12

EXERCISE
A.Answerthe following questions briefly :
Insolation
insolation? State its
What is
I.
Ans.
Solar radiation that is
insolation. The
import
interceptedance.
by the Earth is
significance
of
Itresults in the formation of insolation is:
known as
2. State
the three processes by
in brief.
tempcrature
which the airzones. gets heated. Explain
The three main
Ans. processes by which the carth's
heated are: atmosphere is
Convection: The transmission of heat from one part of a
liquid or gas to another by movement of particles themselves
is called convention.
. Conduction : It is the
process in which heat is transferred directly
through matter from a point of high temperature. It transfers heat
between adjacent molecules till the temperature is equal.
. Radiation : It is a process by which a body emits radiant
energy. It causes loss of heat and therefore leads to cooling.
3.State the various factors infiuencing the temperature of a place.
Ans. The various factors influencing the temperature of a place are:
Latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, winds, Ocean curents,
clouds and rainfall, slope of the land, vegetation and nature of soil.
Why does only 51% of the insolation reach the Earth surface?
Ans. Only 51% of the insolation reaches the Earth's surface:
" The rest is absorbed by water vapour,
dust and clouds, or is
reflected by the earth's surface and scattered by particles in
the air.
3, What is the effect of latitude on temperature?
Ans. The effects of latitude on temperature are:
Places at lower latitudes: travel a lesser extent
have to
" The are direct and
Sun's rays
through the atmosphere. hotter than places away from
" have higher temperature and are
the Equator.
Placesat higher latitudes: passthrough agreater
haveto
" The Sun's rays are slantingand
extent of atmosphere.
 " Hence, these rays lose heat and so the area in the high latitwd.
are not very hot as compared to the equatorial regions.
and water?
6. What causes the differential heating of land
Ans. The differential heating of land and water is caused by:
" Land breeze and sea breeze
conditions doee
7. What is inversion of temperature? Under what
apply?
but in some areas
Ans, " Normally , temperature decreases with height, with hejght
and during certain periods, temperature increases temperature
in the atmosphere. This is called the inversion of
" This occurs during the winter
season over the land.
Why?
8. Which zone will have a higher range of temperature?
Ans. The zone which has higher range of temperature is:
" Torrid zone is the one which will be having the higher range
of temperature
because it lies between the equator and the temperate zone.
" That's why it gets the maximum range of temperature.
surface.
9. Name the factors that affect the insolation over the Earth's
Ans. The factors that affect the insolation over the Earth's surface are:
Latitude, altitude, distance from the Sea, winds, Ocean currents,
clouds and Rainfall, the slope of the land, vegetation and nature
of the soil.
10. Why are the slanting rays less effective than the vertical rays in
heating the atmosphere?
Ans. The slanting rays are less effective than the vertical rays in heating
the atmosphere:
" They have to pass through a greater extent of atmosphere.
" Hence, these rays lose heat and so the areas in the high latitude
are not very hot as compared to the equatorial regions.
11. How do winds modify the temperature of a place?
Ans. The winds modify the temperature of a place:
" On-shore winds: Winds, which blows from sea to land . They
carry moisture.
"Off-shore winds: Winds, which blow from land to sea are dry,
eg. a cold wind blowing from the interior of the continent during
winter further reduces the temperature of the places along their
path, eg, China.
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 . Local winds: Hot and dry local winds increases the temperature
of a place, eg. Lo0, whereas the Bora and the Mistral are the
cold winds.
12. What does Normal Lapse Rate mcan?
Ans. With the increase of height,temperature decreases. For every 165
metres the temperature falls by 1"C. This is known as Normal
Lapse Rate.
13. Explain with the help of a diagram how the slope of the land
affects the temperature.
Ans. The effect of the slope of the land on the temperature of a place:
" A steep slope experiences a more rapid change in temperature
than a gentle one.
" Mountain ranges that have an east- west alignment like the
Alps show a higher temperature on the south-facing 'sunny
slope' than the north- facing 'sheltered slope'.
14. Why does the temperature of a place in the atmosphere decrease
with heiglht?
with
Ans. The temperature of a place in the atmosphere decreases
height because:
Air is cooler
" The atmosphere is mostly heated by conduction. the places
at higher altitudes than near the Earth's surface. So
near the Earth's surface are warmer than places higher up.
" With the increase of height, temperature decreases. known For every
is as
165 metres the temperature falls by 1"C. This
Normal Lapse Rate.
in summer.
" This is the reason why hill stations are cooler even
15. What causes Equable Climate? oceanic or equable
Ans. The places close to the water bodies have
climate.
temperature as
They have low diurnal and annual range of influence of the
the
compared to those areas, which are far from
moderating influence
sea and which are in the interior without the
of the sea.
heating of land and water.
16. State the reason for the differential
Ans. Same as 7th answer.

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B. Explain the
1. Insolation
following terms :
Ans. Insolation: Solar
known as insolation.radiation that is intercepted by the Earth is
2. Conduction
Ans. Conduction: Conduction is a process in which heat is
transferred directly through matter from a point of high
temperature. Conduction transfers heat between adjacent
moleculces till the temperature is equal.
3.Normal Lapse Rate
Ans. Normal Lapse Rate: With the increase of
decreases. height, temperature
For every 165 metres the temperature falls by 1". This is known
as Normal Lapse Rate.
4.Inversion of Temperature
Ans. Inversion of Temperature: Normally , temperature decreases with
height, but in some areas and during certain periods, temperature
increases with height in the atmosphere. This is called the inversion
of temperature.
C. Distinguish between the following pairs:
1. Insolation and Terrestrial Radiation
Insolation Terrestrial Radiation
Incoming solar energy is in the Outgoing radiation from the
form of short waves. earth is in the form of long
waves.

It heats the atmosphere. It heats the earth's surface.

Convection Radiation
Convection: The transmission It is a process by which
of heat from one part of body emits radiant energy
received from Sun in
a liquid or gas to another(energy causes
by movement of particlesthe form of heat). It
themselves is called comvection.a loss of heat and therefore
leads to cooling.

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 Cive reasons for the following :
1. Land gets heated faster than the sea.
Ans. Land gets heated faster than the sea
.Land surface absorbs much more because:
solar radiation than water
Hence, land is heated faster, similarly, it cools faster.
, The climate of continental
interiors is of comparatively extreme
type.
Ans. The climate of continental interiors is of comparatively extreme
type because:
Mid-latitude continental interiors have greater extremes in
temperature than coastal areas because large areas heat up
and cool off more quickly than oceans.
" Therefore, in the winter, the interiors of continents will be
much colder than along the coast.
than
" Similarly, in the summer, the interiors heat up much more
and warmer
the coastal areas. The colder winter temperatures
result in a greater range
summer temperatures of the interior
of temperature.
3. Coastal climates are equable.
are equable:
Ans. Coastal climates experience the cool, Wet air from the sea
The coastal areas
which modifies the weather along the coast
throughout the yearweather both in the winter and summer.
uniform
to have
said to be equable climate. It is otherwise
condition is
" This Maritime climate.
called as
are much warmer than north facing slopes
slopes
South-facing Hemisphere.
4. Northern
in the slopes are much warmer than north facing slopes
South-facing Hemisphere because:
Ans. Northern
in the facingslopereceive direct sunshine as these face towards
" South
equator tropical of cancer and sun never goes beyond
above
theselies
" that line.

E. Diagrams : diagram showing the Eflect of Latitude on Solar Insolation.