Chapter 2 AC - DC Converter

Contents of Chapter
• Single phase and three phase rectifier (type of AC input)

• Uncontrolled and controlled rectifier (use of diode or SCR)

• Analysis with R, R-L and R-L-E laod

• Effect of source impedance

• PF improvement for uncontrolled rectifier

• Filters
Diode Circuits or Uncontrolled
Rectifier

Rectification: The process of

converting the alternating
voltages and currents to direct
currents
 Performance Parameters

  Pdc / Pac rectification effeciency

Vac  2
Vrms  Vdc
2

FF  Vrms / Vdc form factor

ripple factor
Vac
2
Vrms  Vdc
2 2
Vrms
RF    2
 1  FF 2  1
Vdc Vdc Vdc
 I S2  I S21 I S2
THDi   1
I S21 I S21

VS2  VS21 VS2

THDv  2
 2
1
VS1 VS1

P VS I S1 cos 1 I S1
PF    cos 1
VS I S VS I S IS
 DistortionFactor* Displacement Faactor
Important Equations to Remember
Vp x .707 = Vrms
Vrms = 1.11 x Vavg
1.414 x Vrms= Vp
Vavg= .637 x Vp
Single-phase half-wave diode rectifier with resistive load.
  Vdc Vm
1 Vm I dc  
Vdc  
2 0
Vm sin t dt 

R  R

Vrms Vm
1

Vm I rms  
Vrms   Vm sin t dt 
2 2
R 2R
2 0 2
Vm
the load and diode currents IS  ID 
2R
The main disadvantages of half
wave rectifier are:
• High ripple factor,
• Low rectification efficiency,
• Low transformer utilization factor,
and,
• DC saturation of transformer
secondary winding.
Example 1: The rectifier shown in Fig.has a pure resistive load
of R Determine (a) The efficiency, (b) Form factor (c) Ripple
factor (d) Peak inverse voltage (PIV) of diode D1.

1 V V Vdc Vm
Vdc 
2 
Vm sin(t ) dt  m ( cos  cos(0))  m
2 
I dc  
R R
0
 Vm
1 V I rms 
Vrms 
2 
(Vm sin t ) 2  m
2 2R
0
Vm Vm
*
Pdc V *I  R
  dc dc   40.53%
Pac Vrms * I rms Vm Vm .
*
Vm 2 2R
Vrms 2 
FF     1.57
Vdc Vm 2

Vac
RF   FF 2  1  1.57 2  1  1.211
Vdc
(d) It is clear from Fig. that the PIV is Vm
Half Wave Diode Rectifier With R-L Load

Fig.2.3 Half Wave Diode Rectifier With R-L Load

 The operation of the circuit is as follows:
 As in the case of a resistive load, the diode turns on when its anode is
positive w.r.t its cathode, and the foward voltage is greater than the
threshold voltage.
 Assuming a turn-on voltage of zero volts, the voltage across the load is
the same as the positive half cycle of the ac source.
During the interval 0 to /2
 The source voltage vs increases from zero to its positive maximum,
while the voltage across the inductor vL opposes the change of current
through the load.
 It must be noted that the current through an inductor cannot change
instantaneously, hence the current gradually increases until it reaches
its maximum value.
 The current does not reach its peak when the voltage is at its
maximum, which is consistent with the fact that the current through an
inductor lags the voltage across it.
 During this time, energy is transferred from the ac source and is stored
in the magnetic field of the inductor.
For the interval /2 and 
 The source voltage decreases from its positive maximum to zero. The
induced voltage in the inductor reverses polarity and opposes the
associated decrease in current, thereby aiding the diode forward
current.
 Therefore, the current starts decreasing gradually at a delayed time,
becoming zero when all the energy stored by then inductor is released
to the circuit. Again this is consistent with the fact that current lags
voltage in an inductive circuit. Hence, even after the source voltage
has dropped past zero volts, there is still load current, which exists a
little more than half a cycle.
For the interval greater than 

 At , the source voltage reverses and starts to increase to its negative

maximum. However, the voltage induced across the inductor is still

positive and will sustain forward conduction of the diode until this

induced voltage decreases to zero. When this induced voltage falls to

zero, the diode will now be reversed biased, but would have conducted

forward current for an angle , where  = + . s is the extended

angle of current conduction due to the energy stored in the magnetic

field being returned to the source.

 
Vm Vm
Vdc  *  sin t dt  * (1  cos  )
2 0 2

Where, β  (π  σ)


1 Vm
Vrms  *  (Vm sin t ) dwt 
2
*   0.5(1  sin( 2  )
2 0 2 
 Single-Phase Full-Wave Diode Rectifier
Center-Tap Diode Rectifier
  2 Vm
1 2Vm 
Vdc 
  Vm sin t dt 

I dc
 R
0


 Vm sin t 
1 Vm Vm
Vrms  2
dt  I rms 
 2 2 R
0

PIV of each diode = 2Vm

Vm
IS  ID 
2R
Example 3. The rectifier in Fig.2.8 has a purely resistive load of R
Determine (a) The efficiency, (b) Form factor (c) Ripple factor (d)
TUF (e) Peak inverse voltage (PIV) of diode D1
2 Vm
2 Vm
*
Pdc Vdc * I dc  R
    81.05%
Pac Vrms * I rms Vm Vm
*
Vm 2 2R
Vrms 2 
FF     1.11
Vdc 2 Vm 2 2

Vac
RF   FF 2  1  1.112  1  0.483
Vdc
The PIV is 2Vm
Positive Half-cycle Negative Half-cycle
Single-Phase Full Bridge Diode Rectifier With Resistive Load
Full Bridge Single-phase Diode Rectifier with DC Load Current
The Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

This type of single phase rectifier uses four individual rectifying diodes connected in a closed

loop “bridge” configuration to produce the desired output.

The main advantage of this bridge circuit is that it does not require a special centre tapped

transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost. The single secondary winding is connected to one

side of the diode bridge network and the load to the other side as shown below.
 COMPARISON OF SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER

Full-wave
Sr. No. Parameters Half-wave
Centre-tap Bridge
1 DC output Voltage, Vo Vm/п 2Vm/п 2Vm/п

2 Rms value of output Voltage, Vor Vm/2 Vm/1.41 Vm/1.41

3 Ripple Voltage, Vr 0.3856 Vm 0.3077 Vm 0.3077 Vm

4 Voltage ripple Factor, VRF 1.211 0.482 0.482
5 Efficiency 40.53% 81.06% 81.06%
6 TUF 0.2865 0.672 0.8106
7 PIV Vm 2Vm Vm
8 Number of Diode 1 2 4
9 Ripple frequency f 2f 2f
Three-Phase Half Wave Rectifier
 5 / 6
3 3 3 Vm

 Vm sin t dt   0.827Vm 3 3 Vm 0.827 * Vm
Vdc
2 2 I dc  
 /6 2 * * R R

5 / 6

 Vm sin t 
3 1 3* 3
Vrms  2
d t   Vm  0.8407 Vm
2 2 8
 /6
0.8407 Vm 08407 Vm Vm
I rms  Ir  IS   0.4854
R R 3 R
ThePIV of the diodes is  3 Vm
Example 7 The rectifier in below is operated from 460
V 50 Hz supply at secondary side and the load 
resistance is R=20. If the source inductance is
negligible, determine (a) Rectification efficiency, (b)
Form factor (c) Ripple factor (d) Peak inverse voltage
(PIV) of each diode.
 460
VS   265.58 V , Vm  265.58 * 2  375.59 V
3
3 3 Vm 3 3 Vm 0827 Vm
Vdc   0.827 Vm I dc  
2 2 R R
Vrms  0.8407 Vm 0.8407 Vm
I rms 
R
Pdc Vdc I dc
   96.767 %
Pac Vrms I rms
Vrms
FF   101 .657 %
Vdc

Vac
2
Vrms  Vdc
2 2
Vrms
RF    2
 1  FF 2
 1  18 .28 %
Vdc Vdc Vdc
The PIV= 3 Vm=650.54V
Three-Phase Bridge Rectifier
Average Output Voltage, Vdc

T
1
Vdc 
T  f (t )dt
0


2 6
Vdc  
2 0
3Vm cos td (t )

6
3 3
Vdc  Vm  1.654Vm

 rms Output Voltage
1
   2

 2 6

 0 3Vm cos td (t ) 
2 2
Vrms
2
 
 6 
1
3 9 3 2
Vrms     Vm
 2 4 
Vrms  1.6554Vm
 Diode Currents

3Vm
Im   peak
R
1

  2

 4 
6
Ir    I m cos td (t ) 
2 2

2 0
 
I r  0.5518I m
Three-Phase Full Wave Rectifier With Resistive Load
IL
Ip Is 1 3 5
VL
a
b

c
4 6 2