INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC

STANDARD 22237-3

First edition
2021-10

Information technology — Data centre

facilities and infrastructures —
Part 3:
Power distribution
Technologie de l’information — Installation et infrastructures de
centres de traitement de données —
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Partie 3: Distribution de puissance
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ISO/IEC 22237-3:2021
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Reference number
ISO/IEC 22237-3:2021(E)

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ISO/IEC 22237-3:2021(E)

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 ISO/IEC 22237-3:2021(E)

Contents Page

Foreword...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... vi
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms............................................................................................................................... 2
3.1 Terms and definitions....................................................................................................................................................................... 2
3.2 Abbreviated terms............................................................................................................................................................................... 6
3.3 Symbols.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
4 Conformance............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
5 Power supply and distribution within data centres....................................................................................................... 7
5.1 Functional elements........................................................................................................................................................................... 7
5.1.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
5.1.2 Power supply to the data centre............................................................................................................................ 8
5.1.3 Power distribution within the data centre.................................................................................................. 9
5.2 Dimensioning of power distribution systems.......................................................................................................... 10
6 Availability............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
6.1 General requirements.................................................................................................................................................................... 11
6.2 Power supply.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
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6.2.1 Capacity planning............................................................................................................................................................ 11
6.2.2 Availability of the utility supply......................................................................................................................... 13
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6.2.3 Power quality...................................................................................................................................................................... 14
6.2.4 Load presented to the utility supply.............................................................................................................. 15
6.2.5 Equipment..............................................................................................................................................................................
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Availability Class design options....................................................................................................................... 17
6.3 Power distribution009af783596e/iso-iec-22237-3-2021
............................................................................................................................................................................ 23
6.3.1 Capacity planning............................................................................................................................................................ 23
6.3.2 Power quality...................................................................................................................................................................... 24
6.3.3 Equipment.............................................................................................................................................................................. 25
6.3.4 Availability Class design options....................................................................................................................... 25
6.4 Incorporation of low voltage direct current distribution.............................................................................. 29
6.5 Additional considerations.......................................................................................................................................................... 29
6.5.1 Residual current measurement........................................................................................................................... 29
6.5.2 Lightning and surge protection.......................................................................................................................... 29
6.5.3 Segregation of power distribution cabling and information technology
cabling........................................................................................................................................................................................ 30
6.6 Emergency power off (EPO)..................................................................................................................................................... 30
6.6.1 Requirements...................................................................................................................................................................... 30
6.6.2 Recommendations.......................................................................................................................................................... 30
7 Physical security................................................................................................................................................................................................ 30
7.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
7.2 Access........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
7.2.1 Power supply........................................................................................................................................................................ 30
7.2.2 Power distribution.......................................................................................................................................................... 30
7.2.3 Attachment of unauthorized end-equipment......................................................................................... 30
7.3 Internal environmental events.............................................................................................................................................. 31
7.3.1 Power supply........................................................................................................................................................................ 31
7.3.2 Power distribution........................................................................................................................................................ 31
7.4 External environmental events............................................................................................................................................. 31
8 Energy efficiency enablement and power distribution............................................................................................ 31
8.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
8.2 Granularity Level 1........................................................................................................................................................................... 32

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8.2.1 Requirements...................................................................................................................................................................... 32
8.2.2 Recommendations.......................................................................................................................................................... 33
8.3 Granularity Level 2........................................................................................................................................................................... 33
8.3.1 Requirements...................................................................................................................................................................... 33
8.3.2 Recommendations.......................................................................................................................................................... 33
8.4 Granularity Level 3........................................................................................................................................................................... 34
8.4.1 Requirements...................................................................................................................................................................... 34
8.4.2 Recommendations.......................................................................................................................................................... 34
8.5 Cabling infrastructure to support energy efficiency enablement.......................................................... 34
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 35

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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance
are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria
needed for the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in
accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or
www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents) or the IEC
list of patent declarations received (see patents.iec.ch).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
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For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
(standards.iteh.ai)
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html. In theISO/IEC
IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
22237-3:2021
prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
This document washttps://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/cd3e32db-4d33-46de-bfa0-
Subcommittee SC 39, Sustainability, IT & Data Centres.
009af783596e/iso-iec-22237-3-2021

This first edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/IEC TS 22237-3:2018), which has been
technically revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— availability requirements have been aligned with ISO/IEC 22237-1 and ISO/IEC 22237-4;
— figures have been updated.
A list of all parts in the ISO/IEC 22237 series can be found on the ISO and IEC websites.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards
body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html and
www.iec.ch/national-committees.

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ISO/IEC 22237-3:2021(E)

Introduction
The unrestricted access to internet-based information demanded by the information society has led to
an exponential growth of both internet traffic and the volume of stored/retrieved data. Data centres
are housing and supporting the information technology and network telecommunications equipment
for data processing, data storage and data transport. They are required both by network operators
(delivering those services to customer premises) and by enterprises within those customer premises.
Data centres need to provide modular, scalable and flexible facilities and infrastructures to easily
accommodate the rapidly changing requirements of the market. In addition, energy consumption
of data centres has become critical, both from an environmental point of view (reduction of carbon
footprint), and with respect to economic considerations (cost of energy) for the data centre operator.
The implementation of data centres varies in terms of:
a) purpose (enterprise, co-location, co-hosting or network operator facilities);
b) security level;
c) physical size; and
d) accommodation (mobile, temporary and permanent constructions).
NOTE Cloud services can be provided by all data centre types mentioned.

The needs of data centres also vary in terms of availability of service, the provision of security and
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the objectives for energy efficiency. These needs and objectives influence the design of data centres in
terms of building construction, power distribution, environmental control, telecommunications cabling
(standards.iteh.ai)
and physical security. Effective management and operational information are required to monitor
achievement of the defined needs and objectives.
ISO/IEC 22237-3:2021
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The ISO/IEC 22237 series specifies requirements and recommendations to support the various parties
involved in the design, planning, procurement, 009af783596e/iso-iec-22237-3-2021
integration, installation, operation and maintenance of
facilities and infrastructures within data centres. These parties include:
1) owners, operators, facility managers, ICT managers, project managers, main contractors;
2) consultants, architects, building designers and builders, system and installation designers, auditors
and commissioning agents;
3) suppliers of equipment; and
4) installers, maintainers.
At the time of publication of this document, the ISO/IEC 22237 series comprises the following
documents:
— ISO/IEC 22237-1, Information technology — Data centre facilities and infrastructures — Part 1:
General concepts;
— ISO/IEC TS 22237-2, Information technology — Data centre facilities and infrastructures — Part 2:
Building construction;
— ISO/IEC 22237-3 (this document), Information technology — Data centre facilities and infrastructures —
Part 3: Power distribution;
— ISO/IEC 22237-4, Information technology — Data centre facilities and infrastructures — Part 4:
Environmental control;
— ISO/IEC TS 22237-5, Information technology — Data centre facilities and infrastructures — Part 5:
Telecommunications cabling infrastructure;

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— ISO/IEC TS 22237-6, Information technology — Data centre facilities and infrastructures — Part 6:
Security systems;
— ISO/IEC TS 22237-7: Information technology — Data centre facilities and infrastructures — Part 7:
Management and operational information.
The inter-relationship of the specifications within the ISO/IEC 22237 series is shown in Figure 1.

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Figure 1 — Schematic relationship between the ISO/IEC 22237 series of documents
(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO/IEC TS 22237-2 to ISO/IEC TS 22237-6 ISO/IEC specify requirements and recommendations for particular
22237-3:2021
facilities and infrastructures to support the relevant classification for “availability”, “physical security”
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and “energy efficiency enablement” selected from ISO/IEC
009af783596e/iso-iec-22237-3-2021 22237-1.
This document, ISO/IEC 22237-3, addresses facilities and infrastructures for power supplies to, and
power distribution within, data centres together with the interfaces for monitoring the performance
of those facilities and infrastructures in line with ISO/IEC TS 22237-7 (in accordance with the
requirements of ISO/IEC 22237-1). The line diagrams used in certain figures are not intended to replace
the more familiar electrical circuit diagrams associated with power supply and distribution systems,
which are included where relevant.
ISO/IEC TS 22237-7 addresses operational and management information (in accordance with the
requirements of ISO/IEC 22237-1).
This document is intended for use by and collaboration between architects, building designers and
builders, and system and installation designers.
The ISO/IEC 22237 series does not address the selection of information technology and network
telecommunications equipment, software and associated configuration issues.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 22237-3:2021(E)

Information technology — Data centre facilities and

infrastructures —
Part 3:
Power distribution

1 Scope
This document addresses power supplies to, and power distribution within, data centres based upon
the criteria and classifications for “availability”, “physical security” and “energy efficiency enablement”
within ISO/IEC 22237-1.
This document specifies requirements and recommendations for the following:
a) power supplies to data centres;
b) power distribution systems to all equipment within data centres;
c) telecommunications infrastructure bonding;
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d) lightning protection;
e)
(standards.iteh.ai)
devices for the measurement of the power consumption and power quality characteristics at points
along the power distribution system and their integration within management tools.
ISO/IEC 22237-3:2021
Safety and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements are outside the scope of this document
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and are covered by other standards and regulations. However, information given in this document can
009af783596e/iso-iec-22237-3-2021
be of assistance in meeting these standards and regulations.
Conformance of data centres to the present document is covered in Clause 4.
The use of the data centre stored energy or alternate sources to be used by the grid is not in the scope of
this document and is for consideration in future specifications.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 13160 (all parts), Leak detection systems
IEC 60076-11, Power transformers — Part 11: Dry-type transformers
IEC 60364 (all parts), Low-voltage electrical installations
IEC 60947 (all parts), Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear
IEC 61000-2-4, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 2-4: Environment — Compatibility levels in
industrial plants for low-frequency conducted disturbances
IEC 61439 (all parts), Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies

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ISO/IEC 22237-3:2021(E)

IEC 61557-12, Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1 000 V a.c. and 1 500 V d.c. —
Equipment for testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures — Part 12: Performance measuring
and monitoring devices (PMD)
IEC 61869-2:2012, Instrument transformers — Part 2: Additional requirements for current transformers
IEC 62040 (all parts), Uninterruptible power systems (UPS)
IEC 62053-21, Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) — Particular requirements — Part 21: Static meters
for active energy (classes 1 and 2)
IEC 62053-22, Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) — Particular requirements — Part 22: Static meters
for active energy (classes 0,2 S and 0,5 S)
IEC 62271-200, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear — Part 200. AC metal-enclosed switchgear and
controlgear for rated voltages above 1 kV and up to and including 52 kV
IEC 62305 (all parts), Protection against lightning
IEC 62586-1, Power quality measurement in power supply systems — Part 1: Power quality instruments
(PQI)
IEC 62586-2, Power quality measurement in power supply systems — Part 2: Functional tests and
uncertainty requirements
IEC 62974-1, Monitoring and measuring systems used for data collection, gathering and analysis — Part 1:
Device requirements iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
IEC 88528-11, Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets —
(standards.iteh.ai)
Part 11: Rotary uninterruptible power systems — Performance requirements and test methods
IEC/TS 62749, Assessment of power quality — Characteristics
ISO/IEC 22237-3:2021 of electricity supplied by public networks
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ISO/IEC 22237-1, Information technology009af783596e/iso-iec-22237-3-2021
— Data centre facilities and infrastructures — Part 1: General
concepts
ISO/IEC 22237-4, Information technology — Data centre facilities and infrastructures — Part 4:
Environmental control
ISO/IEC/TS 22237-6, Information technology — Data centre facilities and infrastructures — Part 6:
Security systems
ISO/IEC 30129, Information technology — Telecommunications bonding networks for buildings and other
structures

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms

3.1 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 22237-1 and the following
apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://​w ww​.iso​.org/​obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://​w ww​.electropedia​.org/​

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3.1.1
active power
P
under periodic conditions, mean value, taken over one period, T, of the instantaneous power, p:

1T
P= ∫ pd t
T 0

Note 1 to entry: Under sinusoidal conditions, the active power is the real part of the complex power S, thus
P = Re S.

Note 2 to entry: The coherent SI unit for active power is watt, W.

[SOURCE: IEC 60050‑131:2002, 131-11-42]

3.1.2
additional supply
power supply that provides power in the event of failure of primary (3.1.22) and/or secondary supply
(3.1.24)
3.1.3
apparent power
product of the r.m.s. voltage U between the terminals of a two-terminal element or two-terminal circuit
and the r.m.s. electric current I in the element or circuit S = UI
Note 1 to entry: Under sinusoidal conditions, the apparent power is the modulus of the complex power S,
thus S = |S|. iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
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Note 2 to entry: The coherent SI unit for apparent power is voltampere, VA.

[SOURCE: IEC 60050‑131:2002, 131-11-41] ISO/IEC 22237-3:2021

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3.1.4 009af783596e/iso-iec-22237-3-2021
capacitive load
load that is capacitive, so that the alternating current is out of phase with and leads the voltage
3.1.5
catenary
wire hung at a specific tension between supporting structures of power cabling
3.1.6
diverse route
alternative separate pathway intended to provide adequate segregation from another pathway, in order
to maintain service provision in the event of physical damage to one of the pathways
3.1.7
dual-corded equipment
equipment served by multiple power supply input interfaces
3.1.8
emergency power off
EPO
designated device to provide emergency switching which disconnects power from one or more data
centre facilities, infrastructures or spaces
Note 1 to entry: The configuration and function of emergency power off devices can be subject to national or
local regulations.

3.1.9
fire compartment
discrete zone designed to contain a fire within that zone

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ISO/IEC 22237-3:2021(E)

3.1.10
high voltage
HV
voltage whose nominal r.m.s. value is 35 kV < UN ≤ 230 kV
Note 1 to entry: Because of existing network structures, in some countries the boundary between MV and HV can
be different.

3.1.11
inductive load
load that is inductive, so that the alternating current is out of phase with and lags behind the voltage
3.1.12
IT load
electrical consumption of all the information technology equipment, providing data storage, processing
and transport services, measured at its input terminals including all on-board integrated power
supplies and cooling fans
3.1.13
load factor
ratio, expressed as a numerical value or as a percentage, of the consumption within a specified period
(year, month, day, etc.), to the consumption that would result from continuous use of the maximum or
other specified demand occurring within the same period
Note 1 to entry: This term should not be used without specifying the demand and the period to which it relates.
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Note 2 to entry: The load factor for a given demand is also equal to the ratio of the utilization time to the time in
hours within the same period.
(standards.iteh.ai)
[SOURCE: IEC 60050‑691:1973, 691-10-02]
ISO/IEC 22237-3:2021
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locally protected socket 009af783596e/iso-iec-22237-3-2021
sockets (3.1.26) which continue to deliver power to connected equipment for a defined period following
failure of power supply and distribution equipment by means of a battery supply or UPS adjacent to, or
co-located with, those sockets (e.g. emergency lighting)
3.1.15
low voltage
LV
voltage whose nominal r.m.s. value is UN ≤ 1 kV
3.1.16
Main-Tie-Tie-Main
electrical connection between two power supply or power distribution circuits which allows current
to flow in either direction and containing two circuit breakers enabling maintenance while one of the
circuits is active
3.1.17
medium voltage
MV
voltage whose nominal r.m.s. value is 1 kV < UN ≤ 35 kV
Note 1 to entry: Because of existing network structures, in some countries the boundary between MV and HV can
be different.

3.1.18
pathway
<cable route, cable way> defined route for cables between termination points
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 14763‑2:2019, 3.1.34]

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 ISO/IEC 22237-3:2021(E)

3.1.19
power factor
λ
under periodic conditions, ratio of the absolute value of the active power (3.1.1), P, to the apparent power
(3.1.3), S: λ = |P|/S
Note 1 to entry: This is the ratio of the active (real) power flowing to the load to the apparent power (as a result of
the capacitive or inductive nature of the load) and is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1.

[SOURCE: IEC 60050‑131:2002, 131-11-46, modified — new Note 1 to entry added.]

3.1.20
protected socket
socket (3.1.26) which continues to deliver power to connected equipment for a defined period following
failure of power supply and distribution equipment
3.1.21
primary distribution equipment
equipment which is required to manage, control and convert incoming power supplies (primary,
secondary and, where appropriate, additional) (3.1.22, 3.1.24, 3.1.2) in a form suitable for distribution
by secondary distribution equipment (3.1.23)
3.1.22
primary supply
principal power supply that provides power to the data centre under normal operating conditions
3.1.23 iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
secondary distribution equipment
(standards.iteh.ai)
equipment which is required to manage, control and distribute the power provided by the primary
distribution equipment (3.1.21) to the short-break, protected and unprotected sockets (3.1.25, 3.1.20,
3.1.30) within the data centre and to the tertiary
ISO/IEC distribution equipment (3.1.27)
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Note 1 to entry: The power supply can be single-phase AC, three-phase AC or DC. If there is a change from 3-phase
009af783596e/iso-iec-22237-3-2021
to 1-phase supply, this is generally achieved at the secondary distribution equipment that is served directly from
the primary distribution equipment.

3.1.24
secondary supply
power supply independent from, and that is continuously available to be used to provide power to the
data centre following the disruption of, the primary power supply
Note 1 to entry: A second feed to a separate transformer from the same grid is not a secondary supply.

3.1.25
short-break socket
sockets (3.1.26) which, upon failure of power supply and distribution equipment, will be provided with
power from an additional supply (3.1.2) after a defined period
3.1.26
socket
connection enabling the supply of power to attached equipment
Note 1 to entry: This can be a de-mateable or a hardwired connection.

3.1.27
tertiary distribution equipment
power supply equipment, typically accommodated within the cabinets, frames and racks of the data
centre spaces, which directly feeds the protected sockets (3.1.20) therein

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