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3 views

20512

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Mohammed Taha
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Unit One

University of Anbar ‫جامعة االنبار‬

College of Science ‫كلية العلوم‬


Department of Biology ‫قسم علوم الحياة‬
Third Year ‫المرحلة الثالثة‬
English Language ‫اللغة االنكليزية‬

Lec. 1 (Unit 1)

‫مدرس المادة‬

‫ يعرب قحطان حميد‬.‫م‬.‫م‬

Assist. Lec. Yaarub Qahtan Hameed

New headway: Intermediate student’s book ‫ يعرب قحطان حميد‬.‫م‬.‫م‬


Introduction to auxiliary verbs
There are three classes of verbs in English.
1 The auxiliary verbs do, be, and have
These are used to form tenses, and to show forms such as questions
and negatives.
2 Modal auxiliary verbs
Must, can, should, might, will, and would are examples of modal
auxiliary verbs. They 'help' other verbs, but unlike do, be, and
have, they have their own meanings. For example, must expresses
obligation and can expresses ability. (See Units 4, 5, 8, and 9.)
3 Full verbs
These are all the other verbs in the language, for example, play, run,
help, think, want, go, etc.
Do, be, and have can also be used as full verbs with their own
meanings.
do
I do my washing on Saturdays.
She does a lot of business in Eastern Europe.
What do you do? =What's your job? (The first do is an auxiliary;
the second is a full verb.)
be
We are in class at the moment.
They were at home yesterday.
I want to be a teacher.
have
He has a lot ofproblems.
They have three children.
A note on have and have got
There are two forms of the verb have: have as a full verb with dol doesl
did for questions, negatives, and short answers and have got where
have is an auxiliary.

1 Have and have got are both used for possession. Have got refers to the
present and to all time, even though it looks like the Present Perfect.
I've got two sisters.
Ihave two sisters.
She has black hair.
She's got black hair.

2 There are two forms for the question, the negative, and the short answer.
Have you got any money? Yes, Ihave.
Do you have any money? Yes, Ido.
He hasn't got a car.
He doesn't have a car.
3 In all other tenses and verb forms, we use have, not have got.
I had a bike when I was ten.
I didn't have a car until I was twenty-five.
I've had a headache all morning.
I'll have a steak, please.
I love having a cat.
I'd like to have another cat.

4 Have, not have got, is used for many actions and experiences.
have breakfast I a cup of tea I a break I dinner
have a bath I a shower I a rest
have a swim / a good time / a holiday
have a chat / a row / a bad dream
have a look at something / a word with someone
have a baby

5 Have got is more informal. We use it more in spoken English. We use have
more in written English. Have with do / does is more common in American
English.

1.1 Tenses and auxiliary verbs


When do, be, and have are used as auxiliary verbs, they make different verb
forms.
do
In the Present Simple and the Past Simple there is no auxiliary verb,
so do, does, and did are used to make questions and negatives (except
with be / have got).
Where do you work?
She doesn't like her job.
What did you buy?
We didn't buy anything.

be
1 Be + verb + -ing is used to make continuous verb forms.
Continuous verb forms describe activities in progress and temporary activities.
He's washing his hair. (Present Continuous)
They were going to work. (Past Continuous)
I've been learning English for two years. (Present Perfect Continuous)
I'd like to be walking along the beach right now. (Continuous infinitive)
2 Be + past participle is used to form the passive.
Paper is made from wood. (Present Simple passive)
My car was stolen yesterday. (Past Simple passive)
The house has been redecorated. (Present Perfect passive)
This homework needs to be done tonight. (Passive infinitive)
There is an introduction to the passive on p137.
have
Have + past participle is used to make perfect verb forms.
He has worked in seven different countries. (Present Perfect)
She was crying because she had had some bad news. (Past Perfect)
I'd like to have met Napoleon. (Perfect infinitive)
Perfect means 'before: so Present Perfect means 'before now.' (See Units 7 and
10.)
Past Perfect means 'before a time in the past.' (SeeUnit 3.)
1.2 Negatives and auxiliary verbs
To make a negative, add -n't to the auxiliary verb. If there is no auxiliary verb,
use don 'tl doesn 'tl didn't.
Positive Negative
He's working. He isn't working.
I was thinking. I wasn't thinking.
I've read the book. I haven't read the book.
She works in a bank. She doesn't work in a bank.
They like skiing. They don't like skiing.
He went on holiday. He didn't go on holiday.

It is possible to contract the auxiliaries be and have and use the uncontracted
not.
He's not playing today. (= He isn't playing today.)
We're not going to Italy after all. (= We aren't going to Italy ... )
I've not read that book yet. (= I haven't read the book yet.)
But
I'm not working. NOT ( I amn't working.)

1.3 Questions and auxiliary verbs


1 To make a question, invert the subject and the auxiliary verb.
If there is no auxiliary verb, use do/does/did.
Question
She's wearing jeans. What is she wearing?
You aren't working. Why aren't you working?
You were born in Paris. Where were you born?
Peter's been to China. Has Peter been to China?
W e have been studying. Have you been studying?
I know you. Do I know you?
He wants ice-cream. What does he want?
They didn 't go out. Why didn't they go out?

2 There is usually no do/does/did in subject questions. Compare:


Who wants ice-cream? What flavour ice-cream do you want?
What happened to your eye? What did you do to your eye?
Who broke the window? How did you break the window?
1.4 Short answers and auxiliary verbs
Short answers are very common in spoken English. If you just say Yes
or No , it can sound rude. We use short answers after Yes / No questions.
To make a short answer, repeat the auxiliary verb. In the Present and Past
Simple, use do/does/did.
Short answer
Are you coming with us? Yes, [ am.
Have you had breakfast? No, [haven't.
Kate likes walking. No, she doesn't. She hates it.
Mary didn't phone. Yes, she did. You were out.
Don't forget to write. No, [won't.
References

Soars, L. (2009). New headway: Intermediate student’s book.

Soars, L. (2009). New headway: Intermediate Working book.

New headway: Intermediate student’s book ‫ يعرب قحطان حميد‬.‫م‬.‫م‬

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