5.

5.1
5.2

5.2
5.3

5.3
5.4

5.4
5.5
Estimate the rate (in gal/hr) that your car uses gasoline when
it is being driven on an interstate highway. Determine how long it
would take to empty a 12-oz soft-drink container at this flowrate.
List all assumptions and show calculations.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
5.6

5.6
 PROBLEM 5.7

5.7

FIND: Volume flowrate

The volume flowrate is

Q= ∫udA

5.7

0.8248 ft3/s
 NOT INCLUDED IN 8E CHAPTER 5 PROBLEMS

5.8

5.8
5.9

5.9
5.10

5.10
PROBLEM 5.11
5.12

5.12
5.13

5.13
5.14

5.14
 PROBLEM 5.15

5.15

5.15
PROBLEM 5.16

5.16

5.16

s
5.17

5.17
5.18

5.18
5.19

5.19
5.20

5.20
5.21

5.21
5.22

5.22
 PROBLEM 5.23

5.23

s 5.6 and 5.8

v∙n ̂

5.23

Then
PROBLEM 5.24

5.24

5.24

SG

SG
PROBLEM 5.24
 Problem 5.25

Flow of a viscous fluid over a flat plate surface results in the development of a region of reduced
velocity adjacent to the wetted surface as depicted in Fig. P5.25. This region of reduced flow is
called a boundary layer. At the leading edge of the plate, the velocity profile may be considered
uniformly distributed with a value U. All along the outer edge of the boundary layer, the fluid
velocity component parallel to the plate surface is also U. If the x-direction velocity profile at
section (2) is
3
u 3 y  1 y 
=  −  
U 2δ  2δ 
develop an expression for the volume flowrate through the edge of the boundary layer from
the leading edge to a location downstream at x where the boundary layer thickness is δ.

Solution

Consider the control volume shown. Apply the

Conservation of Mass principle to get

m=
bl m=
2 ∫ ρV �ndA
A2
ˆ

For incompressible flow

 3  y  1  y 3   y 
1
=ρ Qbl ρU d ∫    −    d  
 2  ddd
0   2     
where ℓ = width of the plate. Therefore
1
 3  y 2 1  y 4  5
Qbl ρU δ    −  =
=  U δ
 4  δ  8  δ   0 8
5.26

5.26
5.27

5.27
5.28
For an automobile moving along a highway, describe the
control volume you would use to estimate the flowrate of air
across the radiator. Explain how you would estimate the velocity
of that air.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
5.29 A water jet leaves a fixed nozzle with a velocity of 10 m/s. The jet diameter is 10 cm. A 30o
cone is pushed into the water jet at a speed of 5 m/s. The water impinges on the cone with the jet
axis and the cone axis in perfect alignment so that the water is divided evenly by the cone.
Bernoulli’s equation suggests that because the pressure on the jet boundary is constant, the water
velocity relative to the cone surface is constant. Determine the thickness of the water stream
when it reaches the base of the cone.

Figure P5.29

Solution

Consider a control volume attached to the cone. The water jet approaches this control volume at
15 m/s. The continuity equation gives V1 A1 = V2 n A2 where location “1” is the incoming jet,
location “2” is the flow leaving at the base of the cone, and A 2 is the flow area in the plane of the
cone base. (Note: the 20 cm dimension is assumed to be from the tip of the cone to the base of
the cone). Then
=V1π r12 V1 cos θπ ( r2 + δ ) − r22 
2
 
where δ is the thickness of the water stream in the radial direction. Expanding and simplifying
leads to
r2
δ 2 + 2r2δ − 1 = 0
cos (θ )
=
For the situation in Fig. =
5.29 r1 0.05 =
m r2 0.20sin(15 o
=
) 0.05176 m θ 15o and the
equation becomes
δ 2 + 0.1035δ − 0.002588 =
0
Solving by the quadratic formula and discarding the negative value gives
=δ 0.0208
= m 2.08cm
The thickness of the water stream perpendicular to the surface of the cone is
=t δ=
cos(θ ) 0.0208cos(15
= o
=
) 0.02009 m 2.009cm
5.30

5.30
 PROBLEM 5.31

5.31

5.31

The numerical values give

5.32

5.32
5.33

5.33
5.34

5.34
PROBLEM 5.35

5.35
SG

5.35
PROBLEM 5.35
PROBLEM 5.35
5.36
When a baseball player catches a ball, the force of the ball on
her glove is as shown as a function of time in Fig. P5.36. Describe
how this situation is similar to the force generated by the deflection
of a jet of water by a vane. Note: Consider many baseballs being
caught in quick succession.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
PROBLEM 5.37

5.37

5.37

Where,
PROBLEM 5.37
5.38

5.38
5.38
 PROBLEM 5.39

5.39

flow 5.39
5.40

5.40
5.41
A truck carrying chickens is too heavy for a bridge that
it needs to cross. The empty truck is within the weight limits;
with the chickens it is overweight. It is suggested that if one
could get the chickens to fly around the truck (i.e., by banging
on the truck side) it would be safe to cross the bridge. Do you
agree? Explain.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
5.42

5.42
PROBLEM 5.43

5.43

5.43
PROBLEM 5.43
5.44

5.44
5.45

5.45
 Problem 5.46

Figure P5.46 shows a lateral pipe fitting. This particular fitting has a mainline diameter of 4.0 in.
The diameter of the lateral is 3.0 in., and the lateral angle is 45°; 60 °F water is flowing in the
lateral. Measurements show that the pressure at point 1 is 34.0 psig, the pressure at point 2 is
35.0 psig, the pressure at point 3 is 33.5 psig, and the flow rate at point 2 is 1.0 ft3/s. Determine
the horizontal and vertical force components (Fx and Fy) required to hold the lateral fitting
stationary. Neglect gravity. Q 1 = 1.63 ft3/s.

Solution
First apply the continuity equation
ft 3 ft 3 ft 3
Q1 = Q2 + Q3 ⇒ Q3 = Q1 − Q2 =1.63 − 1.0 = 0.63
s s s
For the “x” direction
∑ Fx =Fx + p1 A1 − p2 A2 − p3 A3 cos 45o =ρQ2V2 + ρQ3V3 cos 45o − ρQ1V1
so
Fx = ρ Q2V2 + ρ Q3V3 cos 45o − ρ Q1V1 + p2 A2 + p3 A3 cos 45o − p1 A1
π 2 Q 4Q
but = A D= and V = so V
4 A π D2
4 ρ Q22 4 ρ Q32 4 ρ Q12 ppp
substituting Fx = + cos 45 −o
+ p2 D22 + p3 D32 cos 45o − p1 D12
pppD22
D3 2
D2 2
4 4 4
gathering terms and substituting numerical values and conversion factors gives
4 ρ  Q22 Q32 Q12  p
F=  2 + cos 45 o
− 2 
+ ( p2 D22 + p3 D32 cos 45o − p1 D12 )
x
p  D2 D3 2
D2  4
slugs  2 ft
6
2 ft
6
2 ft
6

4 ×1.94 3  1.0 0.63 1.63 
ft

2
s + 2
s cos 45o − s  + π  35.0 lb ×16in 2 + 33.5 lb × 9in 2 cos 45o − 34.0 lb ×16in 2 
2
Fx  
π 2
 (0.333 ft ) (0.25 ft )
2
(0.333 ft )  4 
2
in 2 in 2 in 2 
 
 
Fx = +154.2lb (acts to the right)

For the “y” direction

∑F y= Fy − p3 A3 = ρ Q3V3 sin 45o − 0 ⇒ Fy = p3 A3 + ρ Q3V3 sin 45o
The weight of the fitting and the water in it have been neglected. Substituting as before
 p
4 ρ Q32
= Fy p3 D + 2
sin 45o
4 p D3 3
2

4 ×1.94 3  0.632 ft 
slugs 6


=
ft
 s sin 45o  + π  33.5 lb × 9in 2 sin 45o 
2
Fy  
π  (0.25 ft )
2
 4 in 2 
 
 
Fy = +28.0lb (acts up)
PROBLEM 5.47

5.47

5.47
 PROBLEM 5.47

Substituting values
PROBLEM 5.47
5.48

5.48
5.49

5.49
5.50

5.50
5.51

5.51
 Problem 5.52

Calculate the pressure change (p 2 − p 1 ) for the jet pump shown in Fig. P5.52. The fluid is 20 °C
water. Assume negligible friction at the walls and uniform pressure over each flow area.

Solution

Assume that the two streams are fully mixed at “2”. The continuity equation gives

Q1s + Q1 p =
Q2

Assume uniform flow in each stream or sub-stream

m p m p
× (1.02 − .252 ) m 2 + 4 × ( 0.25 ) m 2
2
V1s As + V1 p A1 p 1.07
V1s As + V1 p A1 p = V2 A2 ⇒ V2= = s 4 s 4 = 1.253m / s
p
A2
4
(1.0 )2

Momentum

∑F x = p1 A1 − p1 A1 = ρ (V22 ) A2 − ρ (V12s ) A1s − ρ (V12p ) A1 p

or

slugs  2 2 2 2
2 m 1 − 0.25 m 
2 2 2 2
ρ (V ) − ρ (V1 p ) − ρ (V2 s=
) A 1.94 ft 3 × 1.253 s 2 [1] − 4 s 2 12 m2 − 1.07 s 2 12 m2 
A2 A1 p 2 A2 s 2 m 2 m .25 m
p=
2 − p1 2
2 2

A2 A2 2  

p1 − p2 =
−0.976 Pa ⇒ p2 − p1 =
0.976 Pa
5.53

5.53
5.53
5.54

5.54
PROBLEM 5.55

5.55.

5.55
PROBLEM 5.55
 Problem 5.56

The plate shown in Fig. P5.56 is 0.5 m wide perpendicular to the paper. Calculate the velocity of
the water jet required to hold the plate upright.

Fj

Fw

Solution

The forces on the plate, F j and F w are shown in the figure. Taking moments about the pivot

w
Fj  j= Fw w ⇒ Fj= Fw
j
where
p  H
=Fj rV j2  d 2  (from the momentum equation)
= Fw γ= Hw w plate width (from hydrostatics)
4  2

2 H
and j =H w =H− H=
3 3

π  H3 2 γ H 2w 2 m 0.52 m 2 × 0.5m
substituting ρV j2  d 2  H = γ w ⇒ V j2 = ⇒ V = × 9.81 ×
3 ρππ × 0.12 m 2
j
4  6 d2 3 s2

V j = 3.24m / s
5.57

5.57
 PROBLEM 5.58

5.58. SG =

5.58

SG
5.59

5.59
5.60

5.60
5.61

5.61
5.62

5.62
5.62
5.63

5.63
5.64

5.64
5.65

5.65
5.66

5.66
5.67

5.67
5.68

5.68

1/7

P5.68

P5.68

1/7
1/7

49/60

1/7

7/8

16/15 16/15 ≈ 1.07MFx,uniform

5.69
Water from a garden hose is sprayed against your car to rinse
dirt from it. Estimate the force that the water exerts on the car. List
all assumptions and show calculations.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
5.70

5.70
5.71

5.71
5.72

5.72
5.73

5.73
5.73
5.74

5.74
PROBLEM 5.75

5.75
PROBLEM 5.75
5.76

5.76
5.77

5.77
5.78

5.78
5.79
If a valve in a pipe is suddenly closed, a large pressure surge
may develop. For example, when the electrically operated shutoff
valve in a dishwasher closes quickly, the pipes supplying the dishwasher
may rattle or “bang” because of this large pressure pulse.
Explain the physical mechanism for this “water hammer” phenomenon.
How could this phenomenon be analyzed?

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
5.80

5.80
5.81

5.81
 PROBLEM 5.82

(d = 2.067 in.)

5.82

For 2-in
schedule steel pipe is
5.83

5.83
5.83
PROBLEM 5.84

5.84
PROBLEM 5.84
 PROBLEM 5.85

5.85

5.85

+
PROBLEM 5.85
PROBLEM 5.85
5.86

5.86
5.86
PROBLEM 5.87

5.87

5.87
PROBLEM 5.87
5.88

5.88
5.88
5.89

5.89
5.90

5.90
5.90
5.90
5.91
Distinguish between shaft work and other kinds of work
associated with a flowing fluid.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
5.92

5.92
5.93

5.93
 PROBLEM 5.94

5.94

5.94
 PROBLEM 5.95

˅ ˅

˅ ˅

˅ ˅
 PROBLEM 5.96

5.96.

5.96
PROBLEM 5.96
5.97

5.97
5.98

5.98
5.99

5.99
5.99
5.100

5.100
PROBLEM 5.101

5.101

5.101
 PROBLEM 5.101

The numerical value give

5.102

5.102
5.103

5.103
5.104

5.104
5.105
Based on flowrate and pressure rise information, estimate
the power output of a human heart.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
5.106

5.106
5.107

5.107
5.108

5.108
5.109

5.109
5.110

5.110
PROBLEM 5.111

5.111

5.111

loss

loss
PROBLEM 5.111
PROBLEM 5.111

loss

+
 PROBLEM 5.111

P=

+
PROBLEM 5.111

+
5.112

5.112
5.113

5.113
5.114

5.114
PROBLEM 5.115

5.105

5.115
5.116

5.116
 PROBLEM 5.117

5.117

5.117

+ loss.
 PROBLEM 5.117

loss
5.118

5.118
5.119

5.119
5.120

5.120
 PROBLEM 5.121

5.121

5.121

For frictionless flow

5.122

5.122
5.122
5.123

5.123
5.123
5.124

5.124
5.125

5.125
5.125
PROBLEM 5.126
PROBLEM 5.126
PROBLEM 5.127

5.127

5.127
PROBLEM 5.127
5.128

5.128
5.128
5.129

5.129
 Problem 5.130

Calculate the kinetic energy correction factor for each of the following velocity profiles for a
circular pipe:
 r
=
a) u umax 1 − 
 R
 r2 
=
b) u umax 1 − 2 
 R 
1
 r 9
=
c) u umax 1 − 
 R
R is the pipe radius and r is the radial coordinate.

Solution

The kinetic energy correction factor (called the kinetic energy coefficient in the text) is

 u2 
 2 ∫ ρu 
 dA
α=
u2
m
2
For incompressible flow in a circular pipe this can be simplified to

R
2 ∫ u 3 rdr 2 ∫ u 3  r  d  r 
=αn = 0 R R
3 2
u R u3
1
 r n
=
The velocity profiles of part a) and part c) both fit the general format u umax 1 −  . We shall
 R
first find α in terms of n.

3 3
 r n  r   r   r n  r   r 
1 1 1 3
2∫ u 1 −    d  
3
max
3
umax ∫0  R   R   R 
1 − d ∫0 (1 − z ) n ( z ) dz
 R R R
an = 0
3
= 3 3
 1
 1 1
 1 1 
π    1 −    d     ∫ (1 − z ) ( z ) dz 
R
 2 r r r r
rdr 
n n

 π R 2 ∫0 max  R   ∫0  R   R   R  
1− 3 n
u umax
 0 
   
Evaluating the integrals between 0 and 1 (with the help of mathematical software) gives, after a
bit of algebra
( n + 1) ( 2n + 1)
3 3

αn = 4
4n ( n + 3)( n + 2 )
(1 + 1) ( 2 ×1 + 1)= ( 9 + 1) ( 2 × 9 + 1)=
3 3 3 3

For= αn
n 1= 2.70 = αn
n 9= 1.037
4 ×14 (1 + 3)( 2 ×1 + 3) 4 × 94 ( 9 + 3)( 2 × 9 + 3)

The calculation for velocity profile b) is given in Example 5.26. α = 2.0

PROBLEM 5.131

5.131

5.131
5.132
5.132
5.133

5.133
5.134

5.134
5.135

5.135
5.136

5.136
5.136