DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

22ES203– BASICS OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Name:

Register Number:
 BONAFIDECERTIFICATE
NAME :

ACADEMIC YEAR :

YEAR / SEMESTER :

BRANCH :

UNIVERSITY REGISTER NUMBER: ………………………………..

Certified that this is the bonafide record of work done by the above student in the

Laboratory during the year 2024-2025.

Staff-in-Charge Head of the Department

Submitted for the Practical Examination held on

Internal Examiner
 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

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MISSION
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 DOs and DON’Ts FOR WORKING IN THE LABORATORY

Do’s
 Proper dress code has to be followed while entering the lab.

 Students should carry lab observation book and record completed in all aspects.

 Read and understand how to carry out an experiment thoroughly before coming to the lab
and read the instructions and follow the instructions before working on the instruments.
 Enter your batch number and other details in the slip.

 Students should beat their allotted table and should not move around unnecessarily.

 Switch off power supply and function generator while making connection changes on the circuit.

 Report any broken plug, apparatus or expose the electrical wires to the faculty
member / Lab technician immediately.
 Practical results should be noted down into their observation and result must be shown to
the faculty member for verification.
 After getting the apparatus for the experiments, students should return the component and
apparatus and keep the chairs in proper place.
 After completing the experiments, students should return the component and apparatus and
keep the chairs in proper place.

Don’ts
 Enter without ID card, observation book and record.

 Leave the lab without the permission of the faculty / lab instructor.

 Handle any equipment without reading the instruction manual.

 Keep the hot soldering irons carelessly on the table.

 Exchange apparatus with other batches.

 Remove anything from kit without permission.

 Use mobile phones while working on the circuits.

 22ES203 – BASICS OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING LABORATORY
LISTOFEXPERIMENTS:

1. To familiarize with Electrical and Electronics Lab Equipment and basic Electronics Components
2. To verify (i) Kirchhoff’s Current law (ii) Kirchhoff’s Voltage law.
3. Observe the given waveform (Sinusoidal/Square/Triangular) and calculate its Frequency, Peak Value,
Average Value, RMS Value and Form factor.
4. Verification of Truth table of Logic Gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND and NOR)
5. To plot the V-I Characteristics of P-N Junction Diode and calculate the forward and reverse
Resistance of the Diode.
6. Verification of Regulation action of ZENER Diode.
7. To connect the Wave Shaping Circuits (Clipper Circuit) and observe sketch the waveform
8. To verify the working of half Wave, Full Wave Rectifier Circuit and calculate its efficiency.
9. To plot the input and output characteristics of a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) in Common Emitter
(CE) connection.
10. To plot the input and output characteristics of a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) in Common Base
(CB) connection.
 22ES203 – BASICS OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING LABORATORY
INDEX

Page Faculty
S.No Date Name of the Experiment Marks
No Signature
Exp. No. TO FAMILIARIZE WITH ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS LAB
EQUIPMENT AND BASIC ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS
Date:

AIM:

To study electronic components and equipment such as resistor colour coding and usage of
CRO.

COMPONENTSREQUIRED:

1. Resistors
2. CRO

TYPESOFELECTRONICCOMPONENTS:

Electronic circuits are made up of electronic components. The electronic components are of two types;

 Active components
 Passive components

Active Components:

The active components are non-linear and the main characteristics of the signal changes when it
passes through these components. Active components deliver power. Transistors, diodes, SCR, FET,
UJT, and MOSFET are examples of active components.

Passive Components:

The passive components are linear component, and the main characteristic of the signal does not
change when it passes through these components. The passive components consume power. Resistors,
capacitors and inductors are examples of passive components.

RESISTOR AND ITS COLOUR CODING:

Resistor:

A resistor is used to control the flow of current and to get required voltage drops in required
places. The symbol of a resistor is Rand the unit is ohms (Q).

Resistor Colour Coding:

Resistor color coding is used to indicate the values or ratings of resistors. The advantage of color
coding is that essential information can be marked on small components of cylindrical shape without
the need to read tiny printing. Resistor values are always coded in ohms. Band A is the first significant
digit of component value. Band B is the second significant digit. Band C is the decimal multiplier.
Band D if present, indicates tolerance of value in percent (no color means 20%).

For example, a resistor with bands of yellow, violet, red and gold will have first digit 4(yellow), second
digit (violet), followed by 2(red) zeros: 4,700 ohms. Gold signifies that the tolerance is ±5%. Actual
resistor value= 4700 ±5%.
CRO (CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE):

The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope is probably the most versatile tool for the development of
electronic circuits and systems, and has been one of the more important tools in the development of
modern electronics. The CRO is a device that allows the amplitude of electrical signals, whether it may
be voltage, current, power, etc. to be displayed primarily as a function of time. The oscilloscope
depends on the movement of an electron beam, which is then made visible by allowing the beam to
impinge on a phosphorous surface, which produces a visible spot.

An oscilloscope (sometimes abbreviated CRO for cathode-ray oscilloscope) is electronic test

equipment that allows signal voltages to be viewed, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more
electrical potential differences (vertical axis) plotted as a function of time or some other voltage
(horizontal axis).

A typical oscilloscope is a rectangular box with a small screen, numerous input connectors and
control knobs and buttons on the front panel. To aid measurement, a grid called the graticule is drawn on
the face of the screen. Each square in the graticule is known as a division. The signal to be measured is
fed to one of the input connectors, which is usually a coaxial connector such as a BNC or N type.

In the simplest mode, the oscilloscope repeatedly draws a horizontal line called the trace across
the middle of the screen from left to right. One of the controls, the time base control, sets the speed at
which the line is drawn, and is calibrated in seconds per division. If the input voltage departs from zero,
the trace is deflected either upwards or downwards. Another control, the vertical control, sets the scale
of the vertical deflection, and is calibrated in volts per division. The resulting trace is a graph of voltage
against time.
If the input signal is periodic, an early stable trace can be obtained just by setting the time base to
match the frequency of the input signal. For example, if the input signal is a 50 Hz sine wave, then its
period is 20 ms, so the time base should be adjusted so that the time between successive horizontal
sweeps is 20ms. This mode is called continual sweep. To provide a more stable trace, modern
oscilloscopes have a function called the trigger. When using triggering, the scope will pause each time
the sweep reaches the extreme right side of the screen. The scope then waits for a specified event before
drawingthenexttrace.Thetriggereventisusuallytheinputwaveformreachingsomeuser-specifiedthreshold
voltage in the specified direction (going positive or going negative).
 The effect is to resynchronize the time base to the input signal, preventing horizontal drift of the
trace. In this way, triggering allows the display of periodic signals such as sine waves and square
waves. Trigger circuits also allow the display of no periodic signals such as a single pulses or pulses
that don't recur at a fixed rate.

Most oscilloscopes allow the user to bypass the time base and feed an external signal into the
horizontal amplifier. This is called X-Y mode, and is useful for viewing the phase relationship between
tow signals, which is commonly done in radio and television engineering. When the two signals are
sinusoids of varying frequency and phase, the resulting trace is called a Lissajous curve.

Oscilloscopes may have two or more input channels, allowing them to display more than one
input signal on the screen. Usually, the oscilloscope has a separate set of vertical controls for each
channel, but only one triggering system and time base.
RESULT
Exp. No.
KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW & KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
Date:

AIM
To practically verify the kirchoff’s voltage law for the given electrical circuit with the theoretical
calculations.

APPARATUSREQUIRED

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Regulated Power Supply (0-30) V Analog 1

2 Voltmeter (0-30) V MC 4

3 Resistor

4 Breadboard 1

5 Connectingwires AsRequired

KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

In any closed circuit the sum of potential drop is equal to the sum potential rise.

PROCEDURE
 Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
 Switch on the power supply.
 Vary the RPS to a specified voltage and note down the corresponding voltage readings across
resistors.
 Repeat the above step for various RPS voltages and tabulate the readings.
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:

TABULARCOLUMN: -

Voltage VoltageV1 Voltage Voltage Total voltage

S.No
(V) (V) V2(V) V3(V) Vt= V1+V2+V3 (V)

Theoretical Practical
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:

RESULT:
 VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

AIM:
To practically verify Kirchhoff’s current law, for the given circuit with the theoretical calculations.

APPARATUSREQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Regulated Power Supply

(0-30) V Analog 1
2 Voltmeter
(0-30) V MC 1
3 Ammeter
(0-20) mA MC 3
4 Resistor

5 Breadboard
1
6 Connecting wires
As Required

KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

The algebraic sum of the current meeting at any junction or node is zero. In other words, the sum of
the current flowing towards a junction is equal to the sum of the current leaving from the junction.
PROCEDURE:
 Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
 Switch on the power supply.
 Vary the RPS to a specified voltage and note down the corresponding ammeter readings.
 Repeat the above step for various RPS voltages and tabulate the readings.
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN: -

CurrentI1= I2+ I3
Voltage CurrentI1 CurrentI2 CurrentI3
S.No
(V) (mA) (mA) (mA) Theoretical practical
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Thus the Kirchoff’s current law has been verified both theoretically and practically.
Exp. No. OBSERVE THE GIVEN WAVEFORM (SINUSOIDAL/SQUARE/TRIANGULAR)
AND CALCULATE IT'S FREQUENCY, PEAK VALUE, AVERAGE VALUE, RMS
Date:
VALUE AND FORM FACTOR.

AIM:
To observe sine, wave Square &triangular wave, on the CRO and to measure the amplitude &
frequency of the waveforms.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -

Function Generator

CRO

Connecting probe.

THEORY: -

CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope) is the instrument which is used to observe signal waveforms.
Signals are displayed in the time domain, i.e., variation in amplitude of the signal with respect to time is
plotted non the CRO screen. X- axis represents time and Y- axis represents amplitude. It is used to
measure amplitude, frequency and phase of the waveforms. It is also used to observe shape of the
waveform. CRO is useful for troubleshooting purpose. It helps us to find out gain of amplifiers and
frequency of the waveforms at different test point in our circuit. The dual channel CRO X-Y mode is
available.

Latest DSO, will display voltage and frequency directly on the LCD & does not require any
calculations. It can also store waveform for further analysis.
PROCEDURE:
Measurement of Voltage

A voltage can be measured by noting the Y deflection produced by the voltage; using this
deflection in conjunction with the Y-gain setting, the voltage can be calculated as follows:
V = (no. of boxes in cm.) x (selected Volts/cm scale)
Measurement of Frequency
A simple method of determining the frequency of a signal is to estimate its periodic time
from the trace on the screen of a CRT. However, this method has limited accuracy, and should
only be used where other methods are not available. To calculate the frequency of the observed
signal, one has tomeasuretheperiod,i.e.thetimetakenfor1completecycle,using the calibrated sweep
scale. The period could be calculated by
T= (No.of square sin cm)x (selected Time/cm scale)

Once the period T is known, the frequency is given by f(Hz)=1/T(sec)

OBSERVATION TABLE:

MEASURED
TYPE OF AMPLITUDE SET FREQUENCY
S. No TIME (Sec)
WAVE (V) FREQUENCY 𝟏
= Hz
(Hz) 𝑻𝑰𝑴𝑬

1 SINE

2 RAMP

3 SQUARE
RESULT:
Ex.No :
STUDY OF LOGIC GATES
Date :

AIM:
To verify the truth table of basic digital ICs of AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR and
EX-OR gates.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity
1. Digital IC trainer kit 1
2. AND gate IC 7408 1
3. OR gate IC 7432 1
4. NOT gate IC 7404 1
5. NAND gate IC 7400 1
6. NOR gate IC 7402 1
7. EX-OR gate IC 7486 1
8. Connecting wires As required

THEORY:
1. AND gate:
An AND gate is the physical realization of logical multiplication operation. It is an electronic
circuit which generates an output signal of ‘1’ only if all the input signals are ‘1’.
2. OR gate:
An OR gate is the physical realization of the logical addition operation. It is an electronic
circuit which generates an output signal of ‘1’ if any of the input signals is ‘1’.
3. NOT gate:
A NOT gate is the physical realization of the complementation operation. It is an electronic
circuit which generates an output signal which is the reverse of the input signal. A NOT gate is also
known as an inverter because it inverts the input.
4. NAND gate:
A NAND gate is a complemented AND gate. The output of the NAND gate will be ‘0’ if all the
input signals are ‘1’ and will be ‘1’ if any one of the input signal is ‘0’.
5. NOR gate:
A NOR gate is a complemented OR gate. The output of the OR gate will be ‘1’ if all the inputs
are ‘0’ and will be ‘0’ if any one of the input signal is ‘1’.
 AND GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM:

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7408:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:
INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A B Y = A. B
1. 0 0 0
2. 0 1 0
3. 1 0 0
4. 1 1 1
 OR GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM:

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7432:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:
INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A B Y=A+B
1. 0 0 0
2. 0 1 1
3. 1 0 1
4. 1 1 1
 NOT GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM:

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7404:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:
INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A Y = A’
1. 0 1
2. 1 0

NAND GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7400:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:
INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A B Y = (A. B)’
1. 0 0 1
2. 0 1 1
3. 1 0 1
4. 1 1 0

NOR GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7402:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:
INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A B Y = (A + B)’
1. 0 0 1
2. 0 1 0
3. 1 0 0
4. 1 1 0

EX-OR GATE
An Ex-OR gate performs the following Boolean function,
A B = (A. B’) + (A’. B)
It is similar to OR gate but excludes the combination of both A and B being equal to one. The
exclusive OR is a function that give an output signal ‘0’ when the two input signals are equal either ‘0’
or ‘1’.
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7486:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:
INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A B Y=A B
1. 0 0 0
2. 0 1 1
3. 1 0 1
4. 1 1 0

PROCEDURE:
 Connections are given as per the circuit diagram
 For all the ICs 7th pin is grounded and 14th pin is given +5 V supply.
 Apply the inputs and verify the truth table for all gates.

RESULT:
 Exp. No.
V-I CHARACTERISTICS OF P-N JUNCTION DIODE AND CALCULATE
Date: THE FORWARD AND REVERSE RESISTANCE OF THE DIODE.

AIM
To study the characteristics of PN Junction diode under forward and reverse bias conditions.

APPARATUSREQUIRED COMPONENTSREQUIRED

S.No. Name Range Qty S.No. Name Range Qty

1 R.P.S (0-30)V 1 1 Diode IN4001 1

(0–30)mA 1 2 Resistor 1k 1
2 Ammeter Bread
(0-500)µA 1 3 - 1
Board
(0–1)V 1 connecting
3 Voltmeter 4 - Req
(0-10)V 1 Wires

THEORY
A PN junction diode is a two terminal semiconducting device. It conducts only in one
direction (only on forward biasing).
Forward Bias

On forward biasing, initially no current flows due to barrier potential. As the applied potential
exceeds the barrier potential the charge carriers gain sufficient energy to cross the potential barrier and
hence enter the other region. The holes, which are majority carriers in the P-region, become minority
carriers on entering the N-regions, and electrons which are the majority carriers in the N-region, become
minority carriers on entering the P-region. This injection of minority carriers results in the current flow,
opposite to the direction of electron movement.
Reverse Bias
On reverse biasing, the majority charge carriers are attracted towards the terminals due to the applied
potential resulting in the widening of the depletion region. Since the charge carriers are pushed towards the
terminals no current flows in the device due to majority charge carriers. There will be some current in the
device due to the thermally generated minority carriers. The generation of such carriers is independent of the
applied potential and hence the current is constant for all increasing reverse potential. This current is referred
to as Reverse Saturation Current (IO) and it increases with temperature. When the applied reverse voltage is
increased beyond the certain limit, it results in breakdown. During breakdown, the diode current increases
tremendously.

PROCEDURE
Forward Bias
 Connect the circuit as per the diagram.

 Vary the applied voltage Vin steps of 0.1V.

 Note down the corresponding Ammeter Readings I.

 Plot a graph between V &I.

Reverse Bias
 Connect the circuit as per the diagram.

 Vary the applied voltage Vin steps of 1.0V.

 Noted own the corresponding Ammeter Readings I.

 Plot a graph between V &I

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Forward Bias

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Forward Bias Reverse Bias

S.No. Voltage Current S.No. Voltage Current

(InVolts) (In mA) (InVolts) (InA)
RESULT
 Exp. No.
VERIFICATION OF REGULATION ACTION OF ZENER DIODE.
Date:

AIM
To find the forward and reverse bias characteristics of a given Zener diode.

APPARATUSREQUIRED COMPONENTSREQUIRED

S.No. Name Range Qty S.No. Name Range Qty

Zener
1 R.P.S (0-30)V 1s 1 FZ5.1 1
diode
2 Resistor 1K 1
2 Ammeter (0–30)mA 2 Bread
3 - 1
Board
(0–10)V 1
3 Voltmeter 4 Wires - Req
(0–1)V 1

THEORY
A properly doped crystal diode, which has a sharp breakdown voltage, is known as Zener
diode.
Forward Bias
On forward biasing, initially no current flows due to barrier potential. As the applied potential
increases, it exceeds the barrier potential at one value and the charge carriers gain sufficient energy to cross
the potential barrier and enter the other region. The holes, which are majority carriers in p-region, become
minority carriers on entering the N- regions and electrons, which are the majority carriers in the N-regions
become minority carriers on entering the P-region. This injection of minority carriers results current,
opposite to the direction of electron movement.
Reverse Bias
When the reverse bias is applied, due to majority carriers small amount of current (i.e.,) reverse saturation
current flows across the junction. As the reverse bias is increased to breakdown voltage, sudden rise in
current takes place due to Zener effect.
 Zener Effect

Normally, PN junction of Zener Diode is heavily doped. Due to heavy doping the depletion layer will
be narrow. When the reverse bias is increased the potential across the depletion layer is more. This exerts a
force on the electrons in the outer most shell. Because of this force the electrons are pulled away from the
parent nuclei and become free electrons. This ionization, which occurs due to electrostatic force of attraction,
is known as Zener effect. It results in large number of free carriers, which in turn increases the reverse
saturation current.
PROCEDURE
Forward Bias
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Vary the power supply in such away that the readings are taken in steps of 0.1V in
the voltmeter till the needle of power supply shows 30V.
3. Noted own the corresponding ammeter readings.
4. Plot the graph between V&I.
Reverse Bias
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram.
2. Vary the power supply in such away that the readings are taken in steps of 0.1V
in the voltmeter till the needle of power supply shows 30V.
3. Noted own the corresponding Ammeter readings I.
4. Plot a graph between V &I
CIRCUITDIAGRAM
Forward Bias
 OBSERVATION TABLE
Forward Bias Reverse Bias

S.No. Voltage Current S.No. Voltage Current

(In Volts) (In mA) (In Volts) (In mA)

RESULT
Exp. No.
WAVE SHAPING CIRCUITS (CLIPPER CIRCUIT) AND OBSERVE
Date: SKETCH THE WAVEFORM

AIM:
To implement a wave shaping circuit (clipper circuit).
COMPONENTS / APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Resistors of 1KΩ, Diode IN4001
2. Bread Board, Connection cables and short circuit clips
3. DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30)V - 1
4. A Multimeter
5. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope - 1
6. Function generator.
THEORY:
The connection and orientation of the diode with the input voltage and the load are used
to categorize the different types of clippers. Series clippers, parallel clippers, and double clippers
are the three different types of clippers. Positive and negative clippers are additional categories
for the series and parallel clippers.
1.Series Clippers
The diode and output are connected in a series of clipper circuits. In these clippers, when the
diode is forward biased and conducting, the input signal is visible at the output. It is separated
into clippers that are positive and negative.
a) Series Positive Clipper
positive half of the waveform is removed or clipped with a series of positive clippers. The diode
is reverse-biased and connected in series with the output in a series positive clipper
 Vi is applied as the input signal, and the load resistor receives the output. The voltage at
point A is higher than point B during the input’s positive half-cycle. As a result, there is no current
conduction and the diode is in reverse bias. There is no voltage drop at the Rl because the input signal
cannot pass. As a result, the output does not display the positive half cycle as it does in the figure.
The voltage at point A is lower than that at point B during the negative half-cycle, causing the diode to
become forward-biased and the signal to pass through it. The signal is visible throughout the Rl. As a
result, the negative half cycle appears at the output after passing through the circuit.
Series Negative Clipper:
The negative half of the input cycle is clipped by the series negative clipper circuit. Below
is a diagram of its circuitry. The input voltage causes the diode to be forward-biased during the positive
half cycle. Subsequently, the info signal goes through the diode and shows up in the result.
The diode becomes reverse-biased and does not conduct during the negative half cycle. As a result, the
negative half cycle of the input waveform is clipped, and there is no voltage at the output.

2.Parallel Clippers
Parallel Positive Clipper
The input waveform’s positive half cycle is clipped by the shunt positive clipper. The
shunt-positive clipper’s circuit diagram is shown below.
Parallel Negative Clipper

The negative half of the input waveforms are clipped off using the negative parallel clippers.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. Series Positive Clipper
2. Series Negative Clipper

3. Parallel Positive Clipper

4.Parallel Negative Clipper

RESULT:
 Exp. No.
HALF WAVE & FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
Date:

AIM:
To design a half wave rectifier with and without simple capacitor filter.

APPARATUSREQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENT RANGE QUANTITY

1 Center Tapped Transformer 6-0-6 1
2 Diode 1N4007 1
3 Capacitor 1000μF 1
4 CRO (0-30)MHz 1


THEORY:

One of the very important applications of diode is in DC power supply as a rectifier to convert AC into
DC. DC Power supply is the important element of any electronic equipment. This is because it provides
power to energize all electronic circuits like oscillators, amplifiers and so on. In electronic equipments,
D.C. power supply is must. For example, we can’t think of television, computer, radio, telephone,
mobile as well as measuring instruments like CRO, multi-meter etc. without DC power supply. The
reliability and performance of the electronic system proper design of power supply is necessary. The
first block of DC power supply is rectifier. Rectifier may be defined as an electronic device used to
convert ac voltage or current into unidirectional voltage or current. Essentially rectifier needs
unidirectional device. Diode has unidirectional property hence suitable for rectifier. Rectifier broadly
divided into two categories: Half wave rectifier and full wave rectifier.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to ac mains and the secondary side to the
rectifier input.
3. Verify the output waveforms from the CRO.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

MODEL WAVEFORMS:

RESULT:
Exp. No.
INPUT AND OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS OF A BIPOLAR JUNCTION
Date: TRANSISTOR (BJT) IN COMMON EMITTER (CE) CONNECTION.

AIM
To plot the transistor (BJT) characteristics of CE configuration.

APPARATUSREQUIRED COMPONENTSREQUIRED

S.No. Name Range Qty S.No. Name Range Qty

1 R.P.S (0-30)V 2 1 Transistor BC107 1
(0–30)mA
1 Resistor 10K 1
MC
2 Ammeter 2
(0–250) µA
1 Resistor 1K 1
MC
(0–30)V Bread
1 3 1
MC Board
3 Voltmeter
(0–1)V
1 4 Wires
MC

THEORY

A BJT is a three terminal two – junction semiconductor device in which the conduction is
due to both the charge carrier. Hence it is a bipolar device. BJT is classified into two types – NPN
& PNP. A NPN transistor consists of two N types in between which a layer of P is sandwiched.
The transistor consists of three terminal emitters, collector and base. The emitter layer is the source
of the charge carriers and it is heavily doped with a moderate cross sectional area. The collector
collects the charge carries and hence moderate doping and large cross sectional area. The base
region acts a path for the movement of the charge carriers. In order to reduce the recombination of
holes and electrons the base region is lightly doped and is of hollow cross sectional area. Normally
the transistor operates with the EB (emitter-base) junction forward biased.
PROCEDURE

Input Characteristics

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set VCE, vary VBE in regular interval of steps and note down the corresponding IB
reading. Repeat the above procedure for different values of VCE.
3. Plot the graph :VBE Vs IB for a constant VCE.
Output Characteristics

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set IB, Vary VCE in regular interval of steps and note down the corresponding IC
reading. Repeat the above procedure for different values of IB.
3. Plot the graph :VCE Vs IC for a constant IB.

Pin Diagram

Specification:BC107/50V/0.1A,0.3W,300 MH

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 MODELGRAPH
Input Characteristics Output Characteristics

µA
mA

IC
IB
VCE=0V
VCE= 5V
IB=60A

IB=40A

IB=20A

0
VBE(V) 0
VCE(V)

TABULARCOLUMN
Input Characteristics

VCE=0 V VCE=2V

VBE(V) IB(μA) VBE(V) IB(μA)

Output Characteristics

IB = 20 mA IB = 20mA

RESULT
 Exp. No.
INPUT AND OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS OF A BIPOLAR JUNCTION
Date: TRANSISTOR (BJT) IN COMMON BASE (CB) CONNECTION

AIM:
To plot the transistor characteristics (INPUT & OUTPUT) of CB configuration.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Components Specification Quantity

1 Transistor BC 107 Max Rating : 50V 1A, 3W 1
2 Resistors 1kΩ,470Ω 2
3 Regulated power (0-30) V 1
supply
4 Voltmeters (0-10) V, MC 1
(0-1) V, MC
5 Ammeters (0-10) m A, MC 2
6 Bread board & As per
connecting wires Required

THEORY:

A NPN function transistor consist of a silicon (or germanium) crystal in which a layer of p –
type silicon is sandwiched between two layers of N – type silicon. The arrow on emitter lead specifies
the direction of the current flow when the emitter – base function is biased in the forward direction
since the conductivity of the BJT depends on both the majority and minority carriers it is called bipolar
device. In CB configuration, base is common to both the emitter and collector.
PROCEDURE:
Input Characteristics:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. VCB is kept const (say 2v), VBE is varied insteps of 0.1v and the corresponding IE values are
tabulated. The above procedure is repeated for 1V etc.
3. Graph is plotted between VBE vs IE, where VCB constant.
Output Characteristics:
1. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram
2. IE is kept const, VBC is varied in step IV the corresponding IC values are tabulated. The above
procedure is repeated for different constant values.
3. Graph is plotted between VBC and Ic for a constant IE.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

Input Characteristics:

VCB = V VCB = V
VBE(V) IE (mA) VBE(V) IE (mA)

Output Characteristics:

IB = mA IB = mA
VCB(V) IE (mA) VCB(V) IE (mA)
Model Graph:

Input Characteristics:

Output Characteristics:

RESULT: