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COMMON EMITTER PRACTICAL

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upasanabasumatary13
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21 views

COMMON EMITTER PRACTICAL

Uploaded by

upasanabasumatary13
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AIM : To draw the frequency response curve of RC coupled

common emitter amplifier and hence determine 3dB points and


band width. (Using Breadboard).
Apparatus: (1) Bread board (2) Function generator (3) Cathode Ray
oscilloscope (4) Transistor BC 547 (5) Resistors (6) Capacitors () Single strand
connecting wires.

Theory : The cascaded amplifier where an RC network is used for inter stage
coupling is called RC coupled amplifier. Asingle stage RC coupled amplifier
using common emitter configuration is shown in fig. 1.Here Cç is the coupling
capacitor, RE is the emitter resistor and Cg is emitter bypass capacitor,R1 and
R2 form the voltage divider.
+Vcc

Re
R1

To CRO

BC517

Function generator CE

Fig 1: RCcoupled common emitter amplifier


The variation of gain of the amnplifier with frequency is called frequency
response characteristics of the amplifier (see Fig. 2). The output normally
remains constant over a middle range of frequencies. The gain over this
frequency range is called mid frequency gain. The low frequency and high
frequency at which gain falls by 3dB** are designated as f and f2 respectively.
The frequencydifference (fa-fi) is called anmplifier bandwidth. The frequencies
fi and f2 are known as upper half power frequency and lower half power
frequency respectively. (See fig 2)
The voltage gain of the anplifier is given by
G-(Vout/Vin )
Where Vout and Vin represent output and input voltages of the amplifier
respectively.

-1
In decibel systen the voltage gain is given by
G(in dB )= 20logo
Y
-Lore frequency -Mid frequenfy k-High frequenoy
range range range

0.707 G
max

GAIN
-Bandvidth

log,6f ’ log,o' X

Fig 2: Frequency response curve of RC coupled common emitter amplifier


Circuit design arnd Calculations :
Output requirements: Let the Mid-band voltage gain of the amplifier = 50
and required output voltage swing =10 V.
We select transistor BC547 since its minimum guaranteed hFE(= 100) is
more than the required gain (=50)of the amplifier.
DC biasing conditions : Vcc is taken as 20% more than required output
swing.
Hence Vcc = 12 V.
Let,lc = 2 mA, because hFE is guaranteed 100 at that current as per data sheet
of BC547. In order to make the operating point at the middle of the load line,
assume the dc conditions VRc =40% of VcC = 4.8 V,VRE =10% of Vcc =1.2v
and VCE = 50% of Vcc=6 V.
Design of Rc:VRC= Ic x Rc=4.8 V. From this, we get Rc=2.4 ks. Use 2.2
ks2.
Design of RE : VRE = Ig x Rg = 1.2 V. From this, we get Rg 600 S2 because lE
c. Use 680 S2 standard resistance.
Design of voltage divider:
Assume the current through R1 = 10lB and that through R2 =9lg for a stable
voltage across R1 and R2 independent of the variations of the base current.
VR2= Voltage drop across R2 = VBE + VRE.
i.e., VR, = VBE +VRE =0.6+ 1.2 =1.8 V. Also, VR2 =9lbR2 =1.8 V
But Ip = Ic/hFE = 2 mA/283 = 0.007067x10-*A. Then
1.8
R, = 9x0.007067 x10-3

-2
’R2=28.3k S2
VR1= voltage across R1 = Vcc - VR2=12 V 1.8 V = 10.2 V
Also, VRi = 10|gR1= 10.2 V. Thus
10.2
R, = 10× 0.007067 x 10-3 S
R = 144.3 k S, Use 150 ks2 standard resistance
Design of RL: Gain of the common emitter amplifier is given by the
expression
Ay =-(rc/rc),where re = Rc| |RL and re= 25 mV/Ig = 25 mV/2 mA = 12.5 2.
R,R,
R + R,
Therefore, A, = 12.5
Since the required gain = 50, substituting Rc=2.4k S2, Ay =50 in the
expression we get, RL = 845 2. Use 820 S2 standard.
Design of coupling capacitors Cc and Cca:
Xc1 should be less than the input impedance of the transistor. Here, Rin is the
series impedance.
Then Xc1 S Rin/10. Here Rin R1||R2||(1+hFEre) because Rgis bypassed.
We get Rin =3.04k S2. Then Xc1s 304 S2. At lowest frequency f=10OHz
1
C2 =5.13uF. We can Use 10uF standard.
Similarly, Xca Rout/10, where Rout Rc. Then X2 s 240
1
So, Ccz 2 -6.63 uF. Use 10 uF standard.
27gf,X cz
Design of bypass capacitors CE:
To bypass the lowest frequerncy (say 100Hz), XCE should be much less than
the resistance RE.We can take XcES RE/10.
1
Then Cg
2g,XCE 1
=23uF. Use 22 uF standard
27x 100 ×68

Procedure:
1. Test all the components using a multimeter. Set up the circuit and verify
whether polarities of voltage sources are correct.
2. Apply a small peak to peak sinusoidal signal( e.g.10mV) from the function
generator to the circuit input. Observe the input and output waveforms on the
CRO screen simultaneously.
3. Keep the input voltage constant at 10 mV, vary the frequency of the input
signal from 0to 1 MHz or highest frequency available in the generator.
Measure the output amplitude corresponding to different frequencies and
enter it in tabular form.
4. Plot the frequency response characteristics on a graph sheet with gain on y
axis and log fon x-axis. Mark log fi and log f2 corresponding to 3dB points. f1

-3
&fa are points where the gain falls to 0.707 times the gain in mid frequency
range.

5.Calculate the bandwidth of the amplifier using the expression band width =
(f-fi)

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Input signalvoltage Vin (p-p)=....
|Input freq Vou( P-P) Gain Input freq Voul P-p) Gain

G= G=

10Hz
20 Hz
30Hz
40 Hz
60 Hz
70Hz
80 Hz
90 Hz 1KHz
100Hz

1MHz

** In dB gain system, at 3dB points, the gain falls by 3dB from its mid
frequency value. In numerical scale, at 3dB points, the gain falls to 0.707
times the gain in mid frequency range i.e. Gmax. Further the power is half of its
maximum value at such frequencies.

-4.

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