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Module 2 IT

Module 2 covers the fundamentals of computer networking and security, detailing types of networks such as LAN, WAN, and VPN, along with essential devices like routers and switches. It emphasizes the importance of cybersecurity, outlining common threats, vulnerabilities, and best practices, as well as the roles of firewalls and encryption in protecting data. Additionally, it introduces ethical hacking and penetration testing as proactive measures to enhance security by identifying and addressing vulnerabilities.

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A - Reyes, Jun Abrahim B
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3 views

Module 2 IT

Module 2 covers the fundamentals of computer networking and security, detailing types of networks such as LAN, WAN, and VPN, along with essential devices like routers and switches. It emphasizes the importance of cybersecurity, outlining common threats, vulnerabilities, and best practices, as well as the roles of firewalls and encryption in protecting data. Additionally, it introduces ethical hacking and penetration testing as proactive measures to enhance security by identifying and addressing vulnerabilities.

Uploaded by

A - Reyes, Jun Abrahim B
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 2: Computer Networking and Security

Basics of Networking: LAN, WAN, VPN


Networking is the process of connecting computers and other devices to share
resources and communicate effectively. Three key types of networks are:

1. Local Area Network (LAN): A LAN connects devices within a limited area, such as a home,
school, or office. It is typically faster and more secure than other types of networks, making it
ideal for small-scale environments.
2. Wide Area Network (WAN): A WAN spans large geographical areas, connecting multiple
LANs. The internet is the largest example of a WAN, enabling global communication and data
exchange.
3. Virtual Private Network (VPN): A VPN provides a secure connection over public networks,
encrypting data to ensure privacy. It is commonly used for remote work and secure internet
browsing.

Network Devices and Protocols (Routers, Switches, TCP/IP)


Networks rely on specialized devices and protocols to function efficiently:

1. Routers: Devices that connect different networks, directing data packets to their destination.
They enable communication between LANs and WANs.
2. Switches: Devices that connect multiple devices within a LAN, ensuring data is sent only to
the intended recipient.
3. Protocols: Rules that govern how data is transmitted over networks. The most important
protocol suite is TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), which ensures
reliable communication by breaking data into packets and reassembling them at the
destination.

Cybersecurity Basics: Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Best Practices


Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting networks, systems, and data from
unauthorized access and attacks. Understanding the basics is critical to safeguarding
digital assets:

1. Threats: Common threats include malware (viruses, worms, ransomware), phishing


(fraudulent attempts to steal sensitive information), and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks that
disrupt network services.
2. Vulnerabilities: Weaknesses in systems, such as outdated software or poor password
practices, can be exploited by attackers.
3. Best Practices: To enhance cybersecurity, users should regularly update software, use strong
and unique passwords, enable two-factor authentication, and avoid clicking on suspicious
links.

Firewalls and Encryption Techniques

1. Firewalls: Firewalls act as a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted
external networks. They monitor and control incoming and outgoing traffic based on
predefined security rules, protecting against unauthorized access. Firewalls can be hardware-
based, software-based, or a combination of both.
2. Encryption: Encryption secures data by converting it into an unreadable format, which can
only be accessed with a decryption key. Common encryption techniques include symmetric
encryption (using the same key for encryption and decryption) and asymmetric encryption
(using a public and private key pair). Encryption is widely used in secure communications,
online transactions, and data storage.

Introduction to Ethical Hacking and Penetration Testing


Ethical hacking involves testing an organization's security measures by simulating
attacks to identify and fix vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them.
Key aspects include:

1. Ethical Hacking: Performed by certified professionals known as "white-hat hackers," ethical


hacking is conducted with the organization's consent. These professionals use the same
techniques as malicious hackers but for constructive purposes.
2. Penetration Testing: A methodical process of testing network and system security.
Penetration testers, or "pen testers," assess potential entry points, attempt breaches, and
provide recommendations to strengthen defenses.
3. Benefits: Ethical hacking and penetration testing help organizations prevent data breaches,
improve security measures, and comply with regulatory requirements.

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