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Class 12 - Physics
Sample Paper - 08 (2024-25)

Maximum Marks: 70
Time Allowed: : 3 hours

General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
3. All the sections are compulsory.
4. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B contains
five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D contains two case
study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of five marks each.
5. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, one question in
Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to attempt only one of the
choices in such questions.
6. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A

1. The probability of finding an electron in Fermi energy level is:

a) 50%
b) 20%
c) 0%
d) 100%

2. Drift velocity of electrons is due to:

a) repulsion to the conduction electrons due to inner electrons of ions

b) the motion of conduction electrons due to random collisions
c) the motion of conduction electrons due to electric field E
d) collision of conduction electrons with each other

3. A beam of monochromatic light is refracted from vacuum into a medium of refractive index 1 ⋅ 5 . The wavelength of
refracted light will be

a) smaller
b) same
c) dependent on intensity of refracted light
d) larger

4. A bar magnet is cut into two equal halves parallel to its magnetic axis. The physical quantity that remains unchanged is:

a) moment of inertia
b) pole strength

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c) magnetic moment
d) magnitude of magnetisation

5. If the charge on a capacitor is increased by 2 coulomb, the energy stored in it increases by 21%. The original charge on
the capacitor (in coulomb) is -

a) 30
b) 20
c) 40
d) 10

6. A circular coil of radius R carries an electric current. The magnetic field due to the coil at a point on the axis of the coil
located at a distance r from the center of the coil such that r >> R, varies as

a) 1
3

2
r

b)
1

c)
1

2
r

d) 1

3
r

7. A coil of wire of a certain radius has 100 turns and a self-inductance of 15 mH. The self-inductance of a second similar
coil of 500 turns will be:

a) 15 mH
b) 375 mH
c) 45 mH
d) 75 mH

8. According to Gauss’s law for magnetism -

a) The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is not zero
b) The net magnetic flux through any surface is infinite
c) The magnetic flux through an open surface is zero
d) The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero

9. The two coherent sources with intensity ratio β produce interference. The fringe visibility will be

√β
a) 1+β

b) (1+β)
2

2√β
c)
1+β

d) 2β

10. Debye is the unit of:

a) Electric pole moment

b) Electric dipole moment
c) Electric flux
d) Torque

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11. In the given figure, a diode D is connected to an external resistance R = 100Ω and an emf of 3.5 V. If the barrier
potential developed across the diode is 0.5 V, the current in the circuit will be

a) 40 mA
b) 30 mA
c) 35 mA
d) 20 mA

12. The refractive index of glass is 1 ⋅ 520 for red light and 1 ⋅ 525 for blue light. δ 1 and δ2 be angles of minimum
deviation for red and blue light respectively in a prism of this glass, then

a) δ = δ
1 2

b) δ < δ
1 2

c) δ can be less than or greater than δ , depending upon the values of δ

1 2 1 and δ2 .
d) δ > δ
1 2

13. Assertion (A): The process of photoelectric emission is different to that of thermionic emission.
Reason (R): The process of thermionic emission is temperature-dependent but photoelectric emission is independent of
temperature.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.

14. Assertion (A): A metallic shield in form of a hollow shell may be built to block an electric field.
Reason (R): In a hollow spherical shield, the electric field inside it is zero at every point.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.

15. Assertion (A): In Young's double slit experiment the fringes become indistinct if one of the slits is covered with
cellophane paper.
Reason (R): The cellophane paper decreases the wavelength of light.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.

16. Assertion (A): An alternating current of frequency 50 Hz becomes zero, 100 times in one second.
Reason (R): Alternating current changes direction and becomes zero twice in a cycle.

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a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
Section B

17. The magnetic field of a beam emerging from a filter facing a floodlight is given by B0= 12 × 10-8 sin (1.20 × 107 z

- 3.60 × 1015 t) T. What is the average intensity of the beam?

18. i. Write two characteristics of a material used for making permanent magnets?
ii. Why is core of an electromagnet made of ferromagnetic materials?

19. The V-I characteristic of a silicon diode is as shown in the figure. Calculate the resistance of the diode at

a. ID = 15 mA and
b. VD = -10V

20. A photon of energy 12.09 eV is absorbed by an electron in ground state of a hydrogen atoms. What will be the energy
level of electron? The energy of electron in the ground state of hydrogen atom is - 13.6 eV

21. The maximum torque acting on a coil of effective area 0.04 m2 is 4 × 10-8 Nm when the current in it is 100 pA. Find the
magnetic induction in which it is kept.

OR

Why is an ammeter connected in series, while a voltmeter is connected in parallel with the rest of the circuit?
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Section C

22. A network of resistors is connected to a 16 V battery with internal resistance of 1Ω as shown in figure

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a. Compute the equivalent resistance of the network.
b. Obtain the current in each resistor
c. Also obtain the voltage drops VAB, VBC and VCD.

23. Draw V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode. Answer the following questions, giving reasons:

i. Why is the current under reverse bias almost independent of the applied potential upto a critical voltage?
ii. Why does the reverse current show a sudden increase at the critical voltage? Name any semiconductor device which
operates under the reverse bias in the breakdown region.
24. i. Why photoelectric effect cannot be explained on the basis of wave nature of light? Give reasons.
ii. Write the basic features of photon picture of electromagnetic radiation on which Einstein's photoelectric equation is
based.

25. Before the neutrino hypothesis, the beta decay process was thought to be the transition, n → p + ē . If this was true, show
that if the neutron was at rest, the proton and electron would emerge with fixed energies and calculate them.
Experimentally, the electron energy was found to have a large range.

26. Using the postulates of Bohr's model of hydrogen atom, obtain an expression for the frequency of radiation emitted when
the atom makes a transition from the higher energy state with quantum number ni to the lower energy state with quantum
number nf(nf <ni).

27. Two coherent light waves of intensity 5 × 10-2 Wm-2 each super-impose and produce the interference pattern on a
screen. At a point where the path difference between the waves is λ /6, λ being wavelength of the wave, find the

a. phase difference between the waves.

b. resultant intensity at the point.
c. resultant intensity in terms of the intensity at the maximum.

28. A square loop of side 20 cm is initially kept 30 cm away from a region of uniform magnetic field of 0.1 T as shown in
the figure. It is then moved towards the right with a velocity of 10 cm s-1 till it goes out of the field. Plot a graph
showing the variation of

i. magnetic flux (ϕ ) through the loop with time t.

ii. induced emf (ε ) in the loop with time t.
iii. induced current in the loop, if it has resistance of 0.1Ω

OR

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The aluminium frame ABCD of a window measures 85cm × 60cm, as illustrated in fig.

The window is hinged along the edge AB. When the window is closed, the horizontal component of the earth's magnetic
field of flux density 1.8 × 10-4T, is normal to the window.

i. Calculate the magnetic flux through the window.

ii. The window is now opened in a time of 0.20s. When open, the plane of the window is parallel to the earth's magnetic
field. For the opening of the window, state the change in flux through the window and calculate the average e.m.f.
induced in side CD of the frame.
iii. Suggest, with a reason, whether the e.m.f. calculated in (ii) gives rise to a current in the frame ABCD.
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Radio waves are produced by the accelerated motion of charges in conducting wires. Microwaves are produced by
special vacuum tubes. Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies and molecules also known as heat waves. UV rays are
produced by special lamps and very hot bodies like Sun.

i. Solar radiation is

i. transverse electromagnetic wave

ii. longitudinal electromagnetic waves
iii. both longitudinal and transverse electromagnetic waves
iv. none of these.
a) Option (i)
b) Option (iv)
c) Option (iii)
d) Option (ii)

ii. What is the cause of greenhouse effect?

a) Ultraviolet rays
b) X-rays
c) Infrared rays

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d) Radiowaves

iii. Biological importance of ozone layer is

a) it stops ultraviolet rays

b) none of these.
c) it reflects radiowaves
d) It layer reduces greenhouse effect

OR

Earth's atmosphere is richest in

a) ultraviolet
b) infrared
c) X-rays
d) microwaves

iv. Ozone is found in

a) troposphere
b) mesosphere
c) ionosphere
d) stratosphere
30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Electric dipole consist of a pair of equal and opposite point charges separated by a small distance and its strength is
measured by the dipole moment. The field around the dipole in which the electric effect of the dipole can be experienced
is called the dipole field.

i. The electric dipole moment is:

a) a scalar quantity
b) neither scalar nor vector quantity
c) a vector quantity
d) A Plane quantity

ii. Electric field due to the electric dipole is

a) cylindrically symmetric
b) spherically symmetric
c) symmetric
d) asymmetric

iii. The SI unit of dipole moment is:

a) C/m
b) C-m
c) c/m2

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d) C-m2

iv. Charges ± 20 nC are separated by 5mm. calculate the magnitude of dipole moment:-

a) 10-7 C-m
b) 1010 C-m
c) 10-10 C-m
d) 10-8 C-m

OR

When an electric dipole is placed in a uniform electric field, it experiences

a) Neither any force nor any torque

b) Force but no torque
c) Force as well as torque
d) Torque but no net force
Section E
31. a. Draw a labelled ray diagram showing the formation of a final image by a compound microscope at least distance of
distinct vision.
b. The total magnification produced by a compound microscope is 20. The magnification produced by the eyepiece is 5.
The microscope is focused on a certain object. The distance between the objective and eyepiece is observed to be 14
cm. If least distance of distinct vision is 20 cm. Calculate the focal length of the objective and the eyepiece.

OR

a. Describe any two characteristic features which distinguish between interference and diffraction phenomena. Derive
the expression for the intensity at a point of the interference pattern in Young’s double slit experiment.
b. In the diffraction due to a single slit experiment, the aperture of the slit is 3 mm. If monochromatic light of
wavelength 620 nm is incident normally on the slit, calculate the separation between the first order minima and the
3rd order maxima on one side of the screen. The distance between the slit and the screen is 1.5 m.

32. Two isolated point charges A and B are separated by a distance of 30⋅ 0 cm, as shown in fig.

The charge at A is +3⋅ 6 × 10-9 C. The variation with distance x from A along AB of the potential V is as shown in fig.

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i. State the value of x at which the potential is zero.
ii. Use your answer in (i) to determine the charge at B.
iii. A small test charge is now moved along the line AB from x = 5⋅ 0 cm to x = 27 cm. State and explain the value of x at
which the force on the test charge will be maximum.

OR

i. Explain using suitable diagrams, the difference in the behaviour of a

a. conductor and
b. dielectric in the presence of external electric field. Define the terms polarisation of a dielectric and write its
relation with susceptibility.
ii. A thin metallic spherical shell of radius R carries a charge Q on its surface. A point charge Q/2 is placed at its centre
C and another charge + 2Q is placed outside the shell at a distance x from the centre as shown in the figure. Find

a. the force on the charge at the centre of shell and at the point A,
b. the electric flux through the shell.
33. i. Determine the value of phase difference between the current and the voltage in the given series L-C-R circuit.

ii. Calculate the value of additional capacitor which may be joined suitably to the capacitor C that would make the
power factor of the circuit unity.

OR

A series L-C-R circuit is connected to an AC source. Using the phasor diagram, derive the expression for the impedance
of the circuit. Plot a graph to show the variation of current with frequency of the source, explaining the nature of its
variation.
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Class 12 - Physics
Sample Paper - 08 (2024-25)

Solution

Section A
1. (a) 50%
Explanation:

50%

2. (c) the motion of conduction electrons due to electric field E

Explanation:

The motion of conduction electrons due to random collisions has no preferred direction and averages to zero. Drift
velocity is caused due to motion of conduction electrons due to the applied electric field.

3. (a) smaller
Explanation:

When light travels from air to a medium of refractive index μ , its wavelength decreases by a factor μ i.e. becomes 1/μ .

4. (d) magnitude of magnetisation

Explanation:

magnitude of magnetisation

5. (b) 20
Explanation:
2
Q
The initial energy of the capacitor of capacitance C and charge Q1 is U 1 =
1

2C
2 2
U2 −U1 Q −Q
When the charge increases to Q2, the energy of the capacitor U1
=
2

2
1

Q
1

U2 −U1
Given percentage increase of energy U1
= 0.21

2 2 2
Q2 −Q1 Q2
∴ = − 1
2 2
Q Q
1 1
2
Q
2
⇒ 0.21 = − 1
2
Q
1

2
Q
2
⇒ 1.21 =
2
Q
1

Q
2
⇒ = 1.1
Q1

But Q 2 − Q1 = 2; Q2 = 1.1Q1

On solving, we get initial charge on capacitor is, Q1 = 20C

6. (d)
1

3
r

Explanation:

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2
μ NI R
At a point distance r from the coil, the magnetic field is B
0

r =
3

2 2
2( R +r ) 2

2
μ NI R
If r >> R, R is neglected in the denominator and
0
Br =
3
2r

So, B ∝ 1

3
r

7. (b) 375 mH
Explanation:

2
L ∝ N
2
N2
∴ L2 = ( ) L1
N1

= (
500

100
) × 15mH = 375 mH

8. (d) The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero
Explanation:

Total magnetic flux through a closed surface is zero as magnetic monoples do not exist. So the amount of magnetic flux
entering a closed surface is equal to amount of magnetic flux leaving the surface.

2√β
9. (c)
1+β

Explanation:
Imax −Imin
Fringe visibility = Imax +Imin
2 2
(a1 +a2 ) −(a1 −a2 ) 4a1 a2
= =
2 2 2 2
(a1 +a2 ) +(a1 −a2 ) 2( a +a )
1 2
a
1
2( )
a 2√β
2
= =
2
a
1 β+1
( ) +1
a
2

10. (b) Electric dipole moment

Explanation:

SI units for electric dipole moment are Coulombmeter (Cm), however, the most common unit is the Debye (D).

11. (b) 30 mA
Explanation:

Vne t 3.5−0.5
I= = 30 mA
3
= A = A
R 100 100

12. (b) δ 1 < δ2

Explanation:

Now, ​​δ 1 = A( μr − 1) = A(1 ⋅ 520 - 1) = 0 ⋅ 520A

and ​​δ 2 = A( μb − 1) = A(1 ⋅ 525 - 1) = 0 ⋅ 525A
∴ δ1 < δ2

13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:

In photoelectric emission, the free-electrons in the metal absorb the photons, acquire energy and come out of metal. In
thermionic emission, electrons acquire energy by heat. Hence, this effect is temperature-dependent.

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14. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

15. (c) A is true but R is false.

Explanation:

A is true but R is false.

16. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

Section B

17. The standard equation of magnetic field can be expressed as B = B0 sin ωt.
We are given equation
B = 12 × 10-8 sin (120 × 107 z - 3.60 × 1015 t)T
On comparing this equation with standard equation, we get
B0 = 12 × 10-8 T and
The average intensity of the beam is given by :-
2
2 −8 8
B (12×10 ) ×3×10
1 0 1
Iav = ⋅c = ×
2 μ0 2 −7
4π×10

= 1.71 W/m2

18. i. Two characteristics of the material used for making permanent magnets are
a. High coercivity so that its magnetisation is not easily destroyed by temperature, stray magnetic fields.
b. High retentivity to produce a strong magnetic field.
c. High permeability
ii. The core of an electromagnet made of ferromagnetic material because of its
a. Low coercivity: To destroy its magnetic field easily by small and opposite magnetic field.
b. Low retentivity so that magnetisation is lost as the current is switched off.
19. a. From the given curve, V = 0.8 volt for current 20 mA and V = 0.7 volt for current 10 mA,
⇒ ΔI = (20 − 10)mA

−3
⇒ ΔI = 10mA = 10 × 10 A

−2
⇒ ΔI = 10 A

and ΔV = (0.8 − 0.7) = 0.1V

Resistance of the diode is given by, R = ΔV

ΔI
0.1
⇒ R =
−2
10

⇒ R = 10Ω

b. For V = -10V, we have

−6
I = −1μA = −1 × 10 A

resistance of diode is given by, R = V

I
−10 7
⇒ R = = 1.0 × 10 Ω
−6
−1×10

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20. En - E1 = hv
or En = hv + E1 = 12.09 - 13.6 = -1.51 eV
E1
As E n
=
2
n
E1
or n = 3.
2 −13.6
∴ n = = = 9
En −1.51

21. A = 0.04 m2, τ max =4 × 10-8 Nm

I = 100 μ A= 10-4 A, N=1

As τ max = NIBA
∴ Magnetic induction,
τmax
B =
NI A
−8
4×10
=
−4
1×10 ×0.04

=10-2 Wb m-2

OR

An ammeter is a low resistance instrument, while a voltmeter is a high resistance instrument.

When an ammeter is connected in series, the resistance of the circuit remains practically the same. In case it is connected
in parallel, most of the current will flow through it and the current in the main circuit will decrease.
When a voltmeter is connected in parallel with the rest of the circuit, only a very small amount of current will flow
through the voltmeter and hence current in the circuit remains the same. In case, the voltmeter is connected in series, the
current in the circuit will decrease appreciably due to high resistance of the voltmeter.
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Section C
22. a. Equivalent resistance of two 4Ω resistors in parallel is given by 4×4

4+4
Ω = 2Ω
Equivalent resistance of 12Ω and 6Ω resistors in parallel is given by = = 4Ω
12×6 72
Ω Ω
12+6 18

Now these resistance 2Ω, 1Ω, 1Ω and 4Ω (equivalent of 12Ω and 6Ω) are in series.
So, total resistance is (2 + 1 + 1 + 4)Ω = 8Ω
b. I = A = 2 A
E 16
=
R+r 7+1

Consider the resistors between A and B. It is a case of two equal resistors connected in parallel. So, current in each
resistor is 1A. Current through 1Ω is clearly 2A.
Let us now consider resistors between C and D. It is a parallel combination of two resistances. Current would be
divided in the inverse ratio of resistances. If I1 is the current through 12Ω and I2 is the current through 6Ω, then
I1
=
6
=
1
.
I2 12 2

So, current through 12Ω resistor is given by 2

3
A .
Similarly, current through 6Ω resistor is given by .
4
A
3

c. The voltage VAB between A and B is the product of total current between A and B and the equivalent resistance
between A and B.
∴ VAB = 2 × 2V = 4V

Similarly V BC = 2 × 1V = 2 V, V CD = 2 × 4V =8V

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23. For V-l characteristic of a p-n junction diode, see figure.

i. When the diode is reverse biased, a very small current of few μ A flows due to the drift of minority charge carriers
whose number density remains constant, so the current under reverse bias is almost independent of the applied
potential upto a critical voltage.
ii. When the reverse voltage across the p-n junction reaches a critical voltage, the reverse current suddenly increases to a
large value. It is due to the increase in the number of minority charge carriers because of the breakdown of the diode.
The avalanche breakdown occurs in lightly doped diodes due to ionisation by collision. Zener breakdown occurs at
low voltages in heavily doped diodes by field emission.
Zener diode is the semiconductor device that operates under the reverse bias in the breakdown region.
24. i. The photoelectric effect cannot be explained on the basis of wave nature of light because wave nature of radiation
cannot explain the following:
a. The instantaneous ejection of photoelectrons.
b. The existence of threshold frequency for a metal surface.
c. The fact that kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is independent of the intensity of light and depends upon its
frequency.
ii. Photon picture of electromagnetic radiation on which Einstein's photoelectric equation is based on particle nature of
light Its basic features are given as below:
a. In interaction of radiation with matter, radiation behaves as if it is made up of particles called photons.
b. Each photon has energy E (= hν = ) and momentum p(= E/c).
hc

c. All photons of light of a particular frequency ν or wavelength λ have the same energy E (= hν = hc
) and
λ

momentum p (= E/c) whatever the intensity radiation may be.

d. By increasing the intensity of light of given wavelength, there is only an increase in the number of photons per
second crossing a given area with each photon having the same energy. Thus, photon energy is independent of the
intensity of radiation.

25. Let us consider the cases before and after β -decay

Before β-decay; if the neutron was at rest. Hence, En = mnc2, pn = 0
After β-decay; pn = pp + pe
or. 0 = pp + pe ⇒ |pp| = |pe| = p.......(1)
1

Also, energy of proton Ep = (m 2 4

pc + pp c )
2 2
2

1 1

energy of electron Ee = (m 2 4
ec
2
+ pp c )
2 2
= (me c
2 4 2 2
+ pe c ) 2
from (1) st we get ,
Now applying conservation of energy,
1 1

2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2
(mp c + p c ) 2
= (me c + p c ) 2
= mn c

mpc2 = 936 MeV, mnc2 = 938 MeV and mec2 = 0.51 MeV

since, the energy difference between n and p is small, pc will be small, pc < < < mpc2, while pc may be greater than mec2

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2 2

= mnc2 − pc
p c
2
⇒ mp c +
2 4
2mp c

To first order pc = mnc2 - mpc2 = 938 MeV - 936 MeV = 2 MeV

This gives the momentum of proton or neutron. Then,
1
−−−− −−−−
Ep = (m 2 4
pc + p c )
2 2
2
2 2
= √936 + 2 = 936 MeV
1 −−−−−−−−−−
Ee = (m 2 4
ec + p c )
2 2 2 2
= √(0.51) + 2
2
= 2.06 MeV

26. Let an electron revolves around the nucleus of hydrogen atom. The necessary centripetal force is provided by
electrostatic force of attraction.

2 2 2

.......(i)
mv ke ke
∴ = ⇒ r =
r r
2
mv
2

By Bohr's second postulates,

mvr =
nh

2π
where, n = 1, 2, 3....
r =
nh

2πmv
...(ii)
On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 2
ke nh 2πke
= ⇒ v =
mv
2 2πmv nh

Substituting in Eq. (ii), we get

2 2

...(iii)
n h
r =
2 2
4π mke

Now, kinetic energy of electron

2
1 ke
KE = =
2
2mv 2r
2

Also, potential energy, PE =

−ke

2r

Energy of electron in nth orbit,

2 2 2 2
ke ke 4π mke
En = − = − ⋅
2
2r 2 2
n h
2 2 4

...(iv)
2π mk e
⇒ En = −
2 2
n h
2 2 4

where, R = ...(v)
2π mk e Rhc
⇒ En = −
3 2
ch n

where, n = 1, 2, 3 ...
For n = ni ⇒ En ∝
1

2
n

and E
Rhc Rhc
En = − nf = −
i 2 2
n n
i f

By Bohr's postulates,
1 1
En − En = hν ⇒ Rhc [ − ] = hν
f t 2 2
n n
i f

n 1
ν = Rc [ − ]
2 2
n n
i f

This is required expression for frequency associated with photon.

27. a. Phase difference ∅ = 2π

×
λ
=
π

3
λ 6
−
− −−
b. I1 = I2 + I3 + 2√I 3 I2 cos ∅

= I + I + 2I × = 3I
1

= 15 × 10-2 W m-2
hence, resultant intensity at the point will be 15 × 10-2 W m-2.

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c. Imax = 4I
I1 =
3I 3
× 4I = Imax
4I 4

28. Given, I = 20cm = 0.2m,

−1 −1
B = 0.1T , v = 10cms = 0.1ms

i. Magnetic flux through loop, ϕ B

⃗ ⃗ 0
= B ⋅ A = BAcos0 = Blx (with A = lx)
ϕmax = 0.1 × 0.2 × 0.2 = 0.004 = 4 × 10
−3
Wb (for maximum flux x = l = 0.2m)

−dϕ
ii. Induced emf, ε = dl
= −Blv

−3
|ε| = 0.1 × 0.2 × 0.1 = 0.002 = 2 × 10 V
max

iii. Induced current,

|ε| −3
2×10 −2
I = = = 2 × 10 A
R 0.1

OR

i. Here, B = 1.8 × 10-4T,

Area of the window, A = 85 × 60 cm2 = 85 × 60 × 10-4 m2
Now, magnetic flux through the window,
ϕ = BA = 1.8 × 10-4 × 85 × 60 × 10-4
= 9.18 × 10-5 T
ii. When the window is open, the plane of the window is parallel to the earth's magnetic field. Therefore, the magnetic
flux through the window zero.
Change in magnetic flux through the window,
Δϕ = 9.18 × 10-5 - 0 = 9.18 × 10-5 Wb
Time in which window is opened, Δt = 0.20s
Therefore, e.m.f. induced in the side CD,
−5
Δϕ 9.18×10
e = =
Δt 0.20

= 4.59 × 10-4 V

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iii. Since the frame of the window is a closed circuit and arm CD acts as a source of e.m.f., a current will flow in the
frame.
Section D
29. i. (a) Option (i)
Explanation:

transverse electromagnetic wave

ii. (c) Infrared rays

Explanation:

Greenhouse effect is due to infrared rays.

iii. (a) it stops ultraviolet rays

Explanation:

Ozone layer absorbs the harmful ultraviolet radiations coming from the sun.

OR

(b) infrared
Explanation:

The atmosphere of earth is richest in infrared radiation.

iv. (d) stratosphere

Explanation:

Ozone layer lies in stratosphere.

30. i. (c) a vector quantity

Explanation:

a vector quantity

ii. (a) cylindrically symmetric

Explanation:

cylindricaly symmetric

iii. (b) C-m

Explanation:

C-m

iv. (c) 10-10 C-m

Explanation:

10-10 C-m

OR

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(d) Torque but no net force
Explanation:

Torque but no net force

Section E
31. a.

where AB = object, A'B' = image formed by objective, A''B'' = image formed by eyepiece
L is the separation between the eyepiece and the objective,
f0 is the focal length of the objective,
fe is the focal length of the eyepiece,
D is the least distance for clear vision
b. For the least distance of clear vision, the total magnification is given by:
m = −
L
(1 +
D
) = mo ⋅ me ...(i)
fo fe

Also, the given magnification for the eyepiece:

me = 5 = (1 +
D
)
f
e

⇒ 5=1+ 20

fe

⇒ fe = 5 cm
Substituting the value of m and me in equation (i), we get:
m = m0 . me
⇒ mo =
m

me
=
20
=4
5

Now, we have:
L
mo =
|f |
o

f0 = = 3.5 cm
14
⇒
4

OR

a. Two characteristic features which distinguish between interference and diffraction phenomena are
i. Interference pattern has number of equally spaced bright and dark bands while diffraction pattern has central
bright maximum which is twice as wide as the other maxima.
ii. Interference is obtained by the superposing two waves originating from two narrow slits. The diffraction pattern
is the superposition of the continuous family of waves originating from each point on a single slit
Now displacement produced by source 's1'
Y1 = a cosωt
and displacement produced by the other source ‘s2’
Y2 = a cos (ωt + θ )
Resultant displacement Y = Y1 + Y2

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= a [cos ωt + cos (ωt +θ )
= 2a cos ( ) cos (ωt + )
θ θ

2 2

Amplitude of resultant wave A = 2acos ( )

θ

Intensity, I∝ A2
l = KA2 = K 4a2cos2 ( ) θ

b. Distance of First order minima from centre of the central maxima = XD1 = λD

Distance of third order maxima from centre of the central maxima = XB3 =
7Dλ

2a

Distance between first order minima and third order maxima = XB3 - XD1
= -
7Dλ λD

2a a

= 5Dλ

2a
−9

= 5×620×10

−3
×1.5

2×3×10

= 7.75 × 10-4 m
32. i. At x = 18 cm, the potential is zero.
ii. Now, at x = 18 cm, net potential due to the two charges A and B is zero i.e.
Q Q
1 A 1 B
⋅ + ⋅ = 0
4πε0 x 4πε0 r−x

where r is the distance between the two charges.

Here, QA = 3⋅ 6 × 10-6 C, x = 18 cm = 0.18m and
r - x = 30 - 18 = 12cm = 0⋅ 12m
−9
3⋅6×10 QB
9 9
∴ 9 × 10 × + 9 × 10 × = 0
0⋅18 0⋅12

or QB = - 2⋅ 4 × 10-6 C
iii. Force on the test charge at any point = - potential gradient at that point × charge
From the graph, it follows that the potential gradient (i.e. slope of the graph) and hence the force on the test charge is
maximum at the point x = 27 cm.

OR

i. a. In the presence of electric field, the free charge carriers, in a conductor, move the charge distribution in the
conductor re-adjusting itself so that the net electric field within the conductor becomes zero.
b. In a dielectric, the external electric field induces a net dipole moment, by stretching/reorienting the molecules.
The electric field, due to this induced dipole moment, opposes, but does not exactly cancel, the external electric
field.
Polarisation: Induced dipole moment, per unit volume, is called the polarization. For linear isotropic dielectrics
having a susceptibility χc, we have
P = χc E

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Q
ii. a. Net force on the charge 2
, placed at the centre of the shell is zero.
Force on charge 2Q kept at point A
F = E × 2Q
3Q
1( )2Q 2
2 3Q
= =
2 2
4πε0 r 4πr ε0

b. Electric flux through the shell,

Q
ϕ =
2ε0
(because charge enclosed is Q/2)

33. i.

V = V0 sin(1000t + ϕ) ⇒ ω = 1000Hz

R = 400Ω, C = 2μF , L = 100mH

Capacitive reactance, X
1
c =
ωC
1
⇒ XC =
−6
1000×2×10
3
10
⇒ Xc = ⇒ Xc = 500Ω
2

Inductive reactance, X L = ωL

−3
⇒ XL = 1000 × 100 × 10 ⇒ XL = 100Ω

So, X c > XL

⇒ tan ϕ is negative.
Hence, the voltage lags behind the current by a phase angle ϕ .
XL −XC
Phase difference, tanϕ = = R
100−500 −400
tan ϕ = ⇒ tan ϕ = , tan ϕ = −1
400 400
π π
⇒ tan ϕ = − tan( ) ⇒ ϕ = −
4 4

This is the required value of the phase difference between the current and the voltage in the given series L-C-
R circuit.
ii. Suppose, new capacitance of the circuit is C'. Thus, to have power factor unity
′ R
cos ϕ = 1 =
2 ′ 2
√R +( XL −X )
C

2
2 2 ′
⇒ R = R + (XL − X )
C

′ 1 1
⇒ XL = X = or ωL =
C ′ ′
ωC ωC

2 1 2 1
⇒ ω = or (1000) = (∵ ω = 1000)
′ ′
LC LC

′ 1 1
⇒ C = =
6 −3 6
L×10 100×10 ×10
10 1 −5
= = = 10
6 5
10 10

′ −5 −6
⇒ C = 10 F = 10 × 10 F = 10μF

As, C' > C, hence, we have to add an additional capacitor of capacitance = 10μF − 2μF = 8μF in parallel with
previous capacitor.

OR

Suppose a resistance R, inductance L and capacitance C in series. An alternating source of voltage V = Vo sin ωt is
applied across it. Since all the components are connected in series, the current flowing through all is same.
Voltage across resistance R is VR, voltage across inductance L is VL and voltage across capacitance C is VC.

VR and (VC - VL) are mutually perpendicular and the phase difference between them is 90o.

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From the figure above, we have

−−−−−−−−−−−−−
..... (i)
2 2 2 2 2
V = V + ( VC − VL ) ⇒ V = √V + ( VC − VL )
R R

and VR = Ri, VC = XC i and VL = VL i ..... (ii)

where XC = = capacitance reactance and XL = ωL = inductive reactance
1

ωC
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2
∴ V = √(Ri) + ( XC i − XL i)
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2
Impendance of circuit, Z
V 2
∴ = = √R + ( XC − XL )
i
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 2

i.e. Z
2 1
= √R + ( XC − XL ) = √R + (
2 2
− ωL)
ωC

The phase difference between current and voltage is given by,

XC −XL
tan ϕ =
R

From the graph, we can see that with increase in frequency, current first increases and then decreases. At resonant
frequency, current amplitude is maximum.
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