COUNCIL FOR TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND

VOCATIONAL TRAINNING
KATHMANDU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KATHMANDU, NEPAL

A FINAL PROJECT PROPOSAL

ON

“AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHTING USING ARDUINO UNO”

SUBMITTED BY:

Bibek Paudel (2)

Ram Chaudhary (12)

Raju Kandel (14)

SUBMITTED TO:

Department Of Electrical Engineering

KATHMANDU, NEPAL
MARCH 2022
 ABSTRACT

This project presents an Arduino-based automation system to control the streetlights

based on solar rays and object’s detection. The aim of this project is to design
automatic system to achieve the desired operations, which no longer require time-
consuming manual switching of the streetlights. The proposed work is accomplished
by using an Arduino microcontroller, a light dependent resistor (LDR) and infrared-
sensors while, two main contributions are presented in this work. Firstly, it is shown
that the streetlights can be controlled based on the night and object’s detection. In
which the streetlights automatically turn to OFF state at night-time and turn to ON
state on object’s detection, while during daytime the streetlights will remain OFF.
Secondly, the proposed automated system is further extended to the DIM condition at
night-time, and streetlights turn HIGH based on the objects’ detection only. In
addition, an automatic door system can be introduced to improve the safety
measurements, and most importantly, a counter is set that will count the number of
objects passed through the road. The proposed systems are designed at lab-scale
prototype to experimentally validate the efficiency, reliability, and low-cost of the
systems. This system mainly focuses on reducing the wastage of energy and to replace
the manual operation by automation system that can easily be tested and implemented
under real conditions at large-scale in near future, that will be useful in the future
applications for automation systems and smart homes.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................... 2
LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................... 5
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................... 6
LIST OF ABBREVIATION .............................................................................................................. 7
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 8
1.1. BACKGROUND: ................................................................................................................ 8
1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT.................................................................................................... 9
1.3. OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................... 9
1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF PROJECT: .......................................................................................... 10
2.LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 11
3.RELATED THEORY .................................................................................................................. 12
3.1. SMART STREET LIGHTING ............................................................................................. 12
3.2. ARDUINO UNO R3 ......................................................................................................... 12
3.2.1. FEATURES OF ARDUINO UNO: ............................................................................... 13
3.3. IR sensor ........................................................................................................................ 13
3.4. LDR ................................................................................................................................ 14
3.5. LED ................................................................................................................................ 15
3.6. RESISTOR: ...................................................................................................................... 16
3.7. LCD MONITOR ............................................................................................................... 17
3.8. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER: ............................................................................................ 18
4. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 20
4.1. System Block Diagram:.................................................................................................. 20
4.2. WORKING OF BLOCK DIAGRAM: ................................................................................... 20
4.3. WORKING FLOWCHART: ............................................................................................... 21
4.3. Tools Used:.................................................................................................................... 22
4.3.1. Hardware Tools: ..................................................................................................... 22
4.3.2. software tools: ....................................................................................................... 22
4.4. components used:......................................................................................................... 22
5.FINAL OUTPUT ...................................................................................................................... 23
5.1. Energy Utilization .......................................................................................................... 23
6.CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................... 28
8.REFERENCE ............................................................................................................................ 29
 LIST OF FIGURES

Page no.
Title

14
Fig 1 Arduino uno

14
Fig 2 IR sensor

15
Fig 3 Circuit diagram of IR sensor

15
Fig 4 LDR

16
Fig 5 LED

17
Fig 6 Resistor

19
Fig 7 Working block diagram

20
Fig 8 Flowchart

17
Fig 9 LCD
 LIST OF TABLES

Title Page No

1 List of Abbreviation 8
 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

LDR Light dependent resistor

IR sensor Infrared sensor

LED Light emitting diode

HPS High pressure sodium lamp

HPM High pressure mercury vapour lamp

DC Direct current

V Volts

AC Alternating current
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND:
Automation systems have the advantage over the manual systems because it
increases the productivity, efficiency, and reliability, and minimizes the usage of
resources to save energy, and reduce the operating cost etc. These automation
systems play an essential role in the term “smart home” to make our daily life
more comfortable, and to facilitate users from ceiling fans to ovens, and in other
applications. Among all exciting applications, streetlights play a vital role in our
environment and play a critical role in providing light for safety during night-time
travel. In this scenario, when the streetlights are in a working position over the
whole night, which consumes much energy and reduce the lifetime of the
electrical appliances such as a light-emitting diode (LED) lamp, incandescent light
bulb, gas discharge lamp, and high-intensity discharge lamps. Especially in cities’
streetlights, it is a severe power consuming factor and the most significant energy
expenses for a city. In this regard, an automation system is required to control the
lights according to needs. The traditional light system has been limited to two
options: ON and OFF only, which are not efficient because these kinds of
operations meant power loss due to continuing to work on maximum voltage.
With the negligence of the operator or by some other technical problems,
streetlights are continuously kept ‘ON’, even when there is no light required on
the streets and this leads to the wastage of electricity. Hence, the wastage of power
from streetlights is one of the noticeable power losses, but with the use of
automation, it leads to many new methods of energy and money saving. In this
regard, controlling the lighting system using a light dependent resistor (LDR),
infrared radiation (IR) obstacle avoidance sensor, and Arduino, together are
proposed in the past. In previous literature, the street light systems are based on
LDR, and most of them are passive infrared receiver-based systems that are
controlled with timers and analogue circuits. Sun tracking sensors are also used to
power OFF the streetlights by the detection of the sunlight luminance.
Furthermore, streetlight control with the use of solar energy, and ZigBee based
system to control streetlights have also been implemented. Distinguished from
turning the electricity ON/OFF, another approach is introduced to DIM (half of
 the maximum brightness) the light during the hours where traffic is sparse, which
might be useful for reducing the power consumption, but with the electric bulbs
under a continuous usage condition.

1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT

1: The existing street lighting control system uses timer and photocell. The timer is set
up to turn on the streetlight within 7.00 p.m. until 7.00 a.m. Meanwhile, photocell
reacts based on the presence of light or electromagnetic energy. In a rainy day or
when the light intensity is low, the photocell will energize the contact and
automatically turn on the streetlights.

2: The existing lighting system consumes more power and is not convenient to use.

3: Regular use of streetlamps like HPS, HPM with full intensity causes to decrease the
lifetime of lamps and wastage of energy.

4: The existing street lighting system increases the overall cost.

1.3. OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this project is to implement Arduino based Automatic Street
Lightning system. As the traffic decreases slowly during late-night hours, the intensity
gets reduced progressively till morning to save energy and thus, the streetlights switch
on at the dusk and then switch off at the dawn, automatically. The process repeats
every day.

The main objectives of automatic street lighting system are given below:

1. Automatic street lighting system controls the streetlights according to the

vehicles movement, pedestrians, and other objects movement.
2. To Consumes low energy.
3. To Improves pedestrian and bicyclist safety.
4. To provide the reliable and efficient lighting system.
5. To decrease the overall cost.
1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF PROJECT:

The significances of this project are as follows:

1) The street light control circuit can be used in normal roads, highways, express ways
etc.

2) The project can also be used in parking areas of malls, hotels, industrial lighting,
etc.

3) If the lighting system implements all LED lights, the cost of the maintenance can
be reduced as the life span and durability of LEDs is higher than Neon based lights
which are normally used as streetlights.

4) As the lights are automatically turned ON or OFF, huge amount of energy can be
saved.

5) This system less costly, less installation and maintenance cost and more efficient as
compared to the others system.
 2.LITERATURE REVIEW

B. K. Subramanyam1 et al, worked on intelligent wireless street light control and

monitoring system, which integrates new technologies, offering ease of maintenance
and energy savings. Using solar panel at the lamp post by using LDR it is possible to
save some more power and energy, and, we can monitor and controlled the
streetlights using GUI application, which shows the status of the lights in street or
highway lighting systems.

P. Nithya et al, in their work on Design of Wireless Framework for Energy Efficient
Street Light Automation suggested an Intelligent management of the lamp posts by
sending data to a central station by ZigBee wireless communication. With the
suggested system, maintenance can be easily and efficiently planned from the central
station, allowing additional savings.

Srikanth M et al, in their work on ZigBee Based Remote Control Automatic Street
Light System. This streetlight control system helps in energy savings, detection of
faulty lights and maintenance time and increase in life span of system.

Anila Devi Y et al, worked on GSM Based Remote Control System of High
Efficiency Intelligent Street Lighting System Using a Zigbee Network of Devices and
Sensor. New intelligent and smart street light system is designed with wireless
technology for maintenance and network of sensors for controlling. In which, they
used high efficiency LED lamp which consumes less energy and has large life span,
and which are supplied with renewable energy of solar panels.
 3.RELATED THEORY

3.1. SMART STREET LIGHTING

Streetlights are doing more than ever in today’s smart cities. With digital networks
and embedded sensors, they collect and transmit information that help cities monitor
and respond to any circumstance, from traffic and air quality to crowds and noise.
They can detect traffic congestion and track available parking spaces. Those very
same networks can remotely control LED lights to turn on and off, flash, dim and
more, offering cities a chance to maximize low-energy lighting benefits while also
improving pedestrian and bicyclist safety. With streetlights creating a network
canopy, those networks of data can be used by more than just lighting departments,
empowering even schools and businesses via a lighting infrastructure that brightens
the future of the digital city. Smart lighting helps cities save energy, lower costs,
reduce maintenance—all while better serving citizens and reducing energy use and
CO2 emissions. Automation and networked control can further increase your energy
savings and reduce maintenance spending. Networked street lighting built on a
scalable platform can reduce crime up to 10% and make roadways safer through
improved visibility. Leveraging intelligent control systems can rapidly increase
lighting efficiencies and traffic management.

3.2. ARDUINO UNO R3

It is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. Arduino is an open-source,
prototyping platform and its simplicity makes it ideal for hobbyists or novice to use as
well as professionals. The Arduino Uno has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6
can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analogue inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything
needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with AC-to DC adapter or battery to get started.
 Figure 1: ARDUINO UNO

3.2.1. FEATURES OF ARDUINO UNO:

1) Microcontroller: ATmega328
2) Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
3) Operating Voltage: 5V
4) Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
5) Analog Input Pins: 6
6) DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
7) DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
8) Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader
9) SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
10) EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
11) Clock Speed: 16 MHz

3.3. IR sensor
An infrared sensor is an electronic device that emits to sense some aspects of the
surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the
motion as well as the presence of an object due to intervention or interruption. These
types of sensors measure only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called
as a passive IR sensor. Usually in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some
form of thermal radiations. These types of radiations are invisible to our eyes that can
be detected by an infrared sensor. The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting
Diode), and the detector is simply an IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of
the same wavelength as that emitted by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the
photodiode, the resistances, and these output voltages, change in proportion to the
magnitude of the IR light received.

Fig (1.2): IR sensor

3.4. LDR
A photo-resistor or light dependent resistor is an electronic component that is
sensitive to light. When light falls upon it, then the resistance changes. Values of the
resistance of the LDR may change over many orders of magnitude the value of the
resistance falling as the level of light increases. It is not uncommon for the values of
resistance of an LDR or photoresistor to be several mega ohms in darkness and then
to fall to a few hundred ohms in bright light. With such a wide variation in resistance,
LDRs are easy to use and there are many LDR circuits available. The sensitivity of
light dependent resistors or photo resistors also varies with the wavelength of the
incident light.

LDRs are made from semiconductor materials to enable them to have their light
sensitive properties. Many materials can be used, but one popular material for these
photo resistors is cadmium sulphide, CdS, although the use of these cells is now
restricted in Europe because of environmental issues with the use of cadmium.

Fig (1.4): LDR

3.5. LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is p-n
junction diode that emits light when activated. The long terminal is positive, and the
short terminal is negative. When a suitable current is applied to the leads, electrons
are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the
form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the colour of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of
the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical
components may be used to shape the radiation pattern. LEDs are versatile
semiconductor with number of attributes which make them perfect for most
applications. Their features include:
 1) Long Life: LEDs can last over 100,000 hours (10+ years) if used at rated
current.
2) No annoying flicker as we experience with fluorescent lamps.
3) LEDs are impervious to heat, cold, shock and vibration.
4) LEDs do not contain breakable glass.
5) Solid-State, high shock and vibration resistant.
6) Extremely fast turn on/off times.
7) Low power consumption puts less load on the electrical systems increasing
battery life.

Here we have used the most common 5mm white light. White LEDs are perfect for
replacing inefficient incandescent bulbs in night lights and path lights.

SPECIFICATION:

Intensity: 28,500mcd

Colour Frequency: x=31 y=32

Viewing Angle: 48º

Lens: Water Clear

Voltage: 3.0v-3.3v Typical: 3.1v Current: 20m

Fig (1.5): LED

3.6. RESISTOR: A resistor is a passive two terminal electrical component that

implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors
are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages and bias active
elements. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as
heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test
loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with
temperature, time, or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit
elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat,
light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

Fig (1.6): Resistor

3.7. LCD MONITOR: A liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor is a computer monitor
or display that uses LCD technology to show clear images and is found mostly in
laptop computers and flat panel monitors. This technology has replaced the traditional
cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors, which were the previous standard and once were
considered to have better picture quality than early LCD variants. With the
introduction of better LCD technology and its continuous improvement, LCD is now
the clear leader over CRT, in terms of colour and picture quality, not to mention
capabilities for large resolutions. Also, LCD monitors may be made much more
cheaply than CRT monitors.
 Fig (1.7): LCD monitor

3.8. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER: An operational amplifier (often op amp or op-

amp) is a dc-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input
and, usually, a single-ended output. In this configuration, an op amp produces an
output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically 100,000 times larger than
the potential difference between its input terminals. Op amps are used widely in
electronic devices today, including a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific
devices. Many standard IC op amps cost only a few cents; however, some integrated
or hybrid operational amplifiers with special performance specifications may cost
over US$100 in small quantities. Op amps may be packaged as components or used as
elements of more complex integrated circuits.
Fig (1.8): Operational amplifier
 4. METHODOLOGY

4.1. System Block Diagram:

LDR
LCD DISPLAY

ARDUI
NO
UNO

IR SENSOR LED ARRAY

FIG (4.1): WORKING BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ARDUINO BASED AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHTING

4.2. WORKING OF BLOCK DIAGRAM:

i) when the whole system is excited by a 9volt dc battery. The LDR senses the light
intensity and provides the analogue information to the Arduino uno. Now, the arduino
uno converts the analogue signal into a discrete value and compares it with the
threshold value. The threshold value is that after this, the system starts to take a
necessary action.

ii) If the converted value is less than the threshold value (i.e., which means it is
daytime) then, all the streetlights should remain in off state.

iii) During the night-time, the signal provided by a LDR is converted into discrete
values by arduino uno and compares it with the threshold value. If it is higher than the
threshold value, then all the lights on the street turns ‘ON’ with the low value of
intensity. If the IR sensor is blocked by any vehicles or any objects movement, the
streetlights surrounding the area will be glowed with the high value of intensity and
the serial monitor connected to the system shows the number of objects passed
through the sensor. This process continues until it is daytime
4.3. WORKING FLOWCHART:

START

LDR Sense Light

Intensity

ARDUINO

Convert Data into

Discrete Values

VALUE
NO YES
< Night Calculate
Threshol time passed objects
d

Day Show
Object Objects On
detecte
d by IR

YES NO

Light off Lights Off Lights On

END

Fig: Flow Chart

4.3. Tools Used:

4.3.1. Hardware Tools:

i) multimeter

ii) soldering iron

iii) combination pliar

iv) wire cutter

v) screwdriver

4.3.2. software tools:

1) Proteus
2) Arduino uno

4.4. components used:

i) Arduino uno

ii) LDR

iii) IR Sensor

iii) LED Lights

iv) resistor

v) LCD screen

vi) ply board

vii) wire

viii) battery

ix) battery connector

x) female to female jumper wire

xi) male to male jumper wire

xii) male to female jumper wire

 5.FINAL OUTPUT

A prototype of this project was designed by using Arduino UNO, IR Sensor, LCD
and LED lights. This project is based on Automation system which no longer needs
personnel operator to operate street lighting system. This system is able to control the
streetlights according to the intensity of light (i.e., sun light) and the movement of
vehicles on the road. During daytime, all IR sensors and streetlights are turned “OFF”
and LCD monitor prints ‘DAY TIME’ on monitor. However, as the sun light fades
out (or, during night-time), whereby the LDR sensor senses the intensity of light and
provides analogue value to the Arduino Uno. When the value of analogue signal
provided by LDR sensor is higher than the threshold value then, lcd monitor prints
‘NIGHT-TIME’ on monitor. The IR sensors (IR1, IR2, IR3, IR4) start to detect the
movement of vehicles and pedestrians. When IR1 sensor detects any movement then
LED light (L1) glows and it delays for 5 seconds while ARDUINO counts total
objects passed through the IR1 and lcd prints the counted value on monitor.
Accordingly, when IR2, IR3, IR4 detect any movement then LED (L2), LED(L3),
LED(L4) glow respectively and delays for 5 seconds. This process continues through
the loop until the analogue value given by LDR is less then threshold value that is
defined in Arduino Uno (i.e., daytime).

5.1. Energy Utilization

By using this system, the energy consumption of street lighting system is reduced as
compared to the energy consumption of existing street lighting system. This system
uses smart street lighting which only lights up if there is vehicle or pedestrian.
Regardless, it is during peak hour on the night such as from 7.00 p.m. until 12.00 a.m.
in the midnight. Plus, this system is using LED as the light module which is better in
saving energy compared to the existing lamps.

Assuming the street lighting functioning completely 12 hours within 7.00 p.m. until
7.00 a.m.

 Assuming 4 lights are used to be working and the power consumption by

existing street lighting system is given as below:

Using High Pressure Sodium (HPS):

Total power consumed by 1 HPS = 400W

Number of lights = 4

Number of working hours per day = 12

Power consumed per day = 4 x 12 x 400 = 19.2 kWh

 = 19.2 units

= 19.2 x 30 units per month

= 576 kWh/month

 Energy consumption of existing street lighting system Using LED:

Total power consumed by 1 LED = 200w

Number of lights = 4

Number of working hours per day = 12

Power consumed per day = 4 x 12 x 200 = 9.6 kWh

= 9.6 units per day

= 9.6x 30 units per months

= 288 units per month

= 288 kWh/month

 Using LED (for automatic street lighting system)

Total power consumed by 1 LED = 200w

Number of lights = 4 (light on when sensor detect movement)

Number of working hours per day (for sensor):

 Assume :7.00 p.m. – 1.00 a.m. (heavy traffic)

= 6 hours (effective operating hours of lights)

 Assume 1.00 a.m. – 7.00 a.m. (low traffic)

= 3 hours (effective operating hours of lights)

 Total operating hours :9 hours

Power consumed per day = 9x4 x 200

= 7.2 kWh

= 7.2 units

=7.2 x 30 units per month

= 216 units per month

= 216 kWh/month
  Energy saved between LED for automation system with HPS for public street
lighting:

576 – 216 = 360 kwh per month

216/576 x100% = 37.5%

 Energy saved between existing lighting system using LED and automation
system using LED for public street lighting:

= 288-216

= 72 units per month

72/288 x 100%=25%

From above calculation, by using automatic street lighting system huge amount of
energy consumed by streetlights can be saved. About 25 % of energy consumption
can be saved per month by using automatic street lighting system.
Fig: Result diagrams of final output of the project
 6.CONCLUSION

By using Smart Street light, one can save surplus amount of energy which is done by
replacing sodium vapor lamps by LED and adding an additional feature for security
purposes. It prevents unnecessary wastage of electricity, caused due to manual
switching of streetlights when it’s not required. It provides an efficient and smart
automatic streetlight control system with the help of IR sensors. It can reduce the
energy consumption by 25% as compared to existing system and saves the energy
cost. The system is versatile, extendable, and totally adjustable to user needs.

LAMITATIONS:

 The system is now used only for One way traffic in highways.

 Continuous uses of LDR and IR sensors even in daytime.

 Not switched on before the sunset.

The Smart light system can be further extended to make the current system in two-
way traffic, making the system more flexible in case of rainy days and introduction of
ways to control the lights through GSM based service.
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