CRMTCS 2: POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY

BRIEF HISTORY

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce.

Ø French inventor
Ø Produce the first permanent photographic image on a summer day in 1826.
Ø The photographic image was with a camera obscura

Alhazen (Ibn Al-Haytham)

Ø He invented the first pinhole camera, also known as the Camera Obscura

Louis Daguerre
Ø Developed a more convenient and effective method of photography, naming it after
himself the Daguerreotype
Ø The Daguerreotype was the first commercially successful photographic process.
Ø Daguerre was able to reduce exposure time to less than 30 minutes and keep the image
from disappearing afterwards
Daguerreotype created a lasting image, one that would not change if exposed to light

Henry Fox Talbot

Ø The inventor of the first negative from which multiple positive prints
Ø He perfected this paper-negative process and called it a Calotype, Greek for beautiful
picture.
— The calotype, introduced in 1841; a negative-positive process using a paper negative.

Legal foundation of Photographic Evidence:

For black and white photographs:

1859-Daguerreotype was use in civil case, Lueo vs. US (regarding the authenticity of
photographs in comparing signatures)

1874-In criminal case introducing photograph as identification evidence, Underzook vs.

Commonwealth

For color photographs

1943-Civil litigations Green vs. City and county of Denver Colorado, involving spoiled meat in
violation of a health ordinance prohibiting the sale of putrid meat to the public.

1960- In criminal case, State vs. Conte, showing the graphic wound of the victim

A. DEFINITION OF TERMS:
1. Photography = Derived from the Greek word “Phos” or “Photos” which means “light”
and “Grapho” means “Writing” or “Graphia” meaning “to Draw”. Sir John F. W.
Herschel coined the word photography when he first wrote a letter to Henry Fox Talbot.
= Is the art and science of reproducing image by means of light through some
sensitized material with the aid of a camera, Lens and its accessories and the chemical
process required in order to produce a photograph.

2. Forensic = Derived from the Latin word “Forum” which means “a market place” where
people gathered for public discussion.
Note :
When the word forensic was used in conjunction with other science it connotes a
relationship to the administration of justice. It is sometimes used interchangeably with the
word legal.

3. Police Photography = Is the application of the principles of photography is relation to

the police work and in the administration of justice.

4. Photograph = Is the mechanical and chemical result of Photography.

Picture and photograph are not the same for a picture is a generic term is refers to all
kinds of formed image while a photograph is an image that can only be a product of
photography.
B. USES OF PHOTOGRAPHY

1. Personal Identification
= Personal Identification is considered to be the first application of photography is
police work. Alphonse Bertillion was the first police who utilized photography in police work
as a supplementary identification in his Anthropometry system.

2. For Communication
= Photograph is considered to be one of the most universal methods of communication
considering that no other language can be known universally than photograph.

3. For Record Purposes

= Considered to be the utmost used of photography in police work.

Different Views in photographing

a. General View
= taking an over-all view of the scene of the crime. It shows direction and
location of the crime scene.
b. Medium View
= Is the taking of the photograph of the scene of the crime by dividing it into
section. This view will best view the nature of the crime.

c. Close-up View
= Is the taking of individual photograph of the evidence at the scene of the
crime. It is design to show the details of the crime.

d. Extreme Close-up View

= Commonly designed in laboratory photographing using some magnification
such as Photomacrography and photomicrography.

4. For Preservation
= Crime scene and other physical evidence requires photograph for preservation
purposes. Crime scene cannot be retain as is for a long period of time but through photograph
the initial condition of the scene of the crime can be preserved properly.

5. For Discovering and Proving

= Photography can extend human vision in discovering and proving things such as:
a. The use of Magnification
Photomicrography = Taking a magnified photograph of small object through
attaching a camera to the ocular of a compound microscope so as to show a minute
details of the physical evidence.
Photomacrogaphy = Taking a magnified (enlarged) photograph of small
object by attaching an extended tube lens (macro lens) to the camera.
Microphotography = is the process of reducing into a small strips of film a
scenario. It is first used in filmmaking.
Macrophotography = used synonymously with photomacrogaphy.
Telephotography = Is the process of taking photograph of a far object with the
aid of a long focus and Telephoto lens.

b. Used of Artificial Light such as X-ray, Ultra-violet and Infra-red rays to show
something which may not be visible with the aid of human eye alone.

6. For Court Exhibits

= Almost all evidence presented in court before formally be accepted requires that they
satisfy the basic requirements for admissibility which is relevancy and competency. A question
of relevancy is usually proved by proving the origin of the evidence and its relation to the case
and this is usually supplemented by photograph of the evidence giving reference as to where
it came from.
Evidence presented in court once accepted became known as Exhibit. Either Exhibit 1,2,3
etc. for the defense or Exhibit A, B, C etc for the prosecution.

7. Crime Prevention
= with the used of video camera (hidden camera) and other advanced photographic
equipment crimes are being detected more easily and even to the extent of preventing them
from initially occurring.
 8. Police Training
= Modern facilities are now being used as instructional material not only in police
training as well as in other agencies.

9. Reproducing and Copying

= With the use of photography any number of reproduction of the evidence can be
made those giving unlimited opportunity for its examination and even allow other experts or
person to examine the specimen without compromising the original.

C. ESSENTIALS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
1. Light = is an electromagnetic energy that travels in a form of a wave with the speed
of 186, 000 miles per second.
2. Camera = a light tight box designed to block unwanted or unnecessary light from
reaching the sensitized material.
3. Lens = is the light gathering mechanism of the camera that collect the reflected light
coming from the object to form the image.
4. Sensitized material = composed of a highly sensitized chemical compound which is
capable of being transformed into an image through the action of light and with some
chemical processes. ( Film and Photo Paper).
5. Chemical Process = is the process necessary for reducing silver halides into a form
so as a latent image and a positive image be made resulting to what we called
Photograph.

E. LIGHT: ITS NATURE, CHARACTERISTICS, SOURCES AND CLASSIFICATION

Light is defined as an electromagnetic energy with the speed of 186,00 miles per second.
Its wave travel is said to be characterized in certain extent based on velocity, wavelength and
frequency of the number of vibration of the wave per second.
Light wavelength is the distance measured between two (2) successive crest or through
of wave and it is expressed in either Millimicron (nanometer) or Angstrom. Millimicron is the units
of light wavelength which is equivalent to one-millionth part of a millimeter which the Angstrom
is relatively smaller for it has an equivalent measurement of ten (10) millionth part of a millimeter.
Once light hits a certain medium, its action can be characterized as either: Reflected,
Transmitted or Absorbed (RAT). Reflected once the light hits a mirror and it bounce back.
Transmitted when the light hits a transparent glass which would allow the light to pass through
its medium and Absorbed when the light hits a dark colored object and prevents it from either
bouncing or passing through.
Isaac Newton in 1666 proved that the light which men see as white light is actually a
mixture of all colors of the spectrum. This is produced when we allow light to hit a glass prism
(Sharp Edge of the Glass). A rainbow array will then be shown with colors red, orange, yellow,
green, blue and violet colors (from top to bottom). The visible light is also said of have a
wavelength of between 400-700 millimicron or nanometer.

1. Types of Light
Lights can largely be classified into visible and invisible light.
a. Visible Light
= Is the type of light that produces different sensation when reach the human eye.
It is the type of light, which is capable of exciting the retina of the human eye.
b. Invisible Light
= lights in which their wavelength are either too short or too long to excite the retina
of the human eye i.e. X-ray, Ultra-violet and Infra-red lights.

2. Photographic Rays
a. X-ray
=Light with the wavelength between .01 to 30 millimicrons. It is produced by passing
an electric current through a special type of vacuum tube. It was incidentally discovered
by Conrad Welhelm Roentgen. This type of light works in the principle of shadow
photography.

b. Ultra-violet ray (Before the violet)

= Radiation having a wavelength of 30 to 400 nanometers designed to photograph fingerprints
in multi colored background, documents that are altered, decipherment of erase writing and
developing invisible writing. It is commercially known as “black Light”.

c. Visible Light
= Is the type of radiation having a wavelength of 400 to 700 millimicrons designed for ordinary
photographing purposes.
 d. Infra-red (Beyond the Red)
= Considered as the photographic rays with the longest wavelength ranging from 700 to 1000
millimicrons. It is designed to take photograph of over-written documents, obliterated writing,
and charred documents or for black out photography. (Sometimes referred to as heat rays).

3. Light Source
Natural Light= are those light which come to existence without the intervention of man
e.i. Sunlight, moonlight and starlight.
1. Bright Sunlight
= object in an open space casts a deep and uniform shadow and the object
appears glossy.
2. Hazy Sunlight
= object in an open space casts a transparent or bluish shadow. This is due to thin
clouds that cover the sun.
3. Dull Sunlight
= object in an open space cast no shadow due to thick clouds covering the sun.

Daylight may still be classified as: open space bright sunlight, under shade bright
sunlight, hazy sunlight, cloudy sunlight and cloudy dull sunlight.
These conditions and their colors affect the appearance of the object being
photograph. Factors such as atmospheric vapor, atmospheric dust and quality of the
reflected light coming and not coming from the source should likewise be considered.

B. Artificial Light = otherwise known as man-made light e.g. fluorescent bulb,

incandescent bulb and photoflood lamp.

1. Continuous radiation
Photoflood lamp= is likewise known as Reflectorized light or Spot light. It is a light
with a reflector at the back which focuses the light to the object the common wattages
of this lamp is 500 watts.

Flourescent Lamp = are tube lamps in which the walls are coated with fluorescent
powders with both ends is mounted with a holder that serves as the reflector. This is
commonly used by everybody more than it is used in photographing.

Incandescent bulb = are bulb with a wire filament connecting two wires which
sustain the electrical charge that produces the light. Everybody likewise commonly
uses this although it is more expensive in terms of electrical consumptions.

Infra-red Lamp
Ultra-violet Lamp

2. Short Duration type

Flash bulb = are chemical lamps, as it generate lights by the rapid combination of
metal in oxygen. The bulb can be used only once as the bulb is busted when fired
electrically. There are thin filaments inside the bulb with two electrical contacts.
When the current flows through the filament, it becomes incandescent and ignites
the explosive primer that ignites the aluminum foil that burns, giving flash of tense
light.

Electronic Flash = produces light by an instantaneous electrical in charges

between two electrodes in a gas filled glass bulbs. The electrical energy for the
discharge is kept in capacitor or condenser. It usually ranges from 1/300 second
and 1/5000 second, and because of this, subject in fast motion can be arrested or
stopped in the photographs.

Concurrent light
Ø Light that is scattered
Coherent light
Ø Light that is aligned such as laser light
Hologram
Ø The formation of image trough the use of laser light

4. SENSITIZED MATERIAL
= It refers to the film and photographic paper that basically composed of emulsion
containing Silver Halides suspended in gelatin and coated on a transparent or reflective support.
Parts of the Sensitized Material

1. Emulsion = is that part of the film or photographic paper which contains the silver
grains which is the one sensitive to light. In a colored film this emulsion surface can
be composed of Three layers ( Blue, Green and Red) with filters intervening.
2. Anti Halation Backing = Is the one designed to hold back the light and prevents
halation.
3. Base = Support the emulsion

I. Types of Film
A. According to Use
1. Black and White Film = usually represented by a prefix or a suffix
“Pan” or “Ortho” and generally used in black and white photography.
Examples are Ortholith film, Tri X-Pan and Pan X-plus.

2. Colored Film = can be divided into two: the Negative type and the
reversal type of colored film. The former is usually having names
ending in color while the word chrome represents the latter.
e.g. Kodakcolor, Fujicolor, Agfacolor
Kodachrome, Fujichrome, Agfachrome.

B. According to Spectral Sensitivity

Spectral sensitivity = is the responsiveness of the film emulsion to the
different wavelength of the light course.
1. Blue – Sensitive film = sensitive to U.V. light and Blue Color.
2. Orthochromatic Film = Sensitive to U.V. Light up to the green. (
popular in the marker as KODALITH FILM)
3. Panchromatic film = Sensitive to U.V. Light up to red (sensitive to all
colors of the visible light)
4. Infra-red Film = Sensitive to all colors and to infra-red light.

FILM SPEED (Emulsion Speed)

This refers to the degree of sensitivity of the film to light.
1. ASA (American Standards Association) = this is expressed in arithmetic value
system. The bigger the number the more sensitive the film is.
ASA 12, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600
2. DIN ( Deutche Industre Normen) = expressed in Logarithmic value system. Used in
the same principle as the ASA.
Din 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33 etc.
3. ISO (International Standard Organization) expressed as combination of ASA and
DIN rating.

II. Photographic Paper

Is that sensitized material that will record the visible image in the final development
and become the photograph.

Types of Photographic Papers

A. According to Emulsion Used (Silver halides content)

1. Silver Chloride paper = used for contact printing, the size of the positive print
is the same as the size of the negative used. Sensitivity to light is low and give
blue-black tones when properly developed.
2. Silver Bromide paper = used projection, printing and enlarging process. This is
one of the most ideal photo paper used for police photography. Will give a black
tone when properly developed.
3. Silver Chlorobromide paper = used both for projection and contact printing.
Slow emulsion.

B. According to Physical Characteristics

b.1. Weight
1. Light weight = designed for high flexibility and when paper thickness is not of
consideration. Intended for purposes, which involves folding.
2. Single Weight = papers used for small prints or which are need to be mounted
on solid and fine details necessary in the production. Used in ordinary
photographic purposes.

3. Double weight = generally used for large prints because they stand up under
rough treatment.
 B.2. Surface Texture
a. Glossy paper =designed for fine details and brilliant image formation.
b. Semi-mate paper = obscure the fine details
c. Rough papers = used for large prints or where breath rather than detail
is necessary.
B.3. Color
a. White = better used in police photography.
b. Cream = preferred for pictorial effect, portraits, landscape or when
warmth effect is desired.
c. Buff papers = prepare for tone prints

C. According to Contrast (grade)

1. Velox No. 0 = used for printing extremely contrast negative or extremely
exposed film.
2. Velox No. 1 = used for high contrast negative (over exposed film)
3. Velox No. 2 = used for normal exposed film
4. Velox No. 3 = used for negative with weak contrast (under exposed)
5. Velox No. 4 = used to provide sufficient contrast to compensate for very thin or
weak negatives. It is useful imprinting which high contrast is desired.

5. CAMERA

Is a light tight box with light gathering device and a means of blocking unwanted or
unnecessary light from reaching the sensitized material.

Basically, camera can produce image with its four-(4) basic parts such as light tight box,
lens, and shutter, Holder of sensitized material.

Essential Parts of a Camera

1. Light Tight Box – a box designed to keep light out and serve as a frame to hold other parts.
2. Lens – designed to collect or to focus the reflected light from an object to form an image
on the film.
3. Shutter – designed to control the time during which the light reaches the film
4. Holder of the sensitized material – located at the opposite side of the lens designed to
hold firmly the sensitized material to prevent the formation of the multiple or blurred image
5. View finder – designed to determine the field of view of the camera or the extent of the
coverage of the given lens

OTHER PARTS OF A CAMERA

A. Viewing System
Is that part of the camera which provides the means of showing to the
photographer the entire scene coverage that can be recorded in the sensitized material.
B. Film Advancer (film advance lever or knob) =designed to transfer the exposed
film to the other side or to the take up spool and the unexposed film will be the
opposite side of the lens for another exposure.
C. Shutter speed = is that part of the camera which regulates the time exposure of
the film thus, affecting the amount of light reaching the sensitized material. It is
usually expressed in a fraction of a second.

1/1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/15 1/30 1/60 1/125 1/250 1/500 etc.

The speed number in the left is always two times powerful in terms of light gathering than
that of the right number
Using a fast shutter speed the photographer can stop or “freeze” the action of a person
provided that necessary adjustment on the lens opening be made in order to maintain normal
exposure.
D. Lens Aperture = the ratio between the diameter of the whole lens in relation to
the focal length of the lens. It is the light gathering power of the lens. Otherwise
known as lens opening or relative aperture and it is expressed in F-number.

f 2.8 f-4 f-5.6 f-8 f-11 f-16

The lower the f-number, the bigger the lens opening and the bigger the lens opening the
greater the volume of air that will passed through the lends and reach the sensitized material.
 If the objective of a photographer is obtain the widest possible coverage of the lens in
which objects are all sharp, It will be advisable to used a smaller lens opening.
E. Focusing = is that mechanism of a camera designed to control the degree of
sharpness of the object to be photograph. It is usually obtained by estimating the
distance from the camera and that of the object that will make a sharp or clear
image.

Types of focusing device:

1. Range finder (Either coincidence or split image type)
Coincidence otherwise known as superimposed image focusing. In this type of focusing a
single object will appeared double once the object is not in focus, but moving the
focusing adjustment this double image will coincide or superimposed to form a single
object.
Split Image focusing on the other hand will show an image in split or two parts once the object
in not in focus once the two parts of the image has been united then the object is already
focused

2. Ground Glass
This is observed from the viewing system of the camera, once the object is not in
focused the object will be viewed to be blurred and will turn sharp and clear once adjusted.

3. Scale Bed
Estimating the distance of the object and adjusting the camera control based on his
estimation do this.

TYPES OF THE CAMERA

1. View Finder Type – it is considered as the smallest and the simplest type of camera
2. Single Lens Reflex Camera – it is a type of camera best suited for police work due to its
interchangeability of the lens
3. Twin Lens Reflex Camera – A type of camera with dual lens, one for focusing and the
other for forming the image.
4. View or Press type – is considered the biggest and expensive type of camera, used for
movie making
5. LENS
= It is the image-forming device of the lens that actually has a greater effect on the quality
of the image to be formed.
= a medium or system which converge or diverge light rays passing through it to form an
image.
= Can be a glass or transparent material, which permit light to pass through and change
the direction of light.
Daniel Barbaro = first to introduce the use of lens in the camera.

CLASSIFICATION OF LENSES
1. According to the type of image to be produced
a. Positive or Convex Lens (Converging Lens) Characterized by the fact that it is
thicker at the center and thinner at the side which is capable of bending the light
together and forms the image inversely.
b. Negative or Concave Lens (diverging Lens) Characterized by the fact that it is
thinner at the center and thicker at the side and forms the virtual image on the
same side of the lens.

2. According to Degree of Corrections

a. Meniscus Lens = lens that has no correction.
b. Rapid Rectilinear Lens – lens corrected of distortion
c. Anastigmat Lens – correcting astigmatism
d. Achromatic Lens – correcting chromatic aberration
e. Apochromatic Lens – correcting both astigmatism and chromatic aberration

INHERRRENT LENS DEFECTS

1. Spherical Aberration= Inability of the lens to focus light passing the side of the lens
producing an image that is sharp in the center and blurred at the side.
2. Coma = (Also known as lateral aberration) = Inability of the lens to focus light that travels
straight or lateral, thus making it blurred while the light reaching the lens oblique is the
one the is transmitted sharp.
3. Curvature of Field = the relation of the images of the different point are incorrect with
respect to one another.
4. Distortion = Is a defect in shape not in sharpness. It can either be Pincushion distortion
(curving inward) or Barrel (curving outward).
 5. Chromatic Aberration = Inability of the lens to focus light of varying wavelength. The lens
refracts rays of short wavelength more strongly than those of longer wavelength and
therefore bringing blue rays to a shorter focus than the red.
6. Astigmatism= is a form of lens defects in which the horizontal and vertical axis are not
equally magnified. Inability of the lens to focus both horizontal and vertical lines.
7. Flares = condition of the lens producing multiple images.

LENS CHARACTERISTICS
1. Focal Length – is the distance measured from the optical center of the lens is set to focus
at infinite position. As according to focal lenses may be classified as:

a. Wide Angle or Short Focus = with focal length not longer than the diagonal half of
the negative. Useful in taking photograph at short distance with wider area
coverage.
b. Normal or Medium Focus = with focal length approximately equal but not longer
than twice the diagonal half of the negative.
c. Long or Telephoto Lens = with focal length longer than twice the diagonal half of
the negative. Best used in long distance photographing but with narrow area
coverage.

d. ZOOM lens = lens with variable focal length or that which can be adjusted
continuously by the movement of one or more elements in the lens system.
2. Relative Aperture – the light gathering power of the lens expressed in F-number
a. Depth of Field – is the distance measured from the nearest to the farthest object
in apparent sharp focus when the lens
b. Hyperfocal distance = Is the nearest distance at which when a lens is focused
with a given particular diaphragm opening will gives the maximum depth of field.
3. Focusing = is the setting of the proper distance in order to form a sharp image. The one
that controls the degree of sharpness of the object.

6. CHEMICAL PROCESS
The process of making the latent image visible and permanent.
a. Development (Use of either D-76, Dektol or Universal Solution)
= Is the process necessary for reducing the silver halides to form the image.
Elon, Hydroquenone = used as main developing agents
b. Stop bath = normally composed of water with little amount of dilute acetic acid that
serves as a means to prevent contamination between the developer and the acid
fixer.
c. Fixation = Is the process by which all unexposed silver halides are dissolved or
removed from the emulsion surface and making the image more permanent.
Sodium Thiosulfate (hypo) is the main fixing agent that dissolves
unexposed silver halides.

Other chemicals used:

Acetic Acid and Boric acid = serves as neutralizer
Sodium Sulfate = serves as the preservative
Potassium Bromide = restrainer or hardener
Sodium bicarbonate and borax powder = serves as accelerator
Dodging = is the process of eliminating unwanted portion of the negative during enlarging.
Cropping = is the process of omitting an object during the process of enlarging and
printing.
Vignetting = is the gradual fading of the image towards the side through skillful adjustment
on the dodging board.
Dye toning = is the process designed in changing the color tone of the photograph.
Burning-In = refers to additional exposure on a desired portion of the negative used for
purposes of making a balance exposure.