International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 15, No. 3, September 2024, pp. 1799~1809

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v15.i3.pp1799-1809  1799

Dual-axis solar tracker system utilizing Fresnel lens for

web-based monitoring

Humairoh Ratu Ayu, Rifki Mohamad Kurniawansyah, Amir Supriyanto, Junaidi

Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Lampung University, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Solar energy produced using solar panels is a renewable source of electricity.
Over the years, several studies have been developed in the field to increase
Received Nov 28, 2023 the performance efficiency of these panels. Therefore, this study aims to
Revised Feb 20, 2024 develop dual-axis solar tracker with the addition of Fresnel lens to improve
Accepted Mar 21, 2024 performance efficiency. The system implemented consisted of multisensors,
servo motors, Fresnel lenses, Arduino nano, and NodeMCU ESP32. In the
experiments, proposed tracking system with and without Fresnel lens were
Keywords: evaluated to compare the output of both setups. The results showed that the
maximum power of dual-axis solar tracker with and without the device was
Energy 13.60 W and 15.78 W, respectively, at the same radiation intensity,
Fresnel lens temperature, and time. These findings showed that the proposed tracking
Internet of things system could increase the maximum power efficiency of solar panels by
Monitoring 16.03%. Furthermore, the maximum value was obtained when dual-axis solar
Solar tracker tracker with Fresnel lens moved from E to W at 23o to the horizontal.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Humairoh Ratu Ayu
Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Lampung University
Bandar Lampung, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Population density and the amount of electrical energy required in a region are closely correlated.
Global energy consumption had tenfold at the end of the 20th century, while industrial activity had expanded
by a factor of 20 [1]. Moreover, the average yearly growth rate of global primary energy consumption was
2.1%, compared to 1.6% for population increase worldwide. This demonstrates how primary energy use is
increasing far more quickly than population increase [1], [2].
In Indonesia, the country has traditionally relied on fossil fuel-based energy sources, such as coal, oil,
and gas. However, this causes the depletion of fossil fuels and the dangerous impact of their use on the
environment [3]. Emissions and greenhouse gas impacts rise with energy use [4]. The quantity of CO2 produced
either directly or indirectly contributes to global warming and produces an atmospheric greenhouse gas effect.
With the global greenhouse gas effect, for instance, rising by 23% between 2005 and 2018, environmental
issues including temperature rise resulted [5]. This has led to the government shifting away from the method
in favor of promoting renewable energy sources, including solar energy.
Several studies around the world have been dedicated to enhancing the efficiency of solar energy use.
These efforts have led to significant progress, such as a 4.6% increase in the output power efficiency of solar
cells using phase change materials (PCM) [6]. Other innovation includes the development of a photovoltaic
thermal phase change material (PVT-PCM) [7] and the implementation of a spiral flow configuration [8].
Furthermore, the application of the Proteus tracking system simulation has shown a 24% improvement
compared to static system [9]. Photovoltaic windows also showed an efficiency of 19.17% [10], with thermal

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

1800  ISSN: 2088-8694

control water spraying cooling showing 16.65% [11]. The use of solar tracking using the MPPT algorithm has
further increased efficiency by 16.46% [12], with automatic tracking tilt angel optimization of solar panel with
a soft computing process achieving excellent results [13].
Significant advancements have been made in the field of solar tracking system for solar panels. For
instance, focused on optimizing photovoltaic plant design with horizontal single-axis tracking from east to
west [14]. Several studies have also compared the performance of static solar panels with a single-axis tracking
system on a hot climate region close to the equator. The results showed that the average output power of the
single-axis was 11% higher [15], 15% [16], 18-25% [17], 24% [9], and 25-30% [18], with a maximum energy
of 37.63% [19]. Furthermore, comparing solar panel tracking system for single axis and double axis with the
fixed system, it was found that the efficiency of the double axis tracking system was higher than the single
axis, with percentages of 81.68% and 32.17%, respectively [20].
Previous studies have shown that dual-axis solar tracking system is superior [21] compared to the
single-axis [22], [23], static system [24]–[26], and static solar panel oriented optimally [27]. Several
developments in the design of a prototypical dual-axis tracker have been carried out, such as using light
dependent resistor (LDR) [28], Fresnel lenses [29], programmable logic controllers (PLC) [30], field-
programmable gate array (FPGA) [31], geared dc servomotors [32], microcontroller [33], intelligent fuzzy
controller [34], [35], proportional integral derivative (PID) controller [36], plasmon resonance sensors [37],
and adaptive neural fuzzy inference system controllers [38], which can increase the efficiency of solar panel
performance.
Based on previous reports, the double-axis tracking system is considered more effective in improving
the performance of solar panels compared to single-axis or stationary system. Furthermore, the rapid
development of technology helps to facilitate the real-time monitoring of parameters influencing the efficiency
of solar panel performance, such as current, voltage, temperature, and intensity. Several studies have monitored
various internet of things (IoT)-based photovoltaic (PV) system using predetermined parameters [39]–[41].
Apart from that, the use of solar panels for IoT-based smart farming has been carried out [42]. However, of the
several studies that have been conducted, there are no studies that focus on monitoring the movement of solar
panels in two directions following the direction of the sun's movement using additional website-based Fresnel
lenses. The system developed can move in two directions, namely from east to west and rotational movement
clockwise or counterclockwise, with changes in angle, which aims to increase the efficiency of solar panels.

2. RESEARCH METHOD
2.1. Scientific methods
Solar cell used in this study was the polycrystalline type with a capacity of 20 Wp and dimensions of
45 cm long and 35 cm wide. Meanwhile, Fresnel lens had dimensions of 55 cm long and 45 cm wide, with lens
focus of 70 cm. The optimal distance for the placement of Fresnel lens in dual-axis solar tracker system was
13.36 cm, which was determined based on (1) and (2), as illustrated in Figure 1. Based on Figure 1, it is
obtained as (1) and (2) [43].

tan 𝛼 = tan 𝛽 (1)

1 𝑃1 1 𝑃2
= (2)
2 𝑙 2 (𝑙−𝑥)

Where P1 is the length of the lens (cm), P2 is the length of the solar panel (cm), l is the focal distance of the
Fresnel lens (cm), and x is the ideal distance between the Fresnel lens and the solar panel (cm).

Figure 1. Absorption of sunlight using a Fresnel lens

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2.2. Solar tracker techniques

Dual-axis solar tracker design with horizontal and rotational orientation was used in the procedures.
The primary axis with horizontal orientation consisted of three positions, namely, when the sun was in the west
direction, perpendicular to solar panel, and in the east direction. Furthermore, the initial position of solar panel
was horizontal, parallel to the x-axis, and moved in the direction of the sun's movement. The maximum
movement of solar tracker on each side was only up to 55 o. When the sun was in the west, as in Figure 2(a)
and the LDR sensor detected the radiation intensity, solar panel moved east to west (E to W), with an angle
ranging from 0o to 55o. The presence of the sun in the east, as shown Figure 2(a) led to the movement of solar
panel from west to east (W to E), with an angle range between 0 o to –55o. The secondary axis was a rotational
motion based on the radiation intensity detected by the LDR sensor. The movement of solar panel was
clockwise or counterclockwise, with a rotation angle ranging from 0 o to 180o, as shown in Figure 2(b).

(a) (b)

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of sun tracking: (a) primary axis and (b) secondary axis

2.3. Mechanical and electrical structure

This section explained the mechanical and electrical structure of the proposed dual-axis solar tracker.
The tracking system design with Fresnel lens is shown in Figure 3. Adjustment of the coordinate system was
carried out using two actuators, driven by the MG995 servo motor and installed on the tool according to the
rotation axis, namely the primary (east-west) and the secondary (rotational motion) axis. The servo motor for
the primary axis was placed on one of the vertical sides of the solar panel, as shown in Figure 4(a). The servo
motor for the secondary axis was positioned on a metal joint that could move rotationally, as shown in
Figure 4(b). ACS712 current, voltage sensor, and MPU6050 sensor [44] were placed on the back of solar panel,
as shown in Figure 5(a). The electrical components in the tracking system are presented in Figure 5(b) .

(a) (b)

Figure 3. Solar tracker: (a) design and (b) prototype

Dual-axis solar tracker system utilizing Fresnel lens for web-based monitoring (Humairoh Ratu Ayu)
1802  ISSN: 2088-8694

Figure 4. Prototype of (a) dual-axis solar tracker and (b) servo configuration

(a) (b)

Figure 5. Tracking system: (a) the installation of sensors and (b) the electronic components

Furthermore, the battery had a maximum voltage of 12.7 V and a maximum current of 5 A. Dual-axis
tracking system used Arduino Nano and NodeMCU ESP32 as the central unit of solar tracker. The LDRs
sensors were connected to the analog pins of the Arduino Nano, while the current, voltage, and angle sensors
were connected to the analog pins of the NodeMCU ESP32. An input voltage of 3.3 V was given to the ACS712
and MPU6050 current sensors, while the voltage sensor was 5 V. To control the servo motor, an L298N motor
driver attached to an Arduino Nano was used. In this study, the NodeMCU ESP32 also functioned to send all
sensor data to website through the available WiFi.
The electronic circuit of the proposed tracking system is presented in Figure 6. The strategy for
determining solar tracker movement to the east-west or rotation based on the light intensity received by the
four LDR sensors is shown in the flow diagram in Figure 7. Apart from the flowchart, the strategy proposed
was to be divided into four criteria to determine the movement of solar tracking system on the primary and
secondary axes.
Photovoltaic cells stimulated electrons when photons hit solar cell, thereby producing an electric
current when connected to a voltage source. The maximum power generated from solar panel could be
calculated by measuring the voltage in open circuit conditions (VOC), current in short circuit conditions (ISC),
and fill factor (FF) [12] and written in (3).

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜𝑐 𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝐹𝐹 (3)

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The increase in solar panel power (𝜂) was determined by comparing the power produced by solar panels with
and without Fresnel lens [43] and shown in (4).
𝑃2 −𝑃1
𝜂= 𝑥100% (4)
𝑃1

Where 𝑃1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃2 are solar panel power produced and without Fresnel lens, respectively.

Figure 6. The overview of electronic circuit of the solar tracking system

Figure 7. Flowchart of the proposed solar tracking strategy

Dual-axis solar tracker system utilizing Fresnel lens for web-based monitoring (Humairoh Ratu Ayu)
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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Effect of Fresnel lenses on the output power of solar panels
Solar tracker testing with and without Fresnel lens was conducted for five days every 30 minutes from
08.30 to 16.30. The experiment result without the device showed that the maximum output power ranged from
13.04 W to 13.60 W at the same temperature and time, namely 30.2 oC and 13.30 local time as shown in
Figure 8. Meanwhile, testing with Fresnel lens produced a higher maximum output power compared to the
other variant, ranging from 15.32 W to 15.90 W at 13.30 with temperatures varying between 30.2 oC to
33.6 oC as illustrated in the graph in Figure 9.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)

Figure 8. Maximum power of dual axis solar tracker without Fresnel lens, (a) day-1, (b) day-2, (c) day-3,
(d) day-4, and (e) day-5

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(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)

Figure 9. Maximum power of dual axis solar tracker with Fresnel lens, (a) day-1, (b) day-2, (c) day-3,
(d) day-4, and (e) day-5

The maximum power of solar panel without Fresnel lens produced during testing was 13.60 W with
solar intensity of 173,200 lx and an environmental temperature of approximately 30.2 oC. Meanwhile, the
maximum power of solar panel with the device was obtained at 15.90 W with solar intensity of 173,178 lx and
an environmental temperature of approximately 33.6 oC. Under the same conditions, when the sun's intensity
was 173,200 lx, and the temperature was 30.2 oC at 13.30, the output power produced by solar panels with and
without the device was 15.78 W and 13.60 W, respectively. These results proved that a tracking system with
Fresnel lens could increase the output power by 16.03%. These results were consistent with [43] and [45] who
obtained energy values of 5.67% and 16.64%, respectively. The results of monitoring current, voltage, power,
and angle values from solar tracking system are showed on website in real-time, as shown in Figure 10.

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3.2. Effect of tilt angel on the output power of solar panels

Based on the results of tests carried out in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia, the sun's movement
throughout the day from east to west caused solar panels to move in two directions. In the morning, the devices
moved from west to east with an angle ranging from 0 o to –55o. Meanwhile, during the day, solar panels moved
from east to west, with an angle range of 0o to 55o. The movement of the devices at a certain angle affected the
resulting output power. During five days of observations, maximum power was obtained at an average angle
of 28o for solar tracker without Fresnel lens and 27.2 o with Fresnel lens which is displayed in
Figures 11(a) and 11(b). The maximum power obtained by solar tracker was 13.60 W without Fresnel lens
formed at an angle of 28o. Meanwhile, a value of 15.90 W was obtained by adding Fresnel lens at an angle of
23o. The two designs reached maximum power when solar panel moved from east to west. Other studies
produced optimum solar PV energy in South-West Nigeria at 20o [46] and in Athi River, Kenya at an angle of
15o [47]. Different study locations also influenced the sun's position, which caused differences in the optimum
angle obtained in solar tracker system.

Figure 10. Monitoring system via website

(a) (b)

Figure 11. The effect of tilt angle on the output power of solar panels (a) without Fresnel lens
and (b) with Fresnel lens

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4. CONCLUSION
Dual-axis solar tracking system with Fresnel lens was applied to increase the output power of solar
panels. The tracking system design was proposed to follow the sun trajectory using the digital logic design of
LDR participation through the primary and secondary axes. The analytical results suggest that a dual-axis solar
tracker that uses a Fresnel lens is preferable to one without. The output power with Fresnel lens increased by
16.03% compared to the experiment without Fresnel lens under the same conditions, namely when the sun's
intensity was 173,200 lx, and the temperature was 30.2 oC at 13.30. Meanwhile, the maximum power obtained
using Fresnel lens was 15.90 W when solar tracker moved from E to W at an angle of 23 o.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to the University of Lampung for providing financial support for the
implementation of this study through the BLU UNILA study grant.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Humairoh Ratu Ayu is a lecturer in Physics Department at the Universitas

Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. She received her bachelor and magister degrees
from Universitas Lampung and Universitas Diponegoro in 2012 and 2016, respectively. She
is currently managing editor of the JTAF and JEMIT, she also joins instrumentation peer
group. Her research interests include the field of embedded system, artificial intelligence,
intelligent control, renewable energy, and internet of things. She can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 15, No. 3, September 2024: 1799-1809
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1809

Rifki Mohamad Kurniawansyah is a physics graduate in 2023 at the

Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. He is also a member of the robotic club.
His research interests include the field of mechatronics and intelligent control. He can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Amir Supriyanto is a senior lecturer in Physics Department at the Universitas

Lampung since 1991. He is head of electronics laboratory. He was deputy Dean of Students
and Alumni Affairs on 2019. His research interest includes the field of renewable energy,
control system, and its application. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Junaidi is a lecturer in Physics Department at the Universitas Lampung, Bandar

Lampung, Indonesia since 2008. He received his bachelor, magister and doctoral degrees
from Universitas Lampung and Universitas Gadjah Mada in 2006, 2012, and 2016,
respectively. He has published more than 100 journal papers in the fields nanotechnology,
nanowires, embedded system, and intelligent control. He is head of Phyiscs Master’s Study
Program at the Universitas Lampung and editor in chief of the JTAF. He can be contacted at
email: [email protected].

Dual-axis solar tracker system utilizing Fresnel lens for web-based monitoring (Humairoh Ratu Ayu)