BASIC MATHS FORMULA

** Factor & Expansion Formula:

1) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 Prof. Govind S. Doifode ( M.Sc , B.Ed, PG-DAC)

2) ( a – b) 2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
3) (a + b) 3 = a3 +3a2b + 3ab2 +b3
MATHS FORMULA
4) (a - b)3 = a3 -3a2b + 3ab2 - b3
5) 𝑎3 + b3 = (a + b) ( a2 – ab + b2)
6) 𝑎3 - b3 = (a - b) ( a2 + ab – b2)
7) 𝑎2 + b2 = ( a + ib) (a – ib )
8) 𝑎2 - b2 = ( a + b) (a – b )
9) 𝑎4 - 𝑏4 = ( 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )(𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )
10) ( 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑐𝑎

# Binomial theorem :

𝑛𝑎 𝑛−1𝑏 𝑛(𝑛−1)𝑎 𝑛−2𝑏2 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−3)𝑎 𝑛−3 𝑏3

1) (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 + + + + …………..+ 𝑏𝑛
1! 2! 3!

𝑛𝑎 𝑛−1𝑏 𝑛(𝑛−1)𝑎 𝑛−2𝑏2 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−3)𝑎 𝑛−3 𝑏3

2) (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 - + - + - …………..-+ 𝑏𝑛
1! 2! 3!

# Law of Indices :
𝑎𝑚
1) 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 2) = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑎𝑛

3) (𝑎𝑚 )n = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 4) (ab)m = 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑏𝑚

𝑎 𝑎𝑚 1
5( 𝑏 )m = 𝑏𝑚 6) 𝑎− 𝑟 = 𝑎𝑟
𝑚
𝑛
7) 𝑎0 = 1 8) √𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎 𝑛

# Rules of Logaritham :
𝑚
1)log(mn) = log m +log n 2) log ( 𝑛 ) = log m - log n 3) log ( 𝑚𝑛 ) = n log m

1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚
4) 𝑒 log 𝑓(𝑥) = f(x) 5) 𝑒 −log 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) 6)log n m = log 𝑛

7 )log1 = 0 8) log𝑎𝑎 = 1

# Algebric Operation :
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑑 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
If 𝑏 = 𝑑 then 1) Invertendo =𝑐 2) Alternendo : 𝑐 = 𝑑 3) compenendo : =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑑

𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑

3) Dividendo : = 5) componendo & Dividendo : 𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑐−𝑑
𝑏 𝑑

# Trigonometric Relation : 1) Sin𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 1 2 ) Cos𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 1 3) tan𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 1

# Trigo. Indentities : 1) sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 2) 1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃 3) 1 + cot 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃

# Trigo. Ratio of ( - 𝜽 ) :

1)Sin(- 𝜃 ) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2) cos (-𝜃 ) = cos 𝜃 3) tan (-𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

4)Cot (- 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 5) sec (- 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 6)cosec (−𝜃 ) = - cosec 𝜃

# Trigo. Ratio of Allied Angles

𝝅
# Trigo. Ratio of( 90- 𝜽 OR − 𝜽)
𝟐

1) Sin( 90-𝜃) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 2) Cos (90 − 𝜃) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 3) tan(90-𝜃) = 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝜃

4)Cot(90-𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 5)Sec(90-𝜃) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 6) Cosec(90 − 𝜃) = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝜃

𝝅
# Trigo. Ratio of( 90+ 𝜽 OR + 𝜽)
𝟐

1) Sin( 90+𝜃) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 2) Cos(90 + 𝜃) = −𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 3) tan(90+𝜃) = − 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝜃

4)Cot(90+𝜃) = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 5)Sec(90+𝜃) = − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 6) Cosec(90 + 𝜃) = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝜃

# Trigo. Ratio of( 180 - 𝜽 OR 𝝅 − 𝜽)

1) Sin( 180- 𝜃) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 2) Cos(180 − 𝜃) = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 3) tan(180-𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

4)Cot(108-𝜃) = − 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝜃 5)Sec(180-𝜃) = − 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝜃 6) Cosec(180 − 𝜃) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃

# Trigo. Ratio of( 180 + 𝜽 OR 𝝅 + 𝜽)

1) Sin( 180+𝜃) = −𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 2) Cos (180 + 𝜃) = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 3) tan(180+𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

4)Cot(108+𝜃) = 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝜃 5)Sec(180+𝜃) = − 𝑆𝑒𝑐 6) Cosec(180 + 𝜃) = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃

𝟐𝝅
# Trigo. Ratio of( 270 - 𝜽 OR − 𝜽)
𝟑

1) Sin( 270-𝜃) = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 2) Cos(270 − 𝜃) = −𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 3) tan(270 - 𝜃) = 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝜃

4)Cot(270-𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 5)Sec(270-𝜃) = − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 6) Cosec(270 − 𝜃) = −𝑆𝑒𝑐𝜃

𝟐𝝅
# Trigo. Ratio of( 270 + 𝜽 OR + 𝜽)
𝟑

1) Sin( 270+𝜃) = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 2) Cos (270 + 𝜃) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 3) tan(270+𝜃) = − 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝜃

4)Cot(270+𝜃) = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 5)Sec(270+𝜃) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 6) Cosec(270 + 𝜃) = −𝑆𝑒𝑐𝜃

# Trigo. Ratio of Double angle formula :

1− cos2 𝜃 1+ cos 2𝜃
1) Sin2𝜃 = 2sin𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2) cos2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 -sin2 𝜃 3) sin2 𝜃 = 4) cos 2 𝜃 =
2 2

5)Sin𝜃 = 2 Sin(𝜃/2)Cos(𝜃/2) 6) Cos𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 ( 𝜃/2) - 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 ( 𝜃/2 )

7)1- Cos𝜃 = 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 ( 𝜃/2)

2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃
8) 1+ Cos𝜃 = 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 ( 𝜃/2) 9) Sin2𝜃 = 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 10)Cos2𝜃 = 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃
 𝜃
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 2tan ( )
2
11) tan 2𝜃 = 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 12) tan𝜃 = 𝜃
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 ( )
2

# Trigo. Ratio of triple angle formula :

3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃− tan3 𝜃
1) Sin3𝜃 = 3sin𝜃- 4sin3 𝜃 2) cos3𝜃 = 4 cos 3 𝜃 - 3cos𝜃 3) tan3𝜃 = 1−3 tan2 𝜃

# Trigo. Ratio of addition & subtraction formula :

1) Sin( A + B) = sinA cosB + cosAsinB

2) Sin( A - B) = sinA cosB - cosAsinB
3) Cos(A+B ) = cosA cosB - sinAsinB
4) Cos(A-B ) = cosA cosB + sinAsinB

# Trigo. Ratio of Defactarisation formula :

1 1
1) SinA cosB = [ sin(A+B) + sin(A-B)] 2) cosA sinB = [ sin(A+B) - sin(A-B)]
2 2
1 1
2) CosAcosB = 2 [ cos(A+B) + cos(A-B) ] 4) sinA sinB = 2 [ cos(A-B) – cos(A+B) ]

# Ratio of factarisation formula :

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷 𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
1)sin C + sin D = 2sin( ) . sin( ) 2)CosC + CosD = 2 Cos ( ) . Cos( )
2 2 2 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷 𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷

3) SinC + SinD = 2 Cos( ) . Sin ( ) 4) CosC – CosD = -2 Sin ( ) . Sin(
2 2 2 2

# Hyperbolic function :
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
1) Sinhax = 2) Coshax = 3) tanhax =
2 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑎𝑥

# Invrese Hyperbolic function :

1 1+𝑧
1) Sinh -1 z= log( z+ √𝑧 2 + 1 ) 2) Cosh-1 z= log ( z + √𝑧 2 − 1 ) 3) tanh-1z = 2 log ( 1−𝑧 )

# Trigo. Ratio of standard angle :

Angle/ 00 300 450 600 900

Trigo. ratio
Sin𝜃 0 1/2 1/√2 √3 /2 1
cos𝜃 1 √3 /2 1/√2 1/2 0
Tan𝜃 0 1/√3 1 √3 ∞
Cot𝜃 ∞ √3 1 1/√3 0
Sec𝜃 1 2/√3 √2 2 ∞
cosec𝜃 ∞ 2 √2 2/√3 1

# Derivative formula :-
𝑑 𝑑 1 1
1) (k)=0 2) ( )=-
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2
 𝑑 1 𝑑
3)𝑑𝑥 ( √𝑥 ) = 2 4)𝑑𝑥 ( x)= 1
√𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 1
5)𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑥 𝑛 ) = n 𝑥 𝑛−1 6) 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑥) = 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
7) 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 8) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 loga

𝑑 𝑑
9) 𝑑𝑥 ( sin x) = cos 10) 𝑑𝑥 ( cos x ) = - sin x

𝑑 𝑑
11) 𝑑𝑥 ( tan x ) = sec 2 𝑥 12) 𝑑𝑥 ( cot x) = - 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 x

𝑑 𝑑
13) 𝑑𝑥 ( cosec x) = - cosec x cot x 14) 𝑑𝑥 ( sec x) = sec x tan x

𝑑 1 𝑑 1
15) 𝑑𝑥 ( sin−1 𝑥 ) = √1− 16) 𝑑𝑥 ( cos −1 𝑥 ) = - √1−
𝑥2 𝑥2

𝑑 1 𝑑 1
17) 𝑑𝑥 ( tan−1 𝑥 ) = 1+ 𝑥 2 18) ( cot −1 𝑥 ) = −
𝑑𝑥 1+ 𝑥 2

𝑑 1 𝑑 1
19) 𝑑𝑥 ( sec −1 𝑥 ) = 20) 𝑑𝑥 ( cosec −1 𝑥 ) = -
𝑥 √𝑥 2−1 𝑥 √𝑥 2−1

# Rules of derivative:

If u & v any two function of x then

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 –𝑢
1) ( u ± v ) = 𝑑𝑥 ± 𝑑𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑢𝑣) = v 𝑑𝑥 + u 𝑑𝑥 3) 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑣 ) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2

# Integration formula :

𝑥 𝑛+1
1) ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 dx = +c 2) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 dx = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑛+1

𝑎𝑥 1
3) ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 dx = 4) ∫ 𝑥 dx = log x
log 𝑎

5) ∫ log 𝑥 dx = x log x – x 6) ∫ sin 𝑥 dx = - cos x

7) ∫ cos 𝑥 dx = sin x 8) ∫ sec 2 𝑥 dx = tan x

9) ∫ cosec 2 𝑥 dx = - cot x 10) ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 dx = sec x

11) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 cot 𝑥 dx = - cosec x 12) ∫ tan 𝑥 dx = log | sec 𝑥 |

13) ∫ cot 𝑥 dx = log | sin x| 14) ∫ sec 𝑥dx = log |sec x + tan x |
1 𝑥
15) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 dx = log |cosec x – cot x)| 16) ∫ √𝑎2 dx = sin−1 ( 𝑎 )
−𝑥 2

1 1
17) ∫ √𝑥 2 dx = log ( x + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ) 18) ∫ √𝑥 2 dx = log ( x + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )
− 𝑎2 +𝑎 2

1 1 𝑥 1 1 𝑥−𝑎
19) ∫ 𝑥 2+𝑎2 dx = 𝑎 tan−1 ( 𝑎 ) 20) ∫ 𝑥 2−𝑎2 dx = 2𝑎
log ( 𝑥+𝑎
)

1 1 𝑎+𝑥 1
21) ∫ 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 dx = 2𝑎 log ( 𝑎−𝑥 ) 21) ∫ dx = sec −1 𝑥
𝑥 √𝑥 2 −1
 1
22) ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 . 𝑒 𝑥 ( asinbx– bcos bx )

1
23) ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 𝑒 𝑥 ( acosbx + bsinbx)

𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
24) ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 dx = 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 ( 𝑎 )
2

𝑥 𝑎2
25) ∫ √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 dx = 2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + log ( x+ √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )
2

𝑥 𝑎2
26) ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 dx = 2 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 - log ( x+ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 )
2

# Rules of integration OR integration by parts :

If u & v are any two function of x then

𝑑
∫ 𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = u ∫ 𝑣 dx - ∫[ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢) ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥

Choose u & v by using LIATE Rules.

Where L : Logarithemic function ( logx., logsinx , logz ,…)

I : Inverse function ( sin−1 𝑥, cot −1 𝑥 2 , ………)

A: Algebraic functon ( x , y , x 2 , constant , …..)

T: Trigonometric function ( sinx, cosy , tanz,……)

−1 𝑥
E : Exponential function ( 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 , 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 , 𝑒 tan …….)

# Integration by Substitution :

1) iF x= 𝜑(𝑡) is a Differential function of t, then ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓[𝜑(𝑡)𝜑′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡

[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1
2) ∫[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 f ‘(x)dx = 𝑛+1
𝑓 ′(𝑥)
3)∫ dx= logf(x)
𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓′ (𝑥)
4) ∫ dx = 2√𝑓(𝑥)
√𝑓(𝑥)

5)∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [ f(x) + f’(x)]dx = 𝑒 𝑥 f(x)

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6)∫ 𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 OR ∫ 𝑎+𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑥 OR ∫ 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐 take , tan ( x/2) = t , dx = 2dt / 1+𝑡 2 , sinx = 2t / 1+𝑡 2

Cos x = 1- 𝑡 2 / 1+𝑡 2

# Properties of Definite Integral :

𝑏 𝑎
1) ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

𝑏
2)∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓( 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
 𝑎 𝑎
3) ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓 (𝑎 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

𝑏 𝑏
4)∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
5)∫0 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓 (2𝑎 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
6) ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 ≤ 𝑐 ≤ 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎
7) ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥, if f(-x)= f(x) [ Even function]

= 0 if f( -x) = - f(x) [ odd function ]