AHASE MoDULAt (ON (OM)

waNe modulotion
type of contnwus changed
A cawer gnal ts
wnich phase ot the tantanue value
the to
ineoy aceording Dtes parame
algnal Keep
Constant

wt mg
diomqes
+Kpmtt)
ntanteneow phase
sensitivity of modulato
Kp: Phowe
Phowe
nit (rod/vott).
for înotentaneos ane

For instantaneoe frequency.

mlt) Icoutant
dt dt

Kp. d mlt)
) fi fe t dt

slt) cos wt t Ko mlt)

BAandard toum of PM signal
For single toue tnegsa ge signal -
m(t): Amcos2mt
slt)= AcCos2fet + KpAtn Cos2nfmt)
- maximwn phase contant
|a¢| = lKpmltlmax
2 Kp Am = 6(moduation index)

S\E) Ac cos (uet +ecos m

modulatin index and naxm
n PM,
deviation 8Ome.

Smilarity blus FM 4PM.

I4 mlt= Arcos 2nmt

StJ= Ac cos (2r4cttBrn
+ sin2nfmt) )
Pron , we see that tae manitds
8petun of pu is Some as FM
Puwe
Power (Pm) = A2 Per (EM)
Power
Yennins Sano
 Mar
sinnt Bpnfm 6fl=
Amfts -Kp D=
(sintont)
(sincont) Atn rfm Ke_x
dt aK
fet fi
fet Kpamb=
Af
fiLd0¿ t &n
Kpntt))=arft +
Kpmltb) (2nfct4 Ac s(E)
Co
deriation frequency
PM in
frequency message
except p of that as
of phae aa domoun
f 40
o{ of
8ais puequation
that asBame
width Band
 NoTE PM
max puase deriotum
le (s¢pm)may Pm is independen ot
of
mesage frequenoy
max freg. derteitun in PM

fo fm:
- Congider the angle modulatad siqna
st)= Ac Cos 2tt +5sin Sn1t]. oeteymine
frequency ond zhae deriation.
SIt) = A cog(2ftt5sin r1t)
st) is PM:
Ln thot Cas e

PM:
Jf m(t in Sin ferm, Sit) is

PpM b= kzrotnoy 5
(Df)moN 5.4Kt2=okHZ:
i -Considey angle molutated sia
PeweY asuning it
etemine p, df,Buw
h
as FM SA doubled.
(i) Repeat' f msg frequeny

fm 96 kHz
BN= |Bt)

fo>doUbled
KeAry= l6KHz
Df=

BW= |yt)4 40k

Pemes b0
thoym
quert,evem
thu above doubie d,it is
NOTt:- n Bws at
not
wbled
doubled
do the
Previous
fn is tusie
not
nveased but PM
asrumiy H as
duertion
peat the
(S Re
signal
)
 Dterent-
df -atoe
mlt)
qeated
o oLdely areSignals
re PM
Generaton
PMof
signals pMover snals PM of
taye a is So fam
this doubud
ubud Bw case, aboe the Note-
In t
=50W Ac
Pewes
2
W
GO
Ac= Pwex
iffereNtiater cko
dmlt)
t above ee.
plae o
of mt) in
Put dmt) in
dt
S(t)

PMsW

mann phae deviation

9 cacolate

de
(tt2j2
 (B) St) t+ 4sint 2t

sirat
bt
sine |a)

2sinc(2t)
|Bmox = 9Rad

slt) = Atos (200 nt+). Plot instantanebw

frequency vs tine
AM eceivers-HTRE Receiver
Supeshetexo dyne Recei ver.
TRE Receiver:
clas B push pall
anpliter
emod Audio Poler
Anplif Arnp
Audio
(Juned amplifier)
Camplfier is dutyed to operats in hyh
Genevallyi signa fom the spae is rey
nw), 3o fist bltk arnpifter
Igw steh (pu C4
(RE Amp ifier).
A4 tansmittey
A AM.
mod

amplifiey is to match tGe

Rale of the ponvex tronsfoxs he
torpedane Spedant natching
Maxm powes (oad
ilz)These fiequencie s
AM ndio - (550k- 1650 this Tange
ttìs
- mediumn woNe Yange. n
are in ae muuttiplered and
broadcat stations
o each Sttion is OeH>.
Be B alstd
steatin having feSoloKH2
radlo
kHZ
Raunge z 545 -6o5)
guard band is o
I650-550
No of total radi stt tmg =

d we have w
elet t00H
0ue wat to

belet 600 kHZ.

 ISut tuned RE rereiyex is not we beawe

Fdelty , Sensitivity selectivity - Tohese e

th RX chaactenshics

1. Seng itiyity - Min algnal sthength requined

ct
at te Vp ep a Rx to
ye get a tandad

o/p deired =l00w

boro .

o4w
(o00
)
which is mge &engtiYito
gein
(R* B is move sensi ve ,overal
fnfuences sensitvtt).
do Selechrity 4 Is defned as the
the necever to selet the vequired freauog
only tr= GooKz, range at fuaueneia
to be seleded by TRR is 5a5to 605 kH2
Sn nrder
orde to sele t 545 to 605
tund ckt gho 1o H2.
be exoctey 10

(Bw)nad crct Q(Quoty factor)

(a

u selecf

8eceue of the
also
adyacent sghals channef interferenee
adqacent signol adjaunt
CesS the
-tuned ckt
fraquenies not sele ctd. should be exactey
tuned ckt
e w of
So
wsOnt elet lo00e.
to
we
- L{
Bw= r

Pracscaly, it is Tmposstble 6 adut t o

POrCLnehes tuned cKt. at
of
major dicadvantuge o- TC.
3e PIDELITY? H is defined as the ability
receier to epoduee al audin
of the
frequencies at the output. quality of the
id etity indicates the
audio signals.
E AMs eceive x has lous ferty
ohile music 9ystoms ae Called
HFr (High fidelity )
SUPER HETERODYNE RECETV ER.

clasc

RE RF
+uned Mixs IFemod
Amp -wata

teuned

Puer Af
Arnpus
Ano
Audi
The pro blem of tuned orit s
aNoi ded here by tntedang
-edlat stege.
 c?yst om RP to I 2 thn JP to AF.
455kz in
a constent xae of
A
Hetuodyng thu sgnal
mtxtng REof antenna
) is
Abtee thu slgnal is recesved,The mt xer is used
to 8tengthen signal.
used signal to IG IF s
to down Cone t the
Cogtat and depends on the appicaiom
for A
8o that f - fsl= 455 kt2
frequeny Kind of tentng
This is also a
Bw=lokHz
exoASsUn antena we CUe vereiving
Suppose fror S0o ktz. and 1000Hz.
stoOnS- Boo K,
q3 rado to be 6o k.
Want
otpt
end we
ust have
jlgt
4hen, fe=6 oolk We
Sine Mirey tuned adyut o
to to translate
56okH2
f's to
500KHz
=\(0olk

(000 KHZ
for. selectt ng
 mage frequency ad its suppres ion

REAm Avop

We at tu seet 6 ooko

Dut te probem u that. \600 k clso geb

aeB
8eleted since

Both transod

506k
(fe)
which Causes interference).
Bstred is 6ook dnd umdesisel is 1600k
This undesired signal
stgr which Causes
Stefernce is caled IMAGE PREAUENCY.

"Imape Rejehon Raio

tmage faqueny should be supppressed befoa
mixer ueoause ato mirer, t occupies the
as the intnded signal So
sme thequeny stength ahould
to mage equeny stgnal
ee oehased t n nou e S_aio. A tuned
e age
N
cÉruit is used t t nut otof
\npt thu mixer
to suppess he image frequency
Mirer ’ Te4 i nes togetfhe
n0on as
Pyeselector

qoin1

Buppreed. This
The imaqe frequend s deterrnined by -
Suppression factoy s
 Gre l(gcinef tuned ckt at t)
Gfsi
Practicaly a possLde
cou alko be expresed as
aleo be

Whwe ai quality factos of teunad et

and le =tsi-fs

AA receives
tuned haing
o 555 KHZ. Lo
no RE amplifier is
trequeny
adyuyted to lb0 kHZ and a is 50
Caleulate si and a.
d.

= 1010 + Q 455
ly65e
fs

555L
5554 ly65k