COMMUNITY

DIAGNOSIS.
BY
CHERUIYOT JOSPHAT K.
(BScN.)
 OBJECTIVES.
1. Describe concept and purpose of community
diagnosis.
2. Explain how to plan for community
diagnosis
3. Describe how to develop and pretest tools
for data collection
4. Explain how to execute a survey
5. State how to write and disseminate a
community diagnosis report and plan
community action.
CONCEPT AND PURPOSE
OF COMMUNITY
DIAGNOSIS.
 OBJECTIVES.
▣ Describe the concept of community diagnosis
▣ Explain the difference between patient and
community diagnosis
▣ Explain the purpose of community diagnosis
▣ Describe the terminologies used in community
diagnosis.
 Community diagnosis.
▣ A process through which health workers and
community members identify community’s
priority health problem, and together make
plan of action and implement them.
▣ A community’s full participation depends on
the concept of PHC or the 4As:
1) Acceptability
2) Accessibility
3) Affordability
4) Availability.
▣ Community have the ability to help themselves
if they are given facilitation or guidance
▣ Community want to be independent and self
reliance
▣ Community cherish and for what they have
acquired through a struggle.
▣ Such involvement empowers individuals and
make them resourceful and self reliant.
▣ Community diagnosis therefore stresses that the
community must identify its problem, prioritize
them, and draw a plan to resolve the problems.
 PATIENT DIAGNOSIS VERSUS
COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS.
Steps in making patient diagnosis.
1. Collecting information or history taking
2. Planning a program diagnosis
3. Implementing or treatment.
4. Follow up and evaluation.
 Steps for community
diagnosis.
▣ Same as patient diagnosis except the amount
of data is much greater and requires more
lengthy analysis and processing.
▣ You collect information about:
1. Local people and their environment
2. Number of people and their distribution
3. The diseases the local people suffer from
4. The organization of local health services.
 Tools used for patient
dignosis.
▣ Sphygmomanometer
▣ Stethoscope
▣ Weighing scale
▣ Thermometer
▣ Chairs
▣ Record books
 Tools used in community
diagnosis
▣ Maps
▣ Weighing scale
▣ Specimen bottles
▣ questionnaires
 Purpose of community
diagnosis is to collect the
following.
▣ Demographic data plus all the vital health statistics
▣ Utilization of health services especially of
maternal and child health clinics
▣ The causes of morbidity and mortality
▣ State of nutrition, diet, weaning patterns and the
growth of preschool and school-going children.
▣ Pattern of leadership and communication within
the community.
▣ State of the environment including water, housing,
and disease vector.
 Assignment.
▣ Read and make notes on the following
terminologies.
1. Community health
2. Prevalence
3. Infant mortality
4. Crude birth rate
5. Crude death rate
6. Rate of natural increase
7. Dependency ratio.
8. Indicators
9. variables
 Ethical consideration.
▣ Consider the following:
1. Obtaining permission to enter into
community boundaries
2. Obtain informed consent before interviewing
patient
3. Establish rapport before exploring sensitive
areas
4. Ensure confidentiality
5. Select good interviewers
6. Train interviewers.
PLANNING A COMMUNITY
DIAGNOSIS.
 OBJECTIVES.
▣ Describe the process of community diagnosis
▣ Explain how to conduct initial exploration and
Interaction with the community
▣ Explain how to plan a community diagnosis
survey
▣ Describe how to select a representative sample
for the survey
 The process of community
diagnosis.
▣ Requires careful planning.
▣ Is made up of the following:
1. Exploration
2. Planning of the survey
3. Developing and pretesting survey tool
4. Execution of the survey and data analysis
5. Report writing, dissemination, and
community action.
EXPLORING THE COMMUNITY/
INVENTORY.
▣ Means mapping out of a community in order
to learn or discover about it.
▣ Exploration phase is made up of:
1. Seeking permission and informing the various
leaders
2. Seeking reactions of members of community
3. Gathering background data about the
community.
▣ All the above place at the same time.
 Seeking permission and
information authorities in the
community.
▣ Channel the request through official hierarchy
of administration in that community:
1. Health personnel e.g. MOH in charge
2. Government official e.g. chiefs, D.O.s
3. Community leaders e.g. Village health
committee
▣ Approach these people, introduce yourself,
and clearly state the objective of the survey
and your plan of action.
 Gathering the background
data.
▣ Can be gathered during the initial phase from
e.g. MOH incharge will give you an overview
the health profile of the district, district
commissioner will give you boundaries, the
population, and maps of areas e.t.c.
▣ You can get other information by looking at
other government reports regarding climate,
weather conditions, water sources, and the
road network.
▣ The older people of the community can also be
used to get a lot of information.
 Gather information by:
▣ Questioning
▣ Observing
▣ Smelling
▣ Listening.
 Planning the survey.
▣ Attempt to answer the following question
1. Why is the study being done?
2. Where will it take place?
3. Who will be interviewed?
4. when will the survey take place?
5. What will be covered in the survey?
▣ Some specific area the survey addresses include:
1. Screening people for diseases
2. Seeking to understand and identify ways of getting
rid of negative cultural beliefs and practices
3. Assessing the utilization of available health services.
 Other questions that is
addressed by survey:
▣ Why certain variables included and others left
out?
▣ What instruments will be used to measure the
community’s health status?
▣ How will data be collected and with what
resources?
▣ How do we select and train the official
interviewers?
Qualities of interviewers to be
trained.
1. Be literate and well known to the community
2. Have the ability to display the right attitude and
opinions
3. Be able to explain the questionnaire effectively to
the community.
4. Be able to use the tools in your package
5. Be able to establish good rapport with individuals,
families, or groups they will meet.
6. Be good listeners and sensitive towards other
peoples' feelings
7. Be able to relate well to the community members.
 WHEN TRAINING
INTEWRVIEWRS EXPLAIN THE
FOLLOWING:
▣ Purpose of the survey
▣ The method to record the various expressions
used by people to answer particular question.
▣ The procedure they should follow to get
cooperation from the people being surveyed.
▣ Hold mock interviews with interviewers so
that you can ensure that each one of them can
handle the assignment.
 Interviewers should:
1. Establish rapport by greeting and introducing
themselves.
2. Explain carefully why they have come and what
is the purpose of the survey
3. Ask if they are welcomed to interview the family
and if it is convenient at that time.
4. Explain that they will be recording the
information they collect.
5. Emphasize that all information collectected is
confidential
6. Give them a chance to ask questions for
clarification.
 Sampling for a survey.
▣ Is a process of selecting a number of
individuals or units of study population in
such a way that the individuals selected
represent the larger group from which they are
selected.
▣ when sampling give equal chance for each
person of the population to be included in the
sample.
 Study population.
▣ Entire group of individuals, events or objects
that have common observable characteristics.
▣ Can be divided into two main groups:
1. Accessible population- a group of individuals,
objective and events with characteristics
comparable to the large population and
relevant to the study.
2. The representative sample- group from the
study population, which has all the
important/ relevant characteristics of the total
population.
 SAMPLING METHODS.
▣ Have been grouped in to two main techniques:
1. Probability sampling- looks at entire group of
individuals, events or objects that have common
observable characteristics. Accurate for a large
study population.
▣ Commonly used methods are:
a) Simple random sampling
b) Systematic sampling
c) Stratified sampling
d) Cluster sampling
e) Multi-stage sampling.it involves all the other
method of propability sampling
 2. Non probability sampling
methods.
▣ Used when researcher is not interested in
selecting a sample that is representative of the
population.
▣ Mainly used in qualitative studies where the
focus is on in-depth information rather making
generalization.
▣ Techniques are:
1. Convenient sampling
2. Quota sampling
3. Purposive sampling.
 Assignment.
▣ Read and make notes on:
1. Bias
2. Sampling errors.
 DEVELOPING
AND
PRETESTING
TOOL FOR DATA
COLLECTION.
 OBJECTIVES.
1. NAME TOOLS USED IN DOING
COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS
2. EXPLAIN HOW TO DEVELOP A
QUESTIONAIRE
3. DESCRIBE HOE TO ORGANIZE A FOCUS
GROUP DISCUSSION
4. DESCRIBE HOW TO PRETEST THE
SURVEY INSTRUMENT.
 TOOLS USED TO MEASURE
COMMUNITY HEALTH
PROBLEM.
1. Questionnaire
2. Focus discussion group
3. Measurements, physical examination,
laboratory test
4. Key informant interviews.

- ensure you have all tools required for the

survey.
 QUESTIONAIRE.
▣ Set of standardized questions designed to
collect information of a specific aspects or
issue in the community.
▣ Information helps make plan for health service
and evaluate them.
▣ Know the information you need to collect and
how it will be used before you design a
questionnaire. (make a list of what you want to
know)
 Qualities of a good
questionnaire.
1. Has simple and specific questions
2. Short and precise questions
3. Avoids use of abbreviation or jargon
4. Avoids questions that are too demanding and
time consuming
5. Avoids bias in questions
6. Avoids use of assumptions
7. Avoids double questions
 Qualities of a good
questionnaire
8. Has clear wordings- avoids use of words as
majority, older people, e.t.c.
9. Questions asks about simple happenings.
10. All questions relate to the purpose of study.
–eliminate “nice to know questions”
11. Questions are acceptable to the people
included in the survey
-reasonable
-respondents willing to answer
-does not infringe on privacy.
 Qualities of a good
questionnaire
12. Questions ranges from known to unknown
and simple to complex
13. Questions should not screen disease if
effective treatment can be offered for the case
found or if the condition is rare.
14. Questions are open- or closed-ended
15. Questions must be pretested before executing
the survey. This help eliminate defective
questions.
 TYPES OF INFORMATION.

▣ Questionnaire can help collect four

types of information.
1. UNDERSTANDING.

- What people know or how well

they understand (knowledge)
e.g. what is the major cause of
accidental deaths among children
in the home.
 2. Belief, attitude, and
opinions.
▣ Their thoughts, feelings,
ideas, judgment or their way
of thinking.
▣ E.g. In your opinion, does
positive self-esteem prevent
drug abuse among the
adolescent?
 3. Behavior.

▣ What people have in the

past, present, and what
they plan to do in the
future.
▣ E.g. Have you ever
attended an ANC clinic?
 4. ATRIBUTE.
▣ Their personal or demographic characteristic.
▣ E.g. Age, education, occupation, and income.

▣ When you design a questionnaire you should

be very clear about the objectives and type of
information you desire to collect. Otherwise
you may end up collecting peoples opinion
when in actual fact you wanted to document
their behaviors.
 TYPES OF QUESTION.

▣ Questions should be laid down

in such a way that it provide
easy flow one topic to another.
▣ Have both open- and closed-
ended questions.
▣ Arrange in a way to allow
natural flow of discussion.
 a) Open-ended questions.
▣ Allows respondent to provide their own
answer.
▣ Encourages respondent to think and describe a
situation in their own words.
▣ Respondent to give many answers to select
from
▣ Not easy to analyze- though easiest way to ask
for information.
▣ Answers bound to be varied and need to be
categorized and summarized.
 Open- ended questions gives
information on:
▣ Facts and details which
researcher may not be familiar
with.
▣ Opinion, attitudes, and
suggestions.
▣ Sensitive issues.
 Examples of open- ended
question.
1. What did TBA did when your labor
started?
2. What do you think are reasons for
the high drop out rate of health
committee members?
3. What would you do if you noticed
that your daughter (a school girl)
has a relationship with her teacher?
b) Closed- ended questions.

▣ Offer respondents a list of

possible answer to choose from
▣ Specific and useful when you
are interested in certain aspect
of an issue.
▣ Depends upon our knowledge.
 A good questionnaire should
cover the following:
1. Measurement of the
community’s health status.
2. Anthropometric
measurements
3. Physical examination
4. Laboratory test.
 FOCUSED DISCUSSION GROUPS.
▣ Gather together people from similar background
or experiences to discuss a specific topic of
interest to the researcher.
▣ Guided by moderator/facilitator- introduces the
topic.
▣ Allow the participants to agree or disagree with
each other.
▣ Provide insight of how a group thinks about an
issue, opinions, and ideas and inconsistencies and
variation that exist in a particular community in
terms of beliefs and their experiences and practice.
 FOCUSED DISCUSSION
GROUPS CAN BE USED IN
THE FOLLOWING WAYS:
1. EXPLORATORY STUDIES.

▣ Valuable method to explore

topics about which little is
known or has been written in
the past.
▣ E.g. To set up a successful health
education program you need to
understand peoples traditional
health beliefs.
 FDGS WILL PROVIDE:

1. In-depth description of how the

community sees the cause and
treatment of certain illnesses.
2. Local terms used to describe
signs and symptoms of illness,
type of illness, and other
concepts relating to health.
2. TESTING IDEAS ABOUT NEW
PROGRAMMES.
▣ Can be used to find out what the community
feels about the new plan
▣ Identify the major problem or difficulties in
existing programmes and incorporate their
needs into the new programmes.
▣ Gives understanding of how appropriate the
new plan may be in terms of culture or
technology.
 3. SOLVING SPECIFIC
PROGRAMME PROBLEM.
▣ Used to explore issues and identify
the problems that may be hindering
the success of an existing
programme.
▣ E.g. A program that have been
running for sometime and do not
appear to be having the expected
impact.
CONDUCTING FOCUSED
DISCUSSION GROUPS.
 Step 1. preparation

▣ Recruit participants
▣ Encourage the group to speak more
freely without fear of those
perceived to be superior.
▣ Participants should have prior
knowledge that they can come
prepared.
 2. Physical arrangement.
▣ Make sitting arrangement that make
participants see each other.
▣ Circular sitting is the best.
▣ Room well lit, and ventilated and has a
minimum or no disturbance so that the
participants can concentrate on the discussion.
▣ Environment should encourage/promote
talking and sharing.
 3. Preparing and discussion
guide.
▣ Prepare a set of question that will help guide
discussion.
▣ Questions should allow free flow from one aspect
of the topic to the next in a relevant fashion.
▣ Helps participant logically and build out topic you
are investigating.
▣ Have a mixture of general and specific questions.
▣ Have a variety of follow up “probe” for each of
your questions whenever you need clarification.
 4. The discussion.

▣ Identify among your team

a moderator/ facilitator
and one recorder and
introduce them to the
group.
 Function of a facilitator.

1. Introduce the topic and all other

participants.
2. Reassure participants and explain
the type of information required,
how and where it will be used.
3. Encourage discussion by being
enthusiastic, lively, numerous, and
showing interest in the group ideas.
4. Encouraging involvement of all the members of
the group by:
- asking open ended question
- manage those that dominate the discission.
- maintain eye contact with the shy and call them
by their names and prompts them.
- build rapport and empathize as necessary.
- watch expressions, mannerism, non-verbal
communication.
- ask for clarification.
-avoids being an expert.
 Note:
▣ Members may ask for your opinion but re-direct
the question back to them by asking for their
opinion instead, or what action they would take
in respect of the question.
▣ At the end of the session, share with them the
information they were asking for.
▣ Control the discussion without blocking their
freedom of expression and keep within time
allocated for this.
▣ Thank them for sharing their time and ideas with
you.
 What recorder records.

▣ All key issues raised and

other factors that may
influence the
interpretation of
information in as much as
possible.
 The following are recorded.
1. Date, time, place.
2. Names of participants.
3. Description of the group level of participation
including any dominant participant.
4. Details of opinion of participants, as much as
possible using their own words especially for
key statements.
5. Details of emotional aspect and the vocabulary
used. This will help in developing questionnaire
or health learning materials.
-if possible a tape recorder should be used as
well.
 Functions of a recorder:
▣ May help the moderator if necessary
▣ May point out questions not well explored,
missed, suggest areas that could be
investigated.
▣ Should communicate with facilitator if
required and help resolve conflicting issues.
▣ Sits with facilitator at the end of the session
and completes the notes and evaluate how
the discussion went.
▣ They should then prepare a full report of
the discussion using the participants
own words.
▣ Its necessary to list the key statement,
ideas, and attitudes expressed during
each topic. Usually coded and written on
the left- hand margin while comments
are written on the right- hand side.
▣ It may be necessary to formulate
additional questions at this stage for
those issues that were not yet clear or
controversial.
PRE-TESTING INSTRUMENTS.

▣ Enables the interviewing team to

discern, alter or delete questions
which are being misinterpreted or
are too sensitive to be asked without
offending people.
▣ It also help discover if various parts
of the questionnaire flow in a logical
order.
 Points to look for when pre-
testing a questionnaire.
1. Does each question measure what is intended to
measure?
2. Do respondent understand all questions?
3. Are questions interpreted similarly by all respondents?
4. Does each closed ended question have an answer that
applies to each respondent?
5. Does the questionnaire create a positive impression, one
that motivates people to answer it?
6. Are the answers which the respondents can choose from
correct? Are responses missing? Do some questions elicit
uninterpretable answers?
7. Does the any part of the questionnaire suggest bias on
the part of the researcher?
8. Is the questionnaire too long?
 PROCEDURE FOR
PRETESTING
▣ Examine individual
question as well as the
whole questionnaire
critically by:
1. Asking colleague review the
questions critically.

▣ Helps identify if the

questions are clear and
whether they meet the
study objectives.
 2. pre-testing the
questionnaire on people
who are very similar to
your target group.
 3. Simulating feedback about
the form and content of the
questionnaire.
▣ Give each interviewer/
interpreter a copy and ask
them to administer it to the
group.
▣ each should pretest at least
one complete questionnaire.
 4. Obtaining feedback about
the form and content the
questionnaire.
1. Were any questions
misunderstood?
2. Were the direction clear?
3. You should leave questions
more for answers than is
planned for the final one.
 5. Checking if the
questions produce the
information we need.
▣ Does the question elicit the
information you need?
 6. Trying out your
tabulation and analysis
procedure.
▣ Does the questionnaire
yield data that can be
analyzed in the way that is
needed?
 7. Revising.
▣ Go through the final draft
and see each question.
▣ Ask yourself what the
information gathered from
each question means and
whether it will contribute to
the study.
?
EXECUTION OF
SURVEY, DATA
ANALYSIS AND
PRESENTATION.
 objectives
1. Describe the process of data
collection
2. Explain how data is
analyzed.
3. Describe the various
methods of presenting data.
 EXECUTION OF THE SURVEY

▪ Requires much planning as well.

▪ Involves going out to the field to
collect information from the sample
population you have selected.
▪ Involves three stages:
✔ Interviewing the respondents
✔ Data collection
✔ Data handling
 STAGE 1: INTERVIEWING THE
RESPONDENTS
You need to work together with
interviewers(assures them)
When they approach the respondents,
they should:
1) Introduce themselves by name.
2) Show their identity cards for the
activity.
3) Show their letter of permission to carry
out the exercise.
4. Explain why they have come and the
purpose o the survey.
5. Establish rapport with the respondent/s
so that they can feel with each other.
6. Ask if it is convenient to interview the
person at that time.

Note.
-the respondent has the right to refuse to
participate in an interview/experiment/
medication.
 Reasons for refusal to
participate.
1. If people were not informed of the
survey, its objective, and when it
would be performed.
2. If for some reasons the person to
be interviewed is temporarily
away from home.
3. Lack of interest in co-operating or
active opposition to the survey.
 STAGE TWO: DATA
COLLECTION
▣ Use Pencil When Filling Out
Forms.
▣ Do not erase a wrong response.
▣ If mistake is made, cross it out and
mark the correct response above it.
▣ Fill response at the time they are
given.
▣ Ensure you have all tools required e.
g. anthropometric measurements
tools and laboratory specimen
containers.
▣ Handle specimen collected correctly.
▣ Fill all forms and recheck to avoid
mistakes and to be sure that all
relevant information is satisfactorily
filled in the appropriate space
provided.
▣ Ensure safety storage of specimen.
▣ At the end of the day, all forms be
checked thoroughly by someone other
than the interviewer.
▣ You may need to begin tallying results
at the stage so that when the analysis
begins all you have to do is add up the
tallies instead of going through all the
forms since the first interview
▣ During Data collection, it is very
important to ensure that there is quality
control so that you do not end up with
false or misleading conclusion.
 TO ENSURE QUALITY DATA
YOU SHOULD.
1. Avoid bias when designing the
questionnaire
2. Provide an institution sheet on how to
ask certain questions and how to
record answers.
3. Select interviewers with care.
4. Select and train the assistants carefully
in all the procedures together with
interviewers.
5. Involve them in the pre-testing
phase.
6. Limit the number of interviews
that interviewers can conduct in
a day so that they do not
become too exhausted.
7. Identify assistant to carry out
quality checks everyday.
Check data for completeness
and organise it for analysis

▣ The following guidance will help you:

1. Check to confirm that all the
forms have been completed
satisfactorily.
2. Ensure that all questionnaires are
numbered.
3. Identify one person to be
responsible for stirring data and
specimen securely.
4. Record forms should be sequenced
and stored with clear labels.
5. Make sure that all the information
you need has been collected in a
standard way.
6. Develop an insight into the
possible ways of analyzing data.
7. Ensure availability of any
resources needed for analysis,
such as computer..
 DATA ANALYSIS
▣ Raw data- data obtained from the field.
-Does not give much information
and difficult to interpret.
▣ Data analysis – the separation and categorization
of numerical data into group in order to
understand its meaning. Statistical methods are
used to do this because they:
1. Summarized the data
2. Make inferences about the data, this means that
data which has been gathered on a sample can
be used to indicate what is probably happening
to the entire population so as to make judgment
about them.
 Data analysis involves
four steps:
1. Data cleaning
2. Sorting or tallying
3. Coding and entering data
4. Analysis of results
 1. Data cleaning.
▣ Find “missing data” – if one question is
missing information in the majority of the
questionnaires, then you can ignore it from
the study.
▣ Correct mistakes committed by the
interviewers after confirming with them, e.g.
putting a tick(√) against smoker instead of
non-smoker.
▣ Exclude all inconsistent information if you
can not verify its correctness
2. Sorting and Tallying data.
▣ Organise data in a systematic manner to
facilitate analysis by sorting and tallying the
data.
▣ Sorting – Arranging raw data in groups or in a
particular order.
- Select a system of sorting that facilitate
data analysis e.g. closed-ended
questions i.e. Yes – 1, NO – 0.
- open –ended questions i.e. Categorize
the response and assign numbers.
▣ Array – data that has been sorted or
arranged into some according to
magnitude.
▣ Raw and arrayed data are ungrouped to
help you group data you use tally sheet.
▣ Tallying – one of the method used to
help you organise data before you
analyze it.
- it is the setting up of classes or
clusters which are tied by a slanting
stroke.
 3. Coding and Entering
Data.
▣ Involves the conversion of data into numerical
codes which represent attributes or measurement
of variables.
▣ Eases the burden of calculation.
▣ Coding starts with the preparation of a code
book which describes in details the codes
assigned for each response category and items in
the questionnaire.
▣ Include as much information as you can when
coding data.
▣ Use of computers saves time and increase the
accuracy of results when coding.
 4. Analysis of
Results
Two types of analysis

1. Qualitative analysis

2. Quantitative analysis
 a) Qualitative analysis

▣ Applied on data that can be

counted but can not be
measured, e.g. color.
▣ Allows to analyze the
information in a systematic way
in order to reach some useful
conclusion and
recommendations.
 b) Quantitative analysis

▣ Applied to data that

can be given a
numerical basis or can
be measured e.g. age in
years, weight in Kgs.
 NOTE.

You learned more

details about data
analysis in Block 2
 DATA PRESENTATION
▣ Can Be Done In Many Ways:
1. Frequency distribution table
2. Tabular presentation
3. Graphical presentation i.e.
-Histogram
-Frequency polygon
-Bar graph
-Pie chart
-Maps
 Graphical presentation
▣ Construction of a good graphs requires the
following:
✔ Clear, concise and un ambiqours tittles.
✔ Clear and concise statement of units in which the
figures are measured.
✔ Correct vertical and horizontal sealing.
✔ Statement of units used on vertical and horizontal
axis.
✔ A key/legend to explain the various features of a
graph, if need be.
✔ Correct graphing according to the scales specified
on the horizontal and vertical axes
REPORT WRITING,
DISSEMINATION
AND COMMUNITY
ACTIONS
 Objectives
1. Describe the different types of feed back
and their targets.
2. Explain how to compile a preliminary,
non-medical and medical report.
3. Explain the types of community action
needed to implement survey
recommendedation.
 FEEDBACK AND REPORT
WRITING.
▣ Feedback is giving comments about
how well or badly a person is doing in
order to help them do better.
▣ It’s a form of communication.
▣ Community is entitled to feedback.
They need to know what you found.
▣ Consider whom it hall be given and in
what form.
TYPES OF FEEDBACK.
1. Individual result/ report.
▣ Given to those whom the specimen
were taken.
▣ Be cautious not to arouse anxiety about
harmless condition.
▣ Give feedback to conditions that
require treatment and treatment be
commenced immediately
▣ If you find notifiable disease, report to
the relevant authorities e.g. MOH
incharge, e.t.c.
 2. Preliminary report.
▣ Goes to the community to thank them for
cooperating.
▣ Soon after fieldwork is completed
▣ Covers impression of the community
health status.
▣ Do not give specific information till
analysis is completed.
▣ Information include: disease outbreak,
nutritional practices, and utilization of
health services.
▣ Promise more detailed report later.
 3. Non-medical report.
▣ Less scientific and for non medical people
▣ Comes after full analysis
▣ Can influence social and political leaders
to start doing something about improving
the health of the population.
▣ Disseminated through:
1. Community barazas – for illiterate group.
2. Email, mass media – literate group.
 Content includes:
▣ Reason for doing the community
diagnosis.
▣ The funding which help to define the
situation.
- Describe real characteristics of the
health situation.
▣ The conclusions and recommendations
you make should be of practical
significance.
 4. The medical/community
diagnosis report
▣ Detailed and scientific
▣ Provide account of planning and execution of
the survey as well as the results.
▣ Present the data collected fully and
adequately.
▣ Gives accurate interpretations of the analysis.
▣ Can be disseminated in workshops setting
and tailored to meet the needs of the various
level of health personnel who are invited.
 Components of medical report
1. Title
2. Table of contents
3. List of tables and figures.
4. List of abbreviations and acronyms
5. Acknowledgements
6. Introduction
7. Aims and objectives of the study.
8. Materials and methods
9. Limitations of study
10. Results/findings
11. Discussions
12. Conclusions and recommendations.
13. References.
14. Appendices.
 Community Health Action

▣ Sit down with the community and prioritize

and plan what you going to do about the
identified health problem.
▣ Mobilize the community to take action by:
1) Making them aware of their problems and
promoting primarily health care.
2) Health education
3) Immunization
4) Environmental improvement.
 1. Creating awareness and
promoting primary Health Care
▣ Essence of community based health care approach
is to stimulate community interest and
participation in health promotive,disease
preventive and simple curative activity.
▣ Community needs support structures in order to
participate effectively, they are:
1. A multi-disciplinary/inter-s from other sectors e.g.
Agriculture, water, energy e.t.c.
2. Establish health committees. – including CHW
3. Guide them to work efficiently.
 2. Health Education
▣ Involves sending out posters and pamphlets,
listening and finding out why people do
things the way they do.
▣ Stimulates interests in their health problems
through discussion and sometimes by
example.
▣ Involves giving out information and helping
them set priorities and improve their own
health.
▣ Targets individual, families and the
community at large with health message.
▣ Using the available and affordable.
 3.immunization

▣ Identify all non-immunized and

inadequate immunized persons
and ensure they receive
immunization.
▣ Ensure to have all supplies,
preserve viability and potency.
▣ Plan it with leaders (community)
 4. Environmental
Improvement.
▣ Housing improvement
▣ Constructions of pit latrines
▣ Protections of springs
▣ Improvement of food storage.
▣ Require major education and motivation
campaigns involving village health committees.
▣ The community must take action and initiative to
bring about the necessary changes.
▣ There is need for inter-secteral collaboration in
order to bring in useful expertise from sectors e.g.
agriculture e.t.c
?
 proceed to
community
diagnosis….

All the very best…