1 INTRODUCTION

1.1CONCEPT OF PLAINCEMENT CONCRETE (P.C.C.)

Piu
Plane Cement Concrete (PCC) refers to a type of concrete that is
primarily for its structural performance and durability without the designed
and used
inclusion of any
reinforcements such as steel bars or mesh. It is a plain mixture of cement, sand, and
aggregate, which hardens into a solid mass with a well-defined
Unlike Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC), which load-bearing capacity.
incorporates reinforcing materials to
improve its tensile strength, PCCrelies solely on its inherent
properties to carry loads.
PCC is typically composed of:
Cement: Acts as the binding agent. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is
used. commonly
Sand: Fine aggregate that provides workability and helps in filling the voids between
coarse aggregates.
Coarse Aggregate: Larger stones or gravel that provide structural strength and bulk
to the concrete mix.
Water: Facilitates the chemical reaction between cement and
the formation of a hardened mass. aggregates, leading to
The mix proportions are usually determined based on the required strength and
workability, often specified in design codes.
1.1.1 Use of Plane Cement Concrete
Plane Cement Concrete finds applications in various construction scenarios where
high tensile strength and reinforcement are not necessary. Its uses include:
Pavements: Ideal for constructing footpaths, sidewalks, and roadways where high
tensile strength is not a critical requirement.
Foundation Footings: Used in shallow foundations and as a base for structural
foundations where there is minimal risk of significant tension forces.
2

Plinths: Provides a stable base for building structures,

ISHAN'S R.C.C. Desian
especially where
relatively low. loads are
Floor Slabs: Employed in areas where the load-bearing requirements
such as in residential buildings or non-critical floor areas. are modest,
Retaining Walls: Suitable for low retaining walls where the lateral
soil is minimal Its use is generally guided
pressure from the
by the load-bearing needs ane
environmental conditions of the construction site.

1.1.2 Advantages of Plane Cement Concrete

Plane Cement Concrete offers several advantages that make it a popular choice i
various construction applications:
Cost-Effective: Without the need for reinforcement materials, PCC is generally less
expensive compared to reinforced concrete.
Ease of Construction: Simpler to prepare and pour, as it requires less intricate
formwork and placement procedures.
Low Maintenance: It has low maintenance requirements because it does not involve
corrosion-prone reinforcements.
Good Compressive Strength: Adequate for applications where compressive loads
are predominant, offering satisfactory performance under these conditions.
Simplicity: The straightforward mix and placement process reduce the complexity
involved inconstruction, making it easier to manage on-site.
Durability: Exhibits good durability and resistance to weathering and chemical
attacks, particularly when well-mixed and properly cured.
1.1.3 Limitations of Plane Cement Concrete
Despite its advantages, Plane Cement Concrete has several limitations:
Low Tensile Strength: PCCis weaker in tension compared to reinforced concrete. It
is prone to cracking under tensile forces, limiting its use in applications where tensile
strength is a key factor.
Limited Load-Bearing Capacity: Its structural capacity is lower than that of
reinforced concrete, making it unsuitable for high-load applications or structures with
significant stress demands.
 Introduction 3

Cracking Issues: It can develop surface cracks due to shrinkage or thermal

expansion, especially if not properly cured.
No Flexural Strength: Unlike reinforced concrete, PCCcannot withstand significant
bending forces, which limits its application in situations where flexural strength is
required.
Design Constraints: The design options are more limited because the lack of
reinforcement restricts the ability to customize the concrete's performance for various
loading conditions.
In conclusion, while Plane Cement Concrete is an
essential component of the
construction industry due to its cost-effectiveness and ease of use, it is crucial to
understand its limitations and apply it in scenarios where its properties meet the structural
requirements. For more demanding applications, Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) or
other forms of concrete with added reinforcement may be more suitable.

1.2 CONCEPT OF REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE (R.C.C.)

Plain cement concrete is very strong in compression but very weak in tension. To improve
the tensile strength of plain cement concrete somne sort of
reinforcement is required which can
take up the tensile stresses developed in the structures.
The most common reinforcement is steel which is equally strong in tension as well as in
compression. Steel is high strength material as compared to concrete. The compressive yield
strength of ordinary steel bars is about 25 times the compressive strength of cement concrete. The
tensile strength of steel bars is about 70times the tensile strength of cement concrete.
The steel used in the form of bars to reinforce the concrete is called
reinforcement.
Reinforcement if suitably designed and placed, increases the strength of concrete as well as
controls the effect of shrinkage and temperature stresses.
The reinforcing steel bars are placed in the forms and fresh concrete is poured around it.
This solidified composite mass is called as reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C.). Thus, the
cement concrete reinforced with steel bars is known as reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C.).
R.C.C. is a versatile construction material which is strong in tension as well as in compression.

1.3 USES OF R.C.C.

R.C.C. is the most commonly used material which is used for the construction of the
followings :
() Beams, columns and slabs in residential, commercial and industrial building.
(ii) Water retaining structures like water tanks.
4

(iii) Highways, flyover and railway bridges.

ISHAN'S R.G.C.Des.
(iv) Earth retaining structures like retaining walls, abutments for bridges
(v) Power plants (thermal, nuclear and hydro-electrical)
(vi) Bunkers and silos
(vii) Chimneys and towers
(viii) Marine structures like light houses
(ix) Aircraft hangers, airport runways
(x) Tunnels
(xi) Irrigation works
(xii) Electric poles

1.4 ADVANTAGES OF R.C.C.

Reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C.) has the following advantages as compared to p

construction materials :
1. Strength:R.C.C. has very good strength in tension as well as in compression.
2. Durability : R.C.C. structures are durable as these can withstand the action
weathering agencies. R.C.C. structures can last even upto 100 years if these an
designed and constructed properly. R.C.C. does not decay or rot.
3. Economy : R.C.C. ischeap in the long run as its maintenance cost is very low.
4. Transportation : The raw materials required for R.C.C. can be transported easily fot
one place to another. Nowadays ready mix concrete (RMC) is available for faster as
better construction. RMC is prepared in the factory under strict quality control a:
transported to site in green or plastic state as per requirement.
5. Mouldability : R.C.C. section can be given any shape easily by properly designingt
form work. Thus it is more suitable for architectural requirements.
R.C.C. can be laid in difficult positions as it can be pumped easily.
6. Fire Resistance : R.C.C. structures are more fire resistant than any other comtouy
used construction material.
7. Permeability : R.C.C. structures are almost impermeable to water.
8. Seismic Resistance : Properly designed R.C.C. structures can resist the earthquaa
shocks easily.
9. Aesthetics : R.C.C. structures give good aesthetic appearance.
 Introduction 5

10. Comnpact Seetion : Due to high strength of R.C.C., it helps in minimising the section
of the structure as compared to the section formcd with plain concrete.

1.5 LIMITATIONS FR.C.C.

Although R.C.C. has so many advantages yet it has following limitations :
1. The initial cost of R.C.C. work is high.
2. R.C.C. structures are heavier than other structural materials. Therefore, dead load of
the structures is increased.
3.
R.CC. nceds lot of formwork, centering and shuttering to be fixed, thus require lot of
site space and skilled workforce to handle it.
4. Skilled labour is required for construction of R.C.C. structures.
5. R.C.C. structures take time to attain its full strength. Therefore, R.C.C. structures
cannot be used immediately after construction unlike steel structures.

1.6 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANE CEMENT CONCRETE (PCC) AND

REINFORCEDCEMENT CONCRETE (RCC)
Concrete is a versatile construction material, and its properties can be tailored for various
applications through modifications and enhancements. Two common types of concrete are Plane
Cement Concrete (PCC) and Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC). Understanding the differences
between them is crucial for selecting the appropriate type for a given application.
Factors PCC RCC
Definition anda. PCC, also known as plain concrete,a. RCC is concrete that incorporates
Composition is mixture of cement, sand, reinforcing materials (usually steel
aggregate, and water. It does not bars or mesh) to enhance its tensile
contain any reinforcing materials strength and Overal1 structural
such as steel bars or mesh. performance.
b. Composition: b. Composition:
Cement: Acts as the binder. Cement: Acts as the binder.
Sand: Fine aggregate that Sand: Fine aggregate.
helps fill voids and provides
workability. Coarse Aggregate: Larger
Coarse Aggregate: Larger stones or gravel.
stones or gravel that provide
Water: Facilitates hydration.
strength and bulk.
6 ISHAN'S R.C.C. Design
Factors PCC RCC

Water: Facilitates the Reinforcement: Steel bars or

chemical reaction between mesh embedded within the
cement and aggregates concrete to handle tensile
stresses.

Strength a. Compressive Strength: PCC a. Compressive Strength: RCC also

Characteristics generally exhibits good has good compressive strength but
compressive strength, which benefits from the added
makes it suitable for applications reinforcement for enhanced load
where compressive loads are bearing capacity.
predominant.
b. Tensile Strength: PCC has lowb. Tensile Strength: The inclusion of
tensile strength and is prone to steel reinforcement greatly
cracking under tensile forces. It improves the tensile strength of
lacks the ability to resist RCC, making it suitable for
significant tensile stresses, structures subjected to both tensile
limiting its use in applications and compressive stresses.
where tensile strength is
important
Applications a. Uses: Ideal for non-structural a. Uses: Suited for structural elements
elements Or low-load-bearing such as beams, columns, slabs, and
applications such as pavements, bridges, where both compressive
footpaths, foundation footings, and tensile stresses are present.
and low retaining walls. b. Design Flexibility: Provides more
b. Limitations: Used where the flexibility in design due to its
primary load is compressive and enhanced strength properties,
where tensile stresses are allowing it to be used in a wider
minimal. range of structural applications.
 Introduction
7

Factors PCC RCC

Advantages a. Advantages: a.
Advantages:
and
Cost-Effective: Generally less Enhanced Strength: Improved
Disadvantages expensive due to the absence of tensile, compressive, and flexural
reinforcement materials. strength due to reinforcement.
Ease of Construction: Simpler to Versatility: Suitable for a wide
mix and pour, with fewer range of structural applications
complexities in formwork. including high-load and complex
Low Maintenance: Reduced risk designs.
of corrosion and fewer Durability: Reinforcement helps in
maintenance requirements. handling tensile stresses, improving
the longevity and stability of the
structure.
b.
Disadvantages: b. Disadvantages:
Low Tensile Strength: Prone to Higher Cost: More expensive due
cracking and failure under tensile to the COst of reinforcement
forces. materials and additional labor.
Limited Load-Bearing Complex Construction: Requires
Capacity: Not suitable for high detailed design and placement of
load applications. reinforcement, leading to more
Cracking: Can develop cracks complex formwwork and
due to shrinkage or thermal Construction processes.
expansion. Maintenance: Potential for
Corrosion of reinforcement bars,
which requires additional measures
for protection and maintenance.
Cracking and a. Cracking: Cracks more easilyRCC:
Durability under tensile stress Or due to a. Cracking: The risk of cracking is
shrinkage. reduced due to the reinforcement,
but cracks can still OCcur,
particularly if the reinforcement is
b. Durability: While durable not properly placed if the
against weathering and chemical concrete is not properly cred.
atacks, its performance can be b. Durability: Generally more
compromised if exposed to durable due to the combination of
significant tensile forces or if not concrete and steel, providing better
properly maintained. resistance to various stresses and
environmental factors.
8 ISHAN'S R.C.C. Design
1.7 GRADES OFCEMENT
Ordinary portland cement (OPC) is commonly used in concrete construction. The Bureau of
Indian standard has classified OPC in three grades :
() 33 grade (i) 43 grade (ii) 53 grade
Here grade number indicates the minimum compressive strength of cement sand mortar
cubes in N/mm² at 28 days. The cube is made of 1part of cement to 3 parts of standard sand by
weight with a specified water-cement ratio. The face area of these cubes should be 50 cm?.
NOTE : It is preferable to measure cement in terms of its weight, not volume because
volume of cement changes with the environmental conditions. In India, cement is supplied in
bags of 50 kg and its volume is 34.5 litres.
As per ls: 4562000, the maximum cement content used for R.C.C. construction is 450
kg/m.
1.8GRADES OFCONCRETE
Concrete is designated or graded on the basis of itscompressive strength. As per IS:456-200,
concrete mixes are designated into fifteen grades as per Table - 1.1.
Table-1.1 : Grade of Concrete as per IS : 4562000
Characteristic Compressive Strength fe)
Group Designation
of 150 mm Cube at 28 Days in N/mm
Ordinary M10 10
Concrete M 15 15

M20 20

M25 25
M30 30
Standard M 35 35
Concrete M 40 40
M 45 45
M 50 50
M55 55
M 60 60

High M65 65

Strength M70 70
Concrete M75 75
M 80 80
introduction

Concrete grades are expressed by letter 'M followed by a number. The letter 'M refers to
the mix and the number represents the characteristic compressive strength of 150 mm concrete
cube at 28 days after mixing in N/mm.
The characteristic compressive strength of concrete is defined as that strength below which
not more than 5 percent of the test results are expected to fall.
NOTE:
(i) The strength of concrete after 28 days is about 80% of thestrength of concrete after
one year.
(ii) Minimum grades of concrete for various structures are :
For R.C.C. works - M20
For post-tensioned prestressed concrete - M30
For pre-tensioned prestressedconcrete M40
(iii) Concrete of grades lower than M 20 may be used only for plain concrete works, lean
concrete, simplefoundations, masonry walls and other simpleconstruction works.

1.9 REINFORCING MATERIALS

The material which develops a good bond with concrete to increase its tensile strength is
called reinforcing material. The reinforcing material is embedded in the concrete at the time of
casting.
1.9.1 Purpose of Providing Reinforcement
Reinforcement is provided in R.C.C. structures for the following reasons :
(i) It takes all the tensile stresses developed in the structure.
(ii) It increases the strength of concrete sections.
(iii) Due to reinforcement, sections become thinner as compared to plain concrete sections.
(iv) Reinforcement prevents the propagation of cracks developed due to temperature and
shrinkage stresses in concrete structures.

1.9.2 Characteristics of a Reinforcing Material

An ideal reinforcing material should have the following properties so that it can fulffll all
the requirements for which reinforcement is provided in concrete
(i) The reinforcing material should develop a perfect bond with concrete so that stresses
are easily transferred from one material to another.
(ii) It should have high tensile strength.
10
ISHAN's R.C.C. Desian
(iii) It should be chemically inert with concrete i.e. it should not react with
ingredients of R.C.C. other
(iv) It should be cheap and easily available in market.
(v) It should be durable.
(v)) Itshould be easily workable i.e. easy to cut, bend and join.
(vii) It should have high modulus of elasticity.
(vii) lt should be free from loose rust, coats of paints, oil, mud or any other undesirable
coating on the surface which may be hindrance to perfect bond between reinforcement
and concrete.
(ix) It should have coefficient of thermal expansion nearly same as that of
concrete so that
temperature stresses are not developed.
1.10 SUITABILITY OFSTEEL AS A REINFORCING MATERIAL
Steel fulfills almost all the characteristics required for an ideal reinforcing material. Hence
it is the most suitable reinforcing material.
Steel is used as a most common reinforcing material because of the following reasons :
(i) Steel develops very good bond with concrete. And due to introduction of deformed
bars (which have ribs on the surface) this property has increased further.
(i) Steel is very strong in tension, compression, shear and torsion.
(iii) The steel bars can be cut, bent, welded or lifted easily with commonly available tools
and machines.

(iv) Steel is easily available throughout India.

(v) Steel has longer life.
(vi) Steel is a ductile material i.e. there is more elongation of steel before failure. Hence
steel gives sufficient warning time before failure.
(vii)) The coefficient of thermal expansion of steel (11.7x10 °/°C) is nearly equal to that of
concrete (9.9>X 10 °/°C). Therefore, there are no temperature stresses with steel as
reinforcing material in concrete.
Although steel reinforcement has so many advantages which make it a most suitable
reinforcing material yet it has the following disadvantages (limitations) :
() Rusting of steel is the biggest disadvantage. If concrete is porous or if cover to the
reinforcement is not sufficient, steel get rusted and loose strength.
(ii) Steel looses its strength at high temperature.
Introduction 11

1.10.1 Forms of Steel Reinforcement

The steel reinforcement shall be any of the following types:
(a) Mild steel and medium tensile steelbars
(Conforming to IS : 432- 1982)
(6) High strength deformed steel bars
(Conforming to IS: 1786 2008)
(c) Hard-drawn steel wire fabric
(Conforming to IS: 1566- 1982)
(d) Structural steel
(Conforming to Grade A of IS : 2062- 1992)
(a) Mild Steel and Medium Tensile Steel Bars
Properties of mild steel bars:
() Mildsteel bars are also known as Fe 250 because the yield strength of this steel is 250
N/mm?
(ii) This is most ductile amongst all types of steel due to less percentage of carbon.
(iii) The mild steel bars are plain round and hot rolled bars.
(iv) Although these bars have sufficient bond with concrete yet hooks and bends are
provided at their ends for proper anchorage.
(v) These bars can be easily bent and are weldable.
(vi) Mild steel has a definite yield point.
(vi) Plain mild steel bars (Fe 250 grade) are less commonly used in R.C.C. because of less
strength (yield strength 250 N/mm´) and almost same cost as that of HYSD bars.
(vii) However mild steel bars are used as lateral ties in columns and where nominal
reinforcement is required.
(viii) Mild steel bars give sufficient warning time before failure.
(6) High Yield Strength Deformed (HYSD) Bars
Spacing (Pitch) Height of lugs

9= Angle between lugs and axis of bar

b= Width of longitudinal rib
Fig. 1.1: High Yield Strength Deformed Bar
12
ISHAN'S R.C.C. Design
These bars are produced by subjecting the mild steel plain bars to cold working hy.
tensioning and twisting. The cold working process increases both the yield as well as the ultimate
strength of steel.
Properties of HYSD Bars :
() As the name indicates the HYSD bars have much high yield point, but the yield point is
not defined.
(ii) The yield stress (characteristic stress) is generally given by 0.2% proof stress.
(ii)) These bars have projections (deformations or lugs or ribs) on the surface which act as a
key for the concrete and check the slipping of bars.
These bars do not need hooks or bends at the ends for anchorage.
(iv) HYSD bars require less length of overlaps and hence these bars are economical.
() HYSD bars have high tensile strength.
Different Grades of HYSD Bars
HYSD bars are available in the following grades :
() Fe 415 (ii) Fe 500
(iii) Fe 550 (iv) Fe 600
Here 'Fe' refers to ferrous metal and the number refers to yield strength of steel in N/mm².
HYSD bars (cold worked) are available in the market under the trade name TOR steel.
In the deformed bars (TOR steel), the following properties are improved :
(i) Increase in tensile strength.
(ii) Increase in yield stress (50% more than plain M.S. bars).
(iii) Increase in bond strength (60% more than plain M.S. bars).
Due to increased bond strength, HYSD bars do not require hooks at the ends and require
reduced length for overlap.
Nowadays TMT and CRS bars are also available in the market.

TMT(Thermomechanically Treated) Bars

TMT steel is new generation high strength steel having superior properties as compared to
common HYSD bars. TMT bars are manufactured by passing hot rolled steel bars through cold
core remains
water. By doing so the outer surface of the bar becomes harder while the inner
softer.
bars
In India SAIL (Steel Authority of India Limited) is producing TMT steel. The TMT
have the following advantages :
() High yield strength (ii) Better weldability
(iii) Excellent ductility (iv) Better corrosion resistance
Introduction
13

CRS(Corrosion Resistant Steel) Bars

The latest development in steel bars is the production of CRS (Corrosion Resistance Steel)
bars. The carbon content in the CRS bars is 0.18%as comparedto 0.2% of HYSD bars.
The percentage of corrosion resisting elements such as chromium is as high as 1.5%. This
makes the steel bars more corrosion resistant while keeping its other properties unchanged. In
India, SAIL and TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) are producing CRS bars.
Advantages of HYSD Bars
() HYSD bars have yield strength higher than that of plain mild steel bars. Due to this, the
amount of steel required is considerably reduced. Thus the use ofHYSD bars leads to
overall economy as the cost of HYSD bars is approximately same as of mild steel bars.
(ii) The HYSD bars have better bond with concrete due to corrugations or ribs on the
surface of the bars.
As per IS: 456 2000, the bond strength of HYSDbars is 60 percent greater than the
plain mild steel bars. Due to increased bond strength, deformed bars do not need end
hooks and require reduced length for overlaps etc. It results in further saving of steel.
(iii) During the twisting process the defects, if any, in HYSD bars are noticed and they are
rejected. Thus each bar is thoroughly tested for defects.
Disadvantages of HYSD Bars
() With increase in stresses the cracking tendency increases. Hence for Fe 500 or higher
grade of steel it becomes necessary to use higher grade of concrete.
(i) Due to use of reduced amount of tension steel, the design shear strength of concrete is
reduced.

Table - 1.2 : Mechanical Properties of DifferentSteels

Sr. Characteristic Strength Minimum
Type of Steel (Yield stress or
No. Percentage
0.2 %Proof stress) Elongation
1 Mild steel (Fe 250 grade steel) 250 20- 22%
2. High yield strength deformed bars
(HYSD)
() Fe 415 grade steel (Tor 40) 415 14.5%
(ii) Fe 500 grade steel (Tor 50) 500 12%
(iii) Fe 550 grade steel (Tor 55) S50 10%
3. CRSor TMT bars 500 12%
 A having 36
round sizegmm.
bar area, (kg/m)
Weight
following 0.099
0.150.220.390.620.891.58 2.473.854.846.32 8.0 9.87
of plain 32
mm) mm, cross-sectional

(ina
of 28 mm)
the
diameter
that mm,
in
in
to available
23 Bars
Round bar
diameter, Perimeter 162.2
the
equivalent mm,
dimension
of (mm)
12.57 37.70
25.1331.41 78.54 100.53
87.96 113.10
125.66 of
'p'. 15.71
18.85 50.26
62.83 (Diameter
symbol 20
generally
mm, i.e. of
taken design Properties kg/m.
a 16 1.3. =
with are mm, area length
BARStheis bar. 7850
rebars)
represented
diamneter in Table
Cross-sectional
deformed 12 required 201.06 1256.64
1017.88
as
OF defined mm,
BARS (mm')
12.56 50.26
19.6328.27 113.10
78.54 490.87
314.16 804.25
615.75 as metre
as in 1.3 taken
DIAMETER
nominal (referred
10 ROUND givenTable per
usuallymm, bars
be the is kg)
are
round
steel
maytheas (in
length 8 length
is barsmm, OF of bar
diameter
bars,
deformedbar of Diameter
(mm) weight
NOMINAL reinforcing
6
PROPERTIES 10 12 16 20 25 28 32 36 40 of
unita unit
properties 4 5 8 Weight
of mm,
per The
Nominalper Diameter NOTE:
5
mass mm, weight
The The No.
Sr. (i) (ii)
10. 11. 12. 13.
of 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8 9
1.11 same 4 40mm
and
case
14
 Introduction
15
1.12 LOADINGON STRUCTURES (AS PER IS :875)
All the structures are designed for the worst
combination of different loads likely to be
encountered by the structures in their life span.
The various types of loads likely to act on a
structure are :
(i) Dead loads (i)) Live loads (Superimposed loads)
(iii) Wind loads (iv) Snow loads
(v) Seismic loads (Earthquake loads)
() Dead Loads : Dead loads are due to self weight of the
structure. These are the
permanent loads which are always present. Dead loads depend upon the unit
material. Dead loads include the self weight of walls, floors, beams, columns etc.weight of the
and also the
permanent fixtures present in the structure.
The magnitude of dead load is calculated from unit weight of different
materials. Unit
weight of common building materials as per IS : 875(part 1) 1987 are given in
Table 1.4.
Table - 1.4 : Unit Weight of Common Building Materials
S. No. Materials
Unit Weights (kN/m°)
1. A.C. sheets
(i) 6 mm thick 0.12 --0.13
(ii) 7 mm thick 0.14-0.16
2. Bricks
() Ballast 6.85- 14.30
(ii) Common burnt 15.70 -18.85
3. Cement
() Ordinary Portland 14.10
(ii) Rapid hardening 12.55
4. Cement concrete
(i) Plain 24
(ii) Reinforced 25
5. Glass 27
6. Lime Concrete 19.2
7. Mortar
(i) Cement 20.4
(ii) Lime 15.7 - 180
16
ISHAN's R.C.C.Desia
S. No. Materials Unit Weights (kN/m)
8. Steel 78.5
9. Sand stone 22.0 - 23.5
10. Granite 25.9 - 27.4
11. Marble 26.7
12. Sand (dry and clean) 15.1- 15.7
13. Timber
) Chir 5.65
(ii) Deodar 5.35
(iii) Sal 8.5
(iv) Teak 6.58
14. Water
() Fresh 9.81
(ii) Sea 10.05
15. Earth
(i) Dry 13.8 - 18.0
(ii) Moist 15.7 19.6
16. Stone Masonry 20.4 -26.5
17. Brick Masonry 18.85 - 23.50
18. Bitumen 0.102
19. Brick Dust (Surkhi) 15.7
20. Gravel
() Loose 15.7
(ii) Rammed 18.9 21.2

(ii) Live Loads (Superimposed Loads) : Live loads on floors and roofs consist of all the
loads which are temporarily placed on the structure e.g. loads of people, furniture, machines ete
These loads keep on changing from time to time. These are also called as superimposed loads.
The various types of live loads as perIS:875 (part 2) - 1987 are given in Table -1.5.
 Introduction 17

Table-1.5: Live loads

S. No. Item Minimum Live Load (kN/m')
1. Floor Loads
() Residential 2.0
(ii) Office 2.5 4.0
(iii) Shops, Class rooms, Restaurants 5.0
(iv) Factories, Warehouses 5.0- 10.0
(v) Garages 4.0 -7.5
2. Stairs, Landings, Balconies
() Residential 3.0
(i) Public 5.0
3. Roof Loads
() Access provided 1.5
(ii) Access not provided 0.75

Roofs of buildings used for incidental assembly are designed for a minimum live load of
4 kN/mn?.
(ii) Wind Loads : The force exerted by the horizontal component of wind is to be
considered in the design of buildings. It depends upon the velocity of wind, shape and size of the
building. Wind loads have to be considered in the design of multistorey buildings, towers and
poles. Upto a height of 30 m, the wind pressure is considered to act uniformly. Above 30 m
height, the wind pressure increases.
(iv) Snow Loads : The buildings which are located in the regions where snowfall is very
common are to be designed for snow loads.
(v) Seismic Loads (Earthquake Loads) : Now it is mandatory to follow the
recommendations regarding seismic loads in the design of structures, if the structure is situated
in the seismic areas. Seismic areas are the regions which have experienced earthquakes in the
past and are likely to experience in future.
Seismic loads are caused by the shocks due to earthquakes which are calculated as per
IS: 1893 - 2002.
18 ISHAN'S R.C.C. Design
SOLVED EXERCISE

A. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

(A.) Fillin the Blanks
1. R.C.C. stands for
2. Plain cement concrete possesses compressive strength.
3. Plain cement concrete possesses very little strength.
4. is the most commonly used construction material.
5. The weight of R.C.C. is
6. Concrete is graded on the basis of
7. HYSD bars are also known as steel.
8. The reinforcing steel bars are also known as
9. There are grades of concrete.
10. One bag of cement weighs kg.
11. bars are preferred over mild steel bars.
12. Concrete grades lower than should not be used for R.C.C. work.
13. of steel is taken as 7850 kg/m'.
14. Ordinary portland cement has been classified in grades.
15. bars do not need hooks or bends at the ends for anchorage.
(A.) State True or False
1. Plain cement concrete is strong in tension as well as in compression.
2. Bond strength of HYSD bars is60% greater than the plain mild steel bars.
3. The strength of concrete after 28 days is about 80% of the strength of concrete after
one year.
4. HYSD bars have a definite yield point.
5. As per IS :456 2000, minimum grade of concrete to be used for R.C.C. is M 15.
6. For cube test of concrete, 100 mm cubes are prepared.
7. The coefficients of thermal expansion of steel and concrete are nearly equal.
8. Steel looses its strength at high temperature.
9. HYSD bars have projections on their surface.
10. Weight of a steel bar is directly proportional to the square of its diameter.
 introduction 19

(A. I) Choose the Most Appropriate Option

1. Unit weight ofP.C.C. in kN/m² is
(a) 20 (6) 22
(6) 24 (a) 26
2. Unit weight of R.C.C. in kN/m is
(a) 21 (6) 23
(c) 25 (d) 26
3. The ninimum compressive strength of 33 grade OPCcement is
(a) 33 N/mm? (6) 33 N/m?
(c) 33 kN/mm? (d) 33 kN/m?
4. The reinforcement in R.C.C. takes
(a) Tensile stresses (6) Compressive stresses
(c) Shear stresses (d) Torsional stresses
5. It is preferable to measure cement in terms of
(a) Volume (6) Weight
(c) As per choice (d) None of these
ANSWERS
(A. I) Fill in the Blanks
1. Reinforced cement concrete 2. High 3. Tensile 4. R.C.C. 5. 25000 N/m³

6. Compressive strength 7. Tor 8. Rebars 9. 15 10. 50 11. HYSD 12. M 20 13. Unit weight
14. 3 15. HYSD

(A.I) State True or False

1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 3. False 6. False 7. True 8. True 9. True 10. True
(A.II) Choose the Most Appropriate Option
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b)
B. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q.1. Define plain cement concrete (P.C.C.).
Ans. Plain cement concrete is a hardened mass obtained from a mixture of cement, fine
aggregates (sand), coarse aggregates (gravel) and water in definite proportions.
Q.2. Define reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C.).
Ans. Cement concrete reinforced with steel bars is known as reinforced cement concrete
(R.C.C.).
 20
ISHAN'S R.G.C. Design
Q.3. Why is it preferred to measure cement by weight instead of by volume ?
Ans. It is preferred to measure cement by weight instead of by volume because volume
cement changes with environmental conditions. Thus volume of cement will not give the com
idea about the amount of cement in a cement concrete mix.
Q.4. Explain M 25.
Ans. Here the letter 'M refers to the mix and the number represents that the characteristi
compressive strength of 150 mm concrete cube prepared with this concrete mix at 28 days afer
mixing is 25 N/mm?.
Q.5. Define characteristic compressive strength of concrete.
Ans. The characteristic compressive strength of concrete is defined as that strength below
which not more than 5 percent of the test results are expected to fall.
Q.6. Define grades of concrete.
Ans. Grade of concrete is the designation of a concrete mix on the basis of its compressive
strength.
As per IS: 456 200O0, concrete mixes are designated into fifteen grades.
Q.7. Define reinforcing materials.
Ans. The material which develops a good bond with concrete to increase its tensile strength
is called reinforcing material.
Q.8. What is the yield strength of Fe 250 ?
Ans. Yield strength of Fe 250 steel is 250 N/mm.
Q.9. WVhat do youmean by HYSD ?
Ans. HYSD means high yield strength deformed bars. These are the bars with projections
(deformations or ribs) on the surface.
0.10. Why HYSD bars do not require hooks or bends at the ends for anchorage ?
Ans. HYSD bars have projections (deformations or ribs) on the surface which act as a key
for the concrete and check the slipping of bars. Therefore, these bars do not require hooks or
bends at the ends for anchorage. Also HYSD bars have high percentage of carbon and are brittle.
Therefore also hooks are avoided in HYSD bars.
Q.11. What do you mean by TMT bars ?
Ans. TMT (Thermomechanically Treated) steel is new generation high strength steel having
superior properties as compared to common HYSD bars. TMT bars are manufactured by passing
hot rolled steel bars through cold water. By doing so the outer surface of the bar becomes harder
while the inner core remnains softer.
 Introduction 21

Q.12. What are the advantages of TMT bars ?

Ans. TMT bars have the following
advantages :
() High yield strength (ii) Better weldability
(iii) Excellent ductility (iv) Better corrosion resistance
Q.13. Define nominal diameter ofa bar.
Ans. Nominal diameter may be defined as the dimension of the diameter (in mm) of
round bar.
Q.14. Why hooks are provided in plain mild steel bars ?
Ans. The outer surface of the plain mild steel bars are smooth, therefore, the bond
between
steel and concrete is not proper. To reduce the chances of slipping of mild steel bars from the
grip of concrete, hooks are provided at the ends of the plain mild steel bars,. These hooks
help in
maintaining a proper bond between steel and concrete.

UNSOLVEDEXERCISE
THEORETICAL QUESTIONS
1. Define R.C.C. ? Why do we reinforce plain cement
concrete ?
2. What are the advantages ofR.C.C. over other construction materials ?
3. What is reinforcement ? List the essential properties which a reinforcing material
should possess.
4. Discuss different types of steel reinforcement.
5. Why steel is used as a reinforcing material ?
6. Differentiate between plain mild steel bars and deformed bars.
7. Discuss the various types of loads coming over the structures.
DDO