTIONS
1. (B) Let I   sec4 x ·sec x tan x dx

Put sec x = t sec x tan x dx = dt

1 1
  t 4 dt = t 5  C = sec5 x  C
5 5
log tan x
2. (B) Let I =  sin x cos x dx
Put log tan x = t.
1 1
Then, ·sec 2 x dx = dt, i.e. dx  dt
tan x sin x cos x
1 2 1
 I   t dt  t  C = (log tan x) 2  C
2 2

3. (A) Let I =  tan 1 (cosec x  cot x) dx

 1 cos x  1  1  cos x 
tan 1 (cosec x  cot x) = tan 1     tan  
 sin x sin x   sin x 

 x 
 2sin 2   
 2 1 x x
= tan 1   = tan tan   
 2sin  x  cos  x   2 2
 2  2  

x x2
 I   dx  C 
2 4

E 101
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 x 3   x  3  1 1  x
4. (A) Let I =  e x  2 
dx =    e dx
 (x  4)   (x  4) 
2

 (x  4) 1   1  –1  
=  ex   2
dx   ex   2 
dx
 (x  4) (x  4)   (x  4)  (x  4)  
2

ex 
I  C  e
x
( f (x)  f '(x)) dx  e x f (x)  C 
(x  4)

5
x
5. (C) Let I =  dx .......(1)
2 x  7x

5
7x  b b

 I = 
2 7x  x
dx .......(2) 

 f (x)dx  f (a  b  x)dx 
a a

Adding (1) and (2) ; we get

5 5 5 5
x 7x x  7x
2I   dx   dx  2I   dx =  1dx
2 7x  x 2 7x  x 2 7x  x 2

3
2I   x 2 = 5 – 2  I 
5
or
2

2 x
6. (C) Let I =  0
1  sin dx
2
2
2  x x 2  x x
  cos  sin  dx   0  cos  sin dx
0
 4 4  4 4
2
 x x  2 2  
 4 sin  cos   4  sin  cos   (sin 0  cos 0) 
 4 4 0  4 4  
= 4[(1 – 0) – (0 – 1)] = 4[2] = 8
dx
7. (D) Let I =  3
sin x cos x
On dividing Nr and Dr by cos2 x, we get :
sec 2 x
I dx
tan 3 x
Put tan x = t sec2 x dx = dt
1 2 2
 I   3/2
dt  C   C
t t tan x

102 E
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x x dx
8. (C) Given,  a  x3
3
dx = g(x) + C   (a 3/2 ) 2  (x 3/2 ) 2
 g(x)  C

Put x3/2 = t

3 2
x dx  dt  x dx  dt
2 3

2 dt 2 t
Now 
3 (a 3/2 )2  t 2
 g(x)  C  sin –1 3/2  C = g(x) + C
3 a

2  x 3/2  2 x3
  sin –1  3/2   C = g(x) + C  g(x) = sin–1 3
3 a  3 a

dx 1
9. (D) Let I =  cos x  3 sin x
[Multiplying & dividing by
2
]

1 dx 1 dx 1 dx
 
2 1 3
 
 2   
 
 2  
 cos x  sin x   sin cos x  cos sin x  sin  x  
2 2   6 6   6

1   1 x     x 

2  cosec  x   dx  log tan     C
 6 2  2 12 


 cos ec xdx  log  tan 2   C
a a
1  dx 
10. (B)  2 dx    (3x) 
0
9x  1 12 0
2
 1 12
1 a  1 
or  tan –1 (3x)     tan –1 3a  tan –1 0  
3 0 12 3 12
  1
 tan –1 3a   3a  tan  3a = 1  a 
4 4 3
3ex  5e x (4ex  5e x )
11. (C) Differentiating both sides, we have :  a  b
4ex  5e x 4e x  5e x
giving 3ex – 5e–x = a (4ex + 5e–x) + b(4ex – 5e–x).
Comparing coefficients on both sides, we get : 3 = 4a + 4b and –5 = 5a – 5b.
1 7
Solving equation, we get a  ,b
8 8
y
dt dx 1 dy
12. (C) x =      1  9y 2 (Differentiating w.r.t. x) 
0 1  9t 2 dy 1  9y 2 dx

d2 y 18y dy  dy 
which gives  ·  9y   1  9y 2 
dx 2
2 1  9y 2 dx dx 

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a a
1  1 
13. (i) I= 0 1  4x2 dx  8  0 1  (2x)2 dx  8
1 a  1 
  tan –1 (2x)     tan –1 2a  tan –1 0  
2 0 8 2 8
  1
 tan –1 2a   2a  tan 2a = 1 a 
4 4 2
sin x
(ii) I=  3  4 cos 2
x
dx

Put cosx = t, – sinx dx = dt

dt dt 1  2t  1  2cosx 
  2  
 tan –1   C  tan –1   C
3  4t ( 3)  (2t)
2 2
2 3  3 2 3  3 


(iii) I =  sin3 x cos2 xdx



Let f (x) = sin3x cos2x

 f(–x) = –sin3x cos2x
 a

So, then f (x) is odd function. 

 f (x) dx  0, if f(x) is odd function 
a

 I=0
x 2 a2 –1 x 
 a 2  x 2 dx   a  x  sin  C
2
(iv) I = [by using formula]
2 2 a 

(v) I =  sin –1xdx   1 sin –1xdx

x
 xsin –1 x   dx [integration by parts]
1  x2
Put 1 – x2 = t2 x dx = –t dt
 tdt
 I  x sin 1 x  
t

= xsin 1 x  t  C = xsin 1 x  t  C = x sin 1 x  1  x 2  C

x2  2
14. (i) I=  x  1 dx
x2 dx x2  1  1 dx
=  x 1 dx  2  x  1  x  1 dx  2 x  1


(x  1)(x  1) dx dx 1
 dx    2 =  (x  1) dx  3  dx
(x  1) x 1 x 1 x 1
x2
  x  3log | x  1| C
2

104 E
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 1  cos x 
(ii) I =   dx
 x  sin x 
Put x + sinx = t (1 + cos x)dx = dt
dt
 I 
t
= log | t | + C
= log |x + sin x| + C
cos x  sin x cos x  sin x
(iii) I =  dx   dx
1  sin 2x (cos x  sin x) 2

Put cos x + sin x = t

(–sin x + cos x)dx = dt
dt
 I  = log t + C = log cos x + sin x + C
t
dx dx 1 3x
(iv) I =  16  9x 2

(4)2  (3x)2
 sin –1
3 4
C

(v) I=  x log x dx

d 
= log x. x dx    (log x) ·  x dx  dx (Using integration by parts)
 dx 
2 1 2 3/2 2 4
 log x · x 3/2   x dx  x3/2 log x  x3/2  C
3 x3 3 9

2 3/2  2
 x  log x    C
3  3

E 105
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EXERCISE-II
dx
1. Evaluate :  5  8x  x 2

2
x2
2. Evaluate :  dx
2
1  5x

 x2
3. Evaluate :  dx
 x 2  5x  6
2

4. Evaluate :  x cos x dx
2


4 x
5. Evaluate :  4 dx
 4
2  cos 2x

sin x  x cos x
6. Evaluate :  x(x  sin x)
dx

π
4xsinx
7. Evaluate :  1  cos x dx
0
2

 /4
 sin x  cos x 
8. Evaluate :  
0
3  sin 2x 
 dx

1
9. Evaluate :  sin 4
x  sin x cos 2 x  cos 4 x
2
dx


2
10. Evaluate :  cos ec6 x cot 2 xdx

4

1
11. Evaluate :  dx
8  x3

106 E
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SOLUTIONS
dx dx dx
1. Let I =   
5  8x  x 2
[x  8x  5  16  16]
2
[(x  4)2  21]

dx 1 21  (x  4)
= ( 21)2  (x  4)2

2 21
log
21  (x  4)
C

2
x2
2. Let I  1  5x dx
2
....(1)

b b
Using property  ƒ(x)dx   ƒ(a  b  x)dx
a a
2 2
x2 x 2 5x
I  1  5 x
2
 I   1  5x dx
2
....(2)

Adding (1) & (2), we get :

2 2
2I   x dx  2I  2 x dx
2 2
[ x2 is even function]
2 0
2
1 1
I   x 2dx  (x 3 )02   23  03 
0
3 3
8
I 
3
 x2
3. Let I   dx
 x 2  5x  6
 d 
put, x  2    (x 2  5x  6)   µ
 dx 
x + 2 = 2x + 5 + µ
comparing coefficients of x both sides
1 = 2   = 1/2
comparing constant terms both sides,
1 5 1
2 = 5 + µ or, 2  5    µ or, µ  2  
2 2 2
1 1
 (2x  5) 
 x2
  dx   2 2 dx {as x + 2 =  (2x + 5) + µ}
 x  5x  6
2  x 2  5x  6

1
 (2x  5)
1 dx
 I 2 dx  
 x 2  5x  6 2  x 2  5x  6
  I2 
I  1

 I = I1 – I2 .....(1)

E 107
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1  (2x  5) dx
I1   , put x2 + 5x + 6 = t  (2x + 5) dx = dt
2  x  5x  6
2

1 dt 1  t 1/21 
      C  t  C  t  C  x  5x  6  C
1/2 2

2 1
t 2   1 
 2 

1 dx 1 dx 1  5 
I2     .log  x    x 2  5x  6   C
2  x 2  5x  6 2 
 
2 2 2  2 
  x     
5 1
 2 2
Substituting the values of I1 and I2 in (1), we get,
1  5 
I  x 2  5x  6 – .log  x    x 2  5x  6   C
2  2 
2

4. Let I =  x cos x dx
2
a a

 f (x) dx  2 f (x) dx if f(x) = f(–x)

a 0
2
 I  2 | x cos x | dx
0

 1
 x cos x; 0x
2

 1 3
f (x)   x cos x; x
 2 2
 3
 x cos x; 2
x2

1 2 32 2

 I  2   x cos x dx   x cos x dx   x cos x dx 
 0 12 32 
12 32 2
 x sin x sin x   x sin x sin x   x sin x sin x 
 I  2  dx   2     2 
   0    1 2     3 2
12 32 2
 x sin x cos x   x sin x cos x   x sin x cos x 
 I  2   2    2 
   0
2
   1 2
2
  2  3 2
 1    1   3 3   1  
 I  2  sin  0    0  2    2  sin  0    sin  0  
 2 2      2 2   2 2 
 2 cos 2   3 3 
2  sin 2     sin  0  
     2 
2
2
1 1  3 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 8
 I  2   2   2      2  2    I   2    2   I 
 2    2 2    2        

108 E
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
4 x
5. Let I  4 dx . Then
 4
2  cos 2x
4 4
x  1

 4
2  cos 2x
dx 
4 
 4
2  cos 2x
dx …..(1)

x 1
We observe that is an odd function and is an even function.
2  cos 2x 2  cos 2x
4 4 4
x 1 1
  dx  0 and  dx = 2  dx
 4
2  cos 2x  4
2  cos 2x 0
2  cos 2x

Substituting these value in (1), we obtain

4 4
 1  1  tan 2 x
I  0  2 
4 
0
2  cos 2x
dx  I 
2 
0
1  3tan 2 x
dx

4
 sec2 x
 I
2 
0 12  ( 3 tan x)2
dx

Put 3 tan x  t  3 sec 2 x dx  dt


When, x = 0  t = 0 and when x   t  3
4
3
 1   1  3 
 tan 1 3  tan 1 0
3 1
 I dt tan t 0 =
2 0
2
t 2
2 3 2 3


 2
 I  
2 3 3 6 3

sin x  x cos x  sin x x cos x 

6. Let I dx  I      dx
x(x  sin x)  x(x  sin x) x(x  sin x) 
 (x  sin x)  x cos x  1 1 cos x 
I     dx  I      dx
 x(x  sin x) x  sin x   x x  sin x x  sin x 
1 1  cos x
I dx   dx
x x  sin x
 I = log |x| – log |x + sin x| + C 
ƒ '(x)
  by prop  ƒ(x) dx  log ƒ(x)  C
x
  I = log x – log(x + sin x) + C  I  log C
x  sin x

E 109
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π
4xsinx
7. I dx …..(1)
0
1  cos2 x
π a a
4(π x)sin(π x)
I dx [Applying f(x)dx  f(a  x)dx]
0
1  cos 2
(π x) 0 0

π π
4πsinx 4xsinx
I dx   dx
0
1  cos 2
x 0
1  cos 2
x
π
4πsinx
I dx  I [From equation (1)]
0
1  cos 2
x
π
sinx
2I  4π  dx
0
1  cos 2
x
π/2 2a a
sinx
2I  4π.2   dx {Applying f  x  dx  2 f  x  dx if f(2a  x)  f(x)}
0
1  cos2 x 0 0

put cosx = t  –sinx dx = dt

when x = 0 and when x = /2
then t = 1, then t = 0
0
dt dt
1
 b a

 I  4π  = 4π   a f (x)dx  – b f (x)dx 
1
1 t 2
0
1 t2  
1
I = 4π  tan 1 t  0

I = 4[tan–11 – tan–10]
π
I = 4 × = 2
4
 /4  /4
sin x  cos x sin x  cos x
8. Let I 
0
3  sin 2x
dx  I   4  (sin x  cos x)
0
2


Put sin x  cos x  1, (cos x  sin x)dx  dt, x  0, t  1, x  ,t  0
4
0 0
dt 1  2t
I   I  log
1
(2) 2  t 2 4 2  t  1

1 1
I  log1  log 
4 3
1 1 1
 I   log  log 3
4 3 4

110 E
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1
9. Let I dx (dividing by cos4x)
sin x  sin x cos x  cos x
4 2 2 4

 sec2 x(1  tan 2 x)

I dx [Put tan x = t  sec2x dx = dt]
 tan 4 x  tan 2 x  1

(1  t 2 )  (1  1 t 2 )

I 4 2 dt  I   dt
 t  t 1  t2  1 1

t2
 (1  1 t 2 )  1  1 
I dt  Put t  t  u  1  t 2  dt  du 
  t  1/ t   ( 3)  
2 2
 

 du
I 2
 u  ( 3) 2

1 u 1  tan 2 x  1 
 I  tan 1  C  I  tan 1  C
3 3 3  3 tan x 

2
10. Let I =  cosec 6 x cot 2 x dx

4

2

 cot x 1  cot x 
2
I 2 2
cosec 2 x dx (cosec x = 1 + cot x)
2 2

4

 
Put cot x = u  cosec2x dx = – du when x  then u = 0 and when x  then u = 1
2 4
0 1 1
I =   u 2 1  u 2  du   u 2 (1  u 4  2u 2 ) du =  (u 2  u 6  2u 4 ) du
2

1 0 0

1
 u 3 u 7 2u 5   1 1 2  92
I=     =    0 =
3 7 5 0  3 7 5  105
1 1
11. Let I =  dx =  2  xx dx
8  x3 2
 2x  4 

1 A Bx  C
Let   2
(2  x)(x  2x  4)
2
(2  x) (x  2x  4)
1 = A(x2 + 2x + 4) + (Bx + C) (2 – x)
Equating the coefficient and constant
A–B=0
2A + 2B – C = 0
1 = 4A + 2C

E 111
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1 1 1
Solving the equation we get : A  , B , C
12 12 3
Rewrites the integral as a sum of two integral using partial fractions as:
1 1 1 x4
I= 
12  2  x 
dx   2
12 x  2x  4
dx

I = I1 + I2 (Say)
Solves the first integral as :
1
I1 =  log 2  x + C1 …..(1)
12
1 2x  2 1 1
and I2 =  dx   dx
24 x  2x  4
 
2 2
4  x  12  3

1 1  x 1 
I2 = log x 2  2x  4  tan 1   + C2 …..(2)
24 4 3  3 

1 1 1  x 1 
Now, I =  log 2  x  log x 2  2x  4  tan 1  C [where C = C1 + C2]
12 24 4 3  3 

112 E
 
NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Integrate the functions :
2  3sin x 1

 cos 2 x dx   x  13 x dx
3 5
1. [Ex.7.1, Q.20] 2. [Ex.7.2, Q.12]

e2x  1 1
3.  e2x  1 dx [Ex.7.2, Q.19] 4.  cos 2
x(1  tan x)2
dx [Ex.7.2, Q.25]

10x 9  10x log10

5.  x10  10x e dx equals [Ex.7.2, Q.38]
(A) 10x – x10 + C (B) 10x + x10 + C (C) (10x – x10)–1 + C (D) log (10x + x10) + C
cos 2x  cos 2
  tan
3
6. dx [Ex.7.3, Q.13] 7. 2x sec 2x dx [Ex.7.3, Q.15]
cos x  cos 
1
 sin x cos  sin  cos x  dx
–1
8. 3
dx [Ex.7.3, Q.19] 9. [Ex.7.3, Q.21]
x
1 1
10.  cos  x  a  cos  x  b  dx [Ex.7.3, Q.22] 11.  7  6x  x 2
dx [Ex.7.4, Q.12]

6x  7 1 x2
12.  (x  5)(x  4)
dx [Ex.7.4, Q.19] 13.  x(1  2x) dx [Ex.7.5, Q.6]

1 cos x
14.  x(x n
 1)
dx [Ex.7.5, Q.16] 15.  (1  sin x)(2  sin x) dx [Ex.7.5, Q.17]

2x 1
16.  (x 2
 1)(x 2  3)
dx [Ex.7.5, Q.19] 17.  x(x 4
 1)
dx [Ex.7.5, Q.20]

1 xe x
18.  (ex 1) dx [Ex.7.5, Q.21] 19.  (1  x)2 dx [Ex.7.6, Q.17]

 1  sin x   2x 
e  sin
x –1
20.   dx [Ex.7.6, Q.18] 21.   dx [Ex.7.6, Q.22]
 1  cos x   1 x2 
sin x
22.  1  4x  x 2 dx [Ex.7.7, Q.5] 23.  sin(x  a) dx [Misc.Ex.,Q.7]

1 1 x
24.  sin3 x sin(x  )
dx Misc.Ex.,Q.18] 25.  1 x
dx [Misc.Ex.,Q.19]

sin x x2
26.  sin(x  a) dx [Example 6(ii)] 27.  (x 2  1)(x 2  4) dx [Example 14]

(3sin   2) cos   1 
28.  5  cos 2
  4sin 
d [Example 15] 29.  log  log x    log x  2  dx [Example 38]
 

E 113
 

 cot x  tan x  dx
sin 2x cos 2x
30. [Example 41] 31.  9  cos4 (2x)
dx [Example 40]

 x x 1 x
 (sin 2  cos 2 ) dx  (xe  sin
x
32. [Ex.7.9, Q.18] 33. ) dx [Ex.7.9, Q.20]
0 2 2 0 4

1 x
34. 0 x 2  1 dx [Ex.7.10, Q.1] 35. 
0
2
sin  cos5 d [Ex.7.10, Q.2]


2 1 1  2x
36. 1
  2  e dx
 x 2x 
[Ex.7.11, Q.12] 37. 
0
4
log(1  tan x)dx [Ex.7.11, Q.8]

x x dx x
38. 0 1  sin x
[Ex.7.11, Q.12] 39. 
0
log(1  cos x)dx [Ex.7.11, Q.16]


x  1  sin x  sin x cos x

40. 2 e  1  cos x  dx [Misc.Ex. Q.25] 41. 
0
4
cos 4 x  sin 4 x
dx [Misc.Ex. Q.26]

 
cos2 x dx sin x  cos x
42. 0
2
cos2 x  4sin 2 x
dx [Misc.Ex. Q.27] 43. 

6
3

sin 2x
dx [Misc.Ex. Q.28]


sin x  cos x
44. 0
4
9  16sin 2x
dx [Misc.Ex. Q.30]

4
45.  [| x  1 |  | x  2 |  | x  3 |] dx
1
[Misc.Ex. Q.33]


sin 4 x
46. Evaluate  2 dx [Example 32]
0 sin 4 x  cos 4 x

dx
47. Evaluate  
6
3

1  tan x
[Example 33]


48. Evaluate  0
2
log sin x dx [Example 34]

3
49. Evaluate  2
1
| x sin( x) | dx [Example 43]

 x dx
50. Evaluate  [Example 44]
0 a cos x  b 2 sin 2 x
2 2

114 E
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ANSWERS
1 3 1
1. 2 tan x – 3 sec x + C 2. (x – 1)7/3 + (x3 – 1)4/3 + C
7 4

1
3. log(ex + e–x) + C 4. +C
1  tan x

5. (D) 6. 2(sinx + x cos) + C

7. 1/6 sec32x – 1/2 sec2x + C 8. log|tanx| + 1/2 tan2x + C

x x 2 1 cos  x  a 
9.  C 10. log C
2 2 sin  a  b  cos  x  b 

 x 3
11. sin 1  C
 4 

9
12. 6 x 2  9x  20  34log x   x 2  9x  20  C
2

x 3 1 xn
13.  log x  log 1  2x  C 14. log n C
2 4 n x 1

2  sin x 1 x2 1
15. log C 16. log 2 C
1  sin x 2 x 3

1 x4 1 ex  1
17. log C 18. log C
4 x4 ex

ex x
19. C 20. e x tan C
1 x 2

5 1  x  2  x  2
21. 2x tan–1x – log|1+x2| + C 22. sin    1  4x  x 2  C
2  5  2

2 sin  x   
23. sina log|sin(x – a)| + x cos a + C 24. C
sin  sin x

25. 2 1  x  cos 1 x  x  x 2  C 26. x cos a – sin a log |sin(x + a)| + C

1 2 x 4
27.  tan 1 x  tan 1  C 28. 3log  2  sin    C
3 3 2 2  sin 

 tan x  1 
29. x log(log x) – x/logx + C 30. 2 tan 1  C
 2 tan x 

E 115
 
1 1 
31.  sin 1  cos 2 2x   C 32. 0
4 3 

4 2 2
33. 1  34. 1/2 log2
 

e2  e2  2 
35. 64/231 36.
4

37. /8 log2 38. 

39.  log2 40. e/2

41. /8 42. /6

 3 1  1
43. 2 sin 1   44. log 9
 2  40

45. 19/2 46. /4

47. /12 48. /2 log2

3 1
49.  50. 2/2ab
 2

116 E
 
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

x
1. The integration of the function 2
, with respect to x is [2022]
ex
1 2 2 1
(A) C (B) C (C)  C (D)  C
x2 x2 x2 2
2e e e 2e x
 x
Sol. (D) Let I =  2 dx
 ex
2
put x = t
dt
 2x dx = dt  xdx =
2
1 dt 1 1 1
 I= 
2 e t
=  e – t dt =  e – t  C =
2 2 2e x
2
C

1
dx
2. The value of  1 x
0
2
is …………. [2022]

1 dx 1  
Sol. 
–1 –1
=  tan –1 x  = tan (1) – tan (0) =  0 =
0 1 x 2 0 4 4


3
3. Find x 4 dx [2022]
4
1
4
x3 3 37
Sol.  x dx =  x dx =
3 4 3
C  x C
4 7
1
3
1
4. Find  dx . [2020]
1  sin x
1 1  sin x 1  sin x
Sol. I   dx   dx   dx
1  sin x 1  sin x
2
cos2 x

 
  sec2 x  sec x tan x dx = tan x – sec x + C

1  cos 2x
5. Find  1  cos 2x dx . [2019]

1  cos 2x 2sin 2 x
Sol. I   dx   dx   tan 2 xdx   (sec2 x  1)dx = tanx – x + C
1  cos 2x 2
2 cos x
6. Find  xe x dx . [2018]

 d 
Sol. I =  xe x dx = x  e x dx –   (x). e x dx dx
 dx 

= x.ex –  e x dx = ex (x – 1) + C

E 117
 
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
4
7. Find the antiderivative F(x) off defined by f(x) = 5x – 5, where F(0) = 2. [2022]
4
Sol. Given that f(x) = 5x – 5
Integrating both sides w.r.t. x

 f(x)dx  5x dx   5dx
4

5
 F(x) = x – 5x + C …..(1)

 F(0) = C  C = 2 ( F(0) = 2)

put in equation (1)

5
F(x) = x – 5x + 2

cos2 x
8. Find  1  sin x dx [2022]

cos2 x
Sol. Let I =  1  sin x dx
1  sin 2 x (1  sin x)(1  sin x)
 I =  1  sin x dx I =  (1  sin x)
dx I =  (1  sin x) dx I = x + cosx + C

 x 
9. Integrate cos–1   with respect to x. [2020]
ax

x
Sol. I   cos1 dx
ax
put x = a tan2  dx = 2a tan  sec2 d

a tan 2 
 I   cos1 × 2a tan  sec2 d
a(1  tan 2 )

 tan  
=  cos1   × 2a tan  sec  d =  cos (sin ) × 2a tan  sec  d
2 1 2
 sec  
    
 2a  cos1  cos      · tan  sec2 d= 2a      . tan  sec2 d
 2  2 

 
taking     as first fn. and tan  sec2 as second fn. then using by parts formula
2 
    d    
2a     ·  tan  sec2  d        · tan  sec 2  d d
 2   d  2   

118 E
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   tan 
2
tan 2    tan 2  
I  2a     .   1 d   tan  sec  d 
2

 2  2 2   2 

   
2 

= a     tan 2   a  sec 2   1 d =  a     tan 2   a  tan      C
2 
 x x  x x
 a   tan 1   a   tan 1 C
2 a a  a a 

 x x x x
I x  x tan 1 + ax – a tan–1  C I = – (x + a) tan–1 + ax  C
2 a a 2 a
1
10. Find  cos (3x  2) .dx .
2
[2019]

1 tan(3x  2)
Sol. I   dx   sec2 (3x  2)dx  C
cos (3x  2)
2
3
dx
11. Find  1 x  x
. [2018]

1 1 x  x 2 2
Sol. I =  1 x  x
dx =  (1  x)  x
dx =  1  x dx   x dx =
3
(1  x)3/2  x3/2  C
3

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

1
12. Integrate the function with respect to x. [2022]
x  6x  13
2

OR
x 1
Find x 2
 4x  5
dx.

1 1 1  x 3 
Sol. I = x 2
 6x  13
dx =  (x  3) 2
2 2
dx =
2
tan 1 
 2 
C

OR
x 1 1  2x  4   2 1 2x  4 1
Sol. I =  dx =  2 dx =  2 dx   2 dx
x  4x  5
2
2 x  4x  5 2 x  4x  5 x  4x  5
1 1 1
= log x 2  4x  5   dx = log x 2  4x  5  tan –1 (x  2)  C
2 (x  2)  1
2 2
2
cos x
13. Find  4  sin 2 x
.dx . [2019]

OR
Find  x tan 1 x.dx .

E 119
 
cos x
Sol. I =  4  sin 2
x
dx

Put sin x = t cos x dx = dt

1 t 1 
I=  4  t2
dt = sin–1   + C= sin–1  sin x   C
2 2 
OR
I =  x.tan x dx –1

taking tan–1 x as first fn., x is second fn. Then use formula of by-Parts.
 d 
I = tan–1x.  x dx    (tan 1 x). xdx dx
 dx 
x2 x2 x2 1  1 
= .tan 1 x   dx = .tan 1 x   1  dx
2 2(1  x )
2
2 2  1  x 2 
x2 1  x2  1  1 x
= .tan 1 x  x  tan 1 x   C =   tan x   C
2 2  2  2
1
14. Find.  dx [2018]
 5x  6  x  2

OR
dx
Find  x 6(log x) 2
 7 log x  2 

 5
1 1 x2 
Sol. I =  dx =  dx = sin–1    C = sin–1 (2x – 5) + C
 5x  6  x  2
1  5
x  
2
 1 
 2 
4  2
OR
1
I=  x 6(log x) 2
 7 log x  2 
dx

1
Put log x = t  dx  dt
x
1 1
  dt =  dt
(6t  7t  2)
2
(2t  1) (3t  2)
 2 3  1 1
=   dt = 2  dt  3 dt
 (2t  1) (3t  2)  (2t  1) (3t  2)
1 1 2t  1
= 2. log | 2t  1 | 3. log | 3t  2 | C = log C
2 3 3t  2
2 log x  1
= log C
3 log x  2

120 E
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FOUR MARKS QUESTIONS
1

 5x x 5  1 dx
4
15. Find the value of [2022]
1

OR
 /4
Find the value of 
 /4
sin 2 x dx

 5x x5  1 dx
4
Sol. Let I =
1

x 1  t5
when x  1, then t  2
Put
5x 4 dx  dt when x  –1, then t  0
2 2 3/2 2 2 3/2 4 2
I= 
0
t dt =
3
 t  =  2 – 0  =
0 3 3
OR
 /4
Sol. Let I =  /4
sin 2 xdx
2
Let f(x) = sin x
2 2 2
f(–x) = (sin(–x)) = (– sin x) = sin x = f(x)
i.e. f(x) is even function
 /4 a a
So I = 2 sin 2 xdx (  f(x)dx  2 f(x)dx , if f(x) is even function.)
0 a 0

 /4 (1  cos 2x)  /4
I = 2 dx   1– cos2x  dx
0 2 0

 /4
 sin 2x 
I = x 
 2  0

  1    1
 I =    – 0   –
 4 2   4 2

SIX MARKS QUESTIONS


1
16. Prove that : I   log(1  cos x)dx   loge   [2018, 2020]
 2

Sol. Let I   log 1  cos x  dx ….. (1)
0

 b b

I   log 1  cos    x  dx  a f(x)dx  a f(a  b  x)dx 
0  

 I   log 1  cos x  dx …..(2)
0

E 121
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Adding (1) and (2),
 
2I   log 1  cos x   log(1  cos x)  dx 2I   log 1  cos x 1  cos x  dx
0 0
  
  2

2I   log 1  cos x dx  2I   log sin x dx  2  log sin x dx 2

0 0 0

  /2
 2a a

 I   log sin x dx  I  2  log sin x dx  0 f(x)dx  2 0 f(x)dx, if f(2a  x)  f(x) 
0 0 
 /2
 I = 2I1, where I1   log sin x dx
0
…..(3)

 /2
 b b

 I1  
0
log cos x dx …..(4) 

a f(x)dx  a f(a  b  x)dx 

Adding equation (3) and (4),
 /2
2I1    log sin x  log cos x  dx
0
 /2  /2
 sin 2x 
 2I1 =  log  sin x cos x  dx  2I1   log  dx
0 0
2 
 /2  /2
2I1 = I1 – (log 2)  x 0
 /2
 2I1   log  sin 2x  dx    log2  dx
0 0


 2I1  I 2  log 2 .....(5)
2
 /2
where I2   log sin 2x  dx
0

Let 2x = t  2dx = dt and when x = 0 then t = 0, when x = /2 then t = 

1

1

 b b

 I2   log  sin t  dt   log  sin x  dx  a f(x)dx  a f(t)dt 
20 20 
1
 /2
 2a a

 I2   2  log  sin x  dx  a f(x)dx  0 f(x)dx, if(2a  x)  f(x) 
2 0 
 /2
 I2   log sin x dx  I
0
1 (Using eq. (3))

putting the value of I2 in equation (5)

  1
2I1 = I1 – log 2  I1  log
2 2 2
 1 1
 I = 2I1 = 2 × log =  log
2 2 2

1
Hence  log 1  cos x  dx   log 2
0

122 E
 

x sin x
17. Find the value of  1  cos
0
2
x
.dx . [2019]

 x sin x
Sol. I = 
0 1  cos2 x
dx ….. (1)

I =  0
 (  x)sin(  x)
1  cos2 (  x)
dx  
a
b b
f(x) dx   f(a  b  x) dx
a 
 (  x) sin x
I=  0 1  cos2 x
dx

 sin x  x sin x
I =  dx  0 1  cos2 xdx
0 1  cos2 x
 sin x
I =  dx  I [Using (1)]
0 1  cos2 x
 sin x
2I =   
0 1  cos2 x
Put cosx = t  sin dx = – dt
When x = 0, t = 1 & x = , t = –1
1 1
2I =   dt
1 1  t2
1 1
2I =   dt 
1 1 t2

    tan 1 t  1 
1

    tan 1 (1)  tan 1 (1) 

    
       
 4  4 

2
2I =
2
2
 I=
4

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IMPORTANT NOTES

124 E
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CHAPTER-8 : APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
EXERCISE - I
3
1. If the area above the x-axis, bounded by the curve y = 2kx and x = 0, and x = 2 is , then the
log e 2
value of k is
1
(A) (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) 2
2
2. The area bounded by the curve y = logex and x-axis and the straight line x = e is
1 1
(A) e sq. units (B) 1 sq. units (C) 1  sq.units (D) 1  sq.units
e e

3. The area bounded by the curves y = sinx between the ordinates x = 0, x =  and x-axis is
(A) 2 sq. units (B) 4 sq. units (C) 3 sq. units (D) 1 sq. unit
4. Area bounded by the curve y = x3, the x-axis and the ordinates x = –2 and x = 1 is
(A) 4.20 sq. units (B) 4.25 sq. units (C) 4.00 sq. units (D) 4.75 sq. units

5. The area enclosed by the curve y = 2 1  x 2 and x-axis is

 
(A) sq. units (B) sq. units (C)  sq. units (D) 2 sq. units
4 2

6. The area bounded by the curve y = x|x|, x-axis and the ordinates x = –1, x = 1 is
1 2 4
(A) sq. units (B) sq. units (C) sq. units (D) 1 sq. unit
3 3 3
7. The area bounded by y2= x, y = 4 and x = 0 is
8 32 64 128
(A) sq. units (B) sq. units (C) sq. units (D) sq. units
3 3 3 3

8. The area bounded by x  y , x = 0 and x – y + 2 = 0 is

9 10 7
(A) sq. units (B) sq. units (C) sq. units (D) 9 sq. units
2 3 6
2 2
9. Using integration, the area of the region {(x, y) ; x + y 1  x + y} is.

 1  1  1  1
(A)    sq. units (B)    sq. units (C)    sq. units (D)    sq. units
 4 2  4 2  4 4  4 4
10. The area cut off by the latus rectum from the parabola y2 = 4ax is
8 8 8 2 8 3
(A) a sq. units (B) a sq. units (C) a sq. units (D) a sq. units
3 3 3 3

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11. Fill in the blanks :

(i) Area of the region bounded by curve y  x and y = x is________sq. units.

 3
(ii) Area of region enclosed by y = sinx, x and x-axis is_______sq. units
2 2

(iii) The area of the region bounded by the curves y = |x–2|, x = 1, x = 3 and the x-axis
is______sq. units

12. Answer the following questions :

(i) Find the area enclosed between the curve y = log (x + e) and the coordinate axes.

(ii) By using the method of integration, find the area of triangle ABC whose sides are given by
y = 2x + 1, y = 3x + 1 and x = 4

(iii) The area between x = y2 and x = 4 is divided into two equal parts by the line x = a, find the
value of a.

x 2 y2
(iv) Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse  1
16 9

x2 y2
(v) Find the area bounded by the ellipse   1 and ordinates x = 0 and x = ae, where
a 2 b2
b2 = a2(1 – e2) and e < 1.

ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans. B B A B C B C B A C

Q. No. 11 (i) 11 (ii) 11 (iii) 12 (i) 12 (ii) 12 (iii)

1
Ans. 2 1 1 sq. unit 8 sq. units a = 42/3
6

Q. No. 12 (iv) 12 (v)

Ans. 12 sq. units ab( e 1  e2  sin 1 e ) sq. units

126 E
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SOLUTIONS
1. (B) According to question;
2
3 Y
2kx
 2 dx 
kx

0
log 2
X' X
2 O x=2
 2kx  3 1 3
    [22k  1]  Y'
 k log 2  0 log 2 k log 2 log 2

Solving, we get k = 1
2. (B) y = logex intersects x-axis at (1, 0)

 According to question Y
logx
Required Area 1
X'
e
O x=eX
=  log x dx = [x log x  x] e
1 (1,0)
1 Y'
= 1 sq. units

3. (A) Required Area

 Y
=  sin x dx
0

X'  X
O
= [ cos x]0  2 sq. units

Y'
4. (B) Required Area
1 0 1
Y
 x dx   x dx   x dx
3 3 3
=
2 2 0
3
x =y
0 1
 x4   x4  1
=     = 4 + = 4.25 sq. units
 4 2  4 0 4 X' O X

1 0 1
=  x 3dx   x dx   x dx
3 3 x=1
2 2 0
x = –2

0 1
Y'
 x4   x4  1
=     = 4 + = 4.25 sq. units
 4 2  4 0 4

E 127
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5. (C) Given, y  2 1  x 2
Y
x 2 y2 B(0, 4)
 y2 = 4(1–x2)   1
1 4
Required Shaded Area
= 2 × Area in 1st quadrant X' X
O A (1, 0)
1
 2   2 1  x 2 dx
0

1
x 1  Y'
 4  1  x 2  sin –1 x  =  sq. units
2 2 0
6. (B) Required Shaded Area
= 2 × (Area in the 1st quadrant) Y

1 2
x =y
 2   x dx 2

1 X' X
 x3  2 O
 2    sq. units
 3 0 3 x=1
2 x = –1
x = –y

Y'
7. (C) Required Shaded Area

4 Y
 y dy
2
=
0

4 y=4
 y3  64
=    sq. units X' X
 3 0 3
O

y2 = x

Y'
8. (B) Required Shaded Area

2 Y
=  (x  2  x 2 ) dx
0
(2, 4)
2
 x2 x3   8 
=   2x     2  4   0 
2 3 0  3  X' X
O (2, 0)
x–y+2=0
10
= sq. units
3 Y'

128 E
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2 2
9. (A) Required area lies in the first quadrant within the circle x + y = 1 and above the line x + y = 1.
Let us first sketch the region whose area is to be found out. This region is the intersection of
2 2
the following regions {(x, y) ; x + y 1} and {(x, y) : x + y 1}
Required Shaded Area Y
1 1 x + y =1 (0,1)
 
0
1  x 2 dx   (1  x) dx .
0
x2+y2 =1

1 1 (1,0)
x 1 1   x 2  X' X
=  1 x  sin x    x  
2
O
2 2 0  2 0
  1   1
=   0     0  =    sq. units.
 4   2   4 2
Y'

10. (C)
 Latus rectum of parabola y2 = 4ax is x = a Y
a
y2 = 4ax
Required Shaded Area  2 4ax dx
0
X' O X
a
2  8
= 4 a.  x 3/2   a 2 sq. units
3 0 3 x=a
Y'
11. (i) Given y = x &y=x
Points of intersection O(0, 0) and A(1, 1)
1
1
2 x2  1
 Required Area =  ( x  x)dx   x3/2    sq. units
0 3 2 0 6
(ii) Required Area = 2 × Area of 1st quadrant Y


 sin x dx
y = sin x
 2
 /2


 2   cos x  /2

X' X
O
= 2 sq. units 
x=
2

x = 3/2
Y'
2 3
(iii) Required Area =  (x  2)dx   (x  2)dx Y
1 2

y = –(x – 2) y=x–2
2 3
 x2   x2 
=    2x     2x 
 2 1  2 2 X'
O (2, 0)
X

x=1 x=3
= 1 sq. unit
Y'
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12. (i) Points of intersection are A (1 – e, 0) and B (0, 1)

 log(x  e) dx = xlog(x  e)  x  elog(x  e)1e

0
 Required Area = = 1 sq. unit
1 e

4
(ii) Required Area =  [(3x  1)  (2x  1)]dx Y
0
B (4, 13)

4
 x2  C (4, 9)
=   (0, 1) A y = 2x + 1

 2 0
X' X
O
x=4

= 8 sq. units

(iii) According to question ; Y'

Area I = Area II
Y
a 4
  xdx   xdx
y2 = x
0 a

I II x
a X' X
2  2 O
  x3/2    x 4
3/2
a
3 0 3
x=a
On Solving, we get a = 42/3 x=4
Y

(iv) Required Area = 4 × (Area in 1st quadrant)

4
Y
3
= 4  16  x 2 dx
0
4

4
x 16 x X' X
= 3  16  x 2  sin –1  O (4, 0)
2 2 4 0

= 12 sq. units

Y'
st
(v) Required Area = 2 × (Area in 1 quadrant)
ae
b 2 Y
 2  a  x 2 dx
0
a

ae
2b  x 2 a2 x X' X
  a  x 2  sin –1  O
a 2 2 a 0 (ae,0)

x = ae
= ab(e 1  e2  sin –1 e)sq. units
Y'

130 E
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EXERCISE–II
2
1. Find the area enclosed between the parabola 4y = 3x and the straight line 3x – 2y + 12 = 0.

2. Make a rough sketch of the region {(x, y): 0  y  x2, 0  y  x, 0  x  2} and find the area of the
region using integration.
3. Find the area enclosed by the curve y = –x2 and the straight line x + y + 2 = 0.

4. Using integration, find the area of the region {(x, y) : x2 + y2 4, x + y 2}

2 a2
5. If the area bounded by the parabola y =16ax and the line y = 4mx is sq. units, then using
12
integration, find the value of m.
6. Find the area enclosed by the curves y = |x – 1| and y = – |x – 1| + 1.
7. Using the method of integration, find the area of the triangular region whose vertices are
(2,–2), (4, 3) and (1, 2).
8. Find the area of the figure bounded by the curves y = |x – 1| and y = 3 – |x|.

x 2 y2
9. Shown below is an ellipse whose equation is  1.
81 36
Y

X' X
0

Y'

Find the area of the shaded region in terms of . Show your steps.
10. Using integration find the area of region bounded by the triangle whose vertices are (–1, 0), (1, 3)
and (3, 2).

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SOLUTIONS
2
1. The given equations are : 4y = 3x
Y
3x 2 3x 2
 y ......(1) y=
4 4 2)
(4,1
and 3x – 2y + 12 = 0 ......(2)
3x  12 ,3)
(–2
From equation (2), y 
2 X' X
x=–2 O x=4
Putting this value of y in equation (1), 3x–2y+12=0

3x  12 3x 2 Y'

2 4
 3(x 2  2x  8)  0  x = –2, 4
When x = –2; y = 3 and
when x = 4; y = 12
So, both the curves intersect at the point (–2, 3) and (4, 12)
4 4
 3x  12 3 2   3x 12 3  3 4
x3 
 Req. Area     x  dx      x 2  dx   x 2  6x  
2 
2 4  2 
2 2 4  4 4  2

3 64 
  16  6  4    3  12  2 = 27 sq. units
4 4
2. The points of intersection of the parabola y = x2 and the line y = x are (0, 0) and (1, 1).

x=2
Y

y = x2
2

1
(2,0)
X' X
–2 –1 0 1 2
–1

y=x –2

Y'
1 2
Required Area =  y dx   y
0 parabola 1 line dx
1 2
Required Area =  x dx   x dx
2
0 1
3 1 2
 x   x2  1 3 11
=         sq. units
 3  0  3 1 3 2 6

132 E
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3. Given equation of curves are
y = – x2 …..(1)
and x+y+2=0 …..(2)
Solve equation (1) & (2), we get :
(x + 1) (x – 2) = 0 or x = –1, 2
Thus, the intersection point are (–1, –1) and (2, –4).
Required area = Area of the the shaded reagion OABO
2
Y
= y
1
line  y parabola dx
x+y+2=0
2 (2,0)
X' (–1,0) O
 (x  2  x ) dx X
2
= (–2,0)
1 A(–1,–1)
(0,–2)
B(2,–4)
2
 x x 
2 3
=    2x  
 2 3  1 y = –x2

 8  1 1
  2  4       2  
 3  2 3 Y'

7 9 9
 8     sq. untis
2 2 2

4. First we sketch the region whose area is to be found out, this region is the intersection of the
regions {(x,y) : x2 + y2  4} and {(x, y) : x + y 2}
The point of intersection of x2 + y2 = 4 and x + y = 2 are A(2, 0) and B(0, 2)
Required region is the shaded region APBA
2 2 Y
Required area =  (ycircle dx)  (yline dx)
0 0 B(0, 2)
2 2
x +y =4 P
2 2

 4  x dx  (2  x)dx
2
= A(2, 0)
0 0 X' O X

2 2 x+y=2
x 4 x  x2 
=  4  x 2  sin –1   2x  
2 2 2 0  2 0
 Y'
 02  2     2  sq. units
2

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2
5. Given equation of curve are y = 16ax ….. (1)
and y = 4mx …..(2) y = 4 mx
Y
From equation (1) and (2)
16m2x2 = 16ax
 
m2x2 – ax = 0  x m2 x  a  0  X'
O (a/m2,0)
X

a 4a
 x = 0; x  2
or y = 0; y 
m m
Y' y2=16 ax

a /m2 a /m2
Required area = 0
16ax dx  0
4mxdx

2  4 a 3/2 a /m2 4m 2 a /m2 8 a a 3/2 a2 8a 2 2a 2 2a 2

  x    x    3  2m  4  3  3 
3 0 2 0 3 m m 3m m 3m3

a2
Given Required area is sq. units
12

2a 2 a 2
  m = 8 m = 2
3
3
3m 12
6. The given curve are
y = |x – 1| …..(1)
and y = – |x – 1| + 1 …..(2)
Clearly, y = |x – 1| is cutting the x-axis at (1, 0) and the y-axis at (0, 1) respectively.
Also, y = – |x – 1| + 1 is cutting both the axis at (0, 0) and x-axis at (2, 0).

 1, x  1
We have, y = |x – 1| , y  1xx, x 1 y=1–x Y
B(1,1)
y = x –1

and y = – |x – 1| + 1, y  2  x, x  1
x, x  1 A C
Solving both the equation for x < 1 (2,0)
X' O X
F(1,0)
y = 1 – x and y = x y=x y=2–x
1 1
We get x  and y 
2 2
Y'
and solving both the equations for x  1
y = x – 1 and y = 2 – x
3 1
We get x  and y 
2 2

134 E
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1 1 3 1
Thus, the intersecting points are  ,  and  , 
2 2 2 2
Required area = Area of ABFA + Area of BCFB
1 32
=   x  (1  x) dx   [(2  x)  (x 1)] dx
12 1

1 32
=  (2x 1) dx   (3  2x) dx
12 1

=  x 2  x 1 2  3x  x 2 1
1 32

  1 1    3 9  
= (1  1)        3     3  1  1
  4 2    2 4  

1 9 9 1 1 1
=    2 =   sq. units
4 2 4 4 4 2

5 2 1
7. Line AB is : y  x  7  x  (y  7) , line BC is y  (x  5)  x  3y  5
2 5 3

y6
Line AC is ; y = –4x + 6  x 
4 Y
Required area 3
C(1,2) B(4,3)
3  3 2
 2
=   (lineAB)dy     (lineBC)dy   (lineAC)dy  1
 2  2 2  X'
O X
1 2 3 4
2 3  3 1
2
 –1
=   (y  7)dy     (3y  5)dy   (y  6)dy   –2
 5 2  2 4 2  A(2,–2)

Y'
2  y 2    3y2  
3 3 2
 1  y2
   7y      5y     6y  
5  2     2 2 4  2 2 
  2  

2  9    27   1 
     21  (2  14)      15    6  10   (2  12)  (2  12) 
5  2    2   4 
2 9   27  1   2 75   5 
   33    11  (24)         6  
5 2   2  4  5 2  2 

17 13
  15   square units.
2 2

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8. Given curve y = |x – 1| and y = 3 – |x|

 y  | x  1|  xx 1,1, xx  11 Y
y = 1–x
y  3  | x |  33 
y=x–1
 x, x  0 C(0,3)
x, x  0
D(–1, 2)
y=x–1 …..(1) B(2,1)
and y = 3 – x …..(2) X' X
(–1,0) O A (2,0)
On solving we get (1,0)
x – 1 = 3 – x x = 2 y=3+x
y=3–x
when x = 2, then y = 1
Y'
again, y = –x + 1 and y = 3 + x
–x + 1 = 3 + x
–2 = 2x
x  1 , y = 2
Required Area = Area of region ABCDA
2 1 0
Required Area =  (3  x  x  1) dx   (3  x  1  x) dx   (3  x  1  x) dx
1 0 1

2 0
2 1 0
 2x 2   2x 2 
=  (4  2x) dx  2  dx   (2  2x) dx = 4x   1
  2 x 0  2x  
1 0 1
 2 1  2  1

=  8  4    4  1   2  0    0    2  1 = (4 – 3) + 2 + 1 = 4 sq. units

9. Writes the endpoints of the ellipse as C(–9, 0), A(9, 0), B(0, 6) and D(0, –6) respectively.
Y

B(0,6)

X' X
(–9,0)C 0 A(9,0)

D(0,–6)

Y'

6 2
Expresses y in term of x as: y   9  x2
9
0 9
6 2 6 2
Shaded Area (A)  9 9 9  x dx  Area of 2 triangles  0 9 9  x dx
2 2

136 E
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9
6 2
A  2 9  x 2 dx  Area of 2 triangles
0
9
A = I1 + Area of 2 triangles …..(1)
9 9
6 2 6 x 81 x
Now, I1 = 2 9  x 2 dx  2   81  x 2  sin 1 
0
9 9 2 9 9 0

6  9 81 9 0 81 0 
 2    81  81  sin 1    81  0  sin 1  
9  2 2 9 2 2 9 

I1  2  6  81    27  …..(2)
9 2 2

Area of in 2nd quadrant and 4th quadrant are symmetrical.

 Area of s = 2 Area of in 2nd quadrant
0
I2 = 2  (Line of BC) dx
9

0
2  1 0 
I2 = 2   x  6  dx = 2   x 2 9  6  x 9 
0

9
3  3 
I2 = 2[–27 + 54] = 2 × 27 = 54 …..(3)
Put the values from equation (2) & (3) in equation (1)

A = (27 + 54) sq. units or 27 ( + 2) sq. units.

10. We have to find the area of triangle whose vertices are (–1, 0), (1, 3) and (3, 2)
 Area of ABC = area under AB (area of ABD) + area under AC (area of quad. ACED)
– area under BC (area of BCE)
y2  y1
Equation of AB, y  y1  (x  x1 )
x 2  x1
 30  3 Y
(y  0)    (x  1)  y  (x  1)
 11  2
A(1,3)
20 1
Equation of BC, y0  (x  1)  y  (x  1)
3 1 2
C(3, 2)
 3 2  1 X' X
Equation of AC, (y  2)    (x  3)  y  2  2 (x  3) B(–1,0) O D E
 1 3  (1, 0) (3, 0)

x 3 x 7 Y'
 y  2 
2 2 2 2

E 137
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 Area of ABC = area of ABD + area of quad. ACED – area of BCE
1 3 3
3  x 7  x 1
 1 2 (x  1)dx 1  2  2  dx  –1  2  2  dx
1 3 3
3  x2  1  x2  1  x2 
=   x      7x     x 
2 2 1 2  2 1 2  2  1

3 1  1   1  9  1    1  9  1 
   1    1     21    7       3    1 
2 2  2   2  2  2   2  2  2 
1 1
 3  (4  14)  (4  4)
2 2
= 3 + 5 – 4 = 4 square units.

138 E
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NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
x2 y2
1. Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse  1. [Ex.8.1, Q.4]
16 9
x2 y2
2. Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse  1. [Ex.8.1, Q.5]
4 9
3. Area lying in the first quadrant and bounded by the circle x2 + y2 = 4 and the lines x = 0 and
x = 2 is [Ex.8.1, Q.12]
  
(A) sq. units (B) sq. units (C) sq. units (D) sq. units
2 3 4
4. Area of the region bounded by the curve y2 = 4x, y-axis and the line y = 3 is [Ex.8.1, Q.13]
9 9 9
(A) 2 sq. units (B) sq. units (C) sq. units (D) sq. units
4 3 2
5. Find the area of the region bounded by the line y = 3x + 2, the x-axis and the ordinates x = –1 and
x = 1. [Example 12]

6. Find the area bounded by the curve y = cos x between x = 0 and x = 2. [Example 13]
0
7. Sketch the graph of y = |x + 3| and evaluate 
6
| x  3| dx . [Misc.Ex., Q.4]

ANSWERS

13
1. 12sq. units 2. 6sq. units 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. sq. units
3

6. 4 sq. units 7. 9 sq. units

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PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Find the area of the region in the First quadrant enclosed by the x-axis, the line y = x and the
circle x2 + y2 = 32. [2020]

Sol. Circle x2 + y2 = 32 ... (1)

and line y=x ... (2)

from eq. (1) & (2)

x2 + x2 = 32  x=±4

4 4 2 Y
Req. area =  x dx   32  x dx
2
A(4, 4)
0 4

4
O
4 2 X' X
 x2   x 32 x  C
B(42, 0)
=     32  x 2  sin 1  (4, 0)
 2 0  2 2 4 2 4
y=x
= 8 + [8 – (8 + 4)] Y'

= 4 sq. units.

2. Find the area bounded by the parabola x2 = 4y and line y = 3. [2019]

Sol. Given curve x2 = 4y …..(1)

and line y = 3 …..(2)

Given curve is a upward Parabola with vertex (0,0) and line is parallel to x-axis through point
(0,3) from eq. (1) & (2), we get
Y
Point of intersection of curve (1) and line (2) are
B C (0,3) A
A(2 3,3) and B( 2 3,3)

Q P
Req. Area = Area of the region APOQBA
X' X
O
= 2(Area of the region APOCA) Y'

3 8 3/2 3
= 2  2 ydy =  y 
0 3 0

8
= × (3)3/2 = 8 3 sq. units
3
140 E
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3. Find the area bounded by curves x2 + y2 = 1 and y = |x|. [2018]

Sol. Given circle x2 + y2 = 1 …..(1)

 x , if x0
and curve y = |x| =  …..(2) Y
 x , if x0
Q C P
Here point of intersection of curves (1) and (2) are B A

 1 1   1 1 
 and B  
A , , X' X
 O (1/ 2,0)
 2 2  2 2

Required area = Area of the region AOBQCPA

= 2 (Area of the region AOCPA) Y'

1
= 2 2 ( 1  x 2  x) dx
0

1
x 1 x2  2
= 2  1  x 2  sin 1 x  
2 2 2 0

 1 1 1 1  1  1 
= 2 .  sin   
2 2 2 2  2  4

1 1  1   
= 2   .    2   square units
4 2 4 4 8 4

E 141
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IMPORTANT NOTES

142 E
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CHAPTER-9 : DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

EXERCISE-I
d4 y  d3 y 
1. Find the degree of differential equation  sin  30
dx 4  dx 
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) Not defined
3/2
  dy 2 
1    
  dx  
2. Find the order and degree of differential equation  2
d2y
dx 2
(A) 2 and 4 (B) 2 and 2 (C) 2 and 3 (D) 3 and 3
3. The solution of differential equation xdy – ydx = 0 represents : [Exemplar]
(A) a rectangular hyperbola (B) parabola whose vertex is at origin
(C) straight line passing through origin (D) a circle whose centre is at origin
7
4. If y(0)  , then which of the following is a particular solution of the differential equation
3
dy
 4e3x ?
dx
4 3x 4 7 29 4 3x 5
(A) e  e (B) 12e 
3x
(C) e 1 (D) 4e 
3x

3 3 3 3 3
dy y  1
5. The number of solutions of  , when y(1) = 2 is [Exemplar]
dx x  1
(A) None (B) One (C) Two (D) Infinite
dy 1
6. Solution of differential equation  + y = 0 is
dx y
1 1
(A) x  log |1  y | C (B) x  log |1  y | C
2 2

2 2
1 1
(C) x  log |1  y | C (D) x  log |1  y | C
2 2

2 2
dy
7. Solution of differential equation – y tan x = 2 sin x is
dx
cos 2x cos 2x
(A) y cos x = +C (B) y cos x =  +C
2 2
sin 2x cos 2x
(C) y cos x =  +C (D) y sin x =  +C
2 2

E 143
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dy
8. The integrating factor of differential equation (1 – x2) – xy  1 is [Exemplar]
dx
1
(A) –x (B) – 1  x 2 (C) 1  x 2 (D) log(1  x 2 )
2

9. The general solution of e x cos y dx  e x sin y dy  0 is [Exemplar]

(A) ex cos y = k (B) ex sin y = k (C)ex = k cos y (D) ex = k sin y

10. The solution of differential equation dy  y = logx is

dx x x
(A) y = – log x – 1 + Cx (B) y = log x – 1 + Cx
(C) y = log x + 1 + Cx (D) y = – log x + 1 + Cx

11. Fill in the blanks :

(i) The number of arbitrary constants in the general solution of a differential equation of order
three is __________ .
dy y 1
(ii)   is an linear differential equation of the type __________ .
dx x log x x
xdy
(iii) The solution of the differential equation  2y  x 2 is __________ .
dx
dy 1 y
(iv) The integrating factor of y  is __________ .
dx x
d 2 y dy/dx
(v) The degree of the differential equation e  0 is __________ .
dx 2
12. Answer the following questions :
(i) Verify that x + y = tan–1 y is a solution of differential equation y2y' + y2 + 1 = 0
(ii) Find the solution of the following differential equation :

x (1  y2 )dx  y (1  x 2 )dy  0

ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. D B C C A B B C A A
Q. No. 11 (i) 11 (ii) 11 (iii) 11 (iv) 11 (v)

Ans. dy x2 ex
3  Py  Q y  Cx 2 not defined
dx 4 x
Q. No. 12 (ii)
Ans. 1  x 2  1  y2  C
144 E
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SOLUTIONS
1. (D) Degree is not defined as given differential equation is not in polynomial in its derivatives.
2. (B) The given differential equation when written as a polynomial in derivatives becomes
3
 d 2 y    dy  
2 2

4  2   1    
 dx    dx  

d2y
The highest order differential coefficient in this equation is and its power is 2.
dx 2
Therefore, the given differential equation is a non-linear differential equation of second
order and second degree.
3. (C) Given, x dy – ydx = 0
dy dx
By variable separating, 
y x

Integrating both side, logy = logx + logc

y = cx it represents a straight line passing through origin.
dy
4. (C) Given that  4e3x
dx
7
y(0) = dy = 4e3x dx
3
on integrate both sides
4
  dy  4 e dx  y  e3x  C   
3x
…..(1)
3
7
Put x = 0 and y = we get, C = 1
3
4 3x
Put in equation (1), y = e 1
3
dy y  1
5. (A) Given  ,
dx x  1
dy dx
 y  1   x 1  log(y + 1) = log(x – 1) + c
x  1 & y  –1
Here there is no function for y(1) = 2

E 145
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dy 1 dy  1  y2 
6. (B)   y  0    
dx y dx  y 
y dy
or  1 y 2
  dx

2
Put 1 + y = t 2y dy = dt
dt 1 dt
 y dy =     1.dx
2 2 t
1 1
or log | t |   x  C  x  log |1  y 2 | C
2 2
dy
7. (B) + (– tan x)y = 2 sin x
dx

It is linear differential equation of form dy + Py = Q

dx
where P = – tan x and Q = 2 sin x
Therefore I.F. = e Pdx = e –tanx dx = eln cos x = cosx
Hence, the solution of the given differential equation is
y (I.F.) =  Q. (I.F.) dx + C

  y cos x = 2  sin x cos x dx + C  y cos x =  sin 2x dx + C

cos 2x
  y cos x =  +C
2
dy
8. (C) Given (1  x 2 )  xy  1
dx
dy x 1
 y
dx 1  x 2
1  x2
dy
This is linear differential equation of form  Py  Q
dx
x 1
Where P = ,Q 
1 x 2
1  x2
x 1

I.F. = e  = e 1 x = e 2
Pdx  dx log(1  x 2 )
 1  x2
2

9. (A) Given that, e x cos y dx  e x sin y dy  0

dx
 e x cos y dx  e x sin y dy   tan y dx = tan y dy
dy
On integrating both sides, we get
x = log sec y + C
 x – C = log sec y sec y = ex – C  sec y = ex e– C
1 ex
 C  e cos y  e  e cos y  K
x C x
 [where K  eC ]
cos y e
146 E
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10. (A) Differential equation is in form of dy + Py = Q
dx

Where P = –1 & Q = logx

x x
1
1
I.F. = e = e
Pdx - dx
 x
 e log x 
x
  Its solution is y.(I.F.) =  Q(I.F.)dx + C

y log x 1 y
· dx + C    log x. 2  dx  C
1
  =
x x x x x 
I II
y log x(x –1 ) 1 x –1
 
x
=
(–1)
–  x (–1) dx + C [Integration by parts]
y –log x 1
or . = – + C . y = – log x – 1 + Cx
x x x
11. (i) 3 (Three)
dy y 1
(ii) Given differential equation   is linear differential equation of the type
dx x log x x
dy
 Py  Q
dx
dy dy 2
(iii) Given x  2y  x 2   yx
dx dx x
dy
This is linear differential equation of the form  Py  Q
dx
2
 dx
I.F. = e  = e x = e2log x = x2
P dx

Its solution is y.IF =  (Q.IF)dx  C

x4 x2
 x.x dx yx =  C  y =
2
y.x2 =  Cx –2
2

4 4
dy 1 y dy  1  1
(iv) Given y    1   y 
dx x dx  x  x
dy
This is linear differential equation of the form  Py  Q
dx
1 1
Here, P = 1  , Q 
x x
  1
 1 dx ex
I.F. = e  = e  x  = e(x logx) =
Pdx

x
(v) Since, given differential equation not be polynomial in involved derivative, so its degree
not defined.
E 147
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–1
12. (i) Given x + y = tan y
differentiation w.r.t. x
1
1 y'  y'
1  y2

 (1 + y) (1 + y2) = y1 + y2 + y + y2y = y

 y2y + y2 + 1 = 0 which is given differential equation.

(ii) Given x 1  y2 dx  y 1  x 2 dy  0

y x
On variables separating dy   dx
1  y2 1  x2
y x
Integrating both side  1  y2
dy   
1  x2
dx

Put 1 + y2 = t2 & 1 + x2 = z2
2ydy = 2t dt & 2xdx = 2zdz
 ydy = tdt & xdx = zdz
t dt z dz
  t
 –
z

 1dt  – 1dz  t  –z  C

 1  y2  1  x2  C

148 E
 
EXERCISE-II
2 2
 d 2 y   dy   dy 
1. Find the order and degree of the differential equation  2 
    x sin   . [Exemplar]
 dx   dx   dx 

1/4
d 2 y  dy 
2. Find the order and degree of the differential equation     x1/5  0 respectively.
dx 2  dx 

[Exemplar]

Find the particular solution of differential equation dy 1  x 2   y  e sin  dx  0 ,

1
x
3. when
x = y = 0. Show your steps.

4. Find the solution of differential equation cos x sin y dx + sin x cos y dy = 0. [Exemplar]

5. Find the equation of a curve passing through origin, if the slope of the tangent to the curve at any
point (x, y) is equal to the square of the difference of the abscissa and ordinate of the point.
6. Solve : (sin x + cos x) dy + (cos x – sin x) dx = 0
7. The general solution of differential equation (ex + 1)ydy = (y + 1)ex dx is [Exemplar]
dy
8. Find the general solution of  3y  sin 2x [Exemplar]
dx
dy
9. Solve the following differential equation :  2y tanx  sinx .
dx
3 2 3 2
10. Solve : (x – 3xy ) dx = (y – 3x y) dy.

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SOLUTIONS
1. The highest order derivative present in the given differentiation equation is 2, so the order of the
given differential equation is 2. As it is not expressible as a polynomial in differential
coefficients; so, its degree is not defined.
1
d2y  dy  4
2. 2
 x1/5    
dx  dx 
4
 d2y  dy
Take 4 root on both side  2  x1/5  
th

 dx  dx
 
Order = 2, degree = 4
3. Rearrange the given differential equation as :
1
dy y e sin x
 
dx 1 x2 1 x2
This is linear differential equation of the form
1
dy 1 e sin x
  Py  Q , where P  , Q
dx 1 x2 1 x2
1
 dx 1
Integrating factor  e 1x 2
 esin x

Solution of given differential equation is given by

y(I.F.) =  (Q. IF) dx
1
e sin x
1
sin 1 x

1 1

1
 ye  esin x dx  y.esin x
dx  yesin x
 sin 1 x  C
1 x 2
1 x 2

Put x = y = 0 in the above equation we get C = 0

1
So, particular solution is : yesin x  sin 1 x
4. Given, cos x sin y dx + sin x cosy dy = 0
cot y dy = –cot x dx

Integrating both side  cot ydy   cot x dx

log sin y = –log sin x + log C  sin x sin y  C 

dy
5. Slope of tangent to the curve =
dx
and difference of abscissa and ordinate = x – y
dy
According to the question,  (x  y) 2 …..(1)
dx
dy dz dy dz
Put x – y = z  1     1
dx dx dx dx
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On substituting these values in equation (1), we get :
dz dz dz
1  z 2  1  z 2   dx 
dx dx 1  z2
On integrating both sides, we get :
dz 1 1 z 1 1 x  y
 dx   1  z 2
 x  log
2 1 z
 C  x  log
2 1 x  y
C …..(2)

Since, the curve passes through the origin

1 1 0  0
 0  log  C C = 0
2 1 0  0
On substituting the value of C is equation (2), we get :
1 1 x  y 1 x  y 1 x  y
x  log  2x  log  e 2x 
2 1 x  y 1 x  y 1 x  y

 (1  x  y)e2x  1  x  y
6. (sin x + cos x) dy = (sin x – cos x) dx
(sinx  cosx)
1.dy   (sinx  cosx) dx [Integrating both sides]

Put sin x + cos x = t

 (cos x – sin x) dx = dt or (sin x – cos x) dx = – dt
dt
or 1.dy    t
 y = –log |t| + K = –log|(sin x + cos x)| + K
 log(sin x + cos x) = K – y  sin x + cos x = ek–y = ek . e–y

 ey (sin x + cos x) = C (Where C = eK)

7. Given differential equation (ex + 1)y dy = (y + 1)ex dx

dy e x (1  y) dx (e x  1)y dx ex y y dx y y
  x   x   x  x   
dx (e  1)y dy e (1  y) dy e (1  y) e (1  y) dy 1  y (1  y)e x

dx  y   1 dx  y   ex  1   y   ex 
    · 1  x      ·     1 y  dy   x  dx
dy  1  y   e  dy  1  y   ex     e 1 

On integrating both sides, we get :

y ex 1  y 1 ex 1 ex
 1  y dy   1  ex dx   1  y dy   1  ex dx  1dy   1  y dy   1  ex dx 
 y – log |(1 + y)| = log |(1 + ex)| + log k y = log |(1 + y)| + log |(1 + ex)| + log (k)

 y = log |k(1 + y) (1 + e )|
x

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dy
8. Given,  3y  sin 2x
dx
which is a linear differential equation.
dy
On comparing it with  Py  Q , we get :
dx
P = – 3, Q = sin 2x

I.F. = e   e3x
3 dx

The general solution is : y.e3x   sin 2x e

3x
dx
I II

Let y·e–3x = I …..(1)

 I  e 3x
sin 2x
II I

 e3x   e3x 
 3  
 I  sin 2x    2cos 2x   dx  C1
 3 
1 2
 I   e 3x sin 2x   e 3x cos 2x dx  C1
3 3 II I

1 2 e3x e3x 
 I   e3x sin 2x   cos 2x   (2sin 2x) dx   C1  C 2
3 3 3 3 
1 2 4
  I   e 3x sin 2x  cos 2xe 3x  I  C [where, C' = C1 + C2]
3 9 9
4  1 2 
 I   e3x   sin 2x  cos 2x   C
9  3 9 
13  1 2 
 I  e3x   sin 2x  cos 2x   C
9  3 9 
9 3x  1 2   9C 
 I e   sin 2x  cos 2x   C  where C  13 
13  3 9 
3  2  3 3x (3sin2x  2cos 2x)
  I  e3x   sin 2x  cos 2x   C   e C
13  3  13 3
e3x e3x
   (3sin2x  2cos 2x)  C  I   (2cos x  3sin2x)  C
13 13
On substituting the value of I in Eq.(1), we get :
e3x 1
(2cos 2x  3sin 2x)  C y   (2cos 2x  3sin 2x)  Ce
3x
y.e3x  
13 13
dy
9. Given differential equation is : + 2ytanx = sin x
dx
dy
This is a linear differential equation in the form of + Py = Q
dx
Here; P = 2tanx, Q = sin x

I.F. = e = e
Pdx 2tanxdx 2logsecx 2 2
=e = elogsec x = sec x

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 Required solution is y.(I.F.) = (Q.I.F.) dx  C

sinx
y.sec x = sin x . sec2 x dx  C y.sec x = 
2 2
 dx + C
cos 2 x

y sec x = sec x.tan x dx  C ysec x = sec x + C

2 2


secx C
 y= 2
 2 y = cos x + C cos2x
sec x sec x

3 2 dy x 3  3xy 2
3 2
10. We are given that (x – 3xy ) dx = (y – 3x y) dy  
dx y3  3x 2 y
Clearly, the given equation is a homogeneous equation.
dy dv
Putting y = vx and  vx in it, we get,
dx dx
dv x 3  3v 2 x 3 dv 1  3v 2
vx  3 3  v  x 
dx v x  3vx 3 dx v3  3v
dv 1  3v 2 1  v4 v3  3v dx
 x  3 v 3  dv 
dx v  3v v  3v 1 v 4
x
On integrating both sides
v3  3v dx v3 v dx
  1  v4 dv  x   1  v4 dv  3 1  v4 dv   x 
1 4v3 3 2v dx
  
4 1 v 4
dv  
2 1  (v )
2 2
dv  
x
1 4v3 3 dt dx
  
4 1 v 4
dv  
2 1 t 2
  , Where v2 = t  2vdv = dt
x
1 3 1 1 t
   log |1  v 4 |   log | | log | x |  log C
4 2 2 1 1 t
1 3 1  v2
  log |1  v 4 |  log | |  log | Cx |
4 4 1  v2
1  v2
|  4 log | Cx |
4
 –log| (1 – v )| – 3 log |
1  v2
3
 1  v2 
 log | (1  v ) 4 1
2 
|  log | (Cx) 4 |
 1 v 
3
1  1  v2 
  2 
 (Cx) 4
1 v  1 v 
4

2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2
 (1 – v ) = (1 + v ) (Cx) 1 – v = (1 + v ) (Cx)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 1 – y /x = (1 + y /x ) C x x – y = (x + y ) C , which is the required solution.

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NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Determine order and degree (if defined) of differential equation.
2
 d2y   dy 
 2   cos    0 [Ex.9.1, Q.4]
 dx   dx 
3 2
 d 2 y   dy   dy 
2. The degree of the differential equation  2      sin    1  0 is : [Ex.9.1, Q.11]
 dx   dx   dx 
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) not defined
In each of the questions verify that the given functions (explicit or implicit) is a solution of
the corresponding differential equation (Q.3 to 5 ):
xy
3. y = 1 x2 : y' = [Ex.9.2, Q.4]
1 x2
4. y = x sin x : xy' = y + x x 2 – y2 (x  0 and x > y or x < – y) [Ex.9.2, Q.6]
5. y – cos y = x : (y sin y + cos y + x) y' = y [Ex.9.2, Q.8]
6. For the differential equation, find the general solution : [Ex.9.4, Q.4]
sec x tan y dx + sec y tan x dy = 0
2 2

7. For differential equations, find a particular solution satisfying the given condition: [Ex.9.4, Q.11]
dy
(x3 + x2 + x + 1) = 2x2 + x; y = 1 when x = 0
dx
8. In a culture, the bacteria count is 1,00,000. The number is increased by 10% in 2 hours. In how
many hours will the count reach 2,00,000, if the rate of growth of bacteria is proportional to the
number present? [Ex.9.4, Q.22]
9. In question, show that the given differential equation is homogeneous and solve. [Ex.9.5, Q.10]
 x 
x
y  x
1  e y  dx  e 1   dy  0
   y
10. For differential equation, find the particular solution satisfying the given condition:
 2 y  
 x sin  x   y  dx  x dy  0 ; y  4 ; when x = 1 [Ex.9.5, Q.13]
   
11. For differential equation, find the general solution: [Ex.9.6, Q.9]
dy
x  y – x  xy cot x  0(x  0)
dx
12. For differential equation, find a particular solution satisfying the given condition:
dy 
– 3y cot x = sin2x; y = 2 when x = [Ex.9.6, Q.15]
dx 3
x
 xy 
13. Solve the differential equation ye dx   xe  y 2  dy, (y  0) .
y
[Misc.Ex., Q.10]
 
 
14. Find a particular solution of the differential equation (x – y) (dx + dy) = dx – dy, given that
y = –1, when x = 0. (Hint: put x – y = t) [Misc.Ex., Q.11]
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 e –2 x y  dx
15. Solve the differential equation  –   1, (x  0) . [Misc.Ex., Q.12]
 x x  dy
dy
16. Find a particular solution of the differential equation + y cot x = 4x cosec x (x  0), given
dx

that y = 0 when x  [Misc.Ex., Q.13]
2
dy
17. Show that the differential equation (x – y) = x + 2y is homogeneous and solve it.
dx
[Example 15]
Show that the differential equation x cos   = y cos   + x is homogeneous and solve
y dy y
18.
 x  dx x
it. [Example 16]
x
 x

19. Show that the differential equation 2y e y dx   y – 2xe y  dy = 0 is homogeneous and find its
 
 
particular solution, given that, x = 0 when y = 1. [Example 17]
20. Show that the family of curves for which the slope of the tangent at any point (x, y) on it is
x 2  y2
, is given by x2 – y2 = Cx. [Example 18]
2xy
dy
21. Find the particular solution of the differential equation + y cot x = 2x + x2 cot x (x  0), given
dx

that y = 0 when x  . [Example 22]
2
22. Solve the differential equation (tan–1y – x)dy = (1 + y2)dx. [Example 28]

ANSWERS
1. Order = 2, Degree not defined. 2. (D)
1 1
log  x  1  x 2  1   tan 1 x  1
2 3
6. tanx tany= C 7. y=
4 2
2log 2
8. 9. yex/y + x = C
log 11/10 
1 C
10. cot(y/x) = log|ex| 11. y=  cot x 
x x sin x
12. y = 4sin3 x  2sin 2 x 13. ex/y = y + C
14. log|x–y| = x + y + 1 15. ye2 x
 2 x C
 x  2y 
16. y sinx = 2x2 – 2/2(sinx  0) 17. log | (x 2  xy  y 2 ) | 2 3 tan 1  C
 3x 
18. sin(y/x) = log|Cx| 19. 2ex/y + log|y| = 2
2 1 1
21. y = x2 – (sinx  0) 22. xetan y
 etan y (tan 1 y  1)  C
4sin x

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PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
3
d2y  dy  dy
1. The degree of differential equation xy 2  x    y  0 is [2022]
dx  dx  dx
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 2
3
d2y  dy  dy
Sol. (B) Given differential equation is: xy 2  x    y 0
dx  dx  dx
Degree = 1
2 2
2. Find the general solution of the differential equation (1 + x )dy = (1 + y )dx. [2022]
2 2
Sol. Given; (1 + x ) dy = (1 + y ) dx
dx dy
 =
1 x 2
1  y2
dx dy
Integrating both sides; we get:  1 x 2

1  y2
–1 –1
 tan x = tan y + C

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

dy
3. Find the integrating factor of the differential equation x  y  2x 2 . [2022]
dx
dy dy y
Sol. Given differential equation is : x  y  2x 2    2x
dx dx x
dy
this is linear differential equation of the form  Py  Q
dx
1
Where P = 
x
1
  dx
(I.F.) Integrating factor = e   e x
Pdx

–logx 1
I.F. = e =
x

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

dy
4. Solve :  (2x tan 1 y  x 3 )(1  y 2 )  0 . [2020]
dx
dy
Sol.  (2x tan 1 y  x 3 )(1  y 2 )  0
dx
dy 1 dy
 (2x tan 1 y  x 3 )(1  y 2 )   2x tan 1 y  x3
dx 1  y dx
2

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–1
Put tan y = u
1 dy du

1  y 2 dx dx
du
 2xu  x 3
dx
On comparing with the form
du
 Pu  Q
dx
P = 2x, Q = x3

I.F. = e 
2x dx 2
 ex
The general solution of the given differential equation is given by
u.(I.F.) =  (I.F.  Q) dx  C


2
u ex =  e
x2

. x3 dx  C  tan–1y e x =
2
 e
x2

. x.x 2 dx  C

put x2 = t
2xdx = dt
dt
xdx =
2
1 1
 
2 2
 tan –1 ye x   e t .t dt  C  tan –1 ye x  e t .t   e t dt   C
2 2
1 t et
 –1
tan ye x2
 e .t  e   C  tan ye   t  1  C
 t
 –1 x2

2 2
2
x2 ex 1 2
 –1
tan ye   x 2  1  C  tan –1 y   x 2  1  Ce  x
2 2

5. Solve : 1  y 2   x  e tan 1 y
 dydx  0. [2020]

Sol. 1  y    x  e
2 tan 1 y
 dy
dx
 0 
dy

1  y2
dx e tan –1 y  x
–1 –1
dx e tan y x dx x e tan y
     
dy 1  y2 1  y2 dy 1  y2 1  y 2
dx
This is linear differential equation of the form  Px  Q
dy
–1
1 e tan y
P  ,Q 
1  y2 1  y2
1 –1 y
I.F. =  1 y
e
2
dy = e tan

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The general solution of the given differential equation is given by
 1 e tan1 y 
tan –1 y
x(I.F.)   (I.F.  Q) dy  C  x e    e tan y   dy  C
 1  y2 
 
Put tan–1y = t
1 –1
dy  dt  x e tan y   e 2t dt  C
1 y 2

–1 y e2t –1 1 –1 1 –1 –1
x e tan   C  x e tan y  e 2 tan y  C  x  e tan y  Ce  tan y
2 2 2
FOUR MARKS QUESTIONS
dy
6. Find the general solution of the differential equation x  2y  x 2 ,(x  0) . [2022]
dx
dy dy 2
Sol. Given differential equation is x  2y  x 2   .y  x
dx dx x
dy
This is linear differential equation of the form  Py  Q
dx
2
Where P = &Q=x
x
2
 dx 2
 e 2 log x  e log x  x 2
Now, I.F. = e x
So, Solution of differential equation is
y.(I.F.) =  Q.(I.F.)dx  C

x4 x2
 x.x dx =  x dx yx =
2 2
 yx = 2 3
 C or y   Cx –2
4 4
OR
2 2
Solve the differential equation 2xy . dy = (x + y ) dx.
2 2
Sol. Given differential equation is 2xy.dy = (x + y )dx
dy x 2  y 2
  .....(1)
dx 2xy
This is homogeneous Differential equation
dy dv
Put y = vx  vx
dx dx
dv x 2  v2 x 2 dv 1  v 2 dv 1  v 2
v+ x   v  x   x  –v
dx 2x 2 v dx 2v dx 2v
dv 1  v2  2v2 dv 1  v 2 2v dx
 x   x   dv  
dx 2v dx 2v 1 v 2
x

on integrating both sides

158 E
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2v dv dx
 
2
 –log |1 – v | = log |x| + logc
1 v 2
x
– log |1  v2 |  log | x | = logc – log |x (1 – v )| = logc
2


1 1 1  y
 log = log c  = c  c  v 
| x(1  v ) |
2
| x(1  v 2 ) |  y  2  x
x 1  2 
 x 
x x x
  c  2  c  2  C , where C = ±c
x y
2 2
x y 2
x  y2

SIX MARKS QUESTIONS

7. Solve the differential equation x(x – y)dy = y(x + y)dx. [2019]
OR
dy
Solve the differential equation cos2 x  y  tan x .
dx
Sol. Given differential equation
x(x – y)dy = y (x + y)dx
dy y(x  y)

dx x(x  y)
dy y (1  y / x)
= . …..(1)
dx x (1  y / x)
dy dv
Put y/x = v i.e. y = vx  vx
dx dx
By eq.(1)
dv (1  v)
v+ x v
dx (1  v)
dv v(1  v)  v(1  v) 2v 2 (1  v) 2
 x    dv  dx
dx (1  v) 1v v 2
x
 1 1 1
On integrating both sides   2   dv  2  dx
v v x
1
– – log | v | 2 log | x | C
v
x y
– – log  2 log | x | C
y x
y x x
2 log |x| + log   C  0 log |xy| + + C = 0
x y y

OR
E 159
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dy
Given diff. eq. cos2x  y  tan x
dx
dy
 sec 2 x.y = tan x. sec2x …..(1)
dx
dy
eq. (1) is a linear diff. eq. of the form + Py = Q
dx
2 xdx
Here P = sec2x, Q = tanx sec2x and its I. F. = e 
sec
 e tan x
Solution of given differential equation is y × I.F. =   Q  I.F. dx  C
y × etanx =  e tan x .tan x sec 2 x dx

Put tan x = t  sec2x dx = dt

d 
y × etanx =  e t .t dt y etanx = t.  e t dt    (t). e t dt dt
 dt 
 y etanx = t. et –  e t dt y etanx = et(t – 1) + C

 y etanx = etanx (tan x – 1) + C y = tan x –1 + C.e–tanx

8. Find the particular solution of the differential equation (tan–1y – x)dy = (1+y2) dx if x = 0 and y = 0.
Sol. Given diff. equation [2018]
(tan–1y – x) dy = (1 + y2)dx
dx tan 1 y  x dx 1 tan 1 y
    x  …..(1)
dy (1  y 2 ) dy (1  y 2 ) (1  y 2 )
dx
Equation (1) is a linear diff. equation of the form  Px  Q
dy
1
1 tan 1 y  2 dy
and I.F. = e 
P dy 1
Here, P  , Q   = e 1 y  etan y
1 y 2
1 y 2

General solution of given differential equation is x  I.F.   (Q  I.F.) dy  C

tan 1 y
  e tan
1 1
x.e tan y y
dy
(1  y 2 )

  t. e t dt
1
x . e tan y
[where tan–1y = t]
1
x etan y
 tet  et  C  et (t  1)  C
1 1
x etan y
 etan y (tan 1 y 1)  C ….. (2)
When x = 0 and y = 0 then by (2)
C=1
1 1
Hence, required particular solution of diff. equation (1) is xetan y
 etan y (tan 1 y  1)  1

160 E
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CHAPTER-10 : VECTOR ALGEBRA

EXERCISE-I
1. If a  2iˆ  4ˆj  5kˆ , then the value of  so that  a may be an unit vector :
1 1 1 1
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
5 3 2 5 3 5 5 2
2. If the projection of a  ˆi  2ˆj  3kˆ on b  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ is 2 units, then the value of  is :
1 1
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) (D)
3 4
3. L and M are two points with position vector 2a  b and a  2b respectively. The position vector
of a point N which divides the line segment LM in the ratio 2 : 1 externally is.
(A) 5b (B) 5b (C) b (D) b
4. Show below is regular hexagon whose two vertices are joined by a vector.

Which of these statement(s) is/are true ?

(i) a and d are equal vectors.
(ii) b and e are collinear vectors.
(iii) c,d and g are coinitial vectors.
(A) only (ii) (B) only (iii) (C) only (i) and ii) (D) all (i), (ii) and (iii)
5. The position vectors of the vertices P, Q and R of PQR are ˆi  2ˆj  4kˆ , 3iˆ  6ˆj  8kˆ and

4iˆ  ˆj  kˆ respectively. Which of the following is the vector that represents the median PS ?
7ˆ 9ˆ 9 ˆ 13 9ˆ 3ˆ 1 ˆ 1 5 7
(A) i  j k (B) 2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ (C) i  j k (D)  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ
2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
6. What is the angle which the vector  ˆi  ˆj  2kˆ  makes with the z-axis?
   2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 3 6 3

E 161
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7. If a, b, c are mutually perpendicular unit vectors, then | a  b  c | = ?

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 2

8. If | a |  8 , | b |  3 and | a  b |  12 , then the value of | a · b | is [Exemplar]

(A) 6 3 (B) 8 3 (C) 10 3 (D) 12 3

9. If OACB is a parallelogram with OC  a and AB  b , then OA is :

1 1
(A) a  b (B) a  b (C) (b  a) (D) (a  b)
2 2

10. If a and b are unit vectors inclined at an angle , then the value of a  b is

 
(A) 2sin (B) 2 sin (C) 2cos (D) 2 cos
2 2

11. Fill in the blanks :

(i) The vectors 2iˆ  3jˆ  5kˆ and  ˆi  2ˆj  2kˆ are mutually perpendicular if  = __________.

(ii) The direction cosines of the vector 6iˆ  2ˆj  3kˆ are __________.

(iii) The direction ratios of two parallel lines will be __________.

(iv) Square of a vector is __________ to square of its magnitude.

12. Answer the following questions :

(i) If the vectors a  5iˆ  ˆj and b  3iˆ  9ˆj are parallel, then find the value of 

(ii) Find the area of parallelogram whose adjacent sides are a  ˆi  ˆj  3kˆ and b  2iˆ  7ˆj  kˆ .

ˆ ˆi  4ˆj and ˆi  4ˆj form an isosceles triangle.

(iii) Show that the points 2i,

ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C B A A C A C D D A
Q. No. 11 (i) 11 (ii) 11 (iii) 11 (iv) 12 (i) 12 (ii)

6 2 3
2 , , proportion equal 15 15 2 sq. units
Ans. 7 7 7

162 E
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SOLUTIONS
1. (C) Given a  2iˆ  4ˆj  5kˆ

 a  4  16  25  45  3 5
   a be unit vector, then a  1
1 1 1
  a 1        
a 3 5 3 5
2. (D) Given, a  ˆi  2ˆj  3kˆ , b  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ
Projection of a on b
a ·b (iˆ  2ˆj  3k)
ˆ ·(2iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ 2  2  3 5  2
=   
b 22  2  12 4  2  1 5  2
5  2
  2 (given)
5  2
1
   (5 – 2)2 = 4(5 + 2) – 20 = 20 –20 = – 5   
4
2  OM  1 OL
3. (A) ON 
2 1 L M N
a  2b
2  (a  2b)  1 (2a  b) (2a–b)
ON  a+2b
1
O
ON  5b
4. (A) only (ii) [1]
Equal vectors : Those vectors which have same direction and equal magnitude.
So, statement (i) is false, because a and b have opposite direction.
Collinear vectors : Those vectors which are lie along the same line or parallel lines.
So, statement (ii) is true.
Coinitial vectors : Those vectors which have same initial points.
So, statement (iii) is false, because c and d have same initial point but g has different initial point.
9ˆ 3ˆ 1 ˆ
5. (C) i  j k [1]
2 2 2
Let the position of the vertices P, Q and R
P
are a  ˆi  2ˆj  4kˆ , b  3iˆ  6ˆj  8kˆ and c  4iˆ  ˆj  kˆ respectively
S is the mid-point of Q and R
bc 7ˆ 7ˆ 9 ˆ
 Position vector of S is  i  j k
2 2 2 2 Q S R
7 7 9  ˆ  PS  9 ˆi  3 ˆj  1 kˆ
Now, PS   ˆi  ˆj  kˆ   (ˆi  2jˆ  4k)
2 2 2  2 2 2
E 163
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6. (A) Let a  ˆi  ˆj  2kˆ
a (iˆ  ˆj  2k)
ˆ 1 1 1 ˆ
â    â  ˆi  ˆj  k
|a| 12  12  ( 2) 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
So, The dc's of a are , ,
2 2 2
1 
 cos  = =
2 4
7. (C) Since a, b, c are mutually perpendicular unit vectors, then | a |  | b |  | c | = 1 and
a · b  b · c  c ·a  0
2
a  b  c = (a  b  c) ·(a  b  c) = a ·a  b · b  c · c  2(a · b  b · c  c ·a)
= | a |2  | b |2  | c |2  2(0) = 1 + 1 +1 = 3
 |abc|  3
8. (D) a  b  a b sin 
ab 12 1  5
   sin        ,
| a | | b | 8 3 2 6 6
 3
 Now, a ·b  a b cos   (8)(3)     12 3
 2 
 a ·b  12 3

9. (D) Given AB  b , OC  a
Let OA  x, AC  y B C
In OAC, OC  OA  AC (triangle law)
a
 a xy .......(1)
b
In OAB, OA  AB  OB
 x  b  y .......(2) D A
1 1
From (1) & (2), we get : x  (a  b)  OA  (a  b)
2 2
10. (A) Given | a | 1 , | b | 1
| a  b |2  (a  b)·(a  b)  | a |2 2a  b  | b | 2 ( | a |2  a ·a)
 | a  b |2  1  2 | a || b| cos   1
 | a  b |2  2  2 cos 
 | a  b |2  2(1  cos )

 | a  b |2  2  2 sin 2
2

 | a  b | 2 sin
2
164 E
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11. (i) Since vectors 2iˆ  3jˆ  5kˆ and  ˆi  2ˆj  2kˆ are mutually perpendicular, therefore

 2iˆ  3ˆj  5kˆ  .  ˆi  2ˆj  2kˆ   0  2  6  10  0 or  = 2

(ii) Let a  6iˆ  2ˆj  3kˆ

a 6iˆ  2jˆ  3kˆ 6 ˆ 2 ˆ 3 ˆ

 â   = i  j k
a 36  4  9 7 7 7
6 2 3
Hence; required direction cosines are , and
7 7 7

(iii) The direction ratios of two parallel lines will be equal or proportional.

(iv) Square of a vector is equal to square of its magnitude.

12. (i) Given ; a and b are parallel.

5 
  or  = 15
3 9

(ii) Given ; adjacent sides of a parallelogram are a and b

ˆi ˆj kˆ
 a  b  1 1 3 = 20iˆ  5jˆ  5kˆ
2 7 1

 a  b  400  25  25  450

Hence ; area of parallelogram = a  b = 450  15 2 sq.units

ˆ b   ˆi  4 ˆj and c = –iˆ + 4jˆ

(iii) Let a  2i,

 AB  b  a  3iˆ  4ˆj, BC  c  b  8ˆj and AC  c  a  3iˆ  4ˆj

Now ; AB  (3)2  (4)2  5 units

and AC  (3) 2  42  5 units

Hence ; the given points form an isosceles triangle.

E 165
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EXERCISE-II
1. Find the vector of magnitude 171 which is perpendicular to both of the vectors a  ˆi  2ˆj  3kˆ

and b  3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ .

2. If two vectors ˆj  kˆ and 3iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ represents the sides AB and AC respectively of a ABC.

Find the length of the median through A.

3. Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane ABC, where the points A, B, C are (3, – 1, 2) ,
(1, – 1, – 3), (4, –3, 1) respectively.
4. If the points (–1, –1, 2), (2, m 5) and (3, 11, 6) are collinear, find the value of m.

5. If a  b  c  d and a  c  b  d , then show that (a – d) is parallel to (b  c) , it being given that

a  d and b  c .

6. Let a  ˆi  4jˆ  2kˆ , b  3iˆ – 2jˆ  7kˆ and c  2iˆ – ˆj  4kˆ . Find a vector p which is perpendicular to

both a and b and p.c  18

 
7. If a unit vector a makes angle with î , with ĵ and an acute angle  with k̂ , then find  and
3 4

hence, the components of a .

8. If a, b, c are unit vectors such that a  b  c  0 , find the value of a·b  b·c  c·a ? [Exemplar]

9. In the figure below, QRST and QRTP are parallelograms.

P T S

Q R

Using the vectors shown for RQ and RS, prove that the area of QRST is equal to the area of
QRTP.
10. ˆ ˆi  3ˆj  5k̂ and 3iˆ  4ˆj  4kˆ
Show that the points A, B, C with position vectors 2iˆ  ˆj  k,
respectively are the vertices of a right angled triangle. Hence find the area of the triangle.

166 E
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SOLUTIONS
1. Given a  ˆi  2ˆj  3kˆ and b  3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ
Let required vector c  (a  b) [ c || (a  b)]
ˆi ˆj kˆ
c   1 2 3
3 1 2

c  (iˆ  11jˆ  7k)

ˆ ........(1)
| c |  |  | 1  121  49
171  |  | 171  c  171 
|  |  1  = ±1
 c  (iˆ  11jˆ  7k)
ˆ

2. Given AB  ˆj  k,
ˆ AC  3iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ

AB  AC 3iˆ  5kˆ
Let D is mid-point of BC, then AD  
2 2
9  25 34
 Length of median AD = AD   
2 2
3. Given points A(3, –1, 2), B(1, –1, –3), C(4, –3, 1)
Hence, AB  (iˆ  ˆj  3k)
ˆ  (3iˆ  ˆj  2k)
ˆ  2iˆ  5kˆ

AC  (4iˆ  3jˆ  k)
ˆ  (3iˆ  ˆj  2k)
ˆ  ˆi  2ˆj  kˆ

ˆi ˆj kˆ
Now, AB  AC  2 0 5  10iˆ  7ˆj  4kˆ  AB  AC  (10)2  72  42  165
1 2 1

AB  AC 10iˆ  7ˆj  4kˆ

Required unit vector = 
| AB  AC | 165
4. Let given points are A(–1, –1, 2), B(2, m, 5) and C(3, 11, 6), then
AB  (2  1)iˆ  (m  1)ˆj  (5  2)kˆ  3iˆ  (m  1)ˆj  3kˆ

and AC  (3  1)iˆ  (11  1)ˆj  (6  2)kˆ  4iˆ  12ˆj  4kˆ

Since A, B, C are collinear.
i.e. AB   AC
 3iˆ  (m  1)ˆj  3kˆ  (4iˆ  12ˆj  4k)
ˆ  3 = 4, m 1 = 12

 3
Hence, m = 8   
 4

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5. Given a  b  c  d …..(1)
and a c  bd …..(2)
Subtract eq. (2) from eq.(1)
a  b  a  c  cd  bd
 a  (b  c)  (c  b)  d

 a  (b  c)  (b  c)  d  0 

  a  (b  c)  d  (b  c)  0

  (a  d)  (b  c)  0  (a  d) || (b  c)

6. Given a  ˆi  4jˆ  2kˆ , b  3iˆ  2jˆ  7kˆ , c  2iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ and p.c = 18
The vector which is perpendicular to both a and b must be parallel to a  b
ˆi ˆj kˆ
ab  1 4 2
3 2 7
= î (28 + 4) – ĵ (7 – 6) + k̂ (–2 – 12) = 32 ˆi  ˆj  14 kˆ
since p is to both a and b
i.e., p || (a  b)
Let p  (a  b) =  (32 ˆi  ˆj  14 k)
ˆ

p.c = 18  (32iˆ  ˆj 14k).(2i

ˆ ˆ  ˆj  4k)
ˆ = 18

then 2 (32) + (–1) (–) + 4 (– 14 ) = 18

If 64  +  – 56  = 18 9  = 18   = 2
p  2(32 ˆi  ˆj  14 kˆ )
7. The direction cosines of vector a are
 1  1
l  cos  , m  cos  and n = cos
3 2 4 2
2 2 2
  l +m +n =1
1 1
   n2  1
4 2
1 1
 n2   n 
4 2
1 
 cos       is actue angle 
2 3
Since a is a unit vector;
1 1 ˆ 1ˆ
 a  l ˆi  m ĵ  n k̂  a  ˆi  j k
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 ˆ 1ˆ
Hence, scalar components of a are , , and vector components of a are ˆi, j, k .
2 2 2 2 2 2
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8. Given, | a |  | b |  | c |  1 and a  b  c  0
Now, a  b  c  0  | a  b  c |2  0
 (a  b  c)  (a  b  c)  0 [ a.a | a |2 ]
 a a  a b  a c  ba  bb  bc  ca  cb  cc  0
 | a |2  | b |2  | c |2 2(a.b  b.c  c.a)  0   [ a.b  b.a] 
 3  2(a.b  b.c  c.a)  0 [ | a || b || c | 1]
3
 a.b  b.c  c.a   
2
9. Area of QRST = RQ  RS  a  b …..(1)

P T S

Q R
and Area of QRTP = RQ  RT …..(2)

In TQR, RT  RQ  QT
Put in Eq.(2)
Area of QRTP  RQ  (RQ  QT)

 a  (a  b)  (a  a)  (a  b)  0  a  b  a  b …..(3)

10. Given position vectors of points A, B, C are 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , ˆi  3jˆ  5kˆ , 3iˆ  4ˆj  4kˆ respectively.
AB  OB – OA  –iˆ  2ˆj – 6k̂  | AB |  (–1)2  (2)2  (–6)2  41

BC  OC – OB  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  | BC |  (2)2  (1)2  (1)2  6

CA  OA – OC  –iˆ  3jˆ  5k̂  | CA |  (1)2  (3)2  (5) 2  35

 AB  BC  CA  0
So, A, B, C are vertices of a triangle.
Also, | AB |2  | BC |2  | CA |2
Hence A, B, C are vertices of a right-angled triangle.
ˆi ˆj kˆ
 AB  AC  1 2 6  (–8iˆ –11 ĵ  5k) ˆ
1 –3 –5

1 1 1 210
 Area of ABC = AB  AC  | –8iˆ –11jˆ  5kˆ |  64  121  25 = sq. units.
2 2 2 2

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NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. For given vectors, a  2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ and b  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ , find the unit vector in the direction of the
vector a  b . [Ex.10.2, Q.9]
2. Find a vector in the direction of vector 5iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ which has magnitude 8 units. [Ex.10.2, Q.10]
3. Show that the vectors 2iˆ  3jˆ  4kˆ and 4iˆ  6jˆ  8kˆ are collinear. [Ex.10.2, Q.11]
4. Show that the points A, B and C with position vectors, a  3iˆ  4jˆ  4kˆ , b  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ and
c  ˆi  3jˆ  5kˆ , respectively form the vertices of a right angled triangle. [Ex.10.2, Q.17]
5. Find the projection of the vector ˆi  3jˆ  7kˆ on the vector 7iˆ  ˆj  8kˆ . [Ex.10.3, Q.4]
6. Find a and b , if (a  b).(a  b) = 8 and a  8 b [Ex.10.3, Q.6]
7. Find x , if for a unit vector a , (x  a).(x  a)  12 [Ex.10.3, Q.9]
8. If a, b, c are unit vectors such that a  b  c  0 , find the value of a.b  b.c  c.a . [Ex.10.3, Q.13]
9. If the vertices A, B, C of a triangle ABC are (1, 2, 3), (–1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 2), respectively, then find
ABC. [Ex.10.3, Q.15]
 
10. If a unit vector a makes angles with i, with ˆj and an acute angle  with k̂ , then find and
3 4
hence, the components of a . [Ex.10.4, Q.3]
11.   
Find and if 2iˆ  6ˆj  27kˆ  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ  0 .  [Ex.10.4, Q.5]

2
12. Let the vectors a and b be such that a = 3 and b = , then a  b is a unit vector, if the angle
3
between a and b is [Ex.10.4, Q.11]
(A) /6 (B) /4 (C) /3 (D) /2
13. If a  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ , b  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ and c  ˆi  2 ˆj  kˆ , find a unit vector parallel to the vector 2a  b  3c .
[Misc.Ex., Q.7]
14. Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining two points P and Q whose
   
position vectors are 2a  b and a  3b externally in the ratio 1 : 2. Also, show that P is the
mid-point of the line segment RQ. [Misc.Ex., Q.9]
15. Show that the direction cosines of a vector equally inclined to the axes OX, OY and OZ are
1 1 1
, , . [Misc.Ex., Q.11]
3 3 3
16. Let a  ˆi  4ˆj  2k,
ˆ b  3iˆ  2 ˆj  7kˆ and c  2iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ . Find a vector d which is perpendicular to

both a and b , and c  d = 15 . [Misc.Ex., Q.12]

17. The scalar product of the vector ˆi  ˆj  kˆ with a unit vector along the sum of vectors 2iˆ  4 ˆj  5kˆ
and ˆi  2 ˆj  3kˆ is equal to one. Find the value of . [Misc.Ex., Q.13]
18. If a ,b,c are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitudes, show that the vector a  b  c is
equally inclined to a ,b and c . [Misc.Ex., Q.14]

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19. If  is the angle between two vectors a and b , then a  b  0 only when [Misc.Ex., Q.16]
 
(A) 0    (B) 0    (C) 0 <  <  (D) 0    
2 2
20. Let a and b be two unit vectors and  is the angle between them. Then a  b is a unit vector
if [Misc.Ex., Q.17]
   2
(A)   (B)    (C)   (D)   
4 3 2 3
21. If  is the angle between any two vectors a and b , then | a  b | = | a  b | when  is equal to
[Misc.Ex., Q.19]
 
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D) 
4 2
22. Let a, b and c be three vectors such that a  3, b  4, c  5 and each one of them being

perpendicular to the sum of the other two, find a  b  c . [Example 28]

23. Three vectors a,b and c satisfy the condition a  b  c  0 . Evaluate the quantity
  a  b  b  c  c  a, if a  3, b = 4 and | c | = 2. [Example 29]

24. If with reference to the right handed system of mutually perpendicular unit vectors ˆi, ˆj and kˆ
and   3i  j ,   2i  j  3k , then express  in the form 1 , 2 ,where 1 is parallel to  and 2 is
perpendicular to  . [Example 30]

ANSWERS
ˆi  kˆ 40iˆ 8jˆ 16kˆ 60
1. 2.   5.
2 30 3 30 114
 16 2 2 2  3
6.  ,  7. 13 8. 
 3 7 3 7 2
 10   1 1 1 27
9. cos 1   10. , , , 11. 3,
 102  3 2 2 2 2
3iˆ  3jˆ  2kˆ
12. B 13. ± 14. 3a  5b
22

16.
1
3

160iˆ  5jˆ  70kˆ  17. =1 19. B

20. D 21. B 22. 5 2

29 3iˆ  ˆj ˆi 3jˆ
23.  24. 1  , 2    3kˆ
2 2 2 2

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PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
1. The magnitude of the vector i j k is [2022]
3 3 3
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) 2
2 2 2
1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ  1   1   1  3
Sol. (B) Let r = i j k  r =       = =1
3 3 3  3  3  3 3

2. The unit vector in the direction of the vector a  2iˆ  3ˆj  kˆ is : [2022]
2iˆ 3ˆj kˆ 2iˆ 3ˆj kˆ 2iˆ 3jˆ kˆ 2iˆ 3ˆj kˆ
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
14 14
14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
Sol. (D) Given; a = 2iˆ  3ˆj  kˆ
a 2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ 2 ˆ 3 ˆ 1 ˆ
 â  = = i j k
a (2)  3  (1)
2 2 2
14 14 14
3. The vector joining the point A(1, 2, 2) and B(2, 3, 1) directed from A to B is …….. [ 2022]
Sol. Given; A(1, 2, 2), B(2, 3,1)
 AB = OB – OA =  2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ  –  ˆi  2ˆj  2kˆ 

 AB = ˆi  ˆj  kˆ
4. Find the unit vector in the direction of the sum of the vectors a  2iˆ  2ˆj  5kˆ and b  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ .
[2022]
ˆ b  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ
Sol. Given; a  2iˆ  2ˆj  5k,

  
Let c  a  b  c = 2iˆ  2ˆj  5jˆ  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ = 4iˆ  3ˆj  2kˆ 
c 4iˆ  3jˆ  2kˆ 4 ˆ 3 ˆ 2 ˆ
Hence, required unit vector ĉ  = = i j k
c 4  3  ( 2)
2 2 2
29 29 29
5. Find the vector components of the vector with initial point (2, 1) and terminal point (–5, 7).
[2022]
Sol. Initial point is (2, 1)
Let a = 2iˆ  ˆj
Also; Terminal point is (–5, 7)
Let b = – 5iˆ  7ˆj


 Required vector = b  a = 5iˆ  7ˆj  2iˆ  ˆj = 7iˆ  6ˆj   
Hence, vector components are 7iˆ and 6 ˆj

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6.   
Find the value of 2iˆ  3ˆj  4kˆ  3iˆ  4ˆj  4kˆ .  [2020]

ˆi ˆj kˆ
Sol.    
2iˆ  3ˆj  4kˆ × 3iˆ  4 ˆj  4kˆ = 2 3 4 = 4iˆ  20 ˆj  17kˆ
3 4 4

7. Find the angle between vectors 2iˆ  ˆj and ˆi  2 ˆj . [2019]


Sol. Let  be the angle between vectors 2iˆ  ˆj & ˆi  2ˆj , then   
 cos  
 2iˆ  ˆj    ˆi  2 ˆj  0
  0   

| 2iˆ  ˆj |  | ˆi  2 ˆj | 5 2

8. If a  10, b  2 and a.b  12 , then find the value of sin, where  is the angle between vectors

a and b . [2019]
Sol. Given a  10, b  2

12 3 4
a  b  12  a b cos   12  cos   or  sin  
20 5 5
9. Find a vector of magnitude 5 units along the vector ˆi  2ˆj  2kˆ . [2018]

Sol. Let a  i  2j  2k
5
If r is a vector of magnitude 5 units along the vector a , then r  5a   (i  2 j  2k)
3
10. Find the projection of the vector ˆi  ˆj on the vector ˆi  ˆj . [2018]

Sol. Let a  i  j, b  i  j
(i  j)
The projection of a and b = a . b = (i  j) . =0
2
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

11. Find a  b ; if two vectors a and b are such that a = 2, b = 3 and a . b = 4. [2022]
Sol. Given that a = 2, b = 3 and a.b = 4


2
a  b = (a  b).(a  b)  2
a  a.a 
2 2 2
a  b = a  a.b  b.a  b

a  b = a – 2  a.b   b
2 2 2
 a.b  b.a 
2
a  b = 4 – 2(4) + 9 bˆ  3iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ
2
ab =5 a–b  5

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12. If two sides of a triangle are represented by vectors ˆi  2ˆj  2kˆ and 3iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ then find the area
of the triangle. [2019]
Sol. Let a = ˆi  2ˆj  2kˆ ,
ˆi ˆj kˆ
(a  b) = 1 2 2 = 6iˆ  5ˆj  8kˆ  | a  b | 36  25  64 = 5 5
3 2 1

1 5 5
Hence required Area of triangle = |ab | = square unit
2 2
13. Find the vector product of the vectors 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ and 3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ . [2018]

Sol. Given a  2i  j  k , b  3i  j  2k

i j k
 a  b  2 1 1 = i  7j  5k
3 1 2

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

14. If two sides of a triangle are represented by the vector ˆi  2ˆj  2kˆ and 3iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ , then prove that

the area of the triangle is 5 square units. [2022]
2
OR
If a  10, b  2 and a . b = 12, then find the value of a  b .

Sol. Let a = ˆi  2ˆj  2kˆ and b = 3iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ represent two sides of a triangle
1
Area of triangle;  = ab .…(1)
2
ˆi ˆj kˆ
a  b = 1 2 2 = ˆi(2  4)  ˆj(1  6)  k(
ˆ 2  6) = 6iˆ  5ˆj  8kˆ
3 2 1

 ab = 62  52  (8)2 = 36  25  64 = 125

1
  =  125 [using (1)]
2

5 5
= sq. units
2

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OR
Given a  10 , b  2 and a.b  12
 a b cos   12 (Where , angle between a and b )
12 3
 10 × 2 × cos  = 12  cos   
20 5
4  3
 a  b  a b sin   10  2   cos   
5  5
= 16
15. If a  b  c  d and a  c  b  d, then prove that a  d is parallel to b  c . [2019]
Sol. Given a  b  c  d …..(1)
ac  bd …..(2)
eq. (1) – eq. (2)
(a  b)  (a  c)  (c  d)  (b  d)
a  (b  c)  (c  b)  d

a × (b  c) = d × (b  c)

a × (b  c) – d × (b  c) = 0
(a  d)  (b  c)  0 Provided (a  d) , (b – c) are non-zero vector.
(a  d) || (b – c)
2 2 2
16. For any vector a , prove that a  ˆi  a  j  a  kˆ  2 | a |2 . [2018]

OR
ˆ ˆ  (a.j)
For any vector a , prove that a  (a.i)i ˆ ˆj  (a.k)k.
ˆ ˆ

Sol. Let a  a1 i  a2 j  a3 k

 a  i  (a1 i  a 2 j  a3 k)  i  a3 j  a 2 k

 Similarly, a  j  a1 k  a3 i ; a  k  a 2 i  a1 j

 | a  i |2  | a  j |2  | a  k |2 = (a 32  a 22 )  (a12  a 32 )  (a 22  a 12 ) = 2(a12  a 22  a 32 ) = 2 | a |2
OR
Let a  a i i  a 2 j  a3 k

 a . i  (a i i  a 2 j  a3 k).i  a1

Similarly, a . j  a 2 , a.k  a3

 (a1 .i)i  (a.j)j  (a.k)k  a1 i  a 2 j  a3 k  a

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IMPORTANT NOTES

176 E
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CHAPTER-11 : THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

EXERCISE-I
1. Distance of the point (, , ) from y-axis is : [Exemplar]

(A)  (B) || (C) || + || (D) 2   2

2. If the direction cosines of a line are k, k and k, then [Exemplar]

1 1
(A) k > 0 (B) 0 < k < 1 (C) k = 1 (D) k = or 
3 3

3. A line makes an angle of 135° with the positive direction of the x-axis, and an angle of 300°
with the positive direction of the y-axis. Which of the following could be the angle it makes
with the negative direction of the z-axis ?
(A) 45°
(B) 60°
(C) (Such a line does not exist.)
(D) (A unique angle made with the z-axis cannot be determined)
x y z x y z
4. Two lines   and   are mutually :
1 2 3 5 10 15
(A) perpendicular (B) skew (C) coinciding (D) parallel
5. The angle between the lines
r  3iˆ  2ˆj  6kˆ  (2iˆ  ˆj  2k)
ˆ and r  (2ˆj  5k)
ˆ  (6iˆ  3jˆ  2k)
ˆ is

19 20 21 21
(A) cos 1 (B) cos 1 (C) cos 1 (D) cos 1
21 21 19 20
6. The vector equation of the line through the points (3, 4, –7) and (1, –1, 6) is
(A) r  3iˆ  4ˆj  7kˆ  (2iˆ  5jˆ  13k)
ˆ (B) r  3iˆ  4ˆj  7kˆ  (2iˆ  5jˆ  13k)
ˆ

(C) r  3iˆ – 4ˆj  7kˆ  (2iˆ  5jˆ  13k)

ˆ (D) r  3iˆ  4ˆj  7kˆ  (2iˆ  5jˆ  13k)
ˆ

7. The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (2, 5, 7) on the x-axis are
given by.
(A) (0, 5, 7) (B) (0, 5, 0) (C) (2, 0, 0) (D) (0, 0, 7)
x  3 y  2 z 1
8. The straight line   is
3 1 0
(A) parallel to x-axis (B) parallel to y-axis
(C) parallel to z-axis (D) perpendicular to z-axis

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9. P is point on the line segment joining the points (3, 2, –1) and (6, 2, –2). If x co-ordinate of P is
5, then its y co-ordinate is
(A) –1 (B) –2 (C) 1 (D) 2
10. The position vector of a point A in space such a OA is inclined at 60° to OX and at 45° to OY
and | OA | = 10 units.

(A) 5iˆ  5 2ˆj  5kˆ (B) 5iˆ  5 2ˆj  5kˆ (C) 5iˆ  5 2ˆj  5kˆ (D) 5iˆ  2ˆj  5kˆ

11. Fill in the blanks :

(i) The perpendicular distance of point (18, 5, 12) from x-axis is __________.

x 1 y z  3
(ii) Convert to vector form   __________.
2 3 6

ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. D D B D A A C D D B

Q. No. 11 (i) 11 (ii)

Ans. 13 r  ˆi  0ˆj  3kˆ  (2iˆ  3ˆj  6k)

ˆ

178 E
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SOLUTIONS
1. (D) Required distance = (  0)2  ( )2  (  0)2   2   2
2. (D) Since, direction cosines of a line are k, k and k.
  = k, m = k and n = k
We know that, 2 + m2 + n2 = 1
1 1
 k2 + k2 + k2 = 1  k2 = k = ±
3 3
3. (B) 60º
Let  = 135°,  = 300° and  = 
 cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1
  cos2 135° + cos2300° + cos2 = 1
2 2
 1   1  3 1
     2   cos   1  cos   1  4  4 
2 2

 2
1
  cos    60° or 120°
2
1 2 3 1
4. (D) Since    
5 10 15  5 

5. (A) We have, r  3iˆ  2ˆj  6kˆ  (2iˆ  ˆj  2k)

ˆ

and r  (2ˆj  5k)

ˆ  (6iˆ  3jˆ  2k)
ˆ

where, a1  3iˆ  2jˆ  6k,

ˆ b  2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ
1

and a 2  2jˆ  5k,

ˆ b  6iˆ  3jˆ  2kˆ
2

If  is angle between the lines, then

b1.b 2 (2iˆ  ˆj  2k).(6i

ˆ ˆ  3jˆ  2k)
ˆ
12  3  4 19
cos = = = 
b1 . b 2 2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ 6iˆ  3jˆ  2kˆ 9 49 21

19
 = cos 1
21
6. (A) We know that, vector equation of a line passes through two points is represented by
r  a  (b  a)

Here, a  3iˆ  4ˆj  7kˆ and b  ˆi  ˆj  6kˆ

 (b  a)  2iˆ  5jˆ  13kˆ

So, the required equation is r  3iˆ  4ˆj  7kˆ  (2iˆ  5jˆ  13k)
ˆ

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7. (C) When we draw a perpendicular from point (x1, y1, z1) on x-axis then coordinates of foot of
 is (x1, 0, 0).
 Then coordinates of foot of  from (2, 5, 7) is (2, 0, 0).
8. (D) Direction ratio's of
x-axis are 1, 0, 0
y-axis are 0, 1, 0
z-axis are 0, 0, 1
and direction ratio's of line are 3, 1, 0
Here 0 × 3 + 0 × + 1 × 0 = 0
Hence It is perpendicular to z-axis.
9. (D) 2 is the correct answer. Let P divides the line segment in the ratio of  : 1, x-coordinate of
6  3 6  3
the point P may be expressed as x = giving = 5 so that  = 2. Thus y
 1  1
2  2
coordinate of P is  2.
 1
10. (B) Since , OA is inclined at 60° to OX and at 45° to OY. Let OA makes angle  with OZ.
 cos2 60° + cos2 45° + cos2  = 1
2 2
1  1 
      cos   1
2
[ l2 + m2 + n2 = 1]
2
   2
1 1 1 1
   cos 2   1  cos 2   1    
4 2 2 4

6 1
 cos 2   1     cos 2  
8 4
1
 cos    cos 60  = 60°
2
1 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
 OA  | OA |  ˆi  j  k   10  ˆi  j k 
 | OA |  10 
2 2 2  2 2 2 

 OA  5iˆ  5 2ˆj  5kˆ 

11. (i) Co-ordinate of foot of perpendicular from (18, 5, 12) on x-axis is (18, 0, 0).

 distance  (18  18)2  (5  0)2  (12  0)2 = 13

(ii) r  ˆi  0ˆj  3kˆ  (2iˆ  3ˆj  6k)

ˆ

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EXERCISE-II
1. Write the direction cosines of a line equally inclined to the three coordinate axes
2. The x-coordinate of a point on the line joining the points P(2, 2, 1) and Q(5, 1, –2) is 4. Find its
z-coordinate.
3. Prove that the line x = py + q, z = ry + s and x  py  q , z  ry  s are perpendicular, if

pp  rr  1  0 [Exemplar]

x 1 y  2 z  3 x  4 y 1
4. Show that the lines   and   z intersect each other. Find their
2 3 4 5 2
point of intersection.
5. Find the direction ratio and direction cosines of a line parallel to the line whose equations are
6x – 12 = 3y + 9 = 2z – 2.

6. The vector equation of a line AB is given by r  x1 (1  )iˆ  y1 (1  2)ˆj  z1 (1  3)kˆ . The

coordinates of A are (x1, y1, z1) and r is the position vector of a point (x, y, z) on AB.
(i) What is the equation of this line in cartesian form ?
(ii) If A's coordinates are (–2, 5, –3), use the cartesian equation of the line to find the
coordinates of B.
Show your steps.

7. An insect is crawling along the line r  6iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ  (iˆ  2ˆj  2k)
ˆ and another insect is crawling

along the line r  4iˆ – kˆ  (3iˆ  2ˆj  2k)

ˆ . At what points on the lines should they reach so that

the distance between them is the shortest? Find the shortest possible distance between them.
8. Find the shortest distance between the following lines :

r  (iˆ  2ˆj  3k)

ˆ  (2iˆ  3jˆ  4k)
ˆ

r  (2iˆ  4ˆj  5k)

ˆ  µ(4iˆ  6ˆj  8k)
ˆ

9. Find the vector and Cartesian equations of the line passing through the point (2, 1, 3) and
x 1 y  2 z  3 x y z
perpendicular to the lines   and   .
1 2 3 3 2 5

10. Find the length and the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (2, –1, 5) to the line
x  11 y  2 z  8
  .
10 4 11

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SOLUTIONS
1. 2 + m2 + n2 = 1

given  = m = n

3n2 = 1  n = ± .
 1 1 1   1 1 1 
d.c's are  , ,  and  , , 
 3 3 3  3 3 3
 1
2. P(2,2,1) R Q(5,1,–2)

Let the required point be R(x, y, z)

x-coordinate of R
5  2  1
 4 (Given)
 1
 5 + 2 = 4 + 4   = 2
2  (2)  1  1 3
 z-coordinate of R    1
2 1 3
xq
3. We have : x = py + q  y  …..(1)
p
zs
and z = ry + s  y  …..(2)
r
x q y z s
   [Using Eqs.(1) and (2)] …..(3)
p 1 r
x  q y z  s
Similarly,   …..(4)
p 1 r
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), direction ratios of lines are
a1  p, b1  1, c1  r

and a 2  p, b2  1, c 2  r 
If these given lines are perpendicular to each other, then
a1a 2  b1b2  c1c 2  0

 pp  1  rr  0
 or pp  rr  1  0
which is the required condition.

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4. The equation of the given lines are
x 1 y  2 z  3
  = (say) …..(1)
2 3 4
x  4 y 1 z  0
   …..(2)
5 2 1
Any point on the line (i) is P(2 + 1, 3 + 2, 4 + 3) and
Any point on the line (ii) is Q(5 + 4, 2 + 1, )
if the lines (i) and (ii) intersect then P and Q must coincide for some particular values of and .
This gives, 2 + 1 = 5 + 4, 3 + 2 = 2+ 1 and 4 + 3 = 
  2 – 5 = 3 …..(3)
  3 – 2 = –1 …..(4)
 4 –  = –3 …..(5)

On solving (iii) and (iv), we get :  = –1 and  = –1
These values of  and  also satisfy (v)
Hence, the given lines intersect.
Putting  = –1, we get P(–1, –1, –1)
Note that putting  = –1, we get Q(–1, –1, –1)
Hence, the point of intersection of the given lines is (–1, –1, –1)
5. The equations of the line are 6x – 12 = 3y + 9 = 2z – 2, which, when written in standard
x  2 y  (3) z  1
symmetric form, will be  
1 1 1
6 3 2
a1 b1 c1
Since, lines are parallel, we have  
a 2 b2 c2

1 1 1
Hence, the required direction ratios are  , ,  or(1, 2, 3)
6 3 2
 1 2 3 
and the required direction cosines are  , , 
 14 14 14 
6. (i) Expands the vector form to get the following:
xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ  (x1  x1)iˆ  (y1  2y1)jˆ  (z1  3z1)kˆ
 (x1ˆi  y1ˆj  z1k)
ˆ  (x ˆi  2y ˆj  3z k)
1 1 1
ˆ

Eliminates  by equating the like coefficients of the position vectors of the x, y and z axes
to get the Cartesian equation as follows:
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 
x1 2y1 3z1

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(ii) Assumes the coordinates of B as (x2, y2, z2) and compares the Cartesian form of the
equations from step 2 with the regular form of the Cartesian equations to find:
x2 – x1 = x1; y2 – y1 = 2y1 , z2 – z1 = 3z1
x2 = 2x1, y2 = 3y1 and z2 = 4z1
Substitutes values x1 = –2, y1 = 5 and z1 = –3 in the equations from step 3 to get coordinates
of B as (–4, 15, –12).
7. The given lines are non-parallel lines. There is a unique line-segment PQ (P lying on one and Q
on the other, which is at right angles to both the lines. PQ is the shortest distance between the
lines. Hence, the shortest possible distance between the insects = PQ
The position vector of P lying on the line r  6iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ  (iˆ  2 ˆj  2k)
ˆ

is (6  )iˆ  (2  2)ˆj  (2  2)kˆ for some 

The position vector of Q lying on the line
r  4iˆ  kˆ  (3iˆ  2 ˆj  2k)
ˆ is (4  3)iˆ  (–2)ˆj  (1  2)kˆ for some 

PQ = (–10  3  )iˆ  (–2 – 2  2) ˆj  (–3 – 2   2 )kˆ

Since, PQ is perpendicular to both the lines
(–10  3  )  (–2 – 2  2)(–2)  (–3 – 2  2)2  0 ,
i.e.,  – 3 = 4 …(1)
and (–10  3  )3  (–2 – 2  2)(–2)  (–3 – 2  2)(2)  0
i.e., 17 – 3 = 20 …(2)
solving (1) and (2) for  and , we get  = 1,  = −1.
The position vector of the points, at which they should be so that the distance between them is
the shortest, are
5iˆ  4 ˆj and ˆi  2ˆj  3kˆ

PQ  6iˆ  6ˆj  3kˆ

The shortest distance = PQ  62  62  32  9

8. r  (iˆ  2ˆj  3k)

ˆ  (2iˆ  3jˆ  4k)
ˆ

r  (2iˆ  4ˆj  5k)

ˆ  2µ(2iˆ  3jˆ  4k)
ˆ

Let a1  ˆi  2jˆ  3kˆ , a 2  2iˆ  4jˆ  5kˆ

b  2iˆ  3jˆ  4kˆ

a 2  a1  ˆi  2jˆ  2kˆ and | b |  4  9  16  29

184 E
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ˆi ˆj kˆ
b  (a 2  a1 )  2 3 4  ˆi(6  8)  ˆj(4  4)  k(4
ˆ  3)
1 2 2

b  (a 2  a1 )  2iˆ  0jˆ  kˆ

| b  (a 2  a1 ) |  4 1  5

| b  (a 2  a1 ) | 5
D  units
|b| 29
9. Let direction ratios of line L which passes through the point (2, 1, 3) are a1, a2, a3.
x 1 y  2 z  3 x y z
Given lines are L1    and L 2   
1 2 3 3 2 5
line L  L1
a1 + 2a2 + 3a3 = 0 .......(1)
and line L  L2
– 3a1+ 2a2 + 5a3 = 0 ......(2)
from equation (1) and (2)
a1 a a a a a a a a
 2  3  1 2  3  1 2  3
10  6 9  5 2  6 4 14 8 2 7 4
x  2 y 1 z  3
So, Cartesian equation of required line is  
2 7 4

 
and vector equation of line is r  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ    2iˆ  7ˆj  4kˆ 

x  11 y  2 z  8
10. Given equation of line is   = (say) .....(1)
10 4 11
Let N be the foot of perpendicular from the point P(2, –1, 5) to the line (1)
Coordinates of N are (10+ 11, –4– 2, –11– 8)
Direction ratios of PN are :
10+ 11 – 2, –4– 2 + 1, –11– 8 – 5 = 10+ 9, –4– 1, –11– 13
and direction ratios of line (1) are 10, –4, –11. Since PN to line (1)
 10(10+ 9) – 4(–4– 1) –11(–11– 13) = 0 [a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0]

or 100+ 90 + 16+ 4 + 121+ 143 = 0 237+ 237 = 0 = –1

Hence ; foot of perpendicular is N (1,2,3)

and PN = (2 1)2  (–1 2)2  (5  3)2 = 1 9  4  14 units

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NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Find the distance between the lines l1 and l2 given by [Example 10]

r  ˆi  2ˆj  4kˆ  (2iˆ  3ˆj  6k)

ˆ and r  3iˆ  3ˆj  5kˆ  (2iˆ  3ˆj  6k)
ˆ

1  x 7y  14 z  3 7  7x y  5 6  z
2. Find the values of p so that the lines   and   are at right
3 2p 2 3p 1 5
angles [Ex.11.2, Q.10]
x 1 y 1 z 1 x 3 y 5 z 7
3. Find the shortest distance between the lines   and  
7 6 1 1 2 1
[Ex.11.2, Q.13]
4. Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are [Ex.11.2, Q.15]

r = (1 – t) î + (t – 2) ˆj + (3 – 2 t) k̂ and r = (s +1) î + (2s – 1) j – (2s + 1) k̂

x 1 y  2 z – 3 x 1 y 1 z – 6
5. If the lines   and   are perpendicular, find the value of k.
3 2k 2 3k 1 5
[Misc.Ex., Q.3]
6. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, – 4) and perpendicular to the
x  8 y  19 z  10 x  15 y  29 z  5
two lines:   and   . [Misc.Ex., Q.5]
3 16 7 3 8 5

ANSWERS

293 70
1. units 2. p
7 11

8
3. 2 29 units 4. units
29

5. k
10
7
units 6. 
r  ˆi  2ˆj  4kˆ   2iˆ  3ˆj  6kˆ 

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PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Show that the points A(2, 3, 4), B(–1, –2, –3) and C(–4, 1, –10) are collinear. [2020]
Sol. B(–1, –2, 1)
A(2, 3, 4) C(5, 8, 7)

Direction ratio of AB are (–3, –5, –3) and direction ratio BC are (6, 10, 6)
a1 b1 c1 3 5 3 1 1 1
Now   =       
a 2 b2 c2 6 10 6 2 2 2
Therefore A, B, C are collinear
2. Find the direction cosines of the line passing through the points (1, 0, 0) and (0, 1, 1). [2019]
Sol. The dc's of a line passes through points A(1,0,0) and B(0,1,1) are
1 1 1 1 1 1
, , or , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
x  2 y 1 z 1
3. Find the direction cosines of the line   . [2018]
2 2 1
x  2 y 1 z 1
Sol. Line  
2 2 1
2 2 1
The dc's of line are , ,
3 3 3

SIX MARKS QUESTIONS

4. Find the shortest distance between the following pair of lines. [2020]
x  3 y  4 z 1 x 1 y  3 z 1
(i)   and  
2 1 3 1 3 2
(ii) r  ˆi  2ˆj  4kˆ  (2iˆ  3ˆj  6k)
ˆ and r  3iˆ  3ˆj  5kˆ  (2iˆ  3ˆj  6k)
ˆ

Sol. (i) The given equations of lines are

x  3 y  4 z 1
  ....(1)
2 1 3

x 1 y  3 z 1
  ....(2)
1 3 2

From (1) line passes thorugh (3, 4, – 1) and its d. r's are 2, 1, – 3.

 Its vector equation is r  a1  b1 where a1  3iˆ  4jˆ  k,

ˆ b  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ
1

Similarly, vector equation of line (2) r  a2  b2 , where a2  ˆi  3jˆ  kˆ , b2  ˆi  3jˆ  2kˆ

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   
Now, a 2  a1  ˆi  3ˆj  kˆ  3iˆ  4ˆj  kˆ  2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ

ˆi ˆj kˆ
and b1  b2  2 1 3 11 ˆi  ˆj  7kˆ
1 3 2

 | b1  b2 | 11 ˆi  ˆj  7kˆ  121  1  49 = 171  3 19

Req. Shortest distance 

 a 2  a1  · b1  b2 

 2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ  ·11iˆ  ˆj  7kˆ 
| b1  b2 | 3 19

22  1  14 7
 
3 19 3 19
(ii) The equations of given lines are
r  ˆi  2ˆj  4kˆ  (2iˆ  3ˆj  6k)
ˆ and r  3iˆ  3ˆj  5kˆ  (2iˆ  3ˆj  6k)
ˆ

The given lines are parallel, Comparing with r  a1  b and r  a 2  b , we have

a1  ˆi  2ˆj  4kˆ , a2  3iˆ  3jˆ  5kˆ and b  2iˆ  3ˆj  6kˆ

Hence, the distance between the lines
ˆi ˆj kˆ
2 3 6
b   a 2  a1  2 1 1  9iˆ  14ˆj  4kˆ 293 293
d = = = = Units
|b| 4  9  36 49 49 7

x4 y z2
5. Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point P(1, 1, 3) to the line   .
2 1 1
Also find the perpendicular distance of the line from the given point. [2019]
x4 y z2
Sol. Given line   …..(1)
2 1 1
Point P (1, 1, 3)
The coordinates of any point on the line (1), is Q (2 + 4, , –+2)
d r's of line PQ are 2+4–1, –1, –+2–3 P(1,1,3)

i.e. 2+3, –1, ––1

 PQ  AB

so, 2(2+3) + 1(–1) –1(––1) = 0  6 + 6 = 0   = –1

So coordinate of foot of Perpendicular are Q (2, –1, 3)

also PQ = (2  1)2  (1  1)2  (3  3)2  5 units A Q B

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6.    
Prove that the lines r  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ  (3iˆ  ˆj) and r  4iˆ  kˆ  (2iˆ  3k)
ˆ are intersecting, also

find the point of intersection. [2018]

 
Sol. Given lines r  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ  (3iˆ  ˆj) .......(1)

 
r  4iˆ  kˆ  (2iˆ  3k)
ˆ .......(2)

Let r be the p.v. of point of intersection of lines (1) and (2)

(i  j  k)  (3i  j) = (4i  k)  (2i  3k) [Using (1) and (2)]

(1  3)i  (1  )j  k = (4  2)i  (1  3)k

On equating coefficient of i, j, k

1 + 3 = 4 – 2  3 + 2 = 3 .........(3)
1–=0  =1 .........(4)
– 1 = –1 + 3  =0 .........(5)
Here values of  and  satisfied equation (3)
Hence lines (1) and (2) are intersect

by (1) r  (i  j  k)  (3i  j) (  =1)

r  4i  k
Here point of intersection of line (1) and (2) is (4, 0, –1)

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IMPORTANT NOTES

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CHAPTER-12 : LINEAR PROGRAMMING
EXERCISE–I
1. Objective of linear programming for an objective function is to
(A) maximize or minimize (B) maximize (C) minimize (D) can't be said
2. In linear programming, objective function and objective constraints are
(A) solved (B) linear (C) quadratic (D) adjacent
3. A feasible solution of a LPP if it also optimizes the objective function is called :
(A) Optimal feasible solution (B) Optimal solution
(C) Feasible solution (D) None of these
4. Region represented by the in equation system x + y  13, y  6, x  0, y  0 is
(A) Unbounded in first quadrant (B) Unbounded in first and second quadrant
(C) Bounded in first quadrant (D) None of these
5. LPP theory states that the optimal solution to any problem will lie at
(A) the origin (B) a corner point of feasible region
(C) the highest point of the feasible region (D) the lowest point of the feasible region
6. Consider the following LPP :
Maximize : Z = 12 x + 10 y
Subject to : 4x + 3y  480
2x + 3y  360
x, y  0
Value of Z will be maximum at
(A) (120, 0) (B) (60, 80) (C) (100, 80) (D) (60, 100)
7. The graph of x  2 and y  2 will be situated in the
(A) first and second quadrant (B) second and third quadrant
(C) first and third quadrant (D) third and fourth quadrant
8. Corner points of the feasible region determined by the system of linear constraints are (0, 3),
(1, 1) and (3, 0). Let Z = px + qy, where p, q > 0. Condition on p and q, so that the minimum of Z
occurs at (3, 0) and(l, 1) is
q
(A) p = 2q (B) p = (C) p = 3q (D) p = q
2
9. The point at which the maximum value of x + y, subject to the constraints x + 2y 70,
2x + y 95, x, y 0 is obtained, is
(A) (30, 25) (B) (20, 35) (C) (35, 20) (D) (40, 15)

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10. Fill in the blanks :
(i) In a LPP, the linear inequalities or restrictions on the variables are called __________ .
(ii) In a LPP, the objective function is always __________ .
(iii) If the feasible region for a LPP is __________ then the optimal value of the objective
function Z = ax + by may or may not exist.
(iv) In a LPP, if the objective function Z = ax + by has the same maximum value on two corner
points of the feasible region, then every point on the line segment joining these two points
gives the same __________ value.
(v) A corner point of a feasible region is a point in the region which is the __________ of two
boundary lines.

ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans. A B A C B B A B D
Q. No. 10 (i) 10 (ii) 10 (iii) 10 (iv) 10 (v)
Ans. linear constraints linear unbounded maximum intersection

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SOLUTIONS
1. (A) In linear programming, the objective for an objective function is to maximize or minimize.

2. (B) In linear programming ; objective function and objective constraints are linear in nature.

3. (A) A feasible solution of a LPP is called optimal feasible solution if it also optimizes the
objective function.

4. (C)

(0,13)

y=6
(0,6)
X' X
O (13,0)
x+y=13
Y'
Hence, the represented region is bounded in the first quadrant.

5. (B) LPP theory states that the optimal solution to any problem will lie at a corner point of the
feasible region.

6. (B) We have to maximize Z = 12x + 10y

Subject to 4x + 3y  480, 2x + 3y  360, x, y  0

Corner–points Z = 12x + 10y

Y
O (0, 0) 0
A (120, 0) 1440
B (60, 80) 1520
C (0, 120) 1200

(0,120)C B(60,80)

X' X
(0,0)O (120,0)A

4x+3y=480 2x+3y=360

Y'

Hence ; value of Z is maximum at (60, 80)

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7. (A)
Y

y=2

X' X
O

Y' x=2

Hence ; as per the graph ; the region lies in the first and second quadrant.

8. (B) Given ; Z = px + qy

Since the minimum value of Z occurs at (3, 0) and (1, 1) :

q
 3p = p + q or p =
2

9. (D) We have to maximize Z = x + y

subject to x + 2y  70,

2x + y  95

x, y  0

Corner–points Z=x+y Y
O (0, 0) 0

 95 
A ,0 47.5
 2 
45
B (40, 15) 55
(0,35)C
C (0, 35) 35 B(40,15)

X' X
(0,0)O A
x+2y=70
2x+y=95
Y'

Hence, Z is maximum at (40, 15)

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EXERCISE–II
1. Solve the linear programming problem graphically
Maximum profit Z = 22x + 18y
subject to constraints
x + y < 20, 360 x + 240 y < 5,760
x, y 0
2. Solve the linear programming problem graphically
Maximize Z = 4x + 6y,
subject to constraints
3x + 2y 12,
x + y 4, x, y 0
3. Solve the linear programming problem graphically
Maximize Z = 7x + 11y,
subject to constraints
3x + 5y 26, 5x + 3y 30,
x 0, y 0
4. Maximize Z = 6x + 4y,
subject to constraints
x 2, x + y 3, –2x + y 1,
x 0, y 0
5. Maximize Z = 100x + 120y
subject to constraints
2x + 3y  30, 3x + y  17,
x  0; y  0
6. Maximize Z = 80 x + 120 y
subject to constraints
9x + 12y < 180, x + 3y < 30 ,
x>0;y>0
7. Maximize Z = .1x + .09y
subject to constraints
x > 20,000, x + y < 50,000
y > 10,000
x>y
8. Minimize Z = 5 x + 7y
Subject to the constraints
2x + y  8, x + 2y  10
x, y  0
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SOLUTIONS
1. Maximum profit Z = 22x + 18y
subject to constraints
x + y < 20
360 x + 240 y < 5,760
Now plot the straight lines on the graph and find the corner points of feasible region.
Corner points of feasible region are Y
A(16,0), P(8,12), C(0,20) and O (0,0)
24 D(0,24)
Corner Points Z = 22x + 18y 20
O(0,0) 0 16
A(16,0) 352 12 P(8,12)
P(8,12) 392 8
4 A(16,0)
C(0,20) 360
 C(20,0)
X' O X
Hence, Max. profit Z = Rs. 392 at P(8,12) 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Y'
360+240y = 5760 x+y = 20

2. Maximize Z = 4x + 6y
subject to constraints
3x + 2y 12
x + y 4
x, y 0
Corner points of feasible region are Y
A(4,0), B(0,4) and C(0,6)
C (0,6)
Corner points Z = 4x+ 6y
A (4, 0) 16
B(0, 4) 24 (0,4)B
C(0, 6) 36
A
Hence, the maximum value of Z is 36 at (0, 6) X'
O
X
(4,0)
x+y=4
3x+2y=12

Y'

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3. Maximize Z = 7x + 11y
subject to constraints
3x + 5y 26,
5x + 3y 30,
x, y 0
Corner points of feasible region are
Y
 9 5   26 
A(6,0), B  ,  , C  0,  and O (0,0)
2 2  5 
(0,10)
Corner points Z = 7x+ 11y
O(0, 0) 0
A(6, 0) 42
C
9 5
B ,  59
2 2
X' X
O (0, 0) (6,0) A
 26  57.2
C  0,  3x+5y=26
 5  5x+3y=30
Y'

 9 5
Hence, the maximum value of Z is 59 at  , 
 2 2
4. Maximize Z = 6x + 4y
subject to constraints
x  2,
x +y  3,
–2x + y 1,
x, y  0
Corner points of feasible region are
Y
A(2,0), B(2,1), C  2 , 7  , D (0, 1) and O (0,0) 6
 3 3 
Corner Z = 6x+ 4y 5 (0,10) (2,5)
points 4
(3,0)
O (0, 0) ZO = 0 3
2 C
A(2, 0) ZA = 12
1 B(2,1)
B (2, 1) ZB = (6 × 2) + (4 × 1) = 16 (3,0)
X' X
O (0, 0) A (2,0) 4 5 6
 2   7  40
C  2 , 7 ZC =  6     4   
 3 3   3  3 3
Y' x=2 x+y=2
D (0, 1) ZD = 4

Hence, Maximum value of Z is 16 at (2, 1)

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5. Maximize Z = 100x + 120y
subject to constraints
2x + 3y  30
3x + y  17
x  0; y  0
Let us graph the inequalities. The feasible region determined by the system is shown in the fig.
Here, observe that the feasible region is bounded.
Corner points of feasible region are
Y
A(17/3,0), B(3,8), C(0,10) and O (0,0)

Corner Points Z = 100x + 120y 18

(0,17)
O(0, 0) 0 15
A(17/3, 0) 566.67 12
(0,10)C
B(3, 8) 1260 9 B(3,8)
C(0, 10) 1200 6
Hence, the maximum value of Z is 1260 at 3
(15,0)
X' X
(3, 8). (0, 0) O 3 6 9 12 15 18
A(17/3,0) 2x+3y=30
3x+y=17
Y'

6. Maximize Z = 80 x + 120 y
subject to constraints
9x + 12y < 180
x + 3y < 30
x>0;y>0
Corner points of feasible region are Y
A(20,0), B(12,6), C(0,10) and O (0,0)
25
Corner Points Z = 80x+120y 20
O (0,0) 0 15
A(20,0) 1600 10
B(12,6) 1680 (10,0)C B(12, 6)
C(0,10) 1200 5
X' X
(0, 0)O 5 10 15 20 25 30
Hence, maximum value of Z is 1680 at
(12, 6).
Y'

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7. Maximize Z = .1x + .09y
subject to constraints
x > 20,000
x + y < 50,000
y > 10,000
x>y
x > 0, y > 0
Corner points of feasible region are
Y
A  20000, 10000  ,
x=20000
B 20000, 20000  ,
50000
C  25000, 25000  and
40000
D  40000, 10000  30000 B C
20000
Corner Points Z  .1x  .09y D
10000 y=10000
A  20000 , 10000  2900 A
X' X
B  20000 , 20000  3800 (0, 0) O 10000 30000 50000
20000 40000
C  25000 , 25000  4750 x+y=50000
x=y
D  40000 , 10000  4900
Y'

Hence, maximum value of Z is 4900 at (40000, 10000).

8. Minimize Z = 5 x + 7y
Subject to the constraints
2x + y  8
x + 2y  10
x, y  0
The feasible region determined by the system is shown in the figure.
Corner points of feasible region are
A(0,8), B(2,4) and C(10,0) Y
12
Corner Points Z = 5 x + 7y
A(0, 8) 56 10
B(2, 4) 38 Min. 8 A(0,8)
C(10, 0) 50 6
B(2,4)
4
Since the feasible region is unbounded.
So we draw the graph of inequality 2
(4, 0) C(10,0)
5x + 7y < 38 and obtain open half X' X
plane. Here open half plane has no O 2 4 6 8 10 12
common point with feasible region.
Thus, the minimum value of Z is 38 (2x+y =8) 5x+7y = 38
attained at the point (2, 4). Y'

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NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Maximise Z = 5x + 3y subject to 3x + 5y  15, 5x + 2y  10, x  0, y  0. [Ex.12.1, Q.3]

2. Minimise Z = 3x + 5y such that x + 3y  3, x + y  2, x, y  0. [Ex.12.1, Q.4]

3. Minimize Z  x  2y , subject to constraints are 2x  y  3 , x  2y  6 and x, y  0 . Show that the

minimum of Z occurs at more than two points. [Ex.12.1, Q.6]

4. Minimise and Maximise Z = 5x + 10 y subject to x + 2y  120, x + y  60, x – 2y  0, x, y  0.

[Ex.12.1, Q.7]

5. Maximise Z = – x + 2y, subject to the constraints: x  3, x + y  5, x + 2y  6, y  0.

[Ex.12.1, Q.9]

6. Determine graphically the minimum value of the objective function

Z = – 50x + 20y
subject to the constraints:
2x – y  – 5
3x + y  3
2x – 3y  12
x  0, y  0 [Example 4]

ANSWERS
235  20 45 
1. Maximum value of Z = at  , 
19  19 19 

3 1
2. Minimum value of Z = 7 at  , 
2 2

4. The minimum value of Z = 300 at (60, 0) and Maximum value of Z = 600 at all the points on the

line segment joining (120,0) and (60,30)

5. No maximum value

6. Z has no minimum value

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PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Define the feasible solution of the Linear programming problem. [2020]

Sol. A set of values of the variables, which satisfy all the constrains and all the non-negative
restrictions of the variables, is known as the feasible solution to the L.P.P.
2. Show the region of feasible solution under the following constraints [2019]
2x + 3y  6; x  0; y0
Y

Sol. (0,2) 2x
+ 3y
=6

X' X
O (3,0)
Y'

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

3. Solve the following linear programming problem by under graphical method

Maximum Z = 2x + 3y
Constraints 4x + 6y  60
2x + y  20
and x  0, y  0. [2020]
Sol. We have to
Maximize Z = 2x + 3y
Subject to 4x + 6y  60, 2x + y  20 and x  0, y  0
Y

Corner points Z = 2x + 3y
O(0, 0) 0
30
A(10,0) 20
25
20 C (0,20) E(7.5, 5) 30
15
D (0,10)10 D(0, 10) 30
5 E (7.5, 5)
B (15, 0)
X X
O 5 10 15 20 25
A 4x + 6y = 60
Y (10, 0) 2x + y = 20

Therefore, the maximum value of Z is 30 at the two corner points E (7.5, 5) and D(0, 10). In such
case, every point on the line segment ED gives the same maximum value.

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4. By the graphical method, solve the following linear programming problem for
Maximize z = 20x + 30y
Constraints x + 2y  20
3x + 2y  30
x  0, y  0. [2019]
Sol. Given Max. Z = 20 x + 30 y
Constraints x + 2y  20 …..(1)
3x + 2y  30 ….. (2)
x  0, y  0 ….. (3)
first we obtain feasible region determine by using given constraints (1) to (3)
Y

Corner Points Corresponding values

C
of Z = 20x+30y
B(5,15/2)
A(10,0) ZA= 200+0= 200
B(5,15/2) ZB = 100+225 = 325
(20,0)
X (greatest)
C(0,10) ZC = 0 + 300 = 300

Since obtained feasible region is bounded, so maximum value of Z is 325 at point B(5,15/2)
5. By graphical method solve the following linear programming problem for
Minimum Z = 8000x + 1200Y
Constraints 3x + 4y  60
x + 3y  30
x  0, y  0. [2018]
Sol. Y

Corresponding values of
Corner points
Z = 8000x + 12000y
(0,15)
A (20, 0) Z = 160000 + 0 = 160000
C B(12,6) B (12, 6) Z = 96000 + 72000 = 168000
(0,10)
Z = 0 + 120000 = 120000
X C (0, 10)
O A (30,0) (Smallest)
(20,0)

Since obtain feasible region be bounded. So minimum value of Z = 120000 at point C(0, 10)

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CHAPTER-13 : PROBABILITY
EXERCISE-I
3 5 3
1. If A and B be two events such that P(A)  , P(B)  and P(A B) = , then P(A/B). P(A'/B)
8 8 4
is equal to : [Exemplar]
2 3 3 6
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 8 20 25
2. Two events E and F are independent. If P(E) = 0.3 and P(E  F) = 0.5, then P(E/F) – P(F/E)
equals to : [Exemplar]
(A) 2/7 (B) 3/35 (C) 1/70 (D) 1/7
3. If a die is thrown and a card is selected at random from a deck of 52 playing cards, then the
probability of getting an even number on the die and a spade card is :
1 1 1 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 4 8 4
4. Two dice are thrown. If it is known that the sum of numbers on the dice was less than 6, the
probability of getting a sum 3, is :
1 5 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
18 18 5 5
1 1 1
5. If A and B are two events such that P(A)  , P(B)  and P(A / B)  , then P(A' B') equals
2 3 4
to [Exemplar]
1 3 1 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
12 4 4 16
6. If A and B are events such that P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.3 and P(A  B)  0.5, then P(B' A) equals to
2 1 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 10 5
7 9 4
7. If P(A)  , P(B)  and P(A  B)  , then P(A'/B) is equal to
13 13 13
6 4 4 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
13 13 9 9
8. Three persons A, B and C, fire at a target in turn, starting with A. Their probabilities of hitting
the target are 0.4, 0.3 and 0.2, respectively. The probability of two hits is
(A) 0.024 (B) 0.188 (C) 0.336 (D) 0.452

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9. Fill in the blanks :
1 5
(i) If A and B are two events such that P(A/B) = p, P(A) = p, P(B) = and P(A  B) = ,
3 9
then p is equal to __________ .
2 5
(ii) If A and B are such that P(A'  B') = and P(A  B) = , then P(A') + P(B') is equal
3 9
to __________.
(iii) Let A and B be two events. If P(A/B) = P(A), then A and B are __________ event.
(iv) If A and B are two events such that P(A)  0 and P(B)  1, then P(A / B) is __________.

10. Answer the following questions:

(i) The probability that atleast one of the two events A and B occurs is 0.6. If A and B occur
simultaneously with probability 0.3, evaluate P(A)  P(B) .

(ii) Prove that P(A) = P (A B) + P (A  B )

(iii) Three dice are thrown at the same time. Find the probability of getting three two's, if it is
known that the sum of the numbers on the dice was six.
(iv) A box has 5 blue and 4 red balls. One ball is drawn at random and not replaced. Its colour is also
noted. Then, another ball is drawn at random. What is the probability of second ball being blue?
(v) A and B throw a pair of dice alternately. A wins the game, if he gets a total of 6 and B wins,
if he gets a total of 7. If A starts the game, then find the probability of winning the game by
A in third throw of the pair of dice.

ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (i) 9 (ii)
1 10
Ans. D C C C C D D B
3 9
Q. No. 9 (iii) 9 (iv) 10 (i) 10 (iii) 10 (iv) 10 (v)
1  P(A  B) 775
Ans. independent 1.1 1/10 5/9
P(B) 7776

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SOLUTIONS
3 5 3
1. (D) Given that P(A)  , P(B)  ; P(A  B) 
8 8 4
P(A  B) = P(A) – P(B) – P(A  B)
3 3 5
   P(A  B)
4 8 8
1 5 1
P(A  B)  and P(A  B) = P(B) – P(A  B)  
4 8 4
3
P(A ' B) 
8
P(A  B) P(A ' B)
Now, P(A / B)  P(A '/ B)  
P(B) P(B)
1/ 4 3/8 6
=  =
5/8 5/8 25
3
2. (C) Given that, P(E) = 0.3 = , P(E F) = 0.5
10
E and F are independent
So P(E  F) = P(E)  P(F)
P(E  F) = 0.3  P(F) ........(1)
 P(E  F) = P(E) + P(F) – P(E  F)

0.5 = 0.3 + P(F) – 0.3 P(F) 0.2 = 0.7 P(F)

2 2 6
P(F) = & P(E  F) = 0.3 × 
7 7 70
P(E  F) P(E  F)
Now P(E/F) – P(F/E)  
P(F) P(E)
6 / 70 6 / 70 3 2 1
    
2 / 7 3 / 10 10 7 70
3. (C) Let E be the event getting an even number and F be the event the card is spade.
Both events are independent.
3 13 1
Now P(EF) = P(E)  P(F)   
6 52 8
4. (C) When two dice are thrown.
then sample space S = {(x, y) : x, y  {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}}
Let E be the event sum of number on die is 3 and F be the event sum of number on die was
less them 6.

E 205
 
Now, E = {(2, 1), (1, 2)}
F = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (4, 1)}
E  F = {(2, 1), (1, 2)}
2
P(E  F) 1
 P(E / F)   P(E / F)  36 
P(F) 10 5
36
1 1
5. (C) Given that P(A) = , P(B) =
2 3
1 P(A  B) 1 1
& P(A / B)     P(A  B) 
4 P(B) 4 12
Now, P(A B) = P(A  B) [ A  B = (A )]

= 1 – P(A B)
= 1 – [P(A) + P(B) – P(A B)]
P(A B) = 1 – P(A) – P(B) + P(A B)
1 1 1 3
P(A B) = 1    =
2 3 12 12
1
P(A B) =
4
6. (D) Given that
P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.3 & P(A  B) = 0.5
 P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)

0.5 = 0.4 + 0.3 – P(A  B)

P(A  B) = 0.2
Now P(B A) = P(A) – P(A  B) = 0.4 – 0.2 = 0.2
1
P(B A) =
5
7 9 4
7. (D) Given that, P(A)  , P(B)  & P(A  B) 
13 13 13
P(A '  B) P(B)  P(A  B)
Now P(A '/ B)  
P(B) P(B)

P(A  B) 4 / 13 4
 1 1 1
P(B) 9 / 13 9

5
P(A '/ B) 
9

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8. (B) Given
P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.3, P(C) = 0.2
P(A)  1  P(A)  1  0.4  0.6 ;
P(B)  1  P(B)  1  0.3  0.7 ;
P(C)  1  P(C)  1  0.2  0.8
Required probability = P(A) P(B) P(C)  P(A) P(C) P(B)  P(B) P(C) P(A)
= 0.4 × 0.3 × 0.8 + 0.4 × 0.2 × 0.7 + 0.3 × 0.2 × 0.6 = 0.188
P(A  B) p
9. (i) P(A/B) = p   p  P(A  B) 
P(B) 3
Now ; P(A  B)  P(A)  P(B)  P(A  B)
5 1 p 2p 2 1
  p    p =
9 3 3 3 9 3
2 2
(ii) P(AB) = P(A B) =
3 3
2
or 1 – P(A B) =
3
2
1 – [P(A) + P(B) – P(A B)] =
3
5 2 14 2 8
 1 – [P(A) + P(B) – ]=  P(A) + P(B) =  =
9 3 9 3 9
8 8
(1 – P(A')) + (1 – P(B')) = 2 –{P(A') + P(B')} =
9 9
8 10
P(A') + P(B') = 2 – =
9 9
P(A  B)
(iii) Given ; P(A/B) = P(A)   P(A)
P(B)
or P(A B) = P(A) . P(B) A is independent of B.

P(A  B) P(A  B) 1  P(A  B)

(iv) P(A / B)  = =
P(B) P(B) P(B)

10. (i) Given ; P(A B) = 0.6

and P(A B) = 0.3
Now ; P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A B)
or P(A) + P(B) = 0.6 + 0.3 = 0.9
 P( A ) + P( B ) = [1 – P(A)] + [1 – P(B)]
= 2 – 0.9 = 1.1
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(ii) If A and B are independent events ;
we have P(A  B) + P(A  B )
= P(A) . P(B) + P(A) . P(B)
= P(A) . [P(B) + P(B) ]
= P(A)
(iii) Let E = event that three two's are obtained.
and F = event of sum of numbers to be six.
E = {(2, 2, 2)}
and F = {(1, 1, 4), (1, 2, 3), (1, 3, 2), (1, 4, 1), (4, 1, 1), (3, 1, 2), (3, 2, 1), (2, 3, 1), (2, 1, 3), (2, 2, 2)}
Now ; E F = {(2, 2, 2)}
 1 
 
P(E  F)  216  1
 P(E/F) = = =
P(F)  10  10
 216 

(iv) P(second ball is blue)

= P(first ball red, second ball blue) + P(first ball blue, second ball also blue)
 4 5   5 4  20 20 40 5
=       =   
 9 8   9 8  72 72 72 9
(v) Let E = event that a total of 6 is obtained and F = event that a total of 7 is obtained.
 E = {(1, 5), (5, 1), (2, 4), (4, 2), (3, 3)}
and F = {(1, 6), (6, 1), (2, 5), (5, 2), (3, 4), (4, 3)}
5 6 1
P(E) = and P(F) = 
36 36 6
Since A starts the game ;
 P(A wins in the third throw of pair of dice)
= P(E).P(F).P(E)
31 5 5 775
=   =
36 6 36 7776

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EXERCISE-II
2
1. If 2P(A) = P(B) = 5/13 and P(A|B) = , then find P(A  B) .
5

3 1 1
2. If P(A)  , P(B)  and P(A  B)  , find P(A / B) and P(B / A)
8 2 4
3. For a loaded die, the probabilities of outcomes are given as under :
2 1 3
P(1)  P(2)  , P(3), P(5), P(6) = and P(4) =
10 10 10
The die is thrown two times. Let A and B the events as defined below
A = Getting same number each time, B = Getting a total score of 10 or more.
Determine whether or not A and B are independent events. [Exemplar]

4. A committee of 4 students is selected at random from a group consisting 8 boys and 4 girls.
Given that there is at least one girl on the committee, calculate the probability that there are
exactly 2 girls on the committee.

5. A bag contains 5 red marbles and 3 black marbles. Three marbles are drawn one by one without
replacement. What is the probability that at least one of the three marbles drawn be black, if the
first marble is red?

6. Two balls are drawn from an urn containing 2 white, 3 red and 4 black balls one by one without
replacement. What is the probability that at least one ball is red?

7. Three urns contain 6 red, 4 black, 4 red, 6 black and 5 red, 5 black balls respectively. One of the
urns is selected at random and a ball is drawn from it. If the ball drawn is red, find the probability
that it is drawn from the first urn.

8. A letter is known to have come either from TATANAGAR or CALCUTTA. On the envelope just
two consecutive letters TA are visible. What is the probability that the letter has come from (i)
Calcutta (ii) Tatanagar? [Exemplar]

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SOLUTIONS
5
1. Given, 2P(A) = P(B) =
13
5 5
 P(A) = , P(B) =
26 13
 A  P(A  B)
Now; P   
 B P(B)
2 P(A  B) 2
  P(A  B) 
5 5 / 13 13
5 5 2 11
Now, P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A B) =   =
26 13 13 26
2. We know that
P(A  B) P(A  B)
P(A / B)  and P(B / A) 
P(B) P(A)
Therefore, to find P(A / B) and P(B / A) , we need the values of P(A  B) , P(A) and P(B) .
So let us first compute these probabilities.
Now, P(A  B) = P(A  B)

= 1 – P(A  B) = 1 – {P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)} = 1  3 1 1

  
8 2 4
3
8 
5 1
P(A)  1  P(A)  and P(B)  1  P(B) 
8 2
P(A  B) 3 8 3 P(A  B) 3 8 3
 P(A / B)    and P(B / A)   
P(B) 12 4 P(A) 58 5
3. We have,
A = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)} and B = {(4, 6), (6, 4), (5, 5), (6, 5), (5, 6), (6, 6)}
So, A  B = {(6, 6), (5, 5)}
 P(A) = P(1, 1) + P(2, 2) + P(3, 3) + P(4, 4) + P(5, 5) + P(6, 6)
= P(1) P(1) + P(2) P(2) + P(3) P(3) + P(4) P(4) + P(5) P(5) + P(6) P(6)
2 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1
=            
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5
P(B) = P(4, 6) + P(6, 4) + P(5, 5) + P(6, 5) + P(5, 6) + P(6, 6)
= P(4) P(6) + P(6) P(4) + P(5) P(5) + P(6) P(5) + P(5) P(6) + P(6) P(6)
3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=            
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
1 1 1 1 1
and P(A  B) = P(5, 5) + P(6, 6) = P(5) P(5) + P(6) P(6) =    
10 10 10 10 50
Clearly, P(A  B) = P(A)P(B)
Hence, A and B are independent events.

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4. Let A denote the event that at least one girl will be chosen, and B the event that exactly 2 girls
will be chosen.
Since A denotes the event that at least one girl will be chosen, A' denotes that no girl is chosen,
i.e. 4 boys are chosen. Then
8
C4 70 14
P(A)  12
 
C 4 495 99

14 85
P(A)  1  
99 99
8
C 4 . 4 C 2 6  28 56
Now P(A  B) = P(2 boys and 2 girls) = 12
 
C4 495 165

P(A  B) 56 99 168
Thus P(B|A) =   
P(A) 165 85 425

5. Let red marbles be represented with R and black marble with B. The following three conditions
are possible, if atleast one of the three marbles drawn be black and the first marble is red.
(i) E1 : 2nd ball is black and 3rd is red
(ii) E2 : 2nd ball is black and 3rd is also black
(iii) E3 : 2nd ball is red and 3rd is black

 B   R  5 3 4 60 5
 P(E1 )  P(R1 ) · P  1  · P  2   · ·  
 R1   R1B1  8 7 6 336 28

 B   B  5 3 2 30 5
P(E2 )  P(R1 ) · P  1  · P  2   · ·  
 R1   R1B1  8 7 6 336 56

 R   B  5 4 3 60 5
and P(E3 )  P(R1 ) · P  2  · P  1   · ·  
 R1   R1R2  8 7 6 336 28
5 5 5 25
 P(E)  P(E1 )  P(E 2 )  P(E 3 )    
28 56 28 56
25
Hence, the required probability is
56
6. Let R1 and R2 denote the events of getting a red ball in first and second draws respectively. Then,
Required probability = P(R1  R 2 )

= 1  P(R1  R2 )

= 1  P(R1  R 2 )

= 1  P(R1 )P(R 2 R1) …..(1)

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Now, P(R1 ) = Probability of not getting a red ball in first draw
= Probability of getting an other colour (white or black) ball in first draw
6 2
= 
9 3
When another colour ball is drawn in first draw there are 5 other colour (white and black) balls
and 3 red balls, out of which one other colour ball can be drawn in 5C1ways.
5
 P(R 2 R1 ) 
8
Substituting these values in (1), we obtain :

2 5 7
Required probability = 1  P(R1 )P(R 2 R1 )  1   
3 8 12

7. Let E1, E2, E3 and A be the events defined as follows :

E1 = First urn is chosen, E2 = Second urn is chosen,
E3 = Third urn is chosen and A = Ball drawn is red.
Since there are three urns and one of the three urns is chosen at random. Therefore,
1
P(E1) = P(E2) = P(E3) =
3
If E1 has already occurred, then first urn has been chosen which contains 6 red and 4 black balls.
The probability of drawing a red ball from it is 6/10.
6
So, P(A E1 ) 
10
4 5
Similarly, P(A E 2 )  and P(A E 3 ) 
10 10
We have to find P(E1 A) , i.e. given that the ball drawn is red, what is the probability that it is

drawn from the first urn.

By Baye's theorem, obtain
P(E1 )P(A E1 )
P  E1 A  
P(E1 )P(A E1 )  P(E 2 )P(A E 2 )  P(E 3 )P(A E 3 )

1 6

3 10 6 2
  
1 6 1 4 1 5 15 5
    
3 10 3 10 3 10

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8. Let E1 be the event that the letter came from Calcutta and E2 be the event that the letter came
from Tatanagar. Let A denote the event that two consecutive letters visible on the envelop are
TA.
Since the letters have come either from Calcutta or Tatanagar.
1
 P(E1) = = P(E2)
2
If E1 has occurred, then it means that the letter came from Calcutta. In the word CALCUTTA
there are 8 letters in which TA occurs in the end. Considering TA as one letter there are seven
letters out of which one can be in 7 ways.
1
 P(A/E1) = 
7
 If E2 has occurred, then the letter came from Tatanagar. In the word TATANAGAR there are
9 letters in which TA occurs twice. Considering one of the two TA's as one letter there are
8 letters.
2
 P(A/E2) =
8
We have to find P(E1/A) and P(E2/A)
1 1

P(E1 )P(A E1 ) 2 7 4
(i) P(E1 A)   
P(E1 )P(A E1 )  P(E 2 )P(A E 2 ) 1  1  1  2 11
2 7 2 8

1 2

P(E 2 )P(A E 2 ) 2 8 7
(ii) P(E 2 A)   
P(E1 )P(A E1 )  P(E 2 )P(A E 2 ) 1  1  1  2 11
2 7 2 8

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NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. A die is thrown three times, E : 4 appears on the third toss, F : 6 and 5 appears respectively on
E
first two tosses. find P   . [Ex.13.1, Q.8]
F
2. Give, that the two numbers appearing on throwing two dice are different. Find the probability of
the event ‘the sum of numbers on the dice is 4’. [Ex.13.1, Q.14]
3. A die marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 in green is tossed. Let A be the event, ‘the number is
even,’ and B be the event, ‘the number is red’. Are A and B independent? [Ex.13.2, Q.5]
1 1 1
4. If A and B are two events such that P(A) = , P(B) = and P(A  B) = , find P (not A and
4 2 8
not B). [Ex.13.2, Q.9]
1 1
5. Probability of solving specific problem independently by A and B are and respectively. If
2 3
both try to solve the problem independently, find the probability that [Ex.13.2, Q.14]
(i) the problem is solved (ii) exactly one of them solves the problem.
6. In answering a question on a multiple choice test, a student either knows the answer or guesses.
3 1
Let be the probability that he knows the answer and be the probability that he guesses.
4 4
1
Assuming that a student who guesses at the answer will be correct with probability . What is
4
the probability that the student knows the answer given that he answered it correctly?
[Ex.13.3, Q.4]
7. There are three coins. One is a two headed coin (having head on both faces), another is a biased
coin that comes up heads 75% of the time and third is an unbiased coin. One of the three coins is
chosen at random and tossed, it shows heads, what is the probability that it was the two headed
coin ? [Ex.13.3, Q.6]
8. Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a coin three times and notes the
number of heads. If she gets 1, 2, 3 or 4, she tosses a coin once and notes whether a head or tail is
obtained. If she obtained exactly one head, what is the probability that she threw 1, 2, 3 or 4 with
the die? [Ex.13.3, Q.10]
9. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two cards are drawn
and are found to be both diamonds. Find the probability of the lost card being a diamond.
[Ex.13.3, Q.12]
10. Assume that the chances of a patient having a heart attack is 40%. It is also assumed that a
meditation and yoga course reduce the risk of heart attack by 30% and prescription of certain
drug reduces its chances by 25%. At a time a patient can choose any one of the two options with
equal probabilities. It is given that after going through one of the two options the patient selected
at random suffers a heart attack. Find the probability that the patient followed a course of
meditation and yoga? [Misc.Ex., Q.7]

214 E
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11. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag II contains 4 red and 5 black balls. One ball is
transferred from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is drawn from Bag II. The ball so drawn is found
to be red in colour. Find the probability that the transferred ball is black. [Misc.Ex., Q.10]
12. Ten cards numbered 1 to 10 are placed in a box, mixed up thoroughly and then one card is drawn
randomly. If it is known that the number on the drawn card is more than 3, what is the probability
that it is an even number? [Example 3]
13. A die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be 6. What is the
conditional probability that the number 4 has appeared at least once? [Example 6]
14. Given three identical boxes I, II and III, each containing two coins. In box I, both coins are gold
coins, in box II, both are silver coins and in the box III, there is one gold and one silver coin. A
person chooses a box at random and takes out a coin. If the coin is of gold, what is the probability
that the other coin in the box is also of gold? [Example 17]
15. A and B throw a die alternatively till one of them gets a ‘6’ and wins the game. Find their
respective probabilities of winning, if A starts first. [Example 36]

ANSWERS
1 1 3
1. 2. 3. Not independent 4.
6 15 8

2 1 12 4 8
5. (i) (ii) 6. 7. 8.
3 2 13 9 11

11 14 16 4
9. 10. 11. 12.
50 29 31 7

2 2 6 5
13. 14. 15. P(A wins)  , P(B wins) 
5 3 11 11

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PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. If a die is thrown twice, then the probability of getting the sum of the numbers equal to 7, will be
[2022]
5 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
36 12 6 9
Sol. (C) If a die is thrown twice;
 n(S) = 36
Let E be the event of getting the sum of numbers equal to 7.
 E = (1,6)(6,1)(2,5)(5,2)(4,3)(3, 4)

n(E) 6 1
Hence, P(E) =  
n(S) 36 6
2. If a die is thrown once, then find the probability that the number appeared on the die is a multiple
of 2. [2022]
Sol. If a die is thrown once; S  1,2,3, 4,5,6

Let F be the event that the number appeared on the die is a multiple of 2
 F = {2, 4, 6}
Hence; required probability is given as :
n(F) 3 1
P(F) = = 
n(S) 6 2
6 5 7
3. If P(A)  , P(B)  and P(A  B)  , then find P(A  B). [2020]
11 11 11
6 5 7
Sol. Given P(A) = , P(B) = and P(A  B) =
11 11 11
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)
6 5 7 4
 P(A  B) =   
11 11 11 11

4. If P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.3 and P(A  B) = 0.2, then find P A  B . [2019]

Sol. Given P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.3, P(AB) = 0.2

 A  P(A  B) 0.2 2
 P    
 B P(B) 0.3 3

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5. If A and B are two independent events with P(A) = 0.2 and P(B) = 0.5 then find the value of
P(AB). [2018]
Sol. Given P(A) = 0.2, P(B) = 0.5
 P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A B)
= P(A) + P(B) – P(A) . P(B) (A and B are independent events)

= 0.2 + 0.5 – 0.2 × 0.5 = 0.6

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

6. If a die is thrown three times, then find the probability of getting an odd number on the die in
each throw. [2022]
Sol. Let events
E1 = Getting on odd number in first throw
E2 = Getting on odd number in second throw
E3 = Getting on odd number in third throw
3 1
P(E1) =   P(E 2 )  P(E 3 )
6 2
1 1 1 1
Required Prop. = P(E1  E2  E3) = P(E1).P(E2).P(E3) =   =
2 2 2 8
 6 4
7. If P(A) = , P(B) = and (A  B) = , then find P(A/B). [2022]
11 11 11
5 6 4
Sol. Given that, P(A) = , P(B) = & P(A  B) =
11 11 11
P(A  B)
 P(A/B) =
P(B)
4
4 2
 P(A/B) = 11 = =
6 6 3
11

FOUR MARKS QUESTIONS

8. In a hostel, 60% of the students read Hindi newspaper, 40% read English newspaper and 20%
read both Hindi and English newspapers. A student is selected at random. [2022]
(i) Find the probability that he reads neither Hindi nor English newspapers
(ii) If he reads Hindi newspaper, find the probability that he reads English newspaper also

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Sol. Let H and E represents the events that he read Hindi and English newspaper, respectively.
60 6
P(H) = 60% = =
100 10
40 4
P(E) = 40% = =
100 10
20 2
P(H  E) = 20% = =
100 10
6 4 2 8
(i)  P(H  E) = P(H) + P(E) – P(H  E) =   P(H  E) =  0.8
10 10 10 10

Req. prob. = P  H  E  P  H  E  = 1 – P(H  E) = 1 – 0.8 = 0.2

P(E  H) 2 / 10 2 
(ii) P(E/H) = =  
P(H) 6 / 10 6 3

OR
If three cards are drawn successively without replacement from a pack of 52 well shuffled cards,
then find the probability that first two cards are aces and the third card drawn is a king.
Sol. Let A1 = First drawn card is Ace, A2 = Second drawn card is Ace and
A3 = Third drawn card is king
Since drawing three cards without replacement
4 3 4 2
Req. prob. = P(A1  A2  A3) = P(A1).P(A2/A1).P(A3/A1  A2) =   =
52 51 50 5525

SIX MARKS QUESTIONS

9. A man is known to speak the truth 3 out of 5 times. He throw a die and reports that it is 1. Find
the probability that it is actually 1. [2020]
Sol. Let E1  Getting one on die
E2  Not getting one on die
1 1 5
P(E1) = , P(E2) = 1  =
6 6 6
A  Speak truth
A'  Not speak truth
A 3 A 3 2
P   = ; P   1 
 E1  5  E2  5 5

218 E
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Required probability
A 1 3 3
P(E1 ) P   
 E1  E
 1 6 5 30  3
P   (Using Baye's theorem) = =
A A A 1 3 5 2 3 10 13
P(E1 ) P    P(E 2 ) P      
E
 1 E
 2 6 5 6 5 30 30

10. A man is known to speak truth 2 out of 3 times. He throws a die and reports that it is a six. Find
the probability that it is actually a six. [2019]
Sol. Let E1 : Six appear on the die
E2 : Six not appear on the die
A : man reports that it is six

1 5 2 A 1
Here P(E1) = , P(E 2 )  and P(A/E1) = , P   
6 6 3  E2  3

A
P(E1 ).P  
E 
Req. Prob. = P  1    E1  (U sin g Baye 's theorem)
A A
P(E1 ).P(A / E1 )  P(E 2 ).P  
 E2 
1 2

6 3 2
= 
1 2  1 7
  
6 3 6 3
11. Bag A contains 3 red and 4 black balls and bag B contains 4 red and 5 black balls. One ball
transferred from beg A to bag B and then a ball is drawn from bag B. The ball so drawn is found
to be red in colour. Find the probability that the transferred ball is black. [2018]
Sol. Let E1 : Transferred ball be black, E2 : Transferred ball be red
and A : Drawn ball from bag B be red
4 3
C1 4 C1 3
Here, P(E1 )  7
 , P(E 2 )  7

C1 7 C1 7
4 5
C1 4 C1 5
P(A / E1 )  10
 , P(A / E 2 )  10

C1 10 C1 10
Required probability = P(E1/A)
4 4 16

P(E1 ) . P(A / E1 ) 7 10 16
= (Using Baye's theorem) =  70 
P(E1 ) . P(A / E1 )  P(E 2 ) . P(A / E 2 ) 4 4 3 5 31 31
  
7 10 7 10 70

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IMPORTANT NOTES

220 E
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RBSE QUESTION PAPER – 2023

SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
Time Allowed : 3:15 Hrs. Max. Marks : 80

SECTION-A
1. Multiple Choice Questions :
(i) If f : R R, f(x) = sin x and g : R R, g(x) = x2 then (fog) (x) is equal to [1]
2 2 2 2
(A) sin x (B) sin x (C) sin x (D) sin x
(ii) If the order of a matrix is m × n, then the number of elements in it are [1]
(A) m (B) n (C) mn (D) m – n
d2y
(iii) If y = x.loge x, then the value of 2 will be [1]
dx
1 1
(A) (B) (C) loge(1 + x) (D) 1 + loge x
1 x x
 1 
(iv) The anti derivative of  x   with respect to x [1]
 x
1 1/3 2 2/3 1 2
(A) x  2x1/2  C (B) x  x C
3 3 2
2 3/2 3 3/2 1 1/2
(C) x  2x1/2  C (D) x  x C
3 2 2
(v) The value of  cos2 x dx is [1]

x 1 1
(A)  sin 2x  C (B) x 2  sin 2x  C
2 4 4
x 1 x2 1 2
(C)  sin x  C (D)  sin x  C
4 2 2 2
(vi) The area of the region bounded by the curve y = x2 and the line y = 4 is [1]
33 8 32 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 3 3

(vii) The value of ˆi ·(ˆj  k)

ˆ  ˆj ·(iˆ  k)
ˆ  kˆ ·(iˆ  ˆj) is [1]
(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) 3
(viii) If the magnitude of two vectors a and b are 3 and 2 respectively and a·b  6 , then the

angle between a and b is [1]

   
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 6 4
E 221
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(ix) The equation of the plane with intercepts of 2, 3 and 4 on the x, y and z-axes respectively
is [1]

(A) 4x + 6y + 3z = 12 (B) 6x + 4y + 3z = 12

(C) 3x + 4y + 6z = 12 (D) 5x + 4y + 3z = 0

7 9 4 A
(x) If P(A)  , P(B)  and P(A  B)  , then the value of P   is [1]
13 13 13  B

4 7 5 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9 9 9 13

(xi) If a pair of dice is thrown, then the probability of getting an even prime number on each die
is : [1]

1 1 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
3 12 36

(xii) If a coin is tossed three times, where E : head on third toss; F : heads on first two tosses,
E
then the value of P   is [1]
F

1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 2 4 3

2. Fill in the blanks :

1
If x    y      , then (x + y) = __________.
2 10
(i) [1]
3  1  5 

(ii) The derivative of cos( x ) with respect to x is __________. [1]

(iii) The slope of the tangent line at x = 4 to the curve y = 3x4 – 4x will be __________. [1]

 1 
(iv) The value of  x 2  1  2  dx will be __________. [1]
 x 

(v) If the coordinates of the points A, B, C and D are (1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 7), (–4, 3, –6) and

(2, 9, 2) respectively , the acute angle between the lines AB and CD will be__________. [1]

(vi) If a pair of two unbiased dice is thrown once, then the probability that the sum of the

numbers on both the dice is 5 will be __________. [1]

222 E
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3. Very short answer type questions :

 1
(i) Find the principal value of sin 1    . [1]
 2

(ii) Find the values of x and y from the following equation : [1]

x 5  3 4   7 6 
2  
 7 y  3 1 2  15 14 

102 18 36
(iii) Evaluate 1 3 4 [1]
17 3 6

(iv) Examine the continuity of the function f(x) = 2x2 – 1 at x = 3. [1]

(v) The total revenue in Rupees received from the sale of x units of a product is given by
R(x) = 13x2 + 26x + 15. Find the marginal revenue, when x = 7. [1]

(vi) Find the area of the region bounded by y2 = 9x; x = 2, x = 4 and the x-axis in the first
quadrant. [1]

(vii) Find the position vector of a point R which internally divides the line joining two points

P and Q whose position vectors are (iˆ  2 ˆj  k)

ˆ and (  ˆi  ˆj  k)
ˆ respectively in the ratio

2 : 1. [1]

(viii) Find the angle between the vectors ˆi  2 ˆj  3kˆ and 3iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ . [1]

(ix) Show that the line through the points (1, – 1, 2) and (3, 4, –2) is perpendicular to the line
through the points (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6). [1]

x5 y4 z6

(x) The Cartesian equation of a line is   . Write its vector form. [1]
3 7 2

(xi) Find the intercepts cut off by the plane 2x + y – z = 5 on co-ordinate axes. [1]

(xii) An unbiased die is thrown twice. Let the event A be 'odd number on the first throw' and
B the event 'odd number on the second throw'. Check the independence of the events A and
B. [1]

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SECTION-B
Short answer type questions :

(4x  3) 2 2
4. If f(x)  , x  , show that (fof) (x) = x for all x  . [2]
(6x  4) 3 3

sin  cos  
5. If A   , then verify that AA  I . [2]
  cos  sin  

a 2 ab ac
6. Prove that ba b2 bc  4a 2 b 2 c 2 [2]
ca cb c 2

7. Show that the points A(a, b + c), B(b, c + a) and C(c, a + b) are collinear. [2]

 2 if x  0
8. Prove that the function f given by f(x)  x  3, is not continuous at x = 0. [2]
 1 , if x  0

9. Find the intervals in which the function f given by f(x) = x2 – 4x + 6 is [2]

(i) Increasing (ii) Decreasing

10. Find the approximate change in the volume of a cube of side x meters caused by increasing the
side by 2%. [2]

sec2 x
11. Evaluate :  tan 2 x  4
dx [2]

12. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y2 = 4ax and its latus rectum. [2]

13. Form the differential equation of the family of circles touching the y-axis at origin. [2]

14. For given vectors, a  2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ and b   ˆi  ˆj  kˆ , find the unit vector in the direction of the

vector a  b . [2]

15. Find the angle between the planes whose vector equations are r ·(2iˆ  2 ˆj  3k)
ˆ  5 and

r ·(3iˆ  3ˆj  5k)

ˆ  3. [2]

16. If a fair coin is tossed 10 times, find the probability of exactly six heads. [2]

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SECTION-C
 1 
17. If sin  sin 1  cos1 x   1 , then find the value of x. [3]
 5 
OR
3 8 84
Show that sin 1  sin 1  cos1 [3]
5 17 85
18. Differentiate (log x)cos x with respect to x. [3]
OR
d2y
If y = 500 e7x + 600 e–7x, show that  49y . [3]
dx 2
1
19. Evaluate :  (x  1)(x  2)
dx [3]

OR
x 1 2
Evaluate : x
 5x  6
2
dx [3]

20. Show that the vectors 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , ˆi  3ˆj  5kˆ and 3iˆ  4 ˆj  4kˆ form the vertices of a right angled
triangle. [3]
OR
Find the area of a triangle having the points A(1, 1, 1), B(1, 2, 3) and C(2, 3, 1) as its vertices. [3]

SECTION-D
1

 5x x 5  1 dx
4
21. Evaluate : [4]
1

OR

4

 sin
2
Evaluate : x dx [4]


4

22. In a bank, principal increases continuously at the rate of 5% per year. An amount of Rs.1,000 is
deposited with this bank. How much will it worth after 10 years (e0.5 = 1.648). [4]
OR
Find the general solution of the differential equation ydx – (x + 2y2)dy = 0. [4]
23. Maximize Z = 5x + 3y subject to constraints 3x + 5y  15, 5x + 2y  10, x  0, y  0 by using
graphical method. [4]
OR
Minimize Z = 200x + 500y subject to constraints x + 2y  0, 3x + 4y  24, x  0, y  0 by using
graphical method. [4]

E 225
 

RBSE QUESTION PAPER–2023 (SS-15) (SOLUTIONS)

SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
SECTION-A
1. (i) (A) Given f(x) = sin x and g(x) = x2
fog (x) = f{g(x)} = f(x2) = sin x2
(ii) (C) Given order of matrix m × n
Therefore total number of elements in matrix = mn
(iii) (B) Given y = x loge x
dy 1
Differentiate w.r.to x,  x ·  log e ·1  1  log e x
dx x
d2 y 1 1
Again differentiate w.r.to x, 2
 0 
dx x x
3 1
1 1 3 1
 1   x2 x2 2
(iv) (C) Let I =   x   dx   x 2 dx x    C  x 2  2x 2  C
2 dx
 x 3 / 2 1/ 2 3
1  cos 2x
(v) (A) We know that, cos2 x 
2
1 1 1 x 1
Therefore,  cos2 x dx =  (1  cos 2x) dx =  dx   cos2x dx   sin 2x  C
2 2 2 2 4
(vi) (C) Since the given curve represented by the
Y
equation y = x2 is a parabola symmetrical about x2 = y
y-axis only, therefore, from figure, the required N
y=4
A B
area of the region AOBA is given by
4 4
2 xdy = 2 ydy X'
O
X
0 0

2 4 4 32
= 2   y 3 2  0 =  8 = sq. units Y'
3 3 3
(vii) (C)        
ˆi · ˆj  kˆ  ˆj· ˆi  kˆ  kˆ · ˆi  ˆj = ˆi ·iˆ  ˆj· ˆj  kˆ ·kˆ = 1– ĵ · ĵ +1= 1–1+1= 1

(viii) (D) It is given that, a  3 , b  2 and, a ·b  6

Now, we know that a ·b  a b cos  .

 6  3  2  cos 
6 1 
 cos =  cos     =
32 2 4

Hence, the angle between the given vectors a and b is .
4

226 E
 
x y z
(ix) (B) Let the equation of the plane be   1 …..(1)
a b c
Here, a = 2, b = 3 and c = 4
Substituting the values of a, b and c in (1), we get the required equation of the plane
x y z
as    1 or 6x + 4y + 3z = 12
2 3 4
4
 A  P(A  B) 13 4
(x) (A) We have P     
 B P(B) 9 9
13
(xi) (D) A pair of dice is thrown, then sample space
S = {(x, y) : x, y  1, 2, 3,…….6}
n(S) = 36
Let F : Event of getting an even prime number on each die.
F = {(2, 2)}
n(F) = 1
n(F) 1
Required probability = 
n(S) 36
(xii) (B) If a coin is tossed three times, then the sample space S is
S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
 n(S) = 8
Let event E : Head of third toss
E = {HHH, HTH, THH, TTH}
and event F : Heads on first two tosses
F = {HHH, HHT}
 E  F = {HHH}
2 1 1
 P(F)   and P(E  F) 
8 4 8
1
P(E  F) 8 4 1
 P(E | F)    
P(F) 1 8 2
4
2. (i) Given that
2  1 10   2x  y  10 
x  y        
3  1   5   3x  y   5 
By definition of equality of matrix as the given matrices are equal, their corresponding
elements are also equal. Comparing the corresponding elements, we get
2x – y = 10 …(i)
and 3x + y = 5 …(ii)

E 227
 
Adding Eq. (i) and (ii), we get
5x = 15  x = 3
Substituting x = 3 in Eq. (i), we get
2 × 3 –y = 10  y = 6 – 10 = – 4

(ii)
d 
dx 
cos  x    sin  x   dxd  x    sin
2 x
x

(iii) The given curve is y = 3x4 − 4x.

Then, the slope of the tangent to the given curve at x = 4 is given by
dy 
  12x 3  4  = 12(4)3 – 4 = 12(64) – 4 = 764
dx  x  4 x 4

2 1    x3
  x2    
2
(iv) x  1   dx  x  1 dx  x 2
dx  1dx  xC
3
(v) The coordinates of A, B, C and D are (1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 7), (–4, 3, –6) and (2, 9, 2) respectively.
The direction ratios of AB are (4 – 1) = 3, (5 –2) = 3 and (7 – 3) = 4
The direction ratios of CD are (2 – (– 4)) = 6, (9 –3) = 6 and (2 – (–6)) = 8
a1 b1 c1 1
It can be seen that,   
a 2 b2 c2 2
Therefore, AB is parallel to CD.
Thus, the angle between AB and CD is either 0° or 180°
(vi) A pair of two unbiased dice is thrown once then sample space
S = {(x, y) ; x, y  1,2,3,……6} n(S) = 36
Let F : Event that sum of the numbers on both the dice is 5
F = {(1, 4), (4, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)} n(F) = 4
n(F) 4 1
Required probability =  
n(S) 36 9
 1  1
3. (i) Let sin 1      sin   
 2  2
  
We know that the range of principal value of sin–1 x is   ,  .
 2 2
1   
 sin      sin  sin    ( sin(–) = – sin)
2 6  6
     1 
 = – , where     ,   sin –1    = 
6  2 2  2 6

 1 
Hence, the principal value of sin –1    is –
 2 6

228 E
 
x 5  3 4   7 6 
(ii) We have 2   
7 y  3 1 2  15 14 

 2x 10  3 4   7 6 
 14 2y  6   1 2   15 14 
     
 2x  3 10  4   7 6 
 14  1 2y  6  2  = 15 14 
   
 2x + 3 = 7 and 2y – 4 = 14
 2x = 7 – 3 and 2y = 18
4 18
 x and y 
2 2
 x = 2 and y = 9
102 18 36 6(17) 6(3) 6(6) 17 3 6
(iii) 1 3 4 = 1 3 4 = 1 3 4 =0 ( R1  R 3 )
17 3 6 17 3 6 17 3 6

(iv) The given function is f  x   2x 2 1

At x  3,f  x   f 3  2  32 1  17

lim f  x   lim  2x 2  1  2  32  1  17
x 3 x 3

 lim f  x   f  3
x 3

Thus, f is continuous at x = 3
(v) Marginal revenue is the rate of change of total revenue with respect to the number of units sold.
dR
∴ Marginal Revenue (MR)  = 13(2x) + 26 = 26x + 26
dx
When x = 7, MR = 26(7) + 26 = 182 + 26 = 208
Hence, the required marginal revenue is Rs 208.
(vi) Since, the given curve y 2  9x is a parabola which is symmetrical about X-axis
( the power of y is even) and passes through the origin.
The area of the region bounded by the curve, y 2  9x, x  2 , x = 4 and the X-axis is the
area shown in the figure.

E 229
 
b Y
Required area (shaded region) =  | y |dx
a y2 = 9x
=
4
 2 y dx   2 3
4
x dx  y 2  9x  y  3 x 
X X
4 O x=2 x=4
 x 3/2  3  2 3/2
 3   4  23/2 
3  3
 
 2 2
 2  4 4  2 2   2 8  2 2  Y

 4  4  2  sq. units

(vii) Here, OP  ˆi  2 ˆj  kˆ  a (let) and OQ  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ  b (let) , also m = 2, n = 1

when R divides PQ internally in the ratio 2 : 1

mb  na
then P.V. of R 
mn


  
2 ˆi  ˆj  kˆ  1 ˆi  2ˆj  kˆ    2iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ    ˆi  2ˆj  kˆ   ˆi  4ˆj  kˆ   1 ˆi  4 ˆj  1 kˆ
2 1 3 3 3 3 3

(viii) Let a  ˆi  2ˆj  3kˆ and b  3iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ .

a  12  (2)2  32  1  4  9  14

b  32  (2) 2  12  9  4  1  14

  
Now, a ·b  ˆi  2ˆj  3kˆ 3iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ = 1·3 + (–2) (–2) + 3.1= 3 + 4 + 3= 10

Also. we know that a ·b  a · b cos 

10 5
  10 = 14 14 cos   cos =  = cos–1  
14 7
(ix) Let AB be the line joining the points, (1, –1, 2) and (3, 4, –2), and CD be the line joining
the points, (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6).
The direction ratios, a1, b1, c1, of AB are (3 –1), (4 – (–1)), and (–2 –2) i.e., 2, 5, and –4.
The direction ratios, a2, b2, c2, of CD are (3 – 0), (5 –3), and (6 –2) i.e., 3, 2, and 4. AB and
CD will be perpendicular to each other, if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 2 × 3 + 5 × 2 + (–4) × 4= 6 + 10 –16 = 0
Therefore, AB and CD are perpendicular to each other.

230 E
 
x5 y4 z6
(x) The Cartesian equation of the line is   …..(1)
3 7 2
The given line passes through the point (5, –4, 6). The position vector of this point is

a  5iˆ  4ˆj  6kˆ

Also, the direction ratios of the given line are 3, 7, and 2.

This means that the line is in the direction of vector, b  3iˆ  7ˆj  2kˆ

It is known that the line through position vector a and in the direction of the vector b is
given by the equation,

  
r  a  b,   R  r  5iˆ  4ˆj  6kˆ   3iˆ  7ˆj  2kˆ 
This is the required equation of the given line in vector form
(xi) Given: The plane 2x + y – z = 5
Let us express the equation of the plane in intercept form
x/a + y/b + z/c = 1
Where a, b, c are the intercepts cut-off by the plane at x, y and z axes respectively.
2x + y – z = 5 .... (1)
Now divide both the sides of equation (1) by 5, we get
2x/5 + y/5 – z/5 = 5/5
2x/5 + y/5 – z/5 = 1
x/(5/2) + y/5 + z/(–5) = 1
Here, a = 5/2, b = 5 and c = –5
 The intercepts cut-off by the plane are 5/2, 5 and –5.
(xii) If all the 36 elementary events of the experiment are considered to be equally likely, we
have
18 1 18 1
P(A)   and P(B)  
36 2 36 2
Also P(A  B) = P (odd number of both throws)
9 1
= =
36 4
1 1 1
Now, P(A) P(B) =  =
2 2 4
Clearly P(A  B) = P(A) × P(B)
Thus, A and B are independent events.

E 231
 
SECTION-B
(4x  3) 2
4. It is given that, f (x)  ,x  .
6x – 4 3
 4x  3 
4   3 16x  12  18x – 12 34x
 4x  3   6x  4 
(fof) (x) = f(f(x)) = f      x
 6x – 4   4x  3  24x  18 – 24x  16 34
6 –4
 6x – 4 
2
Therefore, fof(x) = x, for all  .
3

 sin  cos   sin  cos     sin   cos  

A  
5. Here,
  cos  sin  
A  cos  sin    cos  sin  
 sin   cos    sin  cos  
 AA  
cos  sin     cos  sin  
 sin   sin      cos    cos    sin   cos      cos  sin  

  sin   cos     cos    sin    cos   cos    sin  sin   
 sin 2   cos2  sin  cos   cos  sin  
 
sin  cos   sin  cos  cos2   sin 2  
1 0   sin 2   cos2   1
  I
0 1 
Hence, verified
a 2 ab ac
6. LHS = ba b 2
bc
ca cb c 2
a b c
 abc a b c [Taking out factors a from R 1 , b from R 2 and c from R 3 ]
a b c
1 1 1
  abc  abc  1 1 1 (Taking out factors a from C1 , b from C 2 and c from C 3 )
1 1 1
0 0 2
 a b c 0 2 2
2 2 2
(Using R1  R1  R 2 and R 2  R 2  R 3 )
1 1 1
Expanding corresponding to first row R 1 , we get

 2 2 0 2 0 2 
 a 2 b 2 c2 0 0 2   a b c 0  0  2  0  2   4a b c = RHS.
2 2 2 2 2 2

 1 1 1 1 1 1 
Hence Proved.

232 E
 
a bc 1
1
7. Area of ABC  b c  a 1
2 c ab 1
1
 a  c  a   1   a  b   1   b  c b  1  1 c  1b   a  b    c  a   c
2
1
 a  c  a  a  b    b  c  b  c   1 ab  b 2  c 2  ac 
2
1 1
 ac  ab  b 2  c 2  ab  b 2  c 2  ac   0  0
2 2
Since, area of  ABC  0 ;

Hence, points A  a, b  c , B  b,c  a  , C  c,a  b  are collinear.

8. The function is defined at x = 0 and its value at x = 0 is 1.

When x ≠ 0, the function is given by a polynomial.
Hence, lim f(x) = lim(x 3  3) = 03 + 3 = 3
x 0 x 0

Since the limit of f at x = 0 does not coincide with f (0), the function is not continuous at x = 0. It
may be noted that x = 0 is the only point of discontinuity for this function.
9. We have f(x) = x2 – 4x + 6
or f (x) = 2x – 4
Therefore, f (x) = 0 gives x = 2. – 2 +
Now the point x = 2 divides the real line into two intervals namely, (– , 2] and [2, ) (figure).
In the interval (– , 2], f (x) = 2x – 4  0.
Therefore, f is decreasing in this interval.
Also, in the interval [2, ) , f (x)  0 and so the function f is increasing in this interval.
10. Let volume of cube is V = x3
 dV 
or dV    x  (3x 2 )x
 dx 
= (3x2) (0.02x) = 0.06x3 m3 (as 2% of x is 0.02x)
Thus, the approximate change in volume is 0.06 x3 m3.
sec 2 x
11. Let I =  tan 2 x  4
dx

Put tan x = t  sec2x dx = dt

dt
I    log t  t 2  4  C  log tan x  tan 2 x  4  C
t 2
2 2

12. From figure, the vertex of the parabola y2 = 4ax is at origin (0, 0). The equation of the latus
rectum LSL' is x = a.
Also, parabola is symmetrical about the x-axis.

E 233
 
The required area of the region OLL' O
= 2(area of the region OLSO) Y
a a
L
= 2  ydx = 2  4axdx
0 0

a
(a,0)
= 2  2 a  xdx X' X
O S
0

2 a
= 4 a   x 3 2 
3 0
L'
8 8 Y'
= a  a 3 2  = a 2 sq. units
3 3
13. The centre of the circle touching the y-axis at origin lies on the x-axis.
Let (a, 0) be the centre of the circle.
Since it touches the y-axis at origin, its radius is a.
Now, the equation of the circle with centre (a, 0) and radius (a) is
(x – a)2 + y2 = a2  x2 + y2 = 2ax .....(1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get:
2x + 2yy' = 2a  x + yy' = a
Now, on substituting the value of a in equation (1), we get:
x2 + y2 = 2(x + yy')x
 x2 + y2 = 2x2 + 2xyy'  2xyy' + x2 = y2
This is the required differential equation.
14. The given vectors are a  2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ and b  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ .

 a  b  (2  1)iˆ  (1  1)ˆj  (2  1)kˆ  1iˆ  0ˆj  1kˆ  ˆi  kˆ

a  b  12  12  2

 a  b    ˆi  kˆ 
Hence, the unit vector in the direction of a  b is   ab 2
1 ˆ 1 ˆ
2
i
2
k

15. Given : The equation of the given planes are r(2iˆ  2 ˆj  3k)
ˆ  5 and r(3iˆ  3ˆj  5k)
ˆ 5

If n1 and n2 are normal to the planes, then r1 .n1  d 2 and r2 .n 2  d 2

Angle between two planes is given as
n1 . n 2 6  6  15 15
cos   = =
| n1 | | n 2 | 4  4  9 9  9  25 17 43
 15  1  15 
  cos1    cos  
 17 43   731 

234 E
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16. The repeated tosses of a coin are Bernoulli trials. Let X denote the number of heads in an
experiment of 10 trials.
1
Clearly, X has the binomial distribution with n = 10 and p 
2
Therefore, P(X = x) = nCx qn–x px, x = 0, 1, 2, ….., n
1 1
Here n = 10, p  ,q=1–p=
2 2
10  x x 10
10 1 1 10 1
Therefore, P(X = x) = Cx   2 = Cx  
2   2
10
10 1 10! 1 105
Now, P(X = 6) = C6   = =
2 6!  4! 210
512

SECTION-C
 1 
17. Given, sin  sin 1    cos 1 x  = 1
 5 
1
 sin 1    cos1 x  sin 1 1 [ sin = x   = sin–1x]
5
1     
 sin 1    cos 1 x  sin 1  sin   sin  2   1
5  2    
1  1 
 sin 1    cos 1 x   sin 1     cos 1 x
5 2 5 2
1  
 sin 1    sin 1 x  sin 1 x  cos 1 x  
5 2
1
 x
5
OR
3 8
Let sin 1  x and sin 1 y
5 17
3 8
Therefore, sin x  and sin y 
5 17
9 4
Now, cos x  1  sin 2 x  1  
25 5
64 15
cos y  1  sin 2 y  1  
289 17
We have cos (x – y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
4 15 3 8 84
= ·  · 
5 17 5 17 85
 84 
Therefore x  y  cos1  
 85 
E 235
 
Let y   log x 
cos x
18.
Taking logarithm on both the sides
log y  cos x  log  log x 
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
1 dy d d
   cos x   log  log x   cos x  log  log x 
y dx dx dx
1 dy 1 1
    sin x log  log x   cos x  
y dx log x x
dy  cos x 1 
  y   sin x log  log x   
dx  log x x 
dy cos x  cos x 
   log x    sin x log  log x  
dx  x log x 
OR
7x
It is given that, y  500e  600e7x
…..(i)

 500   e7 x   600   e 7 x 
dy d d
Then,
dx dx dx
d d
 500  e 7 x   7x   600  e 7 x   7x   3500e7x  4200e7x
dx dx
Again differentiating with respect to x on both the sides
d2 y
 3500   e7x   4200   e7x 
d d
 2
dx dx dx
d d
 3500  e 7 x   7x   4200  e 7 x   7x 
dx dx
 7  3500  e7x  7  4200  e7x
 49  500e7x  49  600e 7x
 49  500e7x  600e7x   49y (Using (i))
Hence, proved.

1 1
19. Let I =  dx   dx
(x  1)(x  2)  2
  3 1
 x   
 2 4
3
Put x   t  dx = dt
2
 2
 1 1  3
I  dt  log t  t     C  log  x    x 2  3x  2  C
2

 2 1
2
2  2
 t  
2

236 E
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OR
x2  1
Let I   dx
x 2  5x  6
x2  1
Here the integrand 2 is not proper rational function, so we divided x2 + 1 by x2 – 5x + 6
x  5x  6
and find that
x2  1 5x  5 5x  5
= 1 2 = 1
x  5x  6
2
x  5x  6 (x  2)(x  3)
5x  5 A B
Let =  (by using partial fraction)
(x  2)(x  3) x 2 x 3
So that 5x – 5 = A(x – 3) + B(x – 2)
Equating the coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides, we get A + B = 5 and 3A + 2B = 5.
Solving these equations, we get A = – 5 and B = 10
x2  1 5 10
Thus, 2 =1– 
x  5x  6 x 2 x 3
1 dx
Therefore, I =  dx  5 dx  10 
x2 x 3
I = x – 5 log |x – 2| + 10 log |x – 3| + C.
20. Let vectors 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , ˆi  3jˆ  5kˆ and 3iˆ  4ˆj  4kˆ be position vectors of points A, B and C
respectively.
i.e., OA  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , OB  ˆi  3jˆ  5kˆ and OC  3iˆ  4ˆj  4kˆ

 AB  (1  2)iˆ  (3  1)ˆj  (5  1)kˆ  ˆi  2ˆj  6kˆ

BC  (3  1)iˆ  (4  3)ˆj  (4  5)kˆ  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ

AC  (3  2)iˆ  (4  1)ˆj  (4  1)kˆ  ˆi  3jˆ  5kˆ

Now, AB  BC  (ˆi  2ˆj  6k)

ˆ  (2iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ  ˆi  3jˆ  5kˆ  AC

 A, B and C are vertices of a triangle.

Now, AB   1   2   6  1  4  36  41

2 2 2

BC  22   1  12  4  1  1  6
2

AC  1  (3)2  (5)2  1  9  25  35

2

2 2 2
 BC  AC  6  35  41  AB

Hence, A, B and C are vertices of a right angle triangle.

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OR
1
We have, AB  ˆj  2kˆ and AC  ˆi  2 ˆj . The area of the given triangle is | AB  AC | .
2
ˆi ˆj kˆ
Now, AB  AC  0 1 2  4iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ
1 2 0

Therefore, | AB  AC |  16  4  1  21
1
Thus, the required area is 21 sq. units
2

SECTION-D
1

 5x x 5  1 dx
4
21. Let I =
1

Put t = x5 + 1  dt = 5x4 dx
Note that, when x = –1, t = 0 and when x = 1, t = 2
2
2 32 2 2 32 2 4 2
I= 
0
t dt =
3
[t ]0  [2  03 2 ] = (2 2) =
3 3 3
OR
4

Let I  
 4
sin 2 x dx

f(x) = sin2 x f(–x) = sin2 x = f(x)

 a a

We observe that sin2 x is an even function  Using  f(x) dx 2  f(x) dx 
 a 0 
4 4 4
(1  cos2x)
 2  sin x dx  2 
2
dx   (1  cos2x) dx
0 0
2 0

4
 1   1   1
  x  sin 2x  =   sin   0 = 
 2 0 4 2 2 4 2
22. Let p and t be the principal and time respectively.
It is given that the principal increases continuously at the rate of 5% per year.
dp  5  dp p dp dt
   p  dt  20  
dt  100  p 20
Integrating both sides, we get:
t
dp 1 t C
 p 20 
 dt  log p 
20
 C  p  e 20 ...(1)

Now, when t = 0, p = 1000. ⇒ 1000 = eC ...(2)

238 E
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At t = 10, equation (1) becomes:
1
C
p = e2  p = e0.5 × eC  p = 1.648 × 1000  p = 1648
Hence, after 10 years the amount will worth Rs 1648.
OR
dx x
The given differential equation can be written as   2y
dy y
dx 1
This is a linear differential equation of the type  Px  Q , where P   and Q = 2y.
dy y
1
  y dy 1 1
Therefore I.F. e = e  logy  elog(y) 
y
Hence, the solution of the given differential equation is
1 1 x x
x   (2y)   dy  C    (2dy)  C   2y  C x = 2y2 + Cy
y y y y
which is a general solution of the given differential equation .
23. Maximize Z  5x  3y
Subject to constraints 3x  5y  15 , 5x  2y  10 , x  0 , y  0
Scale :
Y On X-axis 1cm = 1 unit
On Y-axis 1cm = 1 unit

6
5
4
3 B (20/19, 45/19)
(0, 3)C
2
1
A(2, 0)
X' X
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(0, 0)
3x + 5y = 15
Y' 5x + 2y = 10

 20 45 
Coordinates point B is  ,  .
 19 19 
 Feasible region is OABCO
 20 45 
The corner points of the feasible region are O  0,0 , A  2,0 , B  ,  and C  0,3 .
 19 19 

E 239
 
The values of Z at these points are as follows:
Corner Points Z = 5x + 3y
O  0,0 0
A  2,0 10
 20 45  235
B ,   Maximum
 19 19  19
C  0,3 9
235  20 45 
Therefore, the maximum value of Z is at the point B  ,  .
19  19 19 
OR
Minimize Z = 200x + 500y
Subject to constraints
x + 2y  10 …..(1)
3x + 4y  24 …..(2)
x  0, y  0 …..(3)
The shaded region in figure. is the feasible region ABC determined by the system of constraints
(1) to (3), which is bounded. The coordinates of corner points. A, B and C are (0, 5), (4, 3) and
(0, 6) respectively.
Corner Z = 200x + 500y Y

Points 7 Scale :
C(0, 6) On X-axis 1cm = 1 unit
A (0, 5) 2500 6 On Y-axis 1cm = 1 unit
B (4, 3) 2300 (min.)
(0, 5)A
C (0,6) 3000 4
B(4,3)
3

1
(8,0) (10,0)
X' O X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x + 2y = 10
Y'
3x + 4y = 24

Hence, minimum value of Z is 2300 attained at the point (4, 3).

240 E