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Disease Control Prevention and Immunity

The document discusses the body's defense mechanisms against pathogens, highlighting the immune system's innate and adaptive branches. It outlines the three lines of defense: physical barriers like skin and mucosal linings, chemical defenses such as lysozyme and gastric juice, and cellular responses involving phagocytes and natural killer cells. Additionally, it differentiates between infection and inflammation, explaining the roles of acute and chronic inflammation in the immune response.

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Justyn Gwyn
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4 views

Disease Control Prevention and Immunity

The document discusses the body's defense mechanisms against pathogens, highlighting the immune system's innate and adaptive branches. It outlines the three lines of defense: physical barriers like skin and mucosal linings, chemical defenses such as lysozyme and gastric juice, and cellular responses involving phagocytes and natural killer cells. Additionally, it differentiates between infection and inflammation, explaining the roles of acute and chronic inflammation in the immune response.

Uploaded by

Justyn Gwyn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DISEASE CONTROL,

PREVENTION AND IMMUNITY


Microbiology and Parasitology
A. HOST DEFENSE MECHANISM
INTRO

Our bodies are constantly under attack by


an army of microorganisms, toxins, allergens
and other substances that are recognized as
foreign (non-self)
The ways in which the body protects itself
from pathogens can be thought of as an army
consisting of three lines of defense.
INTRO

 An immune response is a physiological process coordinated by the


immune system to eliminate foreign substances (antigens)

 Our immune system includes two key branches: innate and


adaptive immunity.

 The three common features of both branches are that they


1. Recognize diverse pathogens.
2. Eliminate identified invaders, and
3. Discriminate between self and foreign antigens.
INTRODUCTION TO FIRST-LINE DEFENSES
1. INTACT SKIN

 Covered by outer tough layer called horny layer or


stratum corneum and consisting of dead, fully,
keratinized cells successfully prevent the entry of
pathogens.

 But when the skin is damaged as in burns, traumatic


injury or surgery, infectious can be a serious
problem, skin is one of our most important physical
barriers.
2. INTACT MUCOSAL

The lining of different organs acts as a


protective barrier to block the adherence of
bacteria to epithelial cells.
3. NASAL HAIR

Don’t allow dust particles and microorganism


enter the respiratory tracts.
4. EARWAX

Another sticky substance that traps microbes


and makes tissue invasion more difficult.
1. FATTY ACIDS OF SKIN

Acid pH of sweat and sebaceous secretions


inhibit growth of microorganisms, due to their
bactericidal effect.
2. LYSOZYME

Present in tears, nasal secretions and saliva


and in almost secretion except in
cerebrospinal fluid, degrades peptidoglycan
an essential element presents in bacterial cell
wall
3. SPERMINE AND ZINC

Found in the semen are bactericidal effect.


4. LACTOPEROXIDASE

In milk has bactericidal action.


5. GASTRIC JUICE

Produced by the glands of the stomach.


6. VAGINAL

Secretions play a role in antibacterial activity.


INTRODUCTION TO SECOND-LINE
DEFENSES
 For its second line of defense, the body uses an enormous
number of cells and chemicals.

 These defenses rely on the destructive powers of cells


called phagocytes and natural killer cells, on the
inflammatory response (a nonspecific response that is
triggered whenever body tissues are injured), and on a
variety of chemical substances that kill pathogens and help
repair tissue.
BENEFITS OF FEVER

1. Inhibits growth of some M. O.


2. Enhances the effects of interferons
3. May enhances the performance of
phagocytes, cells of specific immunity, and
the process of tissue repair.
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION?
a. Acute inflammation
Develops quickly and is short lived, and it is usually
beneficial. Important in the second line of defense,
dilation and increased permeability of the blood vessels,
migration of phagocytes, tissue repair.

b. Chronic inflammation
Develops slowly and lasts a long time. Can cause
damage to tissues
CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
PHAGOCYTOSIS
PHAGOCYTOSIS

 Phagocytes are cells that literally eat or engulf other materials. They
patrol, or circulate through the body, destroying dead cells and
cellular debris.

 Phagocytes also guard the skin and mucous membranes against


invasion by microorganisms. Being present in many tissues these
cells first attacks microbes and other foreign material at portals of
entry.

 If some microbes escape destruction at the portal of entry and deeper


tissues, phagocytes circulating in blood or lymph mount a second
attack on them.

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