Chapter 17 Objectives- Sara Rodriguez 1.

Five things DNA contains that RNA does not is that DNA is found in the nucleus, the sugar is called Deoxyribose, the bases used are A-T and C-G, its double stranded, and theres one type. In RNA it is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, the sugar is called ribose, the base pairs are A-U and C-G, it is single stranded, and there is 3 different types. 2. Three similarities between DNA and RNA is the sugar in both are linked to a phosphate group at one end and a nitrogenous base at the other end. They both use the bases Adenine, Cytosine, and Guanine. And both DNA and RNA are formed from nucleotides and are called nucleic acids. 3. The RNA polymerase recognizes where transcription should begin by feeling for a certain DNA sequence. The promoter is a specific sequence of nucleotides that commonly include a Tata box. A terminator 4. Transcription is the process when RNA is synthesized under the direction of DNA, this occurs in 3 steps. First, Initiation RNA polymerase pries the two strands of DNA apart at the promoter site and hooks together the RNA nucleotides as they base-pair along the DNA template. Then, Elongation the polymerase moves downstream, unwinding the DNA and elongating the RNA transcript from the 5'( 5 prime) to 3' (3 prime) end. As transcription is occurring the DNA strands re-from a double helix. Finally, Termination the RNA transcript is eventually released and the polymerase detaches from the DNA. 5. RNA is modified before leaving the nucleus. Eukaryotic RNA transcripts can be processed in two ways by Covalent alteration of both the 3 and 5 ends or the removal of intervening sequences. 6. 5cap; guanine nucleotide on the end of the s end of mRNA 7. Poly-A tail; 100-250 bases a long stretch of (A) added to a tail or 3 end of premRNA Polyadenylation signal; a site between the AAUAAA poly(A) signal and the G/U Poly(A) signal where CFI and CFII bind. Transcription factor; a protein that only binds to specific DNA sequences, controlling the transcription or genetic info. from DNA to mRNA TATA box; A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters that form the transcription initiation comple Transcription initiation complex; a completed group of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to the promoter. 8. Downstream-is to the right, direction of transcription Upstream-is to the left, promoter sequence 9. A spliceosome cuts the pre-mRNA while releasing the intron and splicing the exons together. Ribozymes are enzymes that catalyze reaction while splicing the exons is occurring. 10. Introns- coding segments

Exons- non coding segments 11. Introns encode DNA and RNA sequences transcribing a primary transcript. 12. Transcription differs in bacteria from eukaryotes because in bacteria the RNA transcript is useable as mRNa while in a eukaryote it must undergo a process. An additional way is, in eukaryotes transcription factors bind to RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription. The final difference is in bacteria the RNA polymerase binds to the promoter. 13. Within an eukaryote cell transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm. 14. A tRNAs structure consists of a series of codons along an RNA molecule. Its duty is to transfer amino acids from the cytoplasmic to a ribosome. 15. The significance of wobble is its a flexiable base pairing at a specific codon. 16. TRNA is joined correctly to an amino acid by carrying aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. 17. Ribosomes link amino acids and are the sites of translation. They are complex particles, that consist of two parts a large and small subunit. 18. To begin the process of translations you start with initiation where RNA polymerase binds to the promoter. Then, the DNA strands unwind and the polymerase initiates RNA synthesis at the beginning points of template strands. After this elongation begins as polymerase moves downstream and unwinds the RNA transcript . The DNA strand then reforms a double helix in the wake of transcription. Finally in the process of termination, the RNA transcript is then released and the polymerase detaches from the DNA. 19. Polyribosome is a group of several ribosomes bound to the same mRNA while translating it. 20. The determination is a ribosome will float freely or be connected to the endoplasmic reticulum depends on if the ribosome is synthesized in polymerase. 21. Two unique properties that allow RNA to perform functions are messenger RNAs (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and amino acids. 22. The difference between eukaryote and prokaryote synthesis is eukaryotes require 3 different types of RNA polymerases. And prokaryotes have a single type of RNA. 23. A point mutation is when a single base pair is altered. A base-pair insertion is the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence, while a basepair substituation is a mutation involving replacement or substitution of a single nucleotide base with another in DNA or RNA molecule. 24. A mutagens is a change in a gene at a nucleotide pair. When a mutation occurs it rises protein synthesis , and can be transmitted to offspring.