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Science
Quarter 3 - Module 2
What Happens When Volcanoes Erupt
 What I Need to Know

This module encourages you to be familiar with the events that will happen when volcanoes e

After going through this module, you are expected to:

explain how volcanoes erupt;
identify the volcanic hazards common in the Philippine active volcanoes
and their impacts;
cite the positive effects of volcanic eruption; and
create an awareness campaign material about volcanic hazards – before, during and after a

What I Know

Directions: Read each statement carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is

correct and FALSE if the statement is incorrect. Write it on a
separate sheet of paper.
(1) Volcanic eruption is a natural disaster that occurs when volcano ejects
molten
rocks, hot gases, smoke and ash.
(2) Molten rocks which reside in the earth’s crust is magma and the
molten rock that comes out to the earth surface through the vent is
called as lava.
(3) Pyroclastic flow is rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic materials and
water.
(4) Fine ash particles from erupting volcano cannot cause respiratory
problems when inhaled.
(5) Carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen
sulfide are some of the dissolved gases produced due to intense heat
of magma.
(6) Lava flow is fast turbulent flow of fragmented volcanic
materials (ash and rocks) mixed with hot gases.
(7) Volcanic hazards are phenomena arising from volcanic activity that pose
potential threat to people or property.
(8) Erupting volcano increases the heat inside the earth as strong winds
spread the aerosol particles from the ash plume around the world.
(9) The dramatic scenery created by the eruption attracts tourists,

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 hence, bringing more income to that area.
(10) Volcanic eruptions provide nutrients to the surrounding soil.
(11) Volcanic deposits are used for building different materials.

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 (12) Pyroclastic flow, lava flow, lahar, ashfall and volcanic gases are the
hazards
caused by the eruption of Philippine active volcanoes.
(13) Precious gems are benefits that volcanic eruptions make available.
(14) Volcanic gases emitted by volcanoes are safe and cannot be
harmful to health or cause death.
(15) Volcano erupts just like opening a soda that has been shaken.

What Happens When Volcanoes Erupt

What is It

A volcanic eruption is an event that continuously and permanently

changes the surface of the Earth. Collision of tectonic plates with each other
deform rocks and trigger temperature to increase that causes the rocks to melt,
forming magma.

Magma is extremely hot molten rock located under Earth's surface. It is

mostly found in the layer of Earth known as the mantle. The temperature in the
mantle is very high that keep magma in its fluid state.

As magma continuously heated, it goes up. As it rises, the gas bubbles

are formed. These gas bubbles are trapped and expanded causing the molten
material to swell also, resulting in a gradual increase in pressure within the
volcano. When the pressure exceeds the strength of the overlying rock,
fracturing occurs. The resulting breaks lead to further drop in confining
pressure, which in turn causes even more gas bubbles to form. The rapid
expansion of gas bubbles drives the magma to the surface and within minutes,
the volcano erupts, explosively spewing hot1 and
(See Figure lava2) and tephra into the air.
Volcano erupts just like opening a soda that has been shaken.

-- 0 km
Escaping steam and gases

-- 4 km

Magma Conduit

-- 8 km

Magma
4
Chamber
800 - 1000˚C

Carried by the wind, the ash and other volcanic materials can travel not
just to nearby communities but also to other countries. The intense heat of the
magma can produce the following dissolved gases, during an eruption: water
vapor (H2O(g)), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen gas (H2), hydrogen chloride (HCl),
hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and sulfur dioxide (SO2).

Volcanic Hazards

Volcanic Hazards are phenomena arising from volcanic activity that pose
potential threat to people or property.

Let us study the impacts of each volcanic hazard common in Philippine

active volcanoes according to Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS). (See Figure 3)

1. Pyroclastic Flow. Fast

turbulent flow of
fragmented volcanic
materials (ash and rocks)
mixed with hot gases.
Lahar

Ash/Tephra Fall
Lava Flow

Volcanic Gases
Pyroclastic Flow

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2. Lava course-grained fragmented
Flow. 3. Ash/ materials resulting from a
Flow Tephra volcanic
of Fall. eruption. Ashfall
molte distribution or
n rock Shower dispersal is dependent
materi of fine- on prevailing wind
als. to- direction.

4. Lahar. Rapidly flowing

Figure 3. Volcanic thick mixture of volcanic
Hazards materials and water.

5. Volcanic Gases. Gases released from volcanoes. Most abundant gas

released is water vapor which is harmless. However, significant amount of
carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen halides can
be emitted from volcanoes.

Now, you already know the five most common volcanic hazards caused by
active volcanoes in the Philippines. Have you ever experienced one of these? Or
have seen or heard people sharing their experience with these volcanic
hazards? What did you feel? You should always be aware of the things
happening around you. Knowing the impacts of these volcanic hazards is
important to keep you and your love ones’ safe.

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 Impacts of Volcanic Hazards

The impact of pyroclastic flow. The high emitted by volcanoes are toxic
temperature of a pyroclastic flows can burn and can be harmful to health or
everything along its path. Pyroclastic cause death. An example is the
flow can fill river valleys and low-lying steaming vents of Bulusan
areas with thick deposits. An Volcano during its eruption on
example for this is when Mayon October 2016. (See Figure 8)
Volcano erupted on 1993 that rapidly
cascade the downslope of volcano with
pyroclastic flow. (See Figure 4)

The impact of lava flow. Areas buried

by lava flow will not be usable for a long
time, because of solid nature of lava
deposits. As lava comes out from the
volcano, it will flow down the stream and
burn living and non-living things that come
in its way. An example is the Lava flow on
the summit of Mayon Volcano during its
eruption on February 22, 2018 . (See Figure
5)

The impact of fine ash particles, when

inhaled can cause respiratory problems. This
is one of the effects of ash or tephra fall.
Moreover, thick heavy ash accumulations
can cause roofs to collapse. The recent
eruption of Taal Volcano on January 12,
2020 spewed huge amount of volcanic ash
that caused houses’ roof to collapsed. (See
Figure 6)

Another is the impact of lahar flow.

Deposits can bury large areas under more
than 1-meter thick volcanic debris. Thus,
man made and natural landscapes can be
destroyed and will be changed forever.
An example for this is the lahar that
covered about 120,000 hectares with
sediments in Zambales when Pinatubo
Volcano erupted in 1991. (See Figure 7)

Lastly, the impact of volcanic gases

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 Figure 4. Mayon Volcano eruption, 1993

Figure 5. Mayon Volcano eruption, 2018

Figure 6. Ash fall from the Taal Volcano eruption,

2020

Figure 7. Area buried by Lahar after Pinatubo Volcano

eruption, 1991

Figure 8. Steaming vents of Bulusan Volcano, October

2016

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 I hope you understand how dangerous a volcano can be when it erupts. It
results to devastating events that can harm both living and non-living things.
However, did you know that volcanic eruption can affect people positively? Yes
that’s true! Hence, Let us discover and appreciate the bright side of this kind of
disaster.

Positive Effects of Volcanic Eruption

1. Volcanic eruptions also provide nutrients to the surrounding soil. The lava
and ash from the eruption breaks down to provide valuable nutrients for the
soil. These produce very fertile soil that is good for future planting of different
vegetables or other plants.

2. Precious gems are also another TRIVIA

benefit that volcanic eruptions Sweet Treat from Pinatubo Volcano
make available. Stones like pumice Pinatubo Spa Town in Sta. Juliana Village of Capas,
volcanic ash and perlite (volcanic
glass) are all mined and used for
commercial uses.

3. Volcanic eruptions exhibit beauty.

The dramatic scenery created by Volcanic Ash Wrap is offered in this spa and is belie
the eruption attracts tourists, supposedly rich in sulfur and salt.
hence, bringing more income to
that area.

4. Volcanic deposits are used for

building different materials. Most of
the metallic minerals mined in the
world such as copper, gold, silver,
lead, and zinc are associated with Along with the hot volcanic ash on the body, a hot
magmas found deep within the needed when you try this.
roots of extinct volcanoes.

5. Volcanoes help to cool down the

earth by decreasing the heat
inside the earth. Like when Pinatubo
Volcano erupted in 1991, it
decreased Earth’s surface
temperature for almost two years.
The strong winds during its eruption
spread the aerosol particles from
the plume around the globe.

6. Volcanoes also help in generating electricity by making the land geothermal

field. These geothermal fields often create geysers, hot springs and boiling
mud pools. They can be harnessed for geothermal energy. In this process,
pipes are placed in the Earth and channel steam upwards to turn turbines and
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generate electricity.

7. Earth’s atmosphere has begun to form after its formation 4.6 billion years
ago. The gases stored inside the earth had spread to surroundings around the
world, only because of the volcanic eruptions.

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 What’s More
Are you ready to take the next part of this module? If yes, you
may start right here, right now.

Independent Activity 1
SPEW OUT the word from the box.
Directions: Identify the word/s that best identify each sentence below.
You may choose your answer from the box below. Write your answer
on your paper.

Active Taal Volcano Volcano

Inactive Mayon Volcano Volcanic Eruption

(1) Volcanoes which do not show historical record of

eruption in the past 10,000 years.
(2) The volcano which recently erupted and affected a
total of 50,599 families in Batangas.
(3) Volcanoes which exhibit volcanic activity such as
crater glow, earthquake, and eruption within the last
10,000 years.
(4) An elevated landform with an opening at the top called crater.
(5) An event when volcanoes eject lava, rocks, ash, and
gas which covers the surrounding lands.

Independent Assessment 1
ASH-the-Words to Replace-the-DUST
Directions: Find and color the words from the grid with gray crayon. List
down the words and use it to replace the dusts in the statement on the
next page. Copy this grid on your paper.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

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 (10)

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 Replace the DUST
Directions: Replace the dusts on the blanks with appropriate word to
complete the statement. Choose from the words that you listed in the
previous page. Write your answer on your paper.
(1) Volcanic is the natural way of Earth to release its internal
and pressure.
(2) is hot liquid rock below the surface of the Earth and when it spills
out of
the volcano, it is called .
(3) Gas are formed and developed because of magma’s extremely

high
(4) Pressure from gas bubbles magma to the of the Earth.
(5) is a home of volcanoes because it is located along the
Pacific
of Fire.

Independent Activity 2
Double MAGMAtching Type
Directions: Match column A with column B . Then, match column B with
column C. (Note: You may use one of the choices from column C twice to
complete the
answers in column B.) Write your answers on your paper.

COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C

(1) Its deposits can
bury large areas under (a) Ash Fall (I) Bulusan Volcano
more than 1-meter thick
volcanic debris
(2) These are toxic
and can be harmful to (b) Lahar Flow (II) Mayon Volcano
health or cause death.

(3) Its fine particles

can cause respiratory (c) Lava Flow (III) Pinatubo
problems when inhaled. Volcano

(4) Areas buried by

this hazard will not be
(d) Pyroclastic Flow (IV) Taal Volcano
usable for a long time,
because of its solid
nature.
(5) Its high
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temperature can burn
everything along its path (e) Volcanic Gases
and it can fill river
valleys and low-lying
areas with thick
deposits.

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Independent Assessment 3
ROCK the Concept Map
Directions: Complete the concept map with appropriate terms,
phrases/sentences. Write your answer on your paper with the same format
below.

can be classified as
VOLCANOES

may undergo

that results to can cause

are which are which are

Accomplishing the concept map means that you have understood the lesson
that you studied.
Assessment

A. Fill-in-the-Gaps: Write the appropriate word on the blanks to

complete the paragraph. Write your answer on your paper.

A volcanic (1) is one of several forces that change the

surface of the Earth. As tectonic plates collides with each other it deform
rocks and trigger a buildup of temperature that causes the rocks to melt,
creating (2) .
Magma is extremely hot molten rock located under Earth's surface. It is
mostly found in the layer of Earth known as the (3) . The temperature in the
mantle is very high that keeps magma in its fluid state.
As magma continuously heated, it goes up. As it rises, the (4)
bubbles are formed.
These gas bubbles are trapped and expanded causing the molten material to
swell also, resulting in a gradual increase in (5) within the volcano.
When the pressure exceeds the strength of the overlying rock, (6)
occurs. The resulting
breaks lead to further drop in confining pressure, which in turn causes even
more gas bubbles to form. The rapid expansion of gas bubbles drives the
magma to the surface and within minutes, the volcano erupts, explosively (7)
1 hot lava and ash into the
air.
 B. Modified True or False: On your paper write TRUE if the statement is
correct but if it is false, identify and write the word/s that made it
incorrect. Then, on the opposite side of the incorrect word/s, write the
appropriate word/s to make the whole statement correct.

(11) The intense heat of the magma can produce the following
dissolved gases, during an eruption: water vapor (H 2O(g)), carbon dioxide (CO2),
hydrogen gas (H2), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen
sulfide (H2S), and sulfur dioxide (SO2).
(12) Molten rock which resides in the earth’s crust is lava and molten
rock that comes out to the earth’s surface through the vent is called lava. Both
are molten rock materials but called differently.
(13) Lava flow is rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic materials
and water while pyroclastic flow is fast turbulent flow of fragmented volcanic
materials (ash and rocks) mixed with hot gases.
(14) Volcanic deposits are used for building different materials. Most
of the metallic minerals mined in the world such as copper, gold, silver, lead,
and zinc are associated with magmas found deep within the roots of extinct
volcanoes.
(15) Volcanic hazards are phenomena arising from volcanic activity
that pose potential threat to people or property. These volcanic hazards are
pyroclastic flow, lava flow, ash/tephra fall, lahar, and greenhouse gases.

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Answer Key

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 References

A. Books

Alvarez, Liza A., Dave G. Angeles, Hernan L. Apurada, Ma. Pilar P. Carmona,
Oliver A. Lahorra, Judith F. Marcaida, Ma. Regaele A. Olarte, Estrella C.
Osorio, Digna C. Paningbatan, Marivic S. Rosales, Ma. Teresa B. Delos
Santos. Science 9: Learner’s Module. Philippines: Department of Education,
2015.

B. Electronic Sources

Ball, Jessica. “Volcano analogies for kids”. Magma Cum Laude, In search of Hot
Rocks since 1985. AGU Advancing Earth and Space Blogosphere,
February 8, 2011.
https://blogs.agu.org/magmacumlaude/2011/02/08/volcano-analogies-for-
kids/

CNN Philippines Staff. “PHIVOLCS warns of ‘hazardous explosive eruption’ of

Taal Vol- cano soon”. CNN Philippines, January 12, 2020.
https://www.cnnphilippines.com/ news/2020/1/12/PHIVOLCS-Taal-
Volcano-explosion.html

DA Communications Group. “Agri damage from Taal eruption reaches

Php3B”, January 17, 2020. https://www.da.gov.ph/agri-damage-from-taal-
eruption-reaches- php3b/?fbclid=IwAR0Im-
EMBi1i9z6rRDAedEBowCXRbUmB4Q6yZ46eobNjTcCIWMipeRmzfCw

Department of Science and Technology - Philippine Institute of Volcanology and

Seismology. “Volcano Preparedness”. Accessed June 15, 2020. https://
www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcano-
preparedness

Golangco, Vince. “Mount Pinatubo Spa Town Volcanic Ash Wrap and Thermal Mud
Bath”. When in Manila, March 17, 2011.
https://www.wheninmanila.com/mount-pinatubo- spa-town-volcanic-ash-
wrap-and-thermal-mud-bath/

Naroju, Sandesh. “Riddle Life All About Life and Nature”. Accessed June 16, 2020.
https:// www.riddlelife.com/what-are-the-effects-of-volcanoes-on-the-
environment/

Novo, James. “Volcanic Eruption in the Philippines”. Accessed June 17, 2020. https://
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/a07a68d9c95d4fcdb163b4d18104bac7

United States Geological Survey. “USGS Science for a Changing World”. Accessed
June 15, 2010.
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 https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/19/downloads/Chapter_1/Activities/
SodaBottle_volcano.pdf

Valley Rey, Maestro. “What Are The Positive And Negative Effects Of Volcanic
Activities?”. Philippine News, December 2, 2019.
https://philnews.ph/2019/12/02/ what-are-the-positive-and-negative-
effects-of-volcanic-activities/

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education, Schools Division of Bulacan Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resource Management and Development System (LRMDS) Capitol Compound, Guinhawa
Email address: [email protected]