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Referencing and citing – Harvard

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Referencing and citing – Harvard

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Wong
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Referencing and citing – Harvard

Janet MacKay, September 2021


QG CIT002 [https://www.abdn.ac.uk/library/documents/guides/qgcit002.pdf]

Students of the Business School, School of Education, and the School of Law have their
 own specific referencing styles and they should use the separate education, business
and law guides.

Within the text


In-text citations in Harvard style are entered in the following way:
Enter the author’s surname and year of publication in round brackets immediately before or after the text.
For example: It was found (Smith, 2001) that … OR: Smith (2001) found that …

Page numbers
Giving page numbers in the in-text citation helps the reader find the relevant source more quickly.
For example: It was found (Smith, 2001, p. 52) that …
If you are referring to more than 1 page, the example would be: It was found (Smith, 2001, pp. 52-56) that …

Using quotations
If you are quoting more than a few words then indent the quotation from the rest of the text. For example:
In the text:
As Marx (1920, pp. 188-189) explains in relation to the working class:
The economic conditions have in the first place transformed the mass of the people of a country into
wage-workers. The domination of capital has created for this mass of people a common situation with
common interests.
In the bibliography:
Marx, K. (1920) The poverty of philosophy: being a translation of the misère de la philosophie (a reply to “la
philosophie de la misère” of M. Proudhon). Translated from the French by H. Quelch. Chicago: Charles H.
Kerr. (Original work published 1847).

Citing a secondary person


Only cite the work that you have actually read. If you read a source that refers to the work of someone else
ideally you should find and read the work that has been referred to. However, if you are unable to locate the
original work you must make it clear to your reader that you are citing work that you have not read. The work
that you have read is ‘secondary’ as you are relying on someone else’s interpretation or opinion of the
original work rather than your own. For example:
In the text: Yates (2004) cites Strauss, 1987, saying that … OR: Strauss (1987, cited in Yates, 2004) says …
In the bibliography: Yates, S.J. (2004) Doing social science research. London: Sage.

Citing personal communications


Requirements for this depend on your discipline. Often personal communications are cited within the text but
not included in the reference list. Check your course handbook or with your supervisor.
An example would be:
In the text: Dawson (2009) stated that …
If included in the bibliography: Dawson, G.A. (2009) Telephone conversation with Janet MacKay, 4
September.

Multiple authors
If there are more than 3 authors the in-text citation would look like this:
It was decided (Hewitt et al, 2016) that … OR: Hewitt et al. (2016) decided …
In your bibliography the reference should list all of the authors in the order given in the publication.

The University of Aberdeen is a charity registered in Scotland, No SC013683


The bibliography/reference list at the end of your written work
You must create a bibliography at the end of your written piece of work. Check with your supervisor if you are
expected to include everything you have read (bibliography) or simply list those items you’ve referred to in
the text (reference list). In the Harvard style the references are listed in alphabetical order by author.
Please note: in Harvard, if an electronic resource has all of the elements of the print version (e.g. page
numbers, publication details) it should be referenced in the same way as the print version.
Also note: if you use a url it is necessary to include the date accessed. If you use a DOI (Digital Object
Identifier) there is no need to give the date accessed.
Examples:
Book – whole
Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (2010) How to research, 4th edn. Maidenhead: Open
(print book or e-book in
a database) University Press.

Book – whole
Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (2010) How to research. Available at:
(downloaded on to an
ereader) http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindlebooks (downloaded 28 July 2015).

Book – chapter Gooday, G. (2011) ‘Electricity and the Sociable Circulation of Fear and Fearlessness’, in
(print book or e-book Livingstone, D. N. and Withers, C. W. J. (eds.), Geographies of Nineteenth-Century
chapter in a database) Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 203-228.
Andone, D., Vasiu, R. and Robu, N. (2011) ‘Building a virtual campus for digital students’,
Conference paper IEEE Engineering Education 2011: Learning Environments and Ecosystems in Engineering
(print) Education. Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman, Jordan, 4-6 April.
Washington, DC: IEEE, pp. 1069-1073.
Andone, D., Vasiu, R. and Robu, N. (2011) ‘Building a virtual campus for digital students’,
Conference paper
IEEE Engineering Education 2011: Learning Environments and Ecosystems in Engineering
(e-conference paper in
a database) Education. Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman, Jordan, 4-6 April.
Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ (Accessed 28 July 2015).
Andone, D., Vasiu, R. and Robu, N. (2011) ‘Building a virtual campus for digital students’,
Conference paper IEEE Engineering Education 2011: Learning Environments and Ecosystems in Engineering
(e-conference paper on Education. Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman, Jordan, 4-6 April.
the Internet) Available at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/
252001202_Building_a_Virtual_Campus_for_digital_students (Accessed 28 July 2015).
Journal article (print Fischer, B.A. and Zigmond, M.J. (2011) ‘Educational approaches for discouraging
journal or e-version of a
plagiarism’, Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, 29(1), pp. 100-103.
print journal)
Journal article Fischer, B.A. and Zigmond, M.J. (2011) ‘Educational approaches for discouraging
(e-journal article with plagiarism’, Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, 29(1).
no page numbers) doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2010.11.014.
MacKay, J. (2018) ‘Early days: Winsor McCay’. HI4567: History of animation. University of
Lecture notes in VLE
Aberdeen. Available at: https://abdn.blackboard.com/ (Accessed: 31 May 2019).
Report (print) Tesco (2012) Annual Report and Financial Statements 2012. Cheshunt: Tesco PLC.
Tesco (2012) Annual Report and Financial Statements 2012. Available at:
Report (report on the
http://www.tescoplc.com/files/reports/ar2012/files/pdf/tesco_annual_report_2012.pdf
Internet)
(Accessed: 28 July 2015).
Smallegoor, E. (2010) Novel upstarts: Frances Burney and the lower middle class.
Thesis (print)
Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Aberdeen.
Smallegoor, E. (2010) Novel upstarts: Frances Burney and the lower middle class. PhD
Thesis (thesis on the
thesis. Aberdeen: University of Aberdeen. Available at: http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/
Internet)
(Accessed: 28 July 2015).
University of Aberdeen (2015) Library, Special Collections and Museums. Available at:
Web page
http://www.abdn.ac.uk/library/ (Accessed: 28 July 2015).

The examples in this referencing guide are based on the following source:
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2016) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 10th edn. Basingstoke:
Palgrave Macmillan (Palgrave Study Skills).

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