FIRST YEAR SCREW GAUGE - 2 VERNIER CALIPERS - 3 HELICAL SPRING - 4

Qn :- Using a Screw gauge, determine the volume of the given wire .

MOMENT BAR - 1 Formula and principle :- Qn :- Using a vernier calipers, determine the volume of a sphere . Qn :- To find the spring constant of the helical spring by load – extension
Qn:- Using the principle of moments , determine the mass of the given The volume of the wire can be calculated as , method .
body . V = π r2 l ; where r is the radius and l the length of the wire . Formula and principle :-
Formula and principle :-
Diagram :- Observations :- The volume of the sphere can be calculated as ,
4 Force
To find Least Count : V=
3
π r3 ; where r is the radius of the sphere . According to Hooke’s law , k =
Extension
Distance moved in 10 rotations , S = ……… mm
Observations :- Spring constant is given by , k = m
x g ; where m mass and x extension.
Distance moved S ........
Pitch of the screw (P) = = = = ……….. mm Magnitude of one Main Scale Division (MSD) = ……………. mm. x
No .of rotations 10 10
No. of divisions on the Head Scale (n) = ………… Number of divisions on the vernier scale (n) = ………… Observations :-
Pitch 1 MSD
Least Count = Least Count (LC) = = …….. mm = ………… cm
No . of divisions on the Head Scale n
Formula and principle :- P
= = .........
= ……………. mm Reading of the pointer with dead load (m0) , r0 = ………………. cm .
By the principle of moments, n ........ Total Reading Mean Diameter
MSR VSR VSR x LC
M x AG = W x BG Zero coincidence = ………… th division ; Sl.No. MSR + ( VSR x LC ) d
(cm) (divisions) (divisions)
W x BG Zero correction (Z) = …………. division . (cm) (cm) Loaded Reading of the pointer
M = ; where W → weight of the slotted weights
AG 1
mass On On Mean Extension m
Observations :- Corrected Total Reading Mean x
Sl. Observed Corrected 2 producing loading unloading r
Reading of the centre of gravity of the scale, (G) = ……………. cm. Dimension No
PSR
HSR
HSR
HSR x LC
PSR + ( corr. HSR Diameter x = r - r0 (gm/cm)
(mm) ( HSR+ Z) x LC ) d 3 extension, (cm) (cm) (cm)
W AG BG W x BG Mean M . (divisions) (mm)
Sl.No. M = (gm) (divisions) (mm) (mm) m (gm) (cm)
(gm) (cm) (cm) AG (gm)
1 4
1 M1 = m0 + 50
Diameter 2
2 M2 = 5 m0 + 100
of the
3
3 M3 = wire m0 + 150
(d) 4
4 M4 = Diameter of the sphere , d = …………………...… cm = ……………. x 10-2 m
5 m0 + 200
d ......... -2
Diameter of the wire , d = …………… mm = ……………. x 10-3 m Radius of the sphere , r = = = …...…….. cm = ……………. x 10 m
Calculations :- 2 2
d ......
M 1 +M 2 +M 3+ M 4 Radius of the wire , r = = = …………… mm = ………….. x 10-3 m Mean m
= …………. gm/cm = …………..x 10-1 kg/m = ……………….kg/m.
Mean M = 2 2 x
4
Length of the wire , l = ………….. cm = ……………. x 10-2 m Calculations :-
= …………………. Volume of the given sphere , V = 4 π r3 Calculations :-
Calculations :- 3
= ………………….. gm m
Volume of the wire , V = π r² l Spring constant , k = x g = …………...… x 9.8 = …..…………...N/m .
= ………………….. x 10-3 Kg = 43 x 3.14 x (………x 10-2 ) 3 x
= 3.14 x (………x 10-3 ) 2 x ( …….. x 10-2 )
= ……………… x 10-6 m³
= …………x 10- 8 m³ Result :-
Result :- Mass of the given body = …………………x 10-3 Kg Result :- Volume of the given wire = …………………m3 . Result :- Volume of the given sphere = …………………m3 . Spring constant of the helical spring = ……………………… N/m .

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CONCURRENT FORCES - 5 SECOND YEAR CONCAVE MIRROR - 2 CONVEX MIRROR - 3

Qn :- To find the weight of a given body using parallelogram law of forces . CONVEX LENS - 1 Qn :- To find the focal length of the concave mirror by the distant object
Qn :- To find the focal length of the convex mirror using a convex lens .
Diagram :- method and the u – v method .
Qn :- To find the focal length of the convex lens by u – v method . Also find Diagram :-
Diagram :-
the power of the convex lens .
Diagram :-

Formula and principle :-

If P , Q and the unknown force W are in equilibrium , then , Formula and principle :- Formula and principle :-
Formula and principle :-
Weight of the body, W = OC x Scale factor , The focal length of a convex mirror with respect to the radius of curvature
The focal length of the convex lens can be calculated as , By the u – v method , the focal length of the concave mirror is,lated as ,
where OC diagonal of parallelogram with P and Q as adjacent sides. uv R can be calculated as ,
f= ; where u → Object distance uv
Observations :- u+v f= ; where u → Object distance R
u+v f=
Scale factor , 1 cm = …………… g wt 2
v → Image distance
1
v → Image distance Observations :-
Weight of the body Mean The power of the convex lens , P = .
Sl.No. Diagonal f Observations :- Trial No. Distance between the mirror and
P Q OA OB W = OC x Scale factor weight
(cm) (g wt) (g wt) Observations :- the screen Mean R
(g wt) (g wt) (cm) (cm) Trial No. Distance of the object Distance of the image uv (R) cm cm
Trial No. Object distance Image distance uv f=
1 W1 = f= cm u+v
(u) cm (v) cm u+v from the mirror from the mirror 1
(cm)
2 1 (u) cm (v) cm 2
W2 =
2 1 3
3 W3 =
3 2 4
4 W4 = 4 3 5
5 4 Calculations:-
Calculations:- 5 R 1+ R 2+R 3+R 4 +R5
Weight of the given body (W) = …………… g wt = …………… x 10-3 kg wt Mean R = = …………..... cm = ………....…….. x 10-2 m .
f 1 +f 2+ f 3 + f 4 + f 5 5
Mean f = = …………..... cm = ……………....…….. x 10-2 m . R
5 Calculations:- Focal length of the convex mirror, f = = …………….… cm
Calculations :- 2
1 f 1 +f 2+ f 3 + f 4 + f 5
W 1+ W 2 +W 3 +W 4 The power of the lens , P = = ….……… = ………………… dioptre . Mean f = = …………..... cm = ……………....…….. x 10-2 m . = …………….… cm
Mean W = f 5
4 Result :- = ………..… x 10-2 m .
= ……………….. (i) The focal length of the convex lens by distant object method = …………m .
= ………………… g wt (ii) The focal length of the convex lens by u – v method = …………m . Result :-
Result :-
= …………… x 10-3 kg wt (iii) The power of the lens = ……………… dioptre . The focal length of the convex mirror = …………………m .
Result :- Weight of the given body = ………………… kg wt . The focal length of the concave mirror by u – v method = ………m .

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 OHM’S LAW – I - 4 OHM’S LAW – II - 5 (ii) To find the resistance of the second wire , R2 :-
Voltmeter Ammeter Resistance Mean resistance of the second
Qn :- To determine the resistance and conductance of the given wire using Qn :- To compare the resistances of two given wires, using Ohm’s law.
Ohm’s law. Trial reading reading V2 wire, R2
R2 =
Circuit Diagram :- No. I2
(V2) volt (I2) ampere Ω
Circuit Diagram :-
1
2
3
4

Formula and principle :- The resistance of the second wire , R2 = …………………Ω .

According to Ohm’s law ,
V=IR Formula and principle :- Calculations :-
R = V , where R is the resistance of the wire . According to Ohm’s law , V = I R . So the resistance of the wire is R = V
.
I I
1 Ratio of the resistances of the two given wires,
Conductance of the wire , G = .
R Let R1 and R2 be the resistances of two wires. Then , the ratio of the resistances R1
R1 : R 2 =
R2
Observations :- R1
of the wires , R1 : R2 = . .................
Value of one division on the ammeter = ……………… A . R2 = ……………… =
1
Value of one division on the voltmeter = ……………… V . Observations :-
Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading Resistance Mean R = ………… : 1
Trial No. ( V ) volt ( I ) ampere R=
V
(Ω)
Ω Value of one division on the ammeter = ……………… A .
I Result :-
Value of one division on the voltmeter = ……………… V .
1 (i) The resistance of the first wire = …………………Ω .
2
(ii) The resistance of the second wire = …………………Ω .
3 (i) To find the resistance of the first wire , R1 :-
4 (iii)The ratio of the resistances of the two given wires = ………… : 1 .
Voltmeter Ammeter Resistance Mean resistance of the first
5
Trial reading reading V wire, R1
R1 = 1
No. (V1) volt (I1) ampere
I1 …………………….
Calculations :- Ω
R 1+ R 2+ R 3+R 4 +R5
Mean resistance, R = = …………………… Ω 1
5
1 2
The conductance of the given wire , G = = …………………
R 3
= ………………… Ω-1 . 4
Result :-
(i) The resistance of the given wire = …………………Ω .
(ii) The conductance of the given wire = …………………Ω-1 . The resistance of the first wire , R1 = …………………Ω .

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