“

2
3
4
5
6
1. A 9. A
2. A 10. A
3. B 11. D
4. C 12. C
5. C 13. A
6. A 14. A
7. A 15. A
8. D
8
Objectives
1. Define research and its purpose in
acquiring knowledge and solving
problems.
2. Differentiate between qualitative
and quantitative research
approaches.
3. Explain the scientific method and
its application in research
Classify me!
Research - AGRICULTURE

Research – FOOD TECHNOLOGY

RESEARCH - ENGINEERING

RESEARCH – BIOTECHNOLOGY –
AGRICULTURE
RESEARCH – MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

RESEARCH – MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

“

14
INQUIRY- defined as “a seeking for truth,
information or knowledge. The information is
sought through questioning.
The exploratory nature of inquiry allows
individuals particularly students to grapple
with different ways of looking at ideas and
issues and to think creatively about problems
that do not possess simple answer.
Governing Principle or
Foundation of Inquiry
● Theory on Connected Experience for
Exploratory and Reflective Thinking
- John Dewey (1859 - 1952)
● Theory of Zone of Proximal
Development (ZPD)
- Lev Vygotsky (1978)
● Theory of Constructivism or
Discovery Learning
- Jerome Bruner (1915 – 2016)

16
Introduction
to Research
‘’ Research is a high-hat word that
scares a lot of people. It needn’t. it is
rather simple. Essentially, it is nothing but
a state of mind—a friendly, welcoming
attitude towards change. Going out to
look for change, instead of waiting for it
to come. Research for practical men, is
an effort to do things better and not to
be caught asleep at a switch.’’

--C.F. Kettering
18
Chapter 1
RESEARCH: ITS
NATURE, TYPES,
AND ROLE IN
DEVELOPMENT

19
1. What is Research
Research is defined as a
careful, systematic study in field of
knowledge, undertaken to discover
or establish facts or principles
(Webster, 1984).
THE WORD RESEARCH IS DERIVED
FROM THE OLD FRENCH WORD
CERCHIER, WHICH MEANS TO “SEEK
OR SEARCH.” “SEARCH” MEANING
TO INVESTIGATE. THE PREFIX “RE”
MEANS “AGAIN” AND SIGNIFIES OF
THE SEARCH. LITERALLY, RESEARCH
MEANS TO “INVESTIGATE AGAIN”.
22
23
According to Resnik, 2007, ethical norms are significant in
conducting research studies as explained in the following:
First, ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and
credibility. It also fosters values that are essential to collaborative
work.
Second, ethical norms help individuals to be accountable in every
act that the researcher/s undertake.
Third, ensure that researchers are held accountable to the public.
Lastly, an ethical norm in research also needs public awareness.
This can be evaluated by the researcher before conducting the
study because this may help a certain population in an area once
the study is completed.
24
25
2. The Value of Research
Educators, health service
providers, entrepreneurs, managers,
policy makers, councelors,
administrators, teachers and
students, need information to make
decisions, or to perform their
functions more effectively.
Functions of Research
• It helps us answer questions, solve problems
and make decisions.
• It enables us to see and understand how and
why a situation or a problem exists.
• It helps us discover new things and ideas.
• It allows us to validate existing theories or
generate new ones.
• It helps us identify and understand the causes
and effects of a situation or a phenomenon
Connection Between Research and the Improvement of Man’s Welfare

New Skills/
New
Practices/
Knowledge
Behaviors

Improved
Research Condition/Wel
fare

New
New
Tools/Devices
Technology
/Approaches

28
Uses of Research as a Scientific
Process
● Determine/Describe an existing situation (situation
analysis),
● Describe a population (people,objects,institutions,etc),
● Compare two conditions or groups of population,
● Determine existence, degree, or nature of
relationship between two or more factors,
● Evaluate and/or compare effectiveness of an
intervention, treatment or exposure, and
● Predict the value of certain characteristics

29
The Role of Research in
Development
- Development projects/programs are design to
improve the welfare of man.
- Development process involves planning,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation. In each stage
of development, research pays and important role
(Mercado,1994)

30
 General Types
of Research
- Research can be
classified into three
categories: descriptive
research, correlation or
association research and
experimental or
intervention research
(Fraenkel and Wallen,
1996).

31
Descriptive Research
- The descriptive type of study finds answer to the
questions who, what, when, where and how. This type
of research describes a situation or a given state of
affairs in terms of specified aspects or factors.

Explanatory or Correlation
- An explanatory study goes beyond description of the
problem or situation. It attempts to explain the possible
factors related to a problem which have been observed
in a descriptive study.

32
Intervention or Experimental
Research
- The Intervention or Experimental type of research
evaluates the effect or outcome of a particular
intervention or treatment. It studies the “cause and
effect” relationship between certain factors on certain
phenomenon under controlled conditions.

33
Other Dichotomies of Research
(Jackson, 1995, Mercado, 1994)
- Research may also be classified as their pure or applied,
either exploratory or explanatory, and either quantitative
or qualitative

34
1. Pure Basic vs. Applied Research

- Pure Basic Research. Type of research

attempts to describe an existing situation
and/or explain certain patterns of behavior
using either or both qualitative and
quantitative research techniques.

- Applied Research. While the primary aim of

pure research is the formulation or the
refinement theory, applied research aims to
see an immediate solution to a problem.
1. Exploratory vs. Explanotary Research

- Exploratory Research. Exploratory studies are

designed to describe existing problem
situation and examine underlying factors that
contribute to the emergence of the problem,
the nature of which not yet well known.

- Explanatory Research. Primary goal of an

explanatory study is to understand or explain
the prevailing situation or explain a
relationship between factors which may
have already identified in exploratory studies,
and why the relationship exists.
1. Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research

- Quantitative Research. Type of research seeks

to quantify or reflect in number the
observations on the characteristics of the
population being studied.

- Qualitative Research. Type of research that

emphasizes verbal descriptions and
explanations of human behavior and
practices in an attempt tow the units or
members of the population experience or
explain their own world.
 “
RESEARCH METHODS

38
1. Experimental Method

- Experimental method is used to determine the

effectiveness of a treatment or an
intervention of the “cause an effect”
relationship of certain phenomena under
controlled condition.

2. Survey Method

- Obtain data to determine specific

characteristics of a group.
3. Historical Method

- Used to determine the growth and

development of a group, organization or
institution. Most data used in this method are
collected from secondary sources.

4. Content Analysis

- Usually used when the intention of the

researcher is to ascertain the quality of
message or information found in the
document or in mass media.
Question and Answer

1. What is research, and why is it important in

various fields?
2. How does research contribute to our
understanding of different phenomena?
3. What are the main types of research, and how
do they differ from each other?
4. Can you explain the difference between
qualitative and quantitative research?
5. How does basic research differ from applied
research?
6. What role does research play in the
development of new technologies and
innovations?
7. How does research contribute to advancements in
medicine and healthcare?

8. What are some examples of social sciences

research and its impact on societal development?

9. How does research help policymakers make

informed decisions for economic and social
progress?

10. How can individuals and organizations benefit from

incorporating research findings into their practices
and decision-making processes?
Story time!
Olgen Nash Guerrero, a man
perpetually craving more, found
himself ensnared in the grip of
technology. His mobile phone, once a
marvel of modern communication, had
become a source of dissatisfaction. No
longer content with its capabilities, he
constantly pined for the latest model,
longing for its faster processors,
sharper cameras, and sleeker design.
Each passing day brought a new wave
of envy as he compared his device to
the glossy adverts showcasing the
allure of the next best thing.
One day, while immersed in his never-ending
pursuit of the latest gadget, Olgen stumbled
upon an old photo album. As he leafed
through the faded pages, he rediscovered
moments frozen in time – laughter with
friends, scenic landscapes, and cherished
family gatherings. In that nostalgic journey,
he realized that the true value of life lay not
in the pixels of a screen but in the pixels of
his memories. The lesson struck him like a
thunderbolt: the pursuit of material
possessions had blinded him to the genuine
joys that had always been within his grasp.
From that day on, Olgen Nash Guerrero
vowed to find contentment not in the
constant cycle of upgrades, but in the
priceless experiences and connections that
enriched his life.
 “
PUSH YOURSELF
BECAUSE NO ONE ELSE IS
GOING TO DO IT
FOR YOU.

46
THANK YOU!

47