O X F O R D I B D I P L O M A P R O G R A M M E

WORKED
SOLUTIONS

MATHEMATICS:

ANALYSIS AND APPROACHES

H I G H E R L E V E L

E N H A NC E D ON L IN E

Jennifer Chang Wathall

Josip Harcet

Rose Harrison

Lorraine Heinrichs

Marlene Torres-Skoumal

/
 Worked solutions

From patterns to generalizations:

1 sequences and series
Skills check

1 a 3x  5x  20  20x  4

 8x  20x  20  4
 12x  24

x  2

x 1 x 3
b 
2x  1 2x  1

  x  1 2x  1   x  3 2x  1
 2 x 2  3x  1  2 x 2  7 x  3
 10x  2

1
x 
5

1  2 
2

1 2
2 a 
1 2 1  2 1  2 

12 2 2 32 2
 
12 1

3  2 2

b
2 2

2 2 1 3  
1 3 1  3 1  3 
2 2 2 6

2

 2 6

x 1 2
3  
x  1 2x  1 x  1

x 2x  1  x  1   x  1  x  1  2  x  1 2 x  1

 x  1 2x  1  x  1

  
x 2 x  3x  1  x 2  1  2 2 x 2  x  1
2
  
 
x 2  1 2x  1
2 x  3x  x  x  1  4 x 2  2 x  2
3 2 2

x 2

 1 2x  1

2 x 3  3x  1
(x 2  1)(2x  1)

© Oxford University Press 2019 1

 Worked solutions

Exercise 1A

1 a Next three terms are 9, 10.5, 12

The sequence is obtained by adding 1.5 to the previous term and can be written as
3, 3  1.5, 3  2(1.5), ..., 3  (n  1)(1.5)


un  1.5n  1.5, n 

b Next three terms are 5, 2, -1

The sequence is obtained by subtracting 3 from the previous term and can be written as
17, 17   3 , 17  2(3), ..., 17  (n  1)(3)


un  20  3n, n 

c Next three terms are 243, 729, 2187

The sequence is obtained by multiplying the previous term by 3 and can be written as
3, 3  3, 3  32, 3  33, ..., 3  3n1

un  3n

13 16 19
d Next three terms are , ,
16 19 22

The sequence is obtained by adding 3 to both the previous numerator and denominator and
1 1  3 1  2  3  1  3 3  1   n  1 3
can be written as , , , , ...,
4 4  3 4  2  3  4  3 3  4   n  1 3

3n  2 
un  , n
3n  1

1 1 1
e Next three terms are , ,
90 132 182

1 1 1 1
The sequence can be written as , , , ...,
12 3 4 5 6 (2n  1)(2n)

1 
un  , n
(2n  1)(2n)

2 a ur  3  2r

u1  3  2  1
u2  3  2  2  1
u3  3  2  3  3
u4  3  2  4  5
u5  3  2  5  7

1, -1, -3, -5, -7

r
b ur 
2r  1

1 2 3 4 5
u1  , u2  , u3  , u4  , u5 
2 1  1 22 1 23 1 24 1 25 1

© Oxford University Press 2019 2

 Worked solutions

1 2 3 4 5
, , , ,
3 5 7 9 11

ur  2r   1 r
r
c

u1  2  1   1  1  1
1

u2  2  2   1  2  6
2

u3  2  3   1  3  3
3

u4  2  4   1  4  12
4

u5  2  5   1  5  5
5

1, 6, 3, 12, 5

ur   1  2
r
d

u1   1  2  2
1

u2   1  2  2
2

u3   1  2  2
3

u4   1  2  2
4

u5   1  2  2
5

-2, 2, -2, 2, -2

3
e ur 
2r 1

3
u1  3
211
3 3
u2  
22 1 2
3 3
u3  
23 1 4
3 3
u4  
24 1 8
3 3
u5  
25 1 16

3 3 3 3
3, , , ,
2 4 8 16

3 a 5, 10, 15, 20, …. The multiples of 5

ur   5r , r 

b 6, 14, 22, 30, … The sequence is obtained by adding 8 to the previous term and can be
written as

ur   8r  2 , r 

1
c The sequence is obtained by multiplying the previous term by and can be written as
2

© Oxford University Press 2019 3

 Worked solutions

1
ur   2r  , r 

 

1
d The sequence is obtained by multiplying the previous term by  and can be written as
3

 1
r 1

ur     3  
, r 



  


e The sequence can be written as 0  2, 1  3, 2  4, 3  5, ..., (n  1)  (n  1)

OR The sequence can be written as 12  1, 22  1, 32  1, 42  1, ...

ur   r 2  1 , r 

4
4 a  2r 1  r   0  4  12  24
r 1

  1
r
b r 2  0  1  4  9  16  25
r 0

5
r 1 2 3 4 5
c  3r  1  2  5  8  11  14
r 1

4
d 5  5  5  5  5
r 1

Explanation: think of this as

4 4 4 4
r
 5   5r
r 1 r 1
0
or 5  5  r
r 1 r 1

3
e  r
r 0
2

 3  3  2  1  6


r 1 11 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1
5 a 
r 1 r
2
 2  2  2 
1 2 3 42
 2  ...
5

3 4 5 6
2     ...
4 9 16 25

 1  1   1   1   1   1  ...

r 1 2 3 4 5

b  2r 
2 1  1 2 2  1 2 3  1 2  4   1 2 5  1
2 2 2 2 2 2
r 1 1

1 1 1 1
 1      ...
7 17 31 49

20
c  r 5r  1  1 5  1  1  2 5  2  1  3 5  3  1  4 5  4  1  5 5  5  1  ...
r 1

 4  18  42  76  120  ...

5
d  2
r 0
r
     
 3  20  3  21  3  22  3  23  3  24  3  ...     
 2  1  1  5  13  ...

© Oxford University Press 2019 4

 Worked solutions


e r
r 1
r
 11  22  33  44  55  ...  1  4  27  256  3125  ...

6 a The series can be written as 8  8  3  8  2  3  8  3  3  8  4  3

It has five terms and the general term can be written as ur  11  3r

 11  3r 
r 1

b The series can be written as 1  3  2  5  3  7   4  9  5  11

It has five terms and the general term can be written as ur  r  2r  1

 r 2r  1
r 1

0 1 2 3 4 5
c The series can be written as       ...
2 3 4 5 6 7

r 1
It is an infinite series and the general term can be written as ur 
r 1


r 1
 r 1
r 1

d The series can be written as 1²  3²  5²  7²  9²

It has five terms and the general term can be written as ur  2r  1 ²

 2r  1
2

r 1

e The series consists of the multiples of 3k

It has five terms and the general term can be written as ur  r  3k 

 3kr
r 1

Exercise 1B

1 a u1  3, d  5

 un  3  5  n  1  5n  2

b u1  101, d  4

 un  101  4  n  1  105  4n

c u1  a  3, d  4

 un  a  3  4  n  1  4n  a  7

d u1  20, d  15

© Oxford University Press 2019 5

 Worked solutions

 un  20  15  n  1  15n  35

2 a u1  5, d  6

 u15  5  6 15  1  5  6 14  89

b u1  10, d  7

u11  10  7 11  1  10  7 10  60

c u1  a, d  2

u17  a  2 17  1  a  2 16  a  32

d u1  16, d  4

 un1  16  4  n  1  1  16  4n

3 a u1  16, d  5
un  21  5n  64
 5n  85
 n  17

b u1  108, d  7
un  7n  115  60
 7n  175
 n  25

c u1  15, d  4
un  11  4n  95
 4n  84
 n  21

d u1  2a  5, d  2
un  2n  2a  7  2a  23
 2n  30
 n  15

4 a u1  5 1  7  2,
u2  5 2   7  3
d  3  (2)  5

b u1  3 1  11  14,
u2  3 2   11  17,
d  17  14  3

c u1  6  11 1  5,
u2  6  11 2   16,
d  16  (5)  11

© Oxford University Press 2019 6

 Worked solutions

d u1  2a  2 1  1  2a  3,
u2  2a  2 2   1  2a  5,
d  2a  5  2a  3  2

5 u6  u1  d 6  1  u1  7 5  u1  35  37

 u1  2
 un  2  7  n  1  7n  5

6 u5  u1  d 5  1  0  u1  4d  0

u15  u1  d 15  1  180  u1  14d  180

Subtracting the first equation from the second:
10d  180  d  18
and substituting this into the first equation,
u1  4 18   72

7 Method 1:

Let the three terms be a, a  d, a  2d

 a   a  d    a  2d   3a  3d  24  a  d  8
and a  a  d   a  2d   640
Substituting the first equation into the second,
 
a  8  a  2  8  a  640
 8a 16  a  640
 16a  a2  80
 a2  16a  80  0
  a  20   a  4   0 so a  4 or a  20
If a  4, d  12 so the numbers are -4, 8, 20
If a  20, d  12 so the numbers are 20, 8, -4

Method 2:

Let the three terms be a  d, a, a  d

Sum of terms 3a  24  a  8


Product of terms a a2  d2  640 
Substitute for a and solve

 
8 64  d 2  640


 64  d 2  80 
2
 d  144
 d  12

Substituting for a and d in a  d, a, a  d the three numbers would either be 4, 8, 12 or

20, 8,  4

8 In year 2017, Jung Ho earned 38000  17 500  46500

© Oxford University Press 2019 7

 Worked solutions

38000  1.5=57000
 38000  500n  57000
 n  38 so in the year 2038

9 a This is an arithmetic series with u1  3, d  3  3  6

un  9  6n  93
 6n  102
 n  17

n
Using the formula Sn 
2
u1  un 

17 17
S17 
2
3  (93)  2  90  765

b This is an arithmetic series with u1  31, d  40  31  9

un  9n  22  517
 9n  495
 n  55

55 55
 S55 
2
 31  517 
2
548  15070

c This is an arithmetic series with u1  a  1, d  a  2  (a  1)  3

un   a  1   n  1  3  a  146
 a  3n  4  a  146
 3n  150
 n  50

50
 S50 
2
 a  1  a  146  25 2a  145  50a  3625

10 a Since 3r  8 is linear relation this is an arithmetic series with 50 terms.

u1  3  8  5
u50  150  8  142
50
S50 
2
 5  142  3425

b Since 7  8r is linear relation this is an arithmetic series with 100 terms.

u1  7  8  1
u100  7  800  793
100
S100 
2
 1  793  39700

c Since 2ar  1 is linear relation in r , a is a constant this is an arithmetic series with 20

terms.

u1  2a  1
u20  40a  1
20
S20 
2
2a  1  40a  1  420a  20

© Oxford University Press 2019 8

 Worked solutions

11 a This is an arithmetic sequence with u1  4, d  5

n
Using the formula Sn 
2
2u1  (n  1)d 

15
 S15 
2
2  4  5  14  465

b This is an arithmetic sequence with u1  3, d  8

n
Using the formula Sn 
2
2u1  (n  1)d 

10
 S10 
2
2  3  9  8  390

c This is an arithmetic sequence with u1  1, d  5

n
Using the formula Sn 
2
2u1  (n  1)d 

20
 S20 
2
2  1  5  19  930

12 u5  u1  4d  19

u10  u1  9d  39
 u10  u5  5d  20  d  4
 u1  19  4d  3
25
 S25 
2
2  3  24  4  1275

13 a u3  u1  2d  8

10
S10 
2
2u1  9d   230  2u1  9d  46
Multiplying the first equation by 9: 9u1  18d  72
Multiplying the second equation by 2: 4u1  18d  92
Subtracting: 5u1  20  u1  4

8  u1
b u1  4  d   6
2

13
 S13 
2
2  4  6  12  416

14 S1  6 1  3 1  3  u1  3
2

S2  6 2   3 2   12  12  0
2

So S2  S1  u2  3
d  u2  u1  3  3  6
The first four terms of the sequence are
3, -3, -9, -15

15 S  1  3  5  ...  299 There are 150 odd numbers since 2n  1  299  n  150

© Oxford University Press 2019 9

 Worked solutions

n
Using the formula Sn 
2
u1  un 

150
S150 
2
1  299  22500

Exercise 1C

1 a u5  34  81

un  3n1

1
b u5 
2

n 1
1 1
 23 2
1 n
un  8    24 n 
2 2n  4

x9
c u5 
2

x 2 x 2n 1
 
n 1
un  x 
2 2

d u5  3

un  3  1
n

21 1
2 a r  
63 3

5
1 7
u6  63   
3 27

81 1
b r  
2  243 6

6
1 1
u7  243    
6
  192

a 2 1
c r   
6 a 3

4
a  1 a
u5    
2  3 162

0.06
3 a r  3
0.02

0.02  3n 1  393.66
 3n 1  19683

Using solve or Nsolve (depending on GDC type)

n = 10

© Oxford University Press 2019 10

 Worked solutions

32 1
b r  
64 2

n 1
1 1
64   
2
  128
 26  21 n  27
 7  n  7
 n  14

or using technology

4 u4  u1r 3  6

u7  u1r 6  48
u1r 6 48
  r3  8r 2
u1r 3 6
6 3
 u1  3

2 4

5 u3  u1r 2  6

u5  u1r 4  54
u5 u1r 4 54
  2
 r2   9  r  3
u3 u1r 6
6 2
 u1  
 3
2
3
2
 3  162 depending on which ratio is used
5
u6  u1r 5 
3

6 u1  9

u5  u1r 4  9r 4  16
16 2 2 3
 r4  r  
9 3 3
So two different sequences arise depending on which common ratio is
used. In either case, the seventh term is
6
6
 2 3 64
u7  u1r  9    
 3 3
 

a2 a4
7 r  
3a  1 a  2

© Oxford University Press 2019 11

 Worked solutions

  a  2    a  4  3a  1
2

 a2  4a  4  3a2  11a  4
 2a2  15a  8  0
 2a  1  a  8   0
1
a or a  8
2
1
 2
1 2
If a   , r   3
2  1
3   1
 2
2
If a  8, r 
5

a 1 a 2
8 r  
a 1 a 1

  a  1   a  2   a  1
2

 a2  2a  1  a2  3a  2
1
 5a  1  a 
5
1
1
3
r  5 
1 2
1
5

4
u1r 3  a  1  
5
3
 2  4 32
 u1        
 3   5  135

1
9 a r 
3

6
 1
1   
 S6  3   3   182
 1 81
1   
 3 

4 1
b r  
8 2

10
1
1 
2 1023
 S10  8 
1 64
1
2

0.03
c r   0.3
0.1

1  0.3
15

 S15  0.1   0.143  to 3s.f.

1  0.3

0.03
d r   0.3
0.1

© Oxford University Press 2019 12

 Worked solutions

1   0.3
15

S15  0.1
1   0.3
 0.0769 3s.f.

6
1
1 
 7   19608  57.2
6
10 a 7 3 i
 72 
1 343
 to 3s.f.
i 1
1
7

Or using technology
n 1 n 1
10n  1 5
b  5  10
i 0
i
 5 10i  5 
i 0 10  1

9

10n  1 
11 u1  3

1
u7  u1r 6  3r 6 
243
1 1
r6  r 
729 3
Therefore there are two possible common ratios, each corresponding
to a different sum to infinity
1 3 9
r  : S  
3  1 4
1   
 3
1 3 9
r  : S  
3 1 2
1
3

3
12 a u1  S1  
2

 1
2
 1 1  3
u2  S2  S1      1      1 
 2  2   4

 1
3
 1 2  3
u3  S3  S2      1      1  
 2   2   8

1
b The terms are in geometric progression with r   . To see this in general, note
2

 1
n
 1 n 1   1 n  1 n 1
un  Sn  Sn 1      1      1        
 2  2    2   2
n 1 n 1
 1  1  3  1
       1     
 2  2  2  2
i.e. the form of a general term in a geometric progression with first
3 1
term  and common ratio 
2 2

u3 28 1  a
13 r   1 a
u2 28

© Oxford University Press 2019 13

 Worked solutions

28
S3   28  28 1  a  147
1 a
28
  28a  91
1 a
 28  28a 1  a  91 1  a 
 28  28a  28a2  91  91a
 28a2  63a  63  0
 4a2  9a  9  0
  4a  3   a  3   0
3
so a  or a  3
4
1  a  1  0  a  2 for convergence
3
a 
4
1
 r 1 a 
4

14 Let the three pieces have lengths u1, u2 and u3

u3  u1r 2  2u1  r 2  2  r  2
Since the length of the pieces must sum to 2,


u1  2u1  2u1  3  2 u1  2 
 u1 
2


2 3 2 
3 2 7

i 2 3

x  x  x  x 
  1
i
15   1  1    1    1    1  ...
i 0 2  2  2  2 

x 
The common ratio is    1 
2 
Therefore the series converges when
x 
   1  1
 2 
x
 1  1
2
x
 1  1  1
2
 2  x  2  2
 4  x  0
When x  0.8,
u0  1 and r  0.6
1 5
 S  
1   0.6  8

Exercise 1D

1 a 220  7 10  290

8
b S8 
2
220  290  2040

© Oxford University Press 2019 14

 Worked solutions

1
c 220  10n 
2
600  20n

 20n  80
n4
so 2014

2 Let Jane's starting salary be S

Then,
S 1.015
11
 49650
49650
S  42149.535....
1.015
11

so Jane's starting salary was €42150 to the nearest euro

3 a 2  22  23  24  30

b 2  22  23  24  ...  2n  106

The left hand side is a geometric series with first term 2 and common ratio 2

2(2n  1)
  106
2 1
 2(2n  1)  106

Using GDC

Answer: 19 generations

10
4 S10 
2
2  200  9  20  2900

so 2.9kg
On the first trial she uses 100g of sugar and on the second
she uses 110g. Thereafter, if the sequence is to become geometric
the common ratio is 1.1
1.1n  1
 0.1  1.5
1.1  1
 1.1n  2.5
Using GDC n  9.614
so 9 trials
In general, the geometric model is not reliable, since if Prisana
were to carry out a large number of trials then the cake will become
excessively sweet (since geometric growth is greater than linear growth)

In fact, the ratio of sugar to flour would eventually become 1 (i.e. the mix
is entirely sugar) in the (albeit unrealistic) case that Prisana carries out the trial
a large number of times

5 a Second: 12  12  2

2 2
 2  2
Third:       1
 2   2 
2 2
1 1 1
Fourth:     
2 2 2
© Oxford University Press 2019 15
 Worked solutions

1 3 7 3 2  3
b
3
2  2  1 
2
1
   
2 2  2  2

2  4
73 2  
c The length converges to a finite value since the common ratio between two consecutive side
1
lengths is  1.
2

1
d Area of triangle = base  height
2
Required area
1 2  1  
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1  1  1  1  1  1 
= 1                
2  2   2  2 2   4  4 2   8 8 2  
 
1 1 
2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 1 1 1
 1                    
2  2 2 2 2 2 2  2  
  1 
8

 1 1     
1   2   
8
1
     1     0.996
2 1  2
1
 2 
 

 
1  1 
e S     1
2  1
 1  
 2

6 a Interest 12% pa  1% per month

Let the payment per month be x . Interest is compounded monthly

After one month the amount due is

1500  1.01  x

After 2 months the amount due is 1500  1.01  x   1.01  x  1500 1.01  1.01 x  x
2

After 3 months the amount due is

1500 1.01 2

 1.01 x  x  1.01  x  1500 1.01  1.01 x  1.01 x  x
3 2

After 24 months the amount due would be

1500 1.01  1.01 x  1.01

24 23 22
x  ...  x  0

 
 1500 1.01  x  1.01  1.01  ...  1   0
24 23 22

 
 Geometric series 
 1.0124  1 
 1500 1.01
24
 x 0
 1.01  1 
 1500 1.01
24

 100 x 1.0124  1 
 15 1.01
24

 x 1.0124  1 
15 1.01
24

x 
1.01 24
1 

© Oxford University Press 2019 16

 Worked solutions

Using technology

Monthly payments of $70.61

b Total amount paid

$70.61  24  $1694.64

=$1695

n
7 a
2
 
2  30  6  n  1  570

 60n  6n  n  1  1140
 n2  9n  190  0
  n  19   n  10   0
 n  10

b 3  0.95 10  12.5  12.5m

c 2.4  9(0.15)  3.75m

8 a Rapid: 200  10 0.05200  300 so €300

Quick: 200 1.035

10
 282.11975... so €282

Rapid/Quick: 100  10  0.05 100  100 1.035

10
 291.0599... so €291

b Rapid: 200  25 0.05200  450 so €450

Quick: 200 1.035

25
 472.649... so €473

Rapid/Quick: 100  25  0.05 100  100 1.035

25
 461.324... so €461

c The investments will be approximately equal when

After n years

Rapid investment: 200  10n

Quick investment: 200  1.034n

Rapid/Quick : 100  5n  100  1.035n

Using tables on GDC:

After 21 years the three investments yield approximately the same amount.

9 a Suppose Karim invested $x in savings, therefore $  x  1000 in bonds

and $  4000  2x  in shares

75  0.015  x   0.025  x  1000  0.01  4000  2x 
 90  0.06 x
 x  1500
so $1500 in savings, $2500 in bonds and $1000 in shares

b Now Karim is investing $1500 in savings for 10 years,

© Oxford University Press 2019 17

 Worked solutions

$990 in savings for 9 years and $2500 in bonds for 10 years.

Therefore,
1500  10  0.015 1500  990  9  0.015  990  2500 1.025
10
 6048.861...

so $6048.86 =$6049 to the nearest dollar

2500 1.025  2500  10 0.0152500  6048.86136...  26.3500...

10
c

so $26

10 a x(1  0.375  0.3752  0.3753 ) , where x is the amount administered each time.

b x(1  0.375  0.3752  ...  0.37539 )  8

 1  0.37540 
 x 8
 1  0.375 
8 1  0.375
x

1  0.37540 
5 mg should be administered each time.

c The amount of medication in the bloodsteam after n administrations is given by

 1  0.375n 
5 7
 1  0.375 
7 1  0.375
 1  0.375n 
5

 0.375n  1 
7 1  0.375
5

Using technology to solve:

There are 7mg/ml drug in the bloodstream after the third administration.

Exercise 1E

1  a  b
2
    
  a  b  a2  2ab  b2  a2  2ab  b2  2a2  2b2  2 a2  b2
2

2 A general odd number can be written in the form 2k  1 with k 

 Consider two general odd numbers 2n  1 and 2m  1, n, m 

Then,
2n  1 2m  1  4nm  2n  2m  1  2 2nm  n  m  1  2p  1
p  2nm  n  m 
 2p  1 is an odd number

3 A four digit number represented by a3a2a1a0 not to be confused with a product 

can be written in the form

N  a3  103  a2  102  a1  10  a0


You are given that a3  a2  a1  a0  9m, m 

© Oxford University Press 2019 18

 Worked solutions

 N   999  1 a3   99  1 a2  9  1 a1  a0
  999a3  99a2  9a1    a3  a2  a1  a0 
 9 111a3  11a2  a1   9m
 9(111a3  11a2  a1  m)
i.e. if 9 divides the sum of the digits the number itself is divisible by 9
Hence 3978, 9864 and 5670 are divisible by 9 but 5453 and 7898 are not

 ad  bc    bd  ac 
2 2
4

 a2d 2  2abcd  b2c 2  b2d 2  2abcd  a2c 2

 a2d 2  b2c 2  b2d 2  a2c 2
 
 a2 c 2  d 2  b2 c 2  d 2  
  a  b  c  d 
2 2 2 2

1 2 1 2 1 2
5 S       ...
3 9 27 81 243 729

1 1 1 2 2 2
S     ...     ...
3 27 243 9 81 729
1 1 1
2
1 1
4
 1 1  1  1  1 2 
S         ...  2         ...
3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9 9 9 
 
1
Two different infinite geometric series, each with common ratio ,
9
and so both series converge.
 1   1 
 3   
S    2 9 
 1  1   1  1 
 9  9
1 9 1 9 1
     2   
3 8 9 8 8

6 Consider an arbitrary integer n  . Then,

 n  1
2
 n2  n2  2n  1  n2  2n  1 is odd

1 1 1
7  
n 1 n n 1

n  n  1   n  1  n  1  n  n  1

n  n  1  n  1



n  n  n2  1  n2  n
2


n n2  1 
2
n 1


n n2  1 
1 1 1 62  1 37 37
     
5 6 7 6 6 1
2
6 35 210  
ab ab
8 Area of trapezium:
2
h
2
 a  b

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 Worked solutions

Similarly, the area in terms of the triangles BAE, BEC and EDC are
1 1 1 1
ab  c 2  ab  ab  c 2
2 2 2 2
Equating the areas,
 a  b
2
1
 ab  c 2   a  b   2ab  c 2
2

2 2
 a2  2ab  b2  2ab  c 2
 a2  b2  c 2

Exercise 1F

1 Suppose for the sake of contradiction that n2 is odd but n is even

Then n2  2m  1 for some m  and n  2k for some k 

But then n  2k   4k  2m  1
2 2 2

4k 2 is even but 2m  1 is odd, so this is a contradiction

 n2 is odd  n is also odd

a
2 Assume for the sake of contradiction that 3 where a, b 
b

are coprime (i.e. they have no common factors).

a2
Then, 3   a2  3b2
b2
If p is a prime number and p divides a2 , where a   , then p must divide a.
Therefore, a must be a multiple of 3  a  3k for some
k  . This implies 9k 2  3b2  b2  3k 2 so b is also divisible
by 3.
Therefore 3 is a common factor of a and b. But we assumed that
a and b have no common factors, so this is a contradiction.

5
3 Suppose for the sake of contradiction that 2 is rational

5 5 a
Then 2 can be written in the form 2  where
b

a, b  are relatively coprime (i.e. share no common factors)
 a5  2b5 so 2 divides a  a  2m for some m  

 b5  24 m5 so b5 is even which means that b is also even.

So 2 divides both a and b, but it was assumed that a and b
shared no common factors. This is a contradiction.

4 Suppose for the sake of contradiction that there exist p, q 

such that p2  8q  11  0
 p2  8q  11 so p is an odd integer
 p  2k  1 for some k 
 2k  1  8q  11
2

 4k 2  4k  1  8q  11

 4 k 2  k  2q  10 
 2 k 2
 k  2q   5
but LHS is even whereas RHS is odd; this is a contradiction

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 Worked solutions

5 Suppose for the sake of contradiction that for some a, b  , 12a2  6b2  0

2
a2  a  a
 12a2  6b2  2a2  b2  2     2 ,
b2  b  b

a contradiction since we know that 2 is irrational.

6 Suppose for the sake of contradiction that for a, b, c  , the equation a2  b2  c2 is satisfied

You are given that a2  b2  c2, where a, b, c  and c  2k  1, k 

We are required to prove that either a or b must be even.

Assume that both a and b are odd

a  2p  1 and b  2q  1, p, q 
 a2  b2  2p  1  2q  1
2 2

 4 p2  4 p  1  4q2  4q  1
 2(2 p2  2 p  2q2  2q  1)  2n, n 
You know that a2  b2  c 2 and c  2k  1, k 
 
c 2  2k  1  4k 2  4k  1  2 2k 2  2k  1  2m  1, m 
2

2 2 2
a b c
 2n  2m  1

The left-hand side is an even number and the right-hand side represents an odd number.

This is a contradiction.

Now let us assume that both a and b are even a  2p and b  2q

 
a2  b2  2p   2q   2 2p2  2q2  2s, s 
2 2

2 2 2
a b c
 2s  2m  1

The left-hand side is an even number and the right-hand side represents an odd number which
is a contradiction

Hence, we have proved that precisely one of a or b must be even.

7 Suppose there exists n, k  such that n2  2  4k

Then n must be divisible by 2 and can be written in the form

n  2m with m 
 4m2  2  4k
1
 m2  k  
2
But the left-hand side is an integer whereas the right-hand side is
not; this is a contradiction

8 Suppose p is irrational, q is rational and for the sake of contradiction that

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 Worked solutions

p  q is rational. Then,
a c
q and p  q  for some a, b, c, d 
b d
c c a bc  ad
 p  q    
d d b bd
But by assumption, p was irrational. This is a contradiction.


9 Let m, n  and suppose for the sake of contradiction that m2  n2  1

Then,
m2  n2   m  n   m  n   1
Since m, n   , m  n
The product of two positive integers can only give 1, if both are 1 or both are  1.
i.e.
m  n  m  n  n  n

This is a contradiction since n 

10 a Take m  n  1

b Take any prime number: the number is certainly divisible by itself

but is still a prime

c Take n  4 : 24  1  16  1  15  35

d Take the same example as in part c.

e 1  2  3  6, not divisible by 4

f 1  2  3  4  10, not divisible by 4

Exercise 1G

1 a i 1 3 1 1 3 5  3 1 1 35 7 5 31

ii 1  4 49 9  16

b based on line divisions

1 3 5  7  9  7 5  3 1 1  3  5  7  9  11  9  7  5  3  1

based on colour 16  25 25  36

c Organizing our findings

© Oxford University Press 2019 22

 Worked solutions

13 1  1 4
13 5 3 1  4  9
1  3  5  7  5  3  1  9  16
1  3  5  7  9  7  5  3  1  16  25
1  3  5  7  9  11  9  7  5  3  1  25  36
.
.
.
2 1  3  5  ...  2k  1  2k  1  k 2  (k  1)2

Conjecture: P(n): 2 1  3  5  ...  2n  1  2n  1  n2  (n  1)2, n  

 
d LHS = 2 1  3  5  ...  2n  1  2n  1
 sum of first n odd numbers 

n 
 2  1  (2n  1)   2n  1
2 
 n(2n)  2n  1
 2n2  2n  1
 n2  n2  2n  1
 n2  (n  1)2

e P(n): 2 1  3  5  ...  2n  1  2n  1  n2  (n  1)2, n  

When n  1

LHS = 2(1)  3  5

RHS= 12  22  5

LHS=RHS therefore P(1) is true.


Assume that P(k) is true for some k 

i.e. 2 1  3  5  ...  2k  1  2k  1  k 2  (k  1)2

Required to prove that P(k+1) is true

i.e. 2 1  3  5  ...  (2k  1)  (2k  1)  2k  3   k  1  (k  2)2 using the assumption

2

LHS=  2 1  3  5  ...  (2k  1)  2(2k  1)  2k  3

 2 1  3  5  ...  (2k  1)  (2k  1)  4k  4
 k 2  (k  1)2  4k  4
 (k  1)2  k 2  4k  2
  k  1  (k  2)2
2

Since P(1) was shown to be true, and it was shown that if P(k) is true, where k   ,
then P(k+1) is true, it follows by the principle of mathematical induction that P(n) is true for

all n 

© Oxford University Press 2019 23

 Worked solutions

1  1
2 a P  n : 12  22  32  ...  n2  n  n  1  n  
3  2 
When n  1,
LHS  12  1
1  1 1 3
RHS  1 1  1 1 1    2     1
3  2 3 2
LHS = RHS  P(1) is true.

Assume the statement is true for n  k , where k 

1  3
Required to prove that when n  k  1, 12  22  32  ...  k 2   k  1   k  1  k  2  k  
2

3  2

LHS = 12  22  32  ...  k 2   k  1
2

1  1
k  k  1  k     k  1
2

3  2

1  1 
  k  1  k  k     k  1 
 3  2  
1   1 
  k  1  k  k    3  k  1 
3   2  
1 k

3
 k  1  k 2  2  3k  3 
 
1  2 7k 
  k  1  k   3
3  2 
1  2k 2  7k  6 

3
 k  1 
2

 
1   k  2  2k  3 

3
 k  1 
 2

 

1  2k  3 

3
 k  1  k  2  2 
 
1  3

3
 k  1  k  2   k  
2


=RHS

Since it was shown that P(1) is true and that P(k + 1) is true given P(k) is true for k 

it follows by the principle of mathematical induction that P(n) is true for all n 

n  n  1
P  n : 1  4  9  16  ...   1 n2   1
n 1 n 1
b
2

When n  1

© Oxford University Press 2019 24

 Worked solutions

LHS = 1
1 1  1
RHS=  1
11
1
2
Assume the statement P  k  is true for some k  
i.e.
k  k  1
1  4  9  16  ...   1 k 2    1
k 1 k 1

2
When n  k  1,
LHS = 1  4  9  16  ...   1 k 2   1  k  1
k 1 k 2 2

Use assumption

k  k  1
  1   1  k  1
k 1 k 2 2

2
k
  1  k  1  2   k  1
k 1

 
 k  2(k  1) 
  1  k  1 
k 1

2 
 
  k  2 
  1  k  1 
k 1

 2 
 k  1   k  1  1
  1
k 2

2
i.e. P  k   P  k  1

Since P 1 is true and P  k   P  k  1 for k  

then by the principle
of mathematical induction, the statement is true for all positive integers

n
c P  n : 2 i
 2n 1  1
i 0

When n  0
0
LHS  2
i 0
i
 20  1

RHS  20 1  1  2  1  1
LHS  RHS  P(1) is true

k
Assume that P  k  is true for some k  i.e. 2 i
 2k 1  1
i 0

When n  k  1
k 1 k

2
i 0
i
 2
i 0
i
 
 2k 1  2k 1  1  2k 1  2k 1  2k 1  1  2  2k 1  1  2k 2  1

i.e. P  k   P  k  1

Since P 1 is true and P  k   P  k  1 for k  then by the principle

of mathematical induction, the statement is true for all natural numbers

d P  n : 9n  1 is divisible by 8 (for n  )

© Oxford University Press 2019 25

 Worked solutions

P(n) : 9n  1  8 A, for n  , A 
When n  0
LHS = 90  1  0 = 8  0
 P(1) is true
Assume P  k  to be true for some k 
i.e. 8 divides 9k  1  9k  1  8m for some m 
Then,
9k 1  1  9  9k  1  9  8m  1  1  9 8m  9  1
 8  9m  8  8  9m  1
so 8 also divides 9k 1  1
i.e. P  k   P  k  1
Since P 0 is true and P  k   P  k  1 for k  then by the principle
of mathematical induction, the statement is true for all natural numbers

n2  n  1
2

e P  n : 13  23  33  ...  n3 
4

LHS = 13  1
12 1  1
2

RHS  1
4
LHS =RHS
 P 1 is true
Assume P  k  is true for some k 

k 2  k  1
2

i.e. 13  23  33  ...  k 3 
4

Then,
k 2  k  1
2

13  23  ...  k 3   k  1    k  1
3 3

use assumption 4

 k  1  k 2  4k  4
2
 k  1
2


4
 k 2  4  k  1  4
 k  1   k  1  1
2 2
 k  1  k  2
2 2

 
4 4
i.e. P  k   P  k  1

Since P 1 is true and P  k   P  k  1 for k  

then by the principle
of mathematical induction, the statement is true for all positive integers.

f P  n : n3  n =3A, for n  , A 

© Oxford University Press 2019 26

 Worked solutions

When n  0:
10  1  0 = 3  0
 The statement P  0 is true
Assume P  k  is true for some k 
k 3  k  3m for some m 
 k 3  3m  k
When n  k  1,

LHS =  k  1   k  1  k 3  3k 2  3k  1   k  1
3

 2
 
 3m  3 k  k  3 m  k  k , m  k  k  2
 2

i.e. P  k   P  k  1

Since P 0 is true and P  k   P  k  1 for k  then by the principle

of mathematical induction, the statement is true for all natural numbers

1 1 1 1 n
g P  n :    ...   ,
12 2  3 3 4 n  n  1 n  1

When n  1:
1 1
LHS  
12 2
1 1
RHS= 
11 2
LHS=RHS  P 1 is true
Assume P  k  is true for some k  

1 1 1 k
i.e.   ...  
12 2 3 k  k  1 k  1

When n  k  1,
1 1 1 1
LHS    ...  
12 23 k  k  1  k  1  k  2 
use assumption

k 1 1  1 
   k  
k  1  k  1  k  2  k  1  k  2
1  k  k  2  1  1  k 2  2k  1 
     
k 1 k 2  k 1 k 2 

1   k  1  k  1
2
k 1
  
k  1  k  2  k  2  k  1  1
 
i.e. P  k   P  k  1

Since P 1 is true and P  k   P  k  1 for k  

then by the principle
of mathematical induction, the statement is true for all positive integers

h P  n : n3  n = 6A for all n  
,A

© Oxford University Press 2019 27

 Worked solutions

When n  1
13  1  0  0  6
 P 1 is true
Assume P  k  is true for some k  

k 3  k  6m for some m 
 k 3  k  6m
When n  k  1,
 k  1
3

  k  1  k 3  3k 2  3k  1   k  1 
2
 k  6m  3k  2k
 6m  3k  k  1
but k  k  1 must be an even number since any pair of consecutive
natural numbers contains an even number
 k  k  1  2r for some r  

  k  1   k  1  6  m  r  which is divisible by 6
3

i.e. P  k   P  k  1

Since P 1 is true and P  k   P  k  1 for k  

then by the principle
of mathematical induction, the statement is true for all positive integers

i P  n : 2n2  32n1 =7A n   

,A 
When n  1
LHS=212  32 1  23  33  8  27  35  7  5
 P 1 is true
Assume that P  k  is true for some k  

2k 2  32k 1  7m for some m  

 2k 2  7m  32k 1

When n  k  1,
LHS =2
k 1  2
 3    2  2k 2  9  32k 1
2 k 1 1

 
 2 7m  32k 1  9  32k 1
2 k 1
 14m  2  3  9  32k 1
2 k 1
 14m  7  3
 
 7 2m  32k 1 where 2m  32k 1 
so P  k   P  k  1

Since P 1 is true and P  k   P  k  1 for k  

then by the principle
of mathematical induction, the statement is true for all positive integers.

n 2n  1 2n  1
P  n : 12  32  52  ...  2n  1 
2
j
3

© Oxford University Press 2019 28

 Worked solutions

When n  1
LHS =12  1
1 2  1 3
RHS  1
3
LHS =RHS
 P 1 is true
Assume that P  k  is true for some k  

k 2k  1 2k  1
i.e. 12  32  52  ...  2k  1 
2

3
When n  k  1
LHS =12  32  52  ...  2k  1  2k  1
2 2

use assumption

k 2k  1 2k  1
 2k  1
2

3
2k  1

3
 k 2k  1  3 2k  1 
  1
2k

3

2k 2  5k  3 

2k  1 2k  3  k  1
3
 k  1 2  k  1  1 2  k  1  1

3
i.e. P  k   P  k  1

Since P 1 is true and P  k   P  k  1 for k  

then by the principle
of mathematical induction, the statement is true for all positive integers.

n
n
k P  n :  r  r  1  3  n  1  n  2
r 1

When n  1
1
LHS =  r  r  1  1 1  1  2
r 1

1
RHS = 1  1 1  2   2
3
 P 1 is true

Assume P  k  to be true for some k  

k
k
i.e.  r  r  1  3  k  1  k  2
r 1

When n  k + 1,
k 1 k
LHS = r  r  1   r  r  1   k  1  k  2
r 1 r 1

k
  k  1  k  2    k  1  k  2 
3
 k  1  k  2 k  3   k  1  k  1  1     k  1  2

3
  3
i.e. P  k   P  k  1

Since P 1 is true and P  k   P  k  1 for k  

then by the principle
of mathematical induction, the statement is true for all positive integers.

© Oxford University Press 2019 29

 Worked solutions

n
1 n
l P  n :  r  r  1  n  1
r 1

When n  1
1
1 1 1
LHS =  r  r  1  1 1  1  2
r 1

1 1
RHS = 
11 2
 P 1 is true
Assume P  k  is true for some k  

k
1 k
i.e.  r  r  1  k  1
r 1

When n  k  1
k 1
1 k
1 1
LHS =  r  r  1   r  r  1   k  1  k  2
r 1 r 1

k 1
 
k  1  k  1  k  2 
1  1 
 k  
k 1 k  2
1  k  k  2  1 
  
k  1  k 2 
1  k 2  2k  1 
  
k 1 k 2 
1   k  1  k  1
2

 
k 1 k  2  k  2
 
 P(k )  P(k  1)

Since P 1 is true and P  k   P  k  1 for k  

then by the principle
of mathematical induction, the statement is true for all positive integers.

3 a Best proved by direct argument:

 4n  3   4n  3
2 2

  4n  3  4n  3  4n  3  4n  3
  8n  6   48n  12(4n) so is always divisible by 12

(induction amongst other methods is also valid)

b False: substituting n  1 gives 75 which is not prime

c Best proved by induction:

P  n  : 13  33  ...  2n  1  n2 2n2  1

3
 
When n  1
LHS= 13  1

RHS=12 2  12  1  1 
LHS=RHS
 P 1 is true:

© Oxford University Press 2019 30

 Worked solutions

Assume the statement P  k  is true for some k  

i.e. 13  33  ...  2k  1  k 2 2k 2  1

3
 
When n  k  1
LHS =13  33  ...  2k  1  2k  1
3 3

Use assumption

k 2
2k 2

 1  2k  1
3

 2k 4  k 2  8k 3  12k 2  6k  1
 2k 4  8k 3  11k 2  6k  1 (use factor theorem to factorize or expand right hand side of P(k+1) to obtain same polynomial)


  k  1 2k  6k  5k  1 3 2

  k  1  k  1 2k  4k  1  2


  k  1 2  k  1  1
2 2

so P  k   P  k  1

Since P 1 is true and P  k   P  k  1 for k  

then by the principle
of mathematical induction, the statement is true for all positive integers.

d Best proved by induction:

P  n  : 1  2  2  3  3  4...   n  1  n 

n n2  1 
3
When n  1
LHS= 0  1  0

RHS=

1 12  1  0
3
LHS=RHS
 P 1 is true
Assume the statement P  k  is true for some k  

i.e. 1  2  2  3  3  4...   k  1  k 

k k2  1 
3

When n  k  1
LHS= 1  2  2  3  3  4...   k  1  k  k  k  1
use assumption



k k 1 2

 k  k  1
3
k  k  1 (k  1)  3k  k  1

3
(k  1)(k  k  1  3k )

3



(k  1) (k  1)2  1 
3
so P  k   P  k  1

Since P 1 is true and P  k   P  k  1 for k  

then by the principle
of mathematical induction, the statement is true for all positive integers.

e Best proved by direct argument:

© Oxford University Press 2019 31

 Worked solutions

 
n3  n  n n2  1   n  1 n  n  1
this is the product of three consecutive positive integers
(in the case n  1, 0 is divisible by 3 so done)
Three consecutive positive integers always include
a multiple of 3, so the product is always divisible by 3

Exercise 1H

1 8! 6! 6!56  1  39600

9! 8! 8!9  1  403200

7! 6! 6!7  1  4320

6! 5! 5!6  1  840

 n  1 ! n! n! n  1  1  n  n!

n !  n  1 !  n  1 ! n  1   n  1 n  1!
n !  n  1 !  n  1 ! n  1   n  1 n  1!

 n  1 ! n! n! n  1  1   n  2 n!

8! 8  7  6!
2 a   14
4  6! 4  6!

4!  5!  4 3! 5! 4 2
b   
3!  6! 3! 6  5! 6 3

c
10! 8!  10! 8 7 6! 
56
11! 6! 11 10! 6! 11

3 a
 n  1 !   n  1 !   n  1
n!   n  1 ! n ! 1   n  1  n

n ! +  n  1 ! n ! 1  n  1
b   n2
n! n!

 n!  n!  1  n !  1
2
1
c   1  n!
n!  1 n!  1

2n  2 ! n!  (2n  2)(2n  1)  2(2n  1)

2

4
 n  1 ! 2n !
2
(n  1)2 n 1

n n!
5 C2   66
 n  2 !2!

© Oxford University Press 2019 32

 Worked solutions

n!
  n  n  1  132
  2 !
n
 n2  n  132  0
  n  12   n  11  0
n  0 so n  12

6 16  n  1 !  5n!  n  1 !

 16  5n   n  1 n
 n2  6n  16  0
  n  8  n  2  0
n2  n  0
7 a 13!

b 4! 4! 3! 2! 4!  165888

8 26  25  24  10  9  1404000

23
9 a C5  33649

b Number of ways of choosing all boys = 13 C5

10
Number of ways of choosing all girls C5

Number of ways of choosing at least one boy and at least one girl

= 23
C5   13

C5 10 C5  32110

10 a 6  73  2058

b 6  6  5  4  720

c Last digit must be 0, 4 or 8

6  7  7  3  882

d Last digit must be 0

6  7  7  1  294

11 6 C4  15

12 There are 5C3 ways to choose the drivers.

Then, there are 9 ways to choose passenger for small car.

This leaves 8 persons to choose 4 passenghers for second car and the rest
go in the third car.
  5

C3  3!  9 8 C4 4 C4  37800

© Oxford University Press 2019 33

 Worked solutions

Exercise 1I

 x  11 10  x  11 10 9   x   ...

11 2 3
 x
1 a 1    1  11         
 3  3 2!  3 3!  3

11x 55x 2 55x 3

1    ...
3 9 9

 x  7   6   x  7 6  5  x   ...

7 2 3
 x
b 1    1  7        
 2 2 2!  2  3! 2
2 3
7x 21x 35x
1    ...
2 4 8
8 8
 2 8  2 
c  x    x 1  2 
 x  x 

  2   8  7   2  8 7 6   2 3  ...

2

 x 8 1  8  2       2
 x  2!  x 2  3! x  
8 6 4 2
 x  16 x  112x  448x  ...

C4  a  2b
10 6 4
2 a  3360a6b4

2
9  4 
b 11
C2  a  2   880a5
a 

3
5  2y 
c 8
C3  x    2 3
  448x y
 x 

3 General term is given by

r
 2 
Cr  x 
12 12  r 0
  2   Nx
 x 
Comparing powers of x
12  r  2r  0
r 4
4
8  2 
12 C4  x    2   7920
 x 

4 4
 x  x 
4  2    16 1  
 5  10 

  x  4  x  4
2 3
 x  4  x  
4

 16  4 C0  4 C1     C2     C3     C4    
  10   10   10   10  

 2 x 3x 2 x3 x4 
 16 1     
 5 50 250 10000 
32x 24x 2 8x 3 x4
 16    
5 25 125 625
4
 0.05 
 1.99    2 
4

 5 
32  0.05 24 0.05 8 0.05  0.05
2 3 4

16    
5 25 125 625
 15.68239 to 5d.p.

© Oxford University Press 2019 34

 Worked solutions

5 General term is given by

r
 1
 
6r
6
Cr x 2     Nx
6

 x
Comparing powers of x
12  2r  r  6
r 2
2
 1
 
4
6
C2 x 2     15x
6

 x

5 2 3 4 5
 y 5 4 y  3 y  2 y  y y
6 a  x    x  5x    10x    10x    5x     
 x  x
  x
  x
  x
  x

10y 3 5y 4 y 5
 x5  5x 3y  10xy 2   3  5
x x x

 10y 3 5y 4 y 5 
b 2x  y   x5  5x 3y  10xy 2  x
 3  5
x x 

Term in x 3y 2 is
 
y 5x 3y  5x 3y 2 so 5

7 a n 1
C4 
 n  1 !
4!  n  3 !

8  n! 4  n!
b 23 n C3  
 n  3 !3! 3   n  3 !

c
 n  1 !  4  n!
4!  n  3 ! 3   n  3 !

4  4!
 n 1   32
3
 n  31

 
5
8 a 3 2

 3  3    2   10  3    2   3   2 
5 4 3 2 2 3
 5  10

 5  3   2     2 
4 5

 9 3  45 2  60 3  60 2  20 3  4 2
 89 3  109 2

4 4
 1   5
b  2    2  
 5  5 
2 3 4
 5  5  5  5
       
4 3 2
 2 4 2    6 2    4 2   
 5   5 
 5   5     
8 10 12 4 10 1
 4   
5 5 25 25
161 44
  10
25 25

© Oxford University Press 2019 35

 Worked solutions

1  5   1  5 
7 7
c


 5  5    5  
3 5 7
 2  7 5  35  21


 2 7 5  175 5  525 5  125 5 

 1664 5

C0  2 n C1  4 n C2  8 n C3  ...   1 2r n Cr  ...   1 2n n Cn

n r n
9 a

 1  2   1
n n

C0 n C1 n C3  ... n Cn  1  1  2n
n n
b

Exercise 1J

1
 1  x   1   1 x 
 1  2 x 2   1  2  3 x 3  ...
   
1
1 a
1 x 2! 3!

 1  x  x2  x3  ...

1
 1  2x 
2
b
1  2x 
2

 1   2  2x  
 2  3  2  3  4
 2x   2x 
2 3
  ...
2! 3!
 1  4x  12x 2  32x 3  ...

c Using the answer to part a and substituting 2x for x,

2
1  2x

 2 1  2x   2 1  2x  4x 2  8x 3  ...
1

 2  4x  8x 2  16 x 3  ....

2
 2 1  x 
3
d
1  x 
3


2 1   3   x  
 3  4  x 2   3  4  5  x 3  ...
2!
  3!
  
 
 2  6 x  12x 2  20x 3  ...

1  2x  1  2x  2
1

2 a

1 1 1 1 3

1 2 2 2 2 2
 1  2 x      2x 2      2x 3  ...
2 2
  3!
 
1 1
 1  x  x2  x 3  ...
2 2

31 31 1
3 22 22 2
1  x   1  x      x2      x 3  ...
3

b 2

2 2! 3!

© Oxford University Press 2019 36

 Worked solutions

3 x 3x 2 x 3
1    ...
2 8 16

1  3x 
 12
c

 1 3  1 3 5

 1  2 2  2 2 2
 1      3x      3x 2 
      3x 3  ...
 
 2 2 3!
3x 27x 2 135 3
1   x  ...
2 8 16

2 1  x  3
1

 1 2 1 2 5 

 1 3 3 3 3 3 
 2 1  x      2
x        x  ...
3

 3 2 3! 
 
 
 1 1 2 5 3 
 2 1  x  x  x  ...
 3 9 81 
2 x 2 x 2 10 x 3
2    ...
3 9 81

1 x 1 1
 1  x 2 1  x  2

3
1 x

 1 1 1 1 3   1 3  1 3 5 


1 2 2 2 2 2   2 2  2 2 2 
 1  x      x2       x 3  .. 1  1 x     x2      x 3  ..
 2 2 3!  2 2 3! 
  
  
 x x2 x3  x 3x 2 5x 3 
 1     ... 1     ...
 2 8 16  2 8 16 
x2 x3
1 x    ...
2 2

x
 x 1  x 
2
4
1  x 
2


 x 1   2 x 
 2  3 x 2   2  3  4 x 3  ...

 2! 3! 
 x 1  2x  3x 2  4x 3  ...
 x  2x 2  3x 3  4x 4  ...
3
1 3 
 2  3x 
3
5  1  x 
8 2 

1  3x   3  4   3x   3  4  5   3x 3  ...

2

 1   3          
8   2  2!  2  3!  2  

1 9 x 27x 2 135x 3 
 1     ...
8 2 2 4 
1 9 x 27x 2 135x 3
     ...
8 16 16 32

© Oxford University Press 2019 37

 Worked solutions

1  4x  1  4x  2
1

6 a

1 1 1 1 3

1 2 2 2 2 2
 1   4x       4x 2 
      4x 3  ...
 
2 2! 3!
 1  2x  2x 2  4x 3  ...

 1   96  4 2 6
b 1  4      6 
 100   100  10 5

5  1 
c 6  1  4 
2  100 

2 3
5  1   1   1 
 (1  2    2   4   ...)
2  100   100   100 
 2.44949

1
 1  2x 
 12
7 a
1  2x

 1 3  1 3 5

 1  2 2  2 2 2
 1      2x      2x 2 
      2x 3 ....
 
 2 2! 3!
3x 2 5x 3
1 x    ...
2 2

(2  3x)3  3x 2 5x 3 
b  (2  3x)3 1  x    ...
1  2x  2 2 

Expanding

 2  2 2 3 



 3  2   3 x   3 2  3 x   3 x  1  x 
3 3x 2 5x 3
2

2

 ...

 8  8 x  12x 2  20x 3  ...
+36x  36 x 2  54 x 3  ...
+54x 2  54 x 3  ...
 27 x 3  ....
 8  44x  102x 2  155x 3  ...

© Oxford University Press 2019 38

 Worked solutions

Chapter review

9
1 u2  u1r  9  u1 
r


S3  u1 1  r  r 2  91 
9

r

1  r  r 2  91 
 9  9r  9r 2  91r
 9r 2  82r  9  0
  9r  1  r  9   0
1
r  or r  9
9
Therefore there are two geometric sequences:
1 1
r   u4 
9 9
r  9 :  u4  729

2 u1  1

1  2  3  4  5  7  8  9  11  13  15  16  17  ...  64
 1  3  5  7  ...  63  2  4  8  16  ...  64 
arithmetic series Finite geometric series,u=2, r=2, n=6
sum of first 32 odd numbers
6
32 2(2  1)

2
1  63 
2 1
 1024  126
 1150

3 b  a  d, c  a  2d  a  d  12  a  12  d

c a a  2d a
  
b c ad a  2d
 (a  2d )2  a(a  d )
Substituting for a
 12  d  2d   12 12  d 
2

 12  d   144  12d

2

 144  24d  d 2  144  12d  0

 d 2  36d  d  d  36   0
d  0, d  36
a  48
b  48  36  12
c  48  72  24

1 1 1 1
4 a   
1 x  2  1  x 3  2x
3 1  x 
 3 

3  2x  1  x  x 2 x 2
  
1  x  3  2x  3  2 x  3x  2 x 2 2 x 2  5x  3

1
x 2 1 2 
 1  x   1  x 
1
b 2
2 x  5x  3 3 3 

© Oxford University Press 2019 39

 Worked solutions

1 2 4 2 8 3 

 1  x  x 2  x 3  ...   1  x  x 
3 3 9 27
x  ...

2 7 23 2 73 3
  x x  x  ...
3 9 27 81

n! 1
5 a n
C2  n  n n  n  1  n
 n  2 !2! 2

1 1 1  n  1 !
 n  n  1  2   n  n  1 
2 2 2  n  1 !


 n  1 ! n 1 C2
2!  n  1 !

b n
C2 n 2 Ck 2 
n!

 n  2 !
2!  n  2 !  n  k  !  k  2 !

n! n! 1
  
2!  n  k  !  k  2  !  n  k  ! 2!  k  2  !
n!k ! 1
 
 n  k  ! k ! 2! k  2 !
n! k!
 
 n  k  ! k ! 2! k  2 !
n Ck k C2

1  x 
n
6 n C0 n C1x n C2 x2  ... n Cr x r  ... n Cn x n

n C0  n C1  3  n C2  32  ...  n Cr  3r  ...  n Cn  3n

 
n
 1  3  4n  22
n
 22n

1
7 Suppose there exist integers a and b such that 14a  7b  1. Then, 2a  b  .
7

But the left-hand side is an integer whereas the right-hand side is not.
This is a contradiction. Therefore there are no such integers.

13  7
8 Suppose x  3 and 5x  7  13. Then, x   4. But x  3, so this is a contradiction
5

9 a Take, for example, a  0 and b  1

b Take, for example, n  5 : 35  2  245  5  49 which is not prime

c Take, for example, n  1: 2 1  1  1  1 which is rational

d Take, for example, n  1: 21  1  1 and 1is not prime

10 P  n : 1  1!  22  2!  33  3!  ...   nn  n!   n!

n 1

When n  1
LHS= 1  1!  1
RHS= 1!
11
 12  1
LHS=RHS
 P 1 is true

© Oxford University Press 2019 40

 Worked solutions

Assume the statement P  k  is true for some k  


i.e. 1  1!  22  2!  ... k k  k !   k !    k 1

When n  k  1
LHS= 1  1!  22  2!  ... k k  k !        k  1 k 1

  k  1 !
use assumption

  k !   k  1 !  k  1
k 1 k 1

Regrouping

  k  1 k !  k  1 !
k 1


   k  1 !  k  1 !
k 1

   k  1 !
k 2

so P  k   P  k  1
Therefore, it has been shown that P 1 is true and that if P  k  is true
for some k  
then so is P  k  1 . Therefore, the statement is true
for all positive integers by the principle of mathematical induction

11 P  n : n3  2n = 3A, A 

When n  1
13  2 1  3
The statement P 1 is true

Assume that P  k  is true for some k  

k 3  2k  3m for some m  

3
 k  3m  2k
When n  k  1
LHS=  k  1  2  k  1
3

 k 3  3k 2  3k  1  2k  2
 3m  2k  3k 2  5k  3

 3 m  k2  k  1 
 P  k   P  k  1
Therefore, it has been shown that P 1 is true and that if P  k  is true
for some k  
then so is P  k  1 . Therefore, the statement is true
for all positive integers by the principle of mathematical induction.

n n  n  1
12 a P  n : r 
r 1 2

When n  1
1
LHS= r
r 1
1

1 1  1
RHS=  1
2
P 1 is true

Assume that P  k  is true for some k  

k k  k  1
i.e. r 
r 1 2

© Oxford University Press 2019 41

 Worked solutions

When n  k  1,
k 1 k k  k  1  k  1
 r   r   k  1 
r 1 r 1 2

1


 k  1  k  2
2
so P  k   P  k  1
Therefore, it has been shown that P 1 is true and that if P  k  is true
for some k  
then so is P  k  1 . Therefore, the statement is true
for all positive integers by the principle of mathematical induction

n n  n  1 2n  1
b P  n : r 2

r 1 6

When n  1
1
LHS= r r 1
2
1

1 1  1 2  1
RHS=  1
6
P 1 is true

Assume that P  k  is true for some k  

k k  k  1 2k  1
i.e. r
r 1
2

6
When n  k  1,
k 1 k k  k  1 2k  1
r r   k  1   k  1
2 2 2 2

r 1 r 1 6
k 1 k 1

6 
k 2k  1  6  k  1  
6
2k 2  7k  6  
k 1

6
2k  3  k  2
 k  1  k  2 2  k  1  1

6
so P  k   P  k  1
Therefore, it has been shown that P 1 is true and that if P  k  is true
for some k  
then so is P  k  1 . Therefore, the statement is true
for all positive integers by the principle of mathematical induction

n2  n  1
2
n
c P  n :  r 3 
r 1 4

When n  1
1
LHS= r r 1
3
1

12 1  1
2

RHS=  1
4
P 1 is true
Assume that P  k  is true for some k  

k 2  k  1
2
k
i.e. r
r 1
3

4

© Oxford University Press 2019 42

 Worked solutions

When n  k  1,
k 1 k

r r   k  1
3 3 3

r 1 r 1

 k  1
2 2
k
  k  1
3

4
 k  1
2

 k 2  4  k  1 
4
 k  1  k 2  4k  4
2


4
 k  1  k  2
2 2


4
so P  k   P  k  1
Therefore, it has been shown that P 1 is true and that if P  k  is true
for some k  
then so is P  k  1 . Therefore, the statement is true
for all positive integers by the principle of mathematical induction

n n
  r  r  1  r  2 
r 1
 r
r 1
3
 3r 2  2r 
n n n
 r
r 1
3
 3 r 2  2 r
r 1 r 1

n  n  1 n  n  1 2n  1
2 2

   n  n  1
4 2
n  n  1
 n  n  1  2 2n  1  4
4
n  n  1 2
 n  5n  6 
4
n  n  1  n  2   n  3

4

13 a ‘harmonics’ consists of 9 different letters, so there are 9! arrangements.

b 5 digit numbers:

4 ways of choosing first digit (bigger than 3)

Each of the next three digits can be chosen in 7 ways

The last digit can be 0 or 5

These numbers include 30000 which is not wanted

In all there are 4  73  2  1 five digit numbers

6 digit numbers:

6 ways of choosing first digit

7 ways of choosing each of the next four digits

2 ways of choosing last digit Divisible by 5  final digit is 0 or 5

In all there are 6  74  2 six digit numbers

7 digit numbers:

6 ways of choosing first digit

© Oxford University Press 2019 43

 Worked solutions

7 ways of choosing each of the next five digits

2 ways of choosing last digit

In all there are 6  75  2 six digit numbers


Answer = 4  73  2  1  6  74  2  6  75  2     
 2743  28812  201684
 233239

c The only possibilities would be to have 3 women and 2 men or 4 women and 1 man
4
C3 7 C2 4 C4 7 C1  4  21  1  7  91

14 a a2  b2   a  b a  b  2x 2y   4xy

a3   x  y   x3  3x2y  3xy 2  y 3
3
b

b3   x  y   x3  3x2y  3xy 2  y 3
3

c 
 a3  b3  x3  3x2y  3xy 2  y 3  x3  3x2y  3xy 2  y 3   

 2 3x 2y  y 3 

 2y  3x  y 2 2


  a  b  3x  y 2 2

But,
a2  ab  b2  3x 2  y 2
So,
a3  b3   a  b  a2  ab  b2  
a4   x  y   x 4  4x3y  6x2y 2  4xy 3  y 4
4
d

b4   x  y   x 4  4x 3y  6 x 2y 2  4xy 3  y 4
4


 a4  b4  x 4  4x 3y  6 x 2y 2  4xy 3  y 4  x 4  4x 3y  6 x 2y 2  4xy 3  y 4   
3 3
 8x y  8xy

 2y  4 x 3  4 xy 2 

  a  b  a  a b  ab2  b3
3 2

e 
Conjecture: an  bn   a  b an1  an2b  an3b2  ...  abn2  bn1 
f 
P  n : an  bn   a  b an1  an2b  an3b2  ...  abn2  bn1 
When n=2
LHS=a2  b2
RHS   a  b   a  b   a2  ab  ab  b2  LHS
P(2) is true
Assume that P  k  is true for some k  


i.e. ak  bk   a  b  ak 1  ak 2b  ak 3b2  ...  abk 1 
 a   a  b a
k
 k 1
a k 2
ba k 3 2
b  ...  ab k 1
b k

© Oxford University Press 2019 44

 Worked solutions

When n  k  1
ak 1  bk 1  a ak  bk 1 
 a  a  b  a
  k 1
 ak 2b  ak 3b2  ...  abk 1  bk   bk 1
 
 a  a  b a a bak 1 k 2 k 3 2
b  ...  ab   ab  bk 1 k k 1

 a  a  b  a  a b  a
k 1 k 2 k 3
b  ...  ab   b  a  b 
2 k 1 k

  a  b a  a  a b  a
k 1 k 2 k 3
b  ...  ab   b 
2 k 1 k
 
  a  b  a  a b  a b
k k 1 k 2 2
 ...  ab  b  k 1 k

so P  k   P  k  1
Therefore, it has been shown that P 2  is true and that if P  k  is true
for some k  
, k  2 then P  k  1 is also true. Therefore, the statement is true
for all positive integers greater than 2, by the principle of mathematical induction

15 The difference between the coefficients must be the same

n Cr n Cr 1 n Cr 1 n Cr
n! n! n! n!
   
r !  n  r  !  r  1 !  n  r  1 !  r  1 !  n  r  1 ! r !  n  r  !

Multiplying by
 r  1 ! n  r  1 ! ,
n!
 r  1  n  r  1   r  1  r    n  r  1  n  r    r  1  n  r  1
 2  r  1  n  r  1  r  r  1   n  r  1  n  r   0
  n  r  1 3r  2  n   r 2  r  0
which after expanding and simplyfing gives
n2  4r 2  2  n  4r  1  0

2  x  7x 2 A B C
16   

1  2x  1  x
2

 1  2x 1  x 1  x

 2  x  7 x 2  A 1  x  1  x   B 1  2 x  1  x   C 1  2x  1  x 
Set x  1 :  4  2C  C  2
Set x  1 :  6  6B  B  1
Compare constants : 2  A  B  C  A  2  B  C  1
2  x  7x 2 1 1 2
   
1  2x  1  x 2  1  2x 1  x 1 x

 1  2 x   1  x   2 1  x 
1 1 1

  
 1  2x  4x 2  8x 3  ...  1  x  x 2  x 3  ...  2 1  x  x 2  x 3  ...   
 2  5x  5x 2  11x 3  ...

Exam-style questions

17 Require ( 3  coefficient of term in x 5 )  1  coefficient of term in x 4  

8 8
3    43  2x   1    44  2x 
5 4
(3 marks)
5
  4
 

 3   114688  1  286720

© Oxford University Press 2019 45

 Worked solutions

 57344 (1 mark)

 n
 
18   1n 2 3x   495x 2
2
(2 marks)
2

9n  n  1
 495
2

n  n  1  110

n2  n  110  0 (1 mark)

 n  11  n  10  0 (2 marks)

So n  11 or n  10 (1 mark)

19 First part is geometric sum, a  1 , r  1.6 , n  16 (1 mark)

Second part is arithmetic sum, a  0 , d  12 , n  16 (1 mark)
Third part is 16  1  16 (1 mark)

1.616  1
Geometric sum: S16   3072.791 (1 mark)
1.6  1

16
Arithmetic sum: S16 
2
 
2  0  15   12  1440 (1 mark)

n 15
So  1.6
n 0
n
 12n  1 
 3072.791  1440  16

 1648.8 (1 mark)

 n  1  n  1 
20   
 k   k  1


 n  1 !   n  1 ! (3 marks)
k !  n  k  1 !  k  1 !  n  k  !


 n  k   n  1 ! k  n  1 ! (1 mark)
k ! n  k  !

n  n  1 ! k  n  1 ! k  n  1 !
 (1 mark)
k ! n  k  !

n  n  1 !
 (1 mark)
k ! n  k  !

n!

k ! n  k  !

 n
 
k 

© Oxford University Press 2019 46

 Worked solutions

21 Consider multiples of 7:

504 is the first multiple and 1400 is the final multiple

1400  504  7  n  1 (1 mark)

 n  129 (1 mark)

129
So the sum of the multiples of 7 is S129 
2
 
2  504  7  129  1  122 808 (2 marks)

Sum of the integers from 500 to 1400 (inclusive) is

901
S901 
2
 
2  500  1  901  1  855 950 (2 marks)

Therefore require 855 950  122 808  733 142 (1 mark)

22 Suppose n3  3 is odd. Assume, for a contradiction, that n is also odd. (1 mark)

Then we can write n  2p  1 for p  

and n3  3  2q  1 for q  
. (1 mark)

So n3  3  2q  1

2p  1
3
 3  2q  1 (1 mark)

8p3  12p2  6p  1  3  2q  1 (1 mark)

8p3  12p2  6p  3  2q

3
So q  4p3  6 p2  3p  (1 mark)
2

Since p is an integer, 4p3  6p2  3p is also an integer.

3 3
Since is a non-integer, then 4p3  6 p2  3p  is also a non-integer. (1 mark)
2 2

This is a contradiction, since q was assumed to be an integer. (1 mark)

Therefore, the initial assumption is false, and n must be even.

23 Case n  1 :

5    1  5  1  6  1 6
2 1 1
(1 mark)

Therefore true for n  1

Case n  k :

Assume the statement is true for some k  , k 0 (1 mark)

Then 52k 1  1  6s for some positive integer s

2 k 1 1
Now 5 1 (1 mark)

 52k 21  1

 52  52k 1  1 (1 mark)

 52  6s  1  1 (1 mark)

© Oxford University Press 2019 47

 Worked solutions

 25 6s  1  1

 25  6s  24 (1 mark)

 6 25s  4

Which is a multiple of 6 (1 mark)

So the statement is true for n  1 , and when assumed true for n  k ,

is true for n  k  1 .

Therefore the statement is true for all n  . (1 mark)

1
24 a 3
1  x  1  x 3 (1 mark)

      x           x 
2 3
1 2 1 2 5
x 3 3 3 3 3
1    (2 marks)
3 2! 3!

x x 2 5x 3
1   (1 mark)
3 9 81
1
b When x  , (1 mark)
64

3
3 1 63 63
1 x  31  3  (1 mark)
64 64 4

1
Therefore, when x  , then
64

3  x x 2 5x 3 
63  4 1     (1 mark)
 3 9 81 

 1   5  64  
2 3
1 1
 4 1  64  64
  (1 mark)
 3 9 81 
 

4 4 20
 4  
192 36 864 21 233 664

 3.979057 (1 mark)

25 a 9!  362 880 (1 mark)

b 2  8!  80 640 (2 marks)
c 9!  2  8!  282 240 (2 marks)
d We require:

(no. of ways in total)  (no. of ways with one woman separating men)

 (no. ways with men together) (1 mark)

 9! 2  7  7! 2  8! (1 mark)

 211680 (1 mark)

© Oxford University Press 2019 48

 Worked solutions

2 Representing relationships: functions

Skills check

1 a

2 a

The graphs intersect at (-1.73,0) and (1.73,0), each to 3sf.

The graphs intersect at (-1,1), (-1.82,0.589) to 3sf, and (0.823,1.91) to 3 sf.

© Oxford University Press 2019 1

 Worked solutions

3 a y  x 2  2x  3
 (x 2  2x  1)  3  1
 (x  1)2  2

b y  x2  6x  1
 (x 2  6 x  9)  1  9
 (x  3)2  10

c y  3x 2  6 x  1
 3(x 2  2x  1)  1  3
 3(x  1)2  2

Exercise 2A

1 a Yes

Df  1,2,3, 4
Rf  0,2,3, 4

b Yes

Df  2, 1,0,1
Rf  1

c No, this is not a function because it is not well-defined: 2 is mapped

to multiple values

d No, this is not a function because it is not well-defined:  is mapped to

both  and  

e Yes

Df  1,2,3, 4,5
Rf  2, 4,10

f No, this is not a function because it is not well-defined:  5 is mapped to

both 0 and 1

g No, this is not a function, since it is does not act on the entire domain:

5 has no image

h No, this is not a function, because it is not well-defined: 2 is mapped

to both 8 and 15

2 a No, because the graph does not pass the vertical line test

b Yes

Df 
Rf  2

© Oxford University Press 2019 2

 Worked solutions

c No, because the graph does not pass the vertical line test

d Yes

Df  x  | 1  x  6
Rf  y  | 1  y  7

e Yes

Df  4, 3, 2, 1,1,2,3, 4

Rf  3, 2, 1,0,1,2, 4

f Yes

Df  x  | 4  x  3
Rf  y  | 2  y  1

g Yes

Df  Rf 

Exercise 2B

y  x2  6x  8   x  3  8  9   x  3  1
2 2
1 a i

So the axis of symmetry is x  3

ii  3, 1
iii Concavity: up, Df  , Rf  y  | y  1

 3
2
9  49  3
2

b i  
y  10  3x  x 2   x 2  3x  10     x     10  
 2 4 
 x  
4  2
 

3
So the axis of symmetry is x 
2

 3 49 
ii  , 
2 4 

 49 
iii Concave down, Df  , Rf  y  |y  
 4 

 5  17 
y  3  x 2  4x    3   x  2     3  x  2  17
2 2
c i
 3  3 

So the axis of symmetry is x  2

ii 2, 17
iii Concave up, Df  , Rf  y  | y  17

 7  9
y  2  x 2  2x    2   x  1    9  2  x  1
2 2
d i
 2   2 

© Oxford University Press 2019 3

 Worked solutions

So the axis of symmetry is x  1

ii  1,9
iii Concave down, Df  , Rf  y  | y  9

2 a Vertex is (2,−16)  y  a  x  2  16
2

12  a 0  2  16  a  1
2

 y   x  2  16
2

b x  intercepts are x  3, x  1 so the quadratic must be of the form


y  C  x  3  x  1  C x 2  2x  3 
At x  0, 3  3C so C  1
 y  3  2x  x 2

c x  intercepts are x  1, x  5 so the quadratic must be of the form


y  C  x  1  x  5  C x 2  6 x  5 
At x  4,  12  C  3  C  4

 
 y  4 x 2  6 x  5  4x 2  24x  20

d Vertex is (2,−6)  y  a  x  2  6
2

6  a  4  2  6  a  3
2

y  3  x  2  6
2

e x  intercepts are x  5, x  2 so the quadratic must be of the form


y  C  x  5  x  2   C x 2  3x  10 
1
At x  1, 3  C  6   C  
2
1 2 3 1
y  
2

x  3x  10  5  x  x 2
2 2


Vertex is (−10,60)  y  a  x  10  60

2
f

3
45  a  5  10  60  a  
2

5
3
 x  10  60
2
y 
5

Exercise 2C

1 4  2x  0 therefore x  2 and Df  x  | x  2

3 4y  3
y   4y  2xy  3  x 
4  2x 2y
 y  0 and Rf  y  | y  0

© Oxford University Press 2019 4

 Worked solutions

Asymptotes: x  2 and y  0

1  1
2 3  6x  0  x  so Df   x  |x  
2  2

1 1  3y
y   6 xy  3y  1  x 
6x  3 6y
 y  0 and Rf  y  | y  0
1
Asymptotes: x  and y  0
2

1  1
3 2  4x  0  x  so Df   x  |x  
2  2

x 2y
y   2y  4xy  x  x 
2  4x 1  4y
1  1
y   and Rf  y  | y   
4  4
1 1
Asymptotes: x  and y  
2 4

4 1  x  0  x  1 so Df  x  | x  1

1 x y 1
y   y  yx  1  x  x 
1 x y 1
 y  1 and Rf  y  | y  1
Asymptotes: x  1 and y  1

1  1
5 1  2x  0  x   so Df   x  |x   
2  2

1  2x 1y
y   y  2xy  1  2 x  x 
1  2x 2 1  y 
 y  1 and Rf  y  | y  1
1
Asymptotes: x   and y  1
2

2  2
6 2  3x  0  x  so Df   x  |x  
3  3

2x  3 3  2x 2y  3
y    2y  3xy  3  2x  x 
2  3x 2  3x 3y  2
2  2
y  and Rf  y  | y  
3  3
2 2
Asymptotes: x  and y 
3 3

Exercise 2D

1 a y  x 2

x  2  0 so Df  x  | x  2
y  0 so Rf  y  | y  0

© Oxford University Press 2019 5

 Worked solutions

b y  3x  2

2  2
3x  2  0  x  and Df   x  |x  
3  3
y  0  Rf  y  | y  0

c y  1  2  4x

1  1
2  4x  0  x  and Df   x  |x  
2  2
y  1 so Rf  y  | y  1

d y  3  2x  1

1  1
2x  1  0  x   and Df   x  |x   
2  2
y  3 so Rf  y  | y  3

e y  2 x  1

x  1  0  x  1 and Df  x  | x  1
y  0 so Rf  y  | y  0

f y 13 2 x

2  x  0  x  2 and Df  x  | x  2
y  1  Rf  y  | y  1

Exercise 2E

4 4
1 y  
x 2  3x x  x  3 

x  x  3  0  x  0 and x  3
 Df  x  | x  0, x  3
Rf  y  | y  0
Asymptotes: x  0, x  3, y  0

1 1
2 y  
x 2  9  x  3  x  3

 x  3  x  3  0  x  3
 Df  x  | x  3
 1
Rf  y  | y  0 or y   
 9
Asymptotes: x  3, x  3, y  0

1 1
3 y  
x 2  2x  3  x  3   x  1

© Oxford University Press 2019 6

 Worked solutions

 x  3  x  1  0  x  1, x  3
 Df  x  | x  1, x  3
 1
Rf  y  | y  0 or y  
 4
Asymptotes: x  3, x  1, y  0

2
4 y 
 x  2
2

 x  2
2
 0  x  2
 Df  x  | x  2
Rf  y  | y  0
Asymptotes: x  2, y  0

1 1
5 y  
2x 2  9x  18  2 x  3  x  6 
 3 
 Df   x  | x  , x  6 
 2 
 8 
Rf  y  | y  0 or y  
 225 
3
Asymptotes: x  6, x  , y  0
2

6 Df  x  | x  2

Rf  y  | y  0
Asymptotes: x  2, y  0

1 1
7 y  
2
2 x  3x  2  x  2 2x  1

 1 
 Df   x  | x  2, x  
 2
Rf  y  | y  0
1
Asymptotes: y  0, x   and x  2
2

2 2
8 y  
2
4x  25  2 x  5  2 x  5

 5 5
 Df   x  | x   or x  
 2 2
Rf  y  | y  0
5 5
Asymptotes: x   , x  , y 0
2 2

© Oxford University Press 2019 7

 Worked solutions

Exercise 2F

1 1 A B
1   
x 2  5x  6  x  3  x  2 x  3 x  2

 1  A  x  2   B  x  3
Set x  2 : 1  B  B  1
Set x  3 : 1   A  A  1
1 1 1
  
x 2  5x  6 x  2 x  3

4x 4x A B
2   
x 2  x  2  x  2  x  1 x  2 x  1

 4  x  A  x  1  B  x  2 
Set x  1 : 3  3B  B  1
Set x  2 : 6  3 A  A  2
4x 1 2
  
x2  x  2 x  1 x  2

4x  9 4x  9 A B
3   
x 2  3x x  x  3  x x  3

 4x  9  A  x  3  Bx
Set x  0 :  9  3 A  A  3
Set x  3 : 3  3B  B  1
4x  9 3 1
  
x 2  3x x x 3

x x A B
4   
x  1  x  1  x  1 x  1 x  1
2

 x  A  x  1  B  x  1
1
Set x  1 : 1  2B  B 
2
1
Set x  1 :  1  2 A  A 
2
x 1 1 1 
    
x2  1 2  x  1 x  1 

5 5 5 A B
5  2   
 x2  x  6 x  x 6  x  3  x  2  x  3 x  2
 5  A  x  2   B  x  3
Set x  2 :  5  5B  B  1
Set x  3 :  5  5 A  A  1
5 1 1
  
x2  x  6 x  3 x  2

10x  1 10x  1 A B
6   
8x 2  2x  1  4x  1 2x  1 4x  1 2x  1

© Oxford University Press 2019 8

 Worked solutions

 10 x  1  A 2 x  1  B  4x  1
1
Set x   :  6  3B  B  2
2
1 3 3
Set x  :  A A 1
4 2 2
10 x  1 1 2
  
8x 2  2x  1 4x  1 2x  1

11  3x 11  3x A B
7   
6 x 2  5x  6  3 x  2   2 x  3  3 x  2 2 x  3

 11  3x  A 2 x  3  B 3x  2 
2 13
Set x  : 13  A A3
3 3
3 13 13
Set x   :  B  B  1
2 2 2
11  3x 3 1
  
6 x 2  5x  6 3x  2 2 x  3

Exercise 2G

1 Df  , Rf  y  | y  3

2 Df  , Rf  y  | y  1

3 Df  , Rf  y  | y  4

4 Df  , Rf  y  | y  1

© Oxford University Press 2019 9

 Worked solutions

5 Df  , Rf  y  | y  1

6 Df  , Rf  y  | y  2

7 Df  , Rf  y  | y  2

8 Df  , Rf  y  | y  2

9 Df  , Rf  y  | y  0

10 Df  , Rf  y  | y  2

© Oxford University Press 2019 10

 Worked solutions

Exercise 2H

1 a 10  3x  2  7  3x  2  3

 3x  2  3 or 3x  2  3
1
3x  2  3  x 
3
5
3x  2  3  x  
3
Substituting into the equation shows these are both valid

b 8 x 7 3  5  x 7 1

 x  7  1 or x  7  1
x  7  1  x  6
x  7  1  x  8
Substituting into the equation show these are both valid

c x  2  2x  1

 x  2  2x  1 or x  2   2x  1
1
 x  3 or x 
3
1
Substituting these into the equation  x  only
3

d 4x  3  3  x

 4x  3  3  x or 4x  3  x  3
4x  3  3  x  x  0
4x  3  x  3  x  2
Substituting these shows these are both valid

e 4x  9  2x  1

 4x  9  2x  1 or 4x  9  1  2x
4x  9  2x  1  x  5
4
4x  9  1  2x  x  
3
Substituting these into the equation shows these are both valid

f 5x  3  2x  1  0  5x  3  2x  1

© Oxford University Press 2019 11

 Worked solutions

 5x  3  2x  1 or 5x  3  1  2 x
4
5x  3  2 x  1  x  
3
2
5x  3  1  2 x  x  
7
Substituting these into the equation shows these are both valid

2x  5 3x  4
g   2 2 x  5  3 3x  4
3 2

 2 2x  5  3 3x  4  or 2 2x  5  3 3x  4 

22
2  2 x  5   3  3x  4   x  
5
2
2 2x  5  3 3x  4   x  
13
Substituting these into the equation shows these are both valid

Exercise 2I

3
1 a For x   ,
2

3
2x  3  6  2x  3  6  x 
2
3 9
For x  , 2 x  3  6   2 x  3   6  x  
2 2
9 3
  x 
2 2

3
b For x  ,
2

2x  3  5  2x  3  5  x  4
3
For x  ,
2
2x  3  5  3  2 x  5  x  1
 x  1 or x  4

3
c For x  ,
2

3  2 x  5  3  2 x  5  x  1
3
For x  ,
2
3  2x  5  2x  3  5  x  4
 1  x  4

d 1  3x  5

1 4
For x  , 1  3x  5  x  
3 3
1
For x  , 3x  1  5  x  2
3
4
 x   or x  2
3

© Oxford University Press 2019 12

 Worked solutions

e 2x  3  x  3

2x  3  x  3 or  2 x  3  x  3
2x  3  x  3  x  0
 2x  3  x  3  x  2
Checking points in these regions shows they are both valid
 x  2 or x  0

f x  6  3x  2

 x  6  3x  2 or x  6   3x  2 
x  6  3x  2  x  2
x  6   3x  2   x  2
 2  x  2

2 a From the graph, 1  x  5, x  2

b From the graph, 0  x  2, x  1

13
c From the graph,   x  5,
3

© Oxford University Press 2019 13

 Worked solutions

d From the graph, 4.54  x  3.30 and 0.303  x  1.54

Exercise 2J

1 a f  9  1

f  0  1

f    1

f 99  1

c Df 

Rf  1,1

2 a f  4  16

f  0  0

f 1  3

© Oxford University Press 2019 14

 Worked solutions

c Df 

Rf 

3 a f  1  4

f 0  1

f  8  3

c Df 

Rf  y  | y  1 or y  1

4 a f  1  0

f  0  1

f  4  3

f  8  3

c Df 

Rf  y  | y  0

3x  10, x  2

5 f  x   2, 2  x  2
3x  10, x  2


2x  4,
 x  2
6 a f x  

   2 x  4  , x  2

© Oxford University Press 2019 15

 Worked solutions

3x  7, x 3
b f x  
11  3 x , x 3

Exercise 2K

1 Neither

2 Onto and one-to-one

3 One-to-one, not onto

4 One-to-one, not onto

5 Onto, not one-to-one

6 Onto, not one-to-one

7 Individual Response

Exercise 2L

f  x   2    x   2  x2  f  x  so even
2
1 a

Many-to-one

b  
g   x   3   x     x    3x  x3  g  x  so odd
3

One-to-one

1 1  1 
c h  x          h  x  so odd
2   x  2x  2x 

One-to-one

p   x   2   x  3 so neither odd nor even

2
d

Many-to-one

e f  x  isn't even defined for x  0 so neither

Many-to-one

f
3 5
 
f   x     x   2   x     x    x  2x 3  x5  f  x  so odd

Many-to-one

2 Suppose that f  x  is both even and odd

Then f   x   f  x   f  x 
 2f  x   0 for all x
 f  x   0 for all x

© Oxford University Press 2019 16

 Worked solutions

Exercise 2M

1 a i  
g f 1  g 3  3

ii 
f g 2   f   2  3 2

iii f  g  x    f  x  3 x

 
iv g f  x   g 3x   3x

b i  
g f 1  g 2  8

ii  
f g 2  f 8  19

   
iii f g  x   f x2  4  5  3 x2  4  3x2  7  
iv g  f  x    g 5  3x   4  5  3x   29  30x  9x 2
2

c i  
g f 1  g 2  3

ii 
f g 2  f   3  3 1

iii f  g  x    f  
2x  1  2x  1  1

 
iv g f  x   g  x  1  2x  1

2 a i Df 

 1
Rf  y  |y   
 4

Dg 

Rg 

ii Df 

Rf  y  | y  0

Dg  x  | x  2

Rg  y  | y  0

g  x   2  3x   2  3x   2  3x  2  3x   1  3  x  1 3x  2

2
b i f


g f  x   2  3 x2  x  2  3x  3x2 
Df g 

 1
Rf g  y  |y   
 4

© Oxford University Press 2019 17

 Worked solutions

Dg f 

 11 
Rg f  y  |y  
 4

ii f g x  x2  4  1

g f x   x  1  x  3  x  1
2
4 

Df g  x  | x  2

Rf g  y  | y  1

Dg f  x  | x  3 or x  1
Rg f  y  | y  0

3 a i  
f h  x   1  2 2x  4

ii 
h  g  x    2 x 2  1  4  2x 2  2 

 
iii h h  x   2 2x  4  4


iv f g  h  x    f     
2
2x  4  1  f 2x  3  1  2 2x  3  4x  5
 

b i Df h  x  | x  2 , Rf h  y  | y  1

ii Dh g  , Rh g  y   |y  2 
iii Dh h  x  | x  2 , Rh h  y  | y  2

iv Df g h  , Rf g h 

c h  h  0   2 2  0  4  4  2 4  4  2 2

  
g g  x   x2 x2  2  g g  1   1    2
 1
2

 2  1

x4
4 f  x   3x  a, g  x  
3

x4

f g x  3   3
a  x 4a

3x  a  4 a4

g f x  
3
x
3
a4
  a  4  a  4  3a  12
3
 2a  8  a  4

5 Individual Response

 b t  h  20  4h  2  80  4h  2  500
2
6 a

© Oxford University Press 2019 18

 Worked solutions

 
 20 16h2  16h  4  320h  160  500
2
 320h  420

This gives the number of bacteria b in food h hours out of the refrigerator.

b 10000 = 320h2 + 420

h = 5.47 hours
2
 40  3t  t 2 
7 r t   r v t      0.1  0.2 ; 2 hours
 500 

Exercise 2N

1 a {(2.4),(2,0),(2,−2,),(2,2)}. Inverse relation is not a function since 2 has more than one
image.

b 3,1 , 2, 6 ,  4, 3 , 0,0 ,  5, 5 ,  3, 2
c  1, 1 , 3, 3 ,  5, 2 ,  4, 4 , 1,1 , 3, 5 ,  2,0
x 1
2 a x  5y  1  y  f 1  x  
5

y 2
b x   y  f 1  x   3x  2
3

c x  y 2  3  y  f 1  x   x 3

must restrict to either positive or negative square root for this to be a function
2 2  3x
d x
y 3
 y  3  xy  3x  2  y  f 1  x   x
 x  0

x  y 3  1  y  f 1  x    x  1 3
1

y 1
f x 
y 1
 y  1

xy  x  y  1  y  x  1  x  1
x 1
 y  f 1  x    x  1
x 1

3 a To make f a function, restrict the domain:

Df  x  | x  2
Rf  y  | y  0

x   y  2   x  y  2  y  2  x
2

© Oxford University Press 2019 19

 Worked solutions

Take positive square root to make this a function, and restrict domain
to x  0
 y  f 1  x   2  x
Df 1  x  | x  0
Rf 1  y  | y  2

b The domain of the original function does not need restricting:

Df  x  | x  1
Rf  y  | y  2

2y  1
x , y  1
y 1

xy  x  2y  1  y 2  x   x  1
x 1
 y  f 1  x   , x 2
2x
Df 1  x  | x  2
Rf 1  y  | y  1

c Restrict the domain so that it is a function:

Df  x  | x  0
Rf  y  | y  1

x 1 x 1
x  4y 2  1  y 2  y 
4 2

Take e.g. positive square root to make this a function and restrict domain
such that x  1
x 1
y  f 1  x  
2
therefore
Df 1  x  | x  1
Rf 1  y  | y  0

4 This can be done by direct substitution, but note that in general,

g f f 1
g 1  g  f f 1  g 1  g id g 1  g id 
g 1  g g 1  id
where id is the identity function id  x   x
 g f  f g   x   x
1 1


 f 1 g 1   x   g f   x  1

Since this is true in general, it is certainly true for the specified functions

5 Important: it must be shown that both f g  x   x and g f  x   x    

 x
a  
f g  x   4 1    4  4  x  4  x
4
 

1

and g f  x   1   4
 4x  4  1  x  1  x

© Oxford University Press 2019 20

 Worked solutions

2
 3  5 2  2 1  x 
b 
f g x   1 
2
x 
2
x
33
1 x

2 2  x  3

and g f  x     x 5
3  
x  5   x  3
 3   x  3  3  x
1
x 3
3
 3 2x  3 
 2  3
 
3
2  3
2x 2x
c 
f g x   
2
 
2

2
 x

 2 x  3
3
3
2 3
and g  f  x    2 
 2 x  3  3  x
2 2

Exercise 2O

For all of a, to transform y=f(x) to y=|f(x)|, the graph is unchanged for y≥0, and reflected in the
x=axis for y<0.

For all of ii, to transform y=f(x) to y=f(|x|), the graph is unchanged for x≥0. Where x<0, the part
of the graph for x≥0 is reflected in the y-axis.

© Oxford University Press 2019 21

 Worked solutions

Exercise 2P

1 a

© Oxford University Press 2019 22

 Worked solutions

2 a

© Oxford University Press 2019 23

 Worked solutions

Exercise 2Q

1 a

© Oxford University Press 2019 24

 Worked solutions

2 a r  x   2f  x 

s  x   f  x  3

b r  x   f  x 

x
s x  f    4
2

3 a Rf  y  | 0  y  6

c Dg  x  | 8  x  2

d h x  g x  4

e h  x   f  x   4

4 a g  x   f  x 

b g  x   f  x 

c g  x   f  x  3  1

d g  x   f  x   1

1
e g x 
f x

f g  x   f 2x 

© Oxford University Press 2019 25

 Worked solutions

Exercise 2R

1
1 In order of the transformations given, the function y  is transformed to
x

2
y 
x

2
then y 
3x
2
then y  3
3  x  2

Df  x  | x  2 , Rf  y  | y  3

1
2 a Horizontal dilation factor of , followed by a vertical dilation of factor 2, then a horizontal
3
translation of 4 units in the positive x-direction, and a vertical translation of 1 unit in the
positive y-direction.

b  
y  2f 3  x  4  1

x 3 x 58 8
3 a y   1
x 5 x 5 x 5

e.g. translation by   , vertical stretch by factor -8, translation by  

 5   0
0 1
   

4x  5 2 2x  1  3 3
b y   2
2x  1 2x  1 2x  1

1
e.g. translation by   , stretch horizontally by scale factor , stretch
1
  2
0
 
vertically by scale factor 3, translation by  
0
2
 

2x  4 2  x  1  2 2
c y   2
x 1 x 1 x 1

e.g. translation by   , stretch vertically by scale factor 2,

 1 
0
 
translation by  
0
2
 

© Oxford University Press 2019 26

 Worked solutions

Exercise 2S

© Oxford University Press 2019 27

 Worked solutions

Chapter review

1 a The graph does not represent a function since it does not pass the vertical line test.

b This graph represents a function.

Df  4  x  5 Rf  1,2

c This graph represents a function.

Df  Rf  y  | 1  y  1

d This mapping does not represent a function since 5 is mapped on to more than one element.

e This graph does not represent a function since it does not pass the vertical line test.

f This relation represents a function.

Df  1,0,3,  

Rf   

© Oxford University Press 2019 28

 Worked solutions

2 a  
f g h 2   f  g 3  f 1  2
b  
h1 g 1 f 1 2   h  g 1  h 3  2
1 1 1

y 2
3 a x   y  f 1  x   5x  2
5

b x  1  y  x2  1  y  y  g 1  x   1  x2

3y 2x
c x
2y
 2x  xy  3y  y 
3 x
 x  3

4 Translate the graph of y=f(x) 3 units in the negative x-direction, reflect in the y-axis, vertical
stretch by a factor of 2, vertical translation of 4 units in the positive direction.

5 x  2  2x  1  x  3
1
2  x  2x  1  x 
3
Graphical representation  the desired region is the section between these intersections
1
i.e. -3  x 
3
1 1 x
6 x  x  xy 2  1  y 2 
1  y2 x
1 x
Take y 
x
1 1 x
   x
 1 x 
2
1 x x 1 x
1
1  x
 x
 
1
1
1  x2  1  x2  1
and  x 2  x  x in the domain 0,1
1 1
1  x2

x2  1
7 a y  f x 
x

 x 
2
1 x2  1
f  x     f  x  so even
x |x|

x
b y  f x 
x2  1

f  x  
 x  
x
 f  x  so odd
 x   1
2
x2  1

x x x
c f (x)  ; f ( x)   ; f (x)   , hence neither.
x x x

2 2 A B
8   
x 2  5x  6  x  3  x  2 x  2 x  3

© Oxford University Press 2019 29

 Worked solutions

 2  A  x  3  B  x  2 
Set x  2 : 2  A  A  2
Set x  3 : 2  B  B  2
2 2 2
 2
 
x  5x  6 x  2 x  3

Exam-style questions

9 a No real roots    0 (1 mark)

  36  4 2k  k   36  8k 2 (1 mark)
2
36  8k  0

36 9
k2  
8 2

3
k 
2

3 3
k  or k  (2 marks)
2 2

b 6 3
b Equation of line of symmetry is x     (2 marks)
2a 4k 2k

3
Therefore 1
2k

3
k  (1 mark)
2

10 a The graph of f is shifted two units in the positive x-direction and one unit in the negative

y-direction.

b 
y  2(x  2)2  4(x  2)  7  1  (3 marks)


 2(x2  4x  4)  4x  8  7  1 
 2x2  4x  6 (1 mark)

3y  4
11 a x  yx  2x  3y  4 (2 marks)
y 2

yx  3y  4  2x

y(x  3)  (4  2x)

2x  4
y 
3 x

2x  4
f 1(x)  (1 mark)
3 x

b x≠3 (1 mark)

© Oxford University Press 2019 30

 Worked solutions

k
12 a y  1
x 1

k
x  1
y 1

x  y  1  k  y  1 (1 mark)

xy  x  k  y  1 (1 mark)

xy  y  k  x  1

y  x  1  k  x  1

k  x 1
y 
x 1

k
y  1 (1 mark)
x 1

k
f 1  x   1
x 1

So f is self-inverse

b Range is f  x   1 , f  x   (2 marks)
c

(shape of graph: 1 mark)

(both asymptotes: 1mark)

x2  6x  13   x  3  4
2
13 a (2 marks)

Therefore k  3 (1 mark)

y   x  3  4
2
b

x   y  3  4
2

 y  3
2
 x4 (2 mark)

y 3  x 4

y  3 x 4

f 1  x   3  x  4 (1 mark)

© Oxford University Press 2019 31

 Worked solutions

c The domain of f 1  x  is x  4 ,  x   (1 mark)


The range of f 1  x  is f  x   3 , f  x    (1 mark)

17  10x 12  5  10x
14 a f x   (2 marks)
2x  1 2x  1

12  5 1  2x 
 (1 mark)
2x  1

12  5 2x  1

2x  1

12 5 2x  1
 
2x  1 2x  1
12
 5 (1 mark)
2x  1

1
b i x  (1 mark)
2

ii y  5 (1 mark)

(1 mark for each branch correctly drawn, 1 mark for both asymptotes; 3 marks total)

15 a 6 (1 mark)

18 1  0.82  12
b P   57 (2 marks)
3  0.034  12

18 1  0.82t 
c Solving 100  (1 mark)
3  0.034t

300  3.4t  18 1  0.82t 

300  3.4t  18  14.76t

282  11.36t

282
t   24.8 months (1 mark)
11.36

OR
© Oxford University Press 2019 32
 Worked solutions

(1 mark)

t = 24.8 months (1 mark)

18  0.82
d A horizontal asymptote exists at P   434.12 (2 marks)
0.034

Therefore for t  0 , P  434 (1 mark)

OR

(1 mark)

A horizontal asymptote exists at P = 434 (1 mark)

Therefore for t ≥ 0, P < 434 , P  434 (1 mark)

16  x  3  x2  6x  9
2
(1 mark)

2  x  3  2x2  12x  18
2
(2 marks)

2  x  3  12x  2x2  18
2

2  x  3  12  x  3  2x2  18  36
2

2  x  3  12  x  3  2x2  18
2

Therefore g  x   2x2  12x (1 mark)

© Oxford University Press 2019 33

 Worked solutions

Expanding the number system:

3 complex numbers
Skills check

1 a x  13 b x  2 7 c x  3 11

1
2 a x = 1, −2 b x  ,1
3

1
3 a x  3 b 4  x  2 c  x2
4

1 2x
4 a x = −5, y = −9 b y  
3 3

13 3
c x  ,y   d No solutions
8 4

Exercise 3A

1 x2  8x  15   x  5 x  3  0

 x  5 or x  3

2 x2  5x  14   x  7 x  2  0

 x  7 or x  2

3 3x2  7x  2  3x  1 x  2  0

1
x  or x  2
3

4x2  20x  25  2x  5  0

2
4

5
x 
2

5 5x2  4x  12  5x  6 x  2  0

6
x   or x  2
5

Exercise 3B

x2  6x  7   x  3  16  0
2
1 a

  x  3  16  x  3  4
2

 x  7 or x  1
2
 7 49
b x 2  7x  30   x     30  0
 2 4

© Oxford University Press 2019 1

 Worked solutions

2
 7 169 7 13
x    x  
 2 4 2 2
 x  3 or x  10

2
 1 1
c x2  x  1   x     1  0
 2  4

2
 1 5 1 5
x     x 
 2  4 2

2
7 2  7 49 2
d x2  x   x     0
3 3  6 36 3

2
 7 25
 x   
 6 36
75 1
x   x  or x  2
6 3

e 4x2  12x  5  0

5
x 2  3x  0
4
2
 3 9 5
x      0
 2 4 4
2
 3
 x    1
 2
3
 x   1
2
5 1
 x   or x  
2 2

2 3
  x  1   0
2
f x 2  2x 
5 5

3
 x  1
2

5
3 5 3 15
x 1  1
5 5 5

x2  2x  1   x  1  2  0
2
2 a

 x 1 2
 x  2.41 or x  0.414 to 3s.f.

2 2
 3 9  3 5
b x 2  3x  1   x    1    x     0
 2 4  2 4

3 5
x 
2
 x  0.382 or x  2.62 to 3s.f.

1 3
c x2  x 0
2 2

© Oxford University Press 2019 2

 Worked solutions

2 2
 1 3 1  1 25
x      x    0
 4 2 16  4 16
15
x 
4
 x  1.00 or x  1.50 to 3s.f.

5
d x 2  3x  0
3

2 2
 3 9 5  3 7
x      x    0
 2  4 3  2  12
3 7
x  
2 12
 x  2.26 or  0.736 to 3s.f.

Exercise 3C

1 a x2  9x  18  0

9  92  4 1 18  9  9 9  3
x   
2 1 2 2
 x  6 or x  3

b x2  x  30  0

 1  4 1  30 

2
1 1  11
x  
2 1 2
 x  5 or x  6

c x2  x  1  0

 1  4 1 1

2
1 1  3
x   
2 1 2

d 2x2  3x  2  0

 3  4 2   2 
2
3 3  25 3  5
x   
2 2  4 4
1
 x  2 or x  
2

e 2x2  11x  3  0

x 
11   11
2
4  2  3   11  121  4 6
2 2 2 2

2 a x2  3  a x  3a  0

© Oxford University Press 2019 3

 Worked solutions

 3  a  3  a   4  3a
2

x 
2
2
a  3  a  6a  9

2
 a  3
2
a3

2
a3 a3

2
so x  a or x  3

b 2x2  2b  1 x  b  0

2b  1  4 2   b 
2
1  2b 
x 
2 2 

1  2b  4b2  4b  1

4
2b  1
2
1  2b 

4
1  2b  2b  1

4
1
so x  or x  b
2

c x2  kx  2k 2  0

x 
k  k 2  4 1 2k 2  
2
k  9k 2 k  3 k
 
2 2
so x  k or x  2k

d p2 x2  2px  3  0

2 p   4 p2  3
2
2 p 
x  2
2p
2 p  16 p2 2 p  4 p
 2

2p 2 p2
3 1
so x   or x 
p p

Exercise 3D

1 a   32  4 1 7  37  0 so two distinct real roots

b   12  4 12  7  0 so no real roots

  2  4 11  0 so one repeated real root

2
c

 3
2
d   4 5 2  37  0 so no real roots

© Oxford University Press 2019 4

 Worked solutions

e 2x2   x  1  0

      4 21   2  8  32  8  1  0 so two distinct real roots

2

f 2.25x2  21x  49  0

   21  4 2.25 49  0 so one repeated real root

2

2 a mx2  2x  5  0

  22  4m  5  4  20m
1
Two distinct real roots: 4  20m  0  m  
5
1
One repeated real root: m  
5
1
No real roots: m  
5

b 4x2  3x  t  4  0

   3  4  4   t  4   9  16  t  4   73  16t
2

73
Two distinct real roots: t 
16
73
One repeated real root: t 
16
73
No real roots: t 
16

c 2s  1 x2  s 3x  1

2s  1 x 2  3sx  s  0
   3s   4s 2s  1  9s2  8s2  4s  s  s  4 
2

Two distinct real roots: s  0 or s  4

One repeated real root: s  0 or s  4
No real roots: 0  s  4

Exercise 3E

1  x  4  x  2  0
 x   4, 2

 x  4
2
2 0

x \ 4

3  x  15  x  2  0
 x   , 2  15,  

© Oxford University Press 2019 5

 Worked solutions

4  4x  3 x  2  0
3 
 x   ,2
4 

5 5x2  6x  8  0

5 x  4   x  2   0
 4
 x   ,    2,  
 5

6 9x2  12x  4  0

2 
 3x  2 
2
 0 so x   
3 

Exercise 3F

1 a Re  z   0, Im  z   4

b Re  z   5, Im  z   0

c Re  z   24, Im  z   7

5 12
d Re  z   , Im  z   
13 13

1 2
e Re  z    , Im  z  
5 5

z  02   4  16  4
2
2 a

b z  52  02  25  5

 24
2
c z   72  576  49  625  25

2 2
 5   12  169
d z        1
 13   13  169

2 2
 1   2 
e z      1
 5  5

3 a z1  z2  z3  3  5  1  i  4  1  2  3  3i

b 2z1  3z2  4z3  6  15  4  i  8  3  8  25  13i

© Oxford University Press 2019 6

 Worked solutions

1 2 1
c  z1  z2  z3
2 3 4

1 2 1

2
3  4i   3 5  i   4  1  2i 
 3 10 1   2 1
      i 2   
 2 3 4   3 2
25 13i
 
12 6

4z3  5z1  2z2

d
3

4  1  2i   5 3  4i   2 5  i 

3
4  8i  15  20i  10  2i

3
9  30i
  3  10i
3

Exercise 3G

1 a z1z2  2z3*  1  i 3  2i   2  2  3i 

 5  i  4  6i  1  5i

z1 z2 zz* z
b   1 32  2
z3 5 z3 5


1  i   2  3i   3  2i
 2  32
2
5
1  5i 3  2i
 
13 5
5  25i  39  26i

65
34 1
  i
65 65

z12  3z2 z3  1  i   3 3  2i  2  3i 
2
c

 1  2i  1  3  6  13i  6 
 37i

d
z1z3 zz z
 1 22 3 
1  i  3  2i   2  3i 
32   2
* 2
z2 z2

1  i  13i   i

13
1  i   i  1

2z1  4z2* 2 1  i   4 3  2i 
e 
z3 z2*  2  3i  3  2i 
© Oxford University Press 2019 7
 Worked solutions

10  6i 10  6i 10  6i  12  5i 

  
122   5
2
12  5i 12  5i
90  122i 90 122i
  
169 169 169

1  2i
2 a  2  i so Re  z   2 and Im  z   1
i

1 2i 2i 1  i 
b   i   i  i 1  i   1
i 1i 2

so Re  z   1 and Im  z   0

1  2i 1  2i 1  2i   1  2i 
2 2

c  
1  2i 1  2i 1  2i  1  2i 


1  2i  1  2i  1  2i  1  2i 
5
8i

5
8
so Re  z   0 and Im  z  
5

3 a 1  3i  a  bi   a  3b  3a  b i  5  5i
so a  3b  5 and 3a  b  5
 3a  9b  15
 10b  10  b  1
 a  5  3b  a  2

a  bi
b  3  i
1  2i

 a  bi   3  i  1  2i   5  5i
so a  5 and b  5

4 a 2  z  i   3i  z  1

 z 2  3i   2i  3i  5i
5i 5i 2  3i 
z  
22   3
2
2  3i
10i  15 15 10
   i
13 13 13

z 2 z i
b 
1  2i 2  i

 z  2 2  i    z  i  1  2i 
 z 2  i  1  2i   2 2  i   i 1  2i 
 1  3i  z  2  i

z 
2i

2  i  1  3i 
1  3i 12  32
5  5i 1  i 1 i
   
10 2 2 2

© Oxford University Press 2019 8

 Worked solutions

c  z  2i  2  i    z  11  i 
 z 2  i  1  i   2i 2  i   1  i 
 z 1  2i   1  3i
1  3i 1  3i  1  2i  5  5i
z     1  i
1  2i 12  22 5

z 1 i z  3i  2
d 
1  4i 2i  5

  z  1  i  2i  5   z  3i  2  1  4i 
 z 2i  5  1  4i     i  1 2i  5   3i  2  1  4i 
  6i  4  z  3  7i  10  11i  13  18i

z  
13  18i

13  18i   4  6i 
4  6i 42  62
52  108  6i

52
40 3
  i
13 26

a  bi
5 a k  a  bi  2k  ki
2i

Comparing imaginary parts  b  k

Comparing real parts  a  2k  2b
so a  2b

1i
b  ki where k 
a  bi

1 1
 b  ai   i
k k
1
Comparing real parts  b 
k
1
Comparing imaginary parts  a    b
k
so a  b

6 a z  z 1

 x 2  y 2  x  iy  1
Comparing imaginary parts,
y 0
 x2  x  1  0
 x  x 1  0
x  0 yields no solution  x  x  1  0  false statement
for x  0
2x  1  0
1
x 
2

b z  z*  i

© Oxford University Press 2019 9

 Worked solutions

 x 2  y 2   x  iy   i

 x 2  y 2  x  iy  i
Comparing real parts, y  1
 x2  1  x  0
 x 2  1  x 2  1  0 false statement
Therefore, this has no solutions

c z2  z*  2
  x  iy    x  iy   2
2

 x 2  2ixy  y 2  x  iy  2
 
 x 2  x  y 2  2 xy  y  i  2
Comparing imaginary parts,
2 xy  y  0  y 2 x  1  0
1
so y  0 or x 
2
1
If x  ,
2
2
1 1 2
   y 2
2 2
5
 y2   which has no solutions
4
If y  0,
x2  x  2  0
 x  1  x  2  0
so x  1 or x  2

7 a z1z2   x1  iy1  x2  iy2    x1x2  y1y2   i  x1y2  x2y1 

 x1x2  y1y2    x1y2  x2y1 

2 2


 x12 x22  y12y22  x12y22  x22y12

 x 1
2
 y12  x 2
2
 y22 
 x12  y12 x22  y22  z1 z2

1
b Follows from part a: replace z2 with
z2

  z1  z2  z1  z2 
2 *
c z1  z2

2 2
 z1  z2  z1 z2*  z1* z2  
2
 z1  z2  2Re z1 z2*
2
 
2 2
 z1  z2  2 z1 z2*
2 2
 z1  z2  2 z1 z2*
2 2
 z1  z2  2 z1 z2

  z1  z2 
2

Since z1  z2 and z1  z2 are non-negative

z1  z2  z1  z2

© Oxford University Press 2019 10

 Worked solutions

 z    x  iy 
* *
*
8 a  x  iy  z

 z1  z2   x  x2   i  y1  y2  
* *
b  1

  x1  x2   i  y1  y2 
  x1  iy1    x2  iy2 
 z1*  z2*

 z1z2   x  iy1   x2  iy2  

* *
c  1


 x1x2  y1y2  i  x1y2  x2y1  
*

 x1 x2  y1y2  i  x1y2  x2y1 

  x1  iy1   x2  iy2 
 z1* z2*

  x1  iy1   x2  iy2  
* * *
 z1   x1  iy1 
d       
z
 2 x
 2  iy2   x22  y22 

 x x  y1y2  i  y1x2  x1y2  

*

 1 2 
 x22  y22
 
x1 x2  y1y2  i  x1y2  x2y1 

x22  y22
and
z1* x  iy1
 1
 x  iy1   x2  iy2 
 1
z2* x2  iy2 x22  y22
x1 x2  y1y2  i  x1y2  x2y1 

x22  y22
*
z  z*
so  1   1*
 z2  z2

x 2   y   z *
2
e z  x2  y 2 

Exercise 3H

1 a i 7  i17  i 27  i 37

     
4 6 9
 i 4i 3  i 4 i  i4 i3  i 4 i
 i 3  i  i 3  i  i  i  i  i  0

b i173  i 272  i 351  i 766

 i172i  i 272  i 348i 3  i 764i 2

       
43 68 87 191
 i4 i  i4  i4 i3  i 4 i2
 i  1  i3  1
 i 1 i  i  0

c 3  i 1  2i   3  i i 1  2i i 
77 93 76 92

© Oxford University Press 2019 11

 Worked solutions


 3  i4  
19

i 1  2 i4  
23
i 
 3  i  1  2i 
 5  5i

   
504 504
4
3i 2018  2i 2019 3i 2016i 2  2i 2016i 3 3 i i2  2 i 4 i3
d  
4i 2020  3i 2021 4i 2020  3i 2020i    3 i 
505 505
4 i4 4
i


3  2i

3  2i   4  3i    6  17i   6  17 i
4  3i  4  3i   4  3i  25 25 25

2019
e i  i2  i3  i 4  0  i
k 1
k
 0  0  ...0  i  i 2  i 3  1

2019
i  i 2  i 3  i 4  1   i k   1
504
 i  i 2  i 3  1
k 1

1
1
1

1010
f i  i3  0  i
k 1
2k 1
0

1010
i  i 3  1   i 2k  1
k 1

0
0
1

3  2i   3  3 3 2i   3 32i   2i 

3 3 2 2 3
2 a

 27  54i  36  8i
 9  46i

1  3i   1  4  3i   6  3i   4  3i    3i 

4 2 3 4
b

 1  12i  6  9  4 27i   81

 28  96i

1  2i   1  2i 
4 4
c

 1  4  2i   6  2i   4  2i    2i    1  4 2i   6 2i   4 2i   2i  
2 3 4 2 3 4

   
 1  4 2i   6 2i   4 2i   2i    1  4 2i   6 2i   4 2i   2i  
   
2 3 4 2 3 4

   


 2 1  6 2i   2i 
2 4

 2 1  24  16   14

1  i   1  i 
5 5
d

  
 1  5i  10i 2  10i 3  5i 4  i 5  1  5i  10i 2  10i 3  5i 4  i 5 
 2 5i  10i 3  i 5 
 2 5i  10i  i 
 8i

3 a i  a  bi

© Oxford University Press 2019 12

 Worked solutions

 i   a  bi   a2  b2  2abi
2

Comparing real part:

a2  b2  0  a   b
1
If a  b, 2ab  2a2  1  a  
2
If a  b, 2ab  2a2  1 no solutions since a 
1 i 1  i   2 2 
 or or    i 
 
2 2   2 2 

i  a  bi  i   a  bi   a2  b2  2abi
2
b
Comparing real parts, a2  b2  0  a  b
Comparing imaginary parts:
1  2ab
1
if a  b  1  2a2  a2    no solution
2
Only a solution if a  b
1
 1  2a2  a  
2
1i 1  i   2 2 
 or or    i 
 2  
2 2   2

21  20i  a  bi  21  20i   a  bi   a2  b2  2abi

2
c
10
 a2  b2  21 and ab  10  a 
b
100
  b2  21
b2
 b4  21b2  100  0
 
 b2  25 b2  4  0 
b  b  5
10
a  2
5
  2  5i 

5 i
d   a  bi
36 3

© Oxford University Press 2019 13

 Worked solutions

5 i
   a  bi   a2  b2  2abi
2

36 3
5 1
 a2  b2  and 2ab  
36 3
1
a  
6b
1 5
 2
 b2 
36b 36
 1  36b4  5b2
 36b4  5b2  1  0

 9b2  1 4b2  1  0 
1 1
b  b    a 
3 2
1 1 
   i
2 3 

4 a The statement follows repeated application of the result

given in Exercise 3G Question 7a. Can be (quite trivially) proven formally

using this property via induction (in a similar fashion to the below)

z   
n *
b P  n : *
 zn , n  

P 1 is true
Assume P  k  is true for some k  

Then,

z   z  z  z  z
k 1 k *
* * * k *

 z z
*
k
using Exercise 3G Question 8c

=z 
*
k 1

so P  k   P  k  1

Therefore it has been shown that P 1 is true and that if

P  k  is true for some k  
then so is P  k  1 . Thus, the

statement is true for all n  by the principle of mathematical
induction

1  i 
2
5 a  2i

1  i   1  3i  3  i  2  2i
3

1  i   1  i   2  2i   4
4

1  i   4 1  i  which is a multiple of 1  i 
5

so it is clear that whenever n  4k  k    , 1  i 

n
is real

b It immediately follows from above that when n  4k  2  k  0,1,2...

1  i 
2
is purely imaginary

 
n
1  i   1  i    2i 
2n 2 n
6 a

© Oxford University Press 2019 14

 Worked solutions

1  i   1  i  1  i   1  i  2i 
2n 1 2n n
b using part a

Exercise 3I

1 a q(x) = 2x2 – 3x + 1 b q(x) = 3x3 + x2 + 3

c q(x) = x4 – x2 − 2

2 a q(x) = 3x2 – 3x – 2, r = −3 b q(x) = 2x2 – 5x +5, r(x) = 6x – 15

c q(x) = x2 + x, r(x) = −x2 – x + 1

Exercise 3J

1 a q(x) = x2 + 4x + 5, r = 11 b q(x) = 2x2 – 3x – 1, r = 1

c q(x) = 2x3 + 2x2 – x + 3, r = 1 d q(x) = 3x4 + 2x3 – 2x2 – x + 13, r = −81

2x 2  3x  20
2 a  x  1 (x  3) 2x  x  32x2  31x  60
4 3

b 2x2  3x  20  2x  5 x  4

2x 4  x3  32x2  31x  60   x  1 x  32x  5 x  4

Exercise 3K

1 a q(x) = x2 – x + 3, r = 1 b q(x) = 3x2 + x + 1, r = 1

c q(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 2x + 1, r = 4 d q(x) = x4 – 2x3 + x2 – x +3, r = −1

2  
f  x   x2  2 2x2  3x  1  x  3 
 2x 4  3x 3  x 2  4x 2  6x  2  x  3
 2x 4  3x 3  5x 2  5x  1

3 By factor theorem,

f  2  6  2  17  2  20  2  35  2  44  2   a

5 4 3 2

 12  a  0  a  12

Horner’s algorithm

6 +17 −20 −35 +44 +a

−2 6 5 −30 25 −6 12 + a

12  a  0  a  12

4 By factor theorem,

4 3 2
 1  1  1  1  1
f    2   5   4   b   1
 2   2   2   2   2
1 b
    0  b  1
2 2

© Oxford University Press 2019 15

 Worked solutions

Horner’s algorithm

2 5 −4 −b 1

1 2 4 −6 3+b 1 1
   b
2 2 2

1 1
  b  0  b  1
2 2

5 By factor theorem,

f 1  1  5  5  a  b  11  a  b  0  a  b  11

f  2    2   5  2   5  2   a  2   b  0
4 3 2

 2a  b  4
Eliminating b,
3a  15  a  5 and therefore b  6

Horner’s algorithm

1 5 5 a b

1 1 6 11 11 + a 11 + a + b

−2 1 4 3 5+a

11  a  b  0
5  a  0  a  5  b  6

6 By factor theorem,

1 6 13 30 45 a a
f  5  4  3    b  14   b  0
2
  2 2 2 4 2 2
 a  2b  28
By polynomial remainder theorem,
f 1  6  13  30  45  a  b  40  a  b  16
Eliminating a,
b  12  a  4

7 f  x    x  2 g  x   4 for some polynomial g  x 

f  2   4; f 5  3
r x

 
f  x   x  3x  10  g  x   ax  b
2

4  a  2   b 
 Elimination
3  a 5  b 
7  7a  a  1
4 2b b 2
r  x   x  2

f  1   1   1

2019 2018
8  ...  1  0

so in fact  x  1 is factor of f  x 

f  x    x  2   x  3  1
2n n
9

© Oxford University Press 2019 16

 Worked solutions

x 2  5x  6   x  3  x  2  so f  x  is divisible by
x 2  5x  6 if and only if it is divisible by both  x  3 and  x  2  .

f  2   1  1  0 so f  x  is divisible by  x  2 
n

f  3   1  1  12n  1  0 so f  x  is divisible by  x  3

2n

Thus f  x  is divisible by x 2  5x  6

10 By polynomial remainder theorem,

 b b
f x   x   q x  f   for some polynomial q  x 
 a  a
b
 af  x    ax  b  q  x   af  
 a
b
i.e. the function af  x  leaves remainder af   when divided by  ax  b  .
 a
b
Thus f  x  leaves a remainder of f   when divided by  ax  b  .
 a

Exercise 3L

1 a f  x   x  x  2 x  7  x3  9x2  14x

b f  x    x  3 x  2 x  1  x  3


 x 2  5x  6 x 2  4 x  3  
4 3 2
 x  x  11x  9x  18

 1
c f  x   2  x  1  x    x  2  x  5
 2

  x  1 2x  1 x 2  7x  10  
 2
 2x  3x  1 x  7x  10  2

4 3
 2x  11x  23x  10

2 a  
f  x   x2  2  x  2  x3  2x2  2x  4

 1
b f  x   2  x  1  x   x 3  3
 2
 

  x  1 2x  1 x 3  3  
 2
 2x  x  1 x  3  3

5 4 3 2
 2 x  x  x  6 x  3x  3

c f x  x  1  3     x  1  3   x 3
2 

 x 2  2x  2 x 3  2  
5 4 3 2
 x  2x  2x  2x  4x  4

3 a f  x    x  1 x2  2x  2  
b f  x   3x3  x2  2x  6   x  1 3x2  4x  6  
© Oxford University Press 2019 17
 Worked solutions

c f  x   2x 4  5x3  11x2  3x  5


  x  1 2x 3  3x 2  8x  5 
  x  1 2x  1 x 2  2x  5  
f  x    x  2  ax  b   x2  4x  4  ax  b
2
4 a

Now, long division or synthetic division can be used, though it is easier to note
the coefficient of x 3 is 3  a  3
and 4b  20  b  5
 f  x    x  2   3x  5 
2

f  x   3x  2  ax  b  9x2  12x  4  ax  b

2
b

Now, long division or synthetic division can be used, though it is easier to note
the coefficient of x 3 is 9  a  1
and 4b  16  b  4
 f  x    3x  2   x  4
2

c f  x    x  1
2
 ax 2
  
 bx  c  x2  2x  1 ax2  bx  c 
Now, long division or synthetic division can be used, though it is easier to note
the coefficient of x 4 is 1  a  1
and c  4 and the coefficient of x is
8  2c  b  b  8  2c  0
 
 f  x   x 2  2x  1 x 2  4   x  1  2
 x  2  x  2

f  x   2x  1  ax  b  8x3  12x2  6x  1  ax  b

3
d

Now, long division or synthetic division may be used, but it is easier to note
the coefficient of x 4 is 8  a  1
and b  1
 f  x   2x  1  x  1
3

f  x    x  1  ax  b   x 4  4x3  6x2  4x  1  ax  b
4
e

Now, long division or synthetic division may be used, but it is easier to note
the coefficient of x 5 is 5  a  5
and b  7
 f  x    x  1 5x  7
4

5 a If z  2i is a root, then so is z  2i


 f  z    z  2i   z  2i   az  b   z 2  4  az  b  
Now, long division or synthetic division can be used but it is easier to note
that the coefficient of z 3 is 1  a  1 and 4b  8  b  2
 f  z    z  2i   z  2i   z  2 
So the remaining roots are  2i and 2

b If z  3  2i is a zero then so is z  3  2i
© Oxford University Press 2019 18
 Worked solutions

  
 f  z   z  3  2i  z  3  2i   az  b 


 z  6 z  13  az  b 
2

Now, long division or synthetic division can be used but it is easier to note
that the coefficient of z 3 is 2  a  2
and 13b  13  b  1
 
 f  z   z  3  2i  z  3  2i  2z  1 
1
So the remaining roots are 3  2i and
2

1 3 1 3
c If z   i is a root, then so is z   i
2 2 2 2

 1 3   1 3 
 f z   z    i   z    i    az  b 
 2 2   2 2 
     
 
 z 2  z  1  az  b 
Now, long division or synthetic division can be used but it is easier to note
that the coefficient of z 3 is 3  a  3
and b  7

 1 3   1 3 
 f z   z    i   z    i    3z  7 
 2 2   2 2 
     
1 3 7
So the remaining roots are  i and 
2 2 3

d If z  i is a zero then so is z  i


 f  z    z  i   z  i  az 2  bz  c 
 2
 z  1 az  2
 bz  c 
Now, long division or synthetic division can be used, but it is easier to note
that the coefficient of z 4 is 1  a  1
and c  5 and the coefficient of z is
2  b
 
 f  z   z 2  1 z 2  2z  5 
2
 z  2z  5  0
  z  1  4
2

 z  1  2i
So the remaining roots are z  i and z  1  2i

e If z  2  i is a zero then so is z  2  i

© Oxford University Press 2019 19

 Worked solutions

 f  z    z   2  i    z   2  i   az 2  bz  c  
 2
 z  4 z  5 az  bz  c  2

Now, long division or synthetic division can be used, but it is easier to note
that the coefficient of z 4 is 1  a  1
and 5c  10  c  2
13  8
and the coefficient of z is 13  4c  5b  b  1
5

f  z   z 2  4z  5 z 2  z  2  
so the remaining zeros satisfy
2
 1 7
z2  z  2   z    
 2  4
1 7
z   i
2 2
1 7
So the remaining roots are  2  i and   i
2 2

1 2 1 2
f If z    i then so is z    i
3 3 3 3
  1 2    1 2 
 f z   z   
  3 3
i   z   
    3 3 
i   az 2  bz  c 
     
 2 2 1
  z  z   az 2  bz  c
 3 3
 
Now, long division or synthetic division may be used, but it is easier to note
that the coefficient of z 4 is 3  a  3
c
and  6  c  18
3
2c b
and the coefficient of z is 12    b  36  2 18   0
3 3
 2 2 1
 f  z    z  z   3z 2  18
 3 3
 
 3z 2  18  0  z   i 6
1  2i
so the remaining roots are z  and z   6i
3

6 a f 2  8  4a  2  2  0  a  2

 f  x   x 3  2x 2  x  2   x  2  x 2  1  
2
roots of x  1  0 can be found by long division, synthetic division, or inspection
so the remaining roots are x  i

b f  5  250  250  5a  15  0  a  3

f  x   2x 3  10x 2  3x  15


  x  5 2 x 2  3 
2
roots of 2 x  3  0 can be found by long division, synthetic division, or inspection
3
so the remaining roots are x   i
2
c f  x   x 4  2x3  ax2  bx  85

© Oxford University Press 2019 20

 Worked solutions

If x  5i is a root then so is x   5i
f  5i   25  10 5i  5a  5bi  85  0
Comparing real parts, 25  5a  85  0  a  22
Comparing imaginary parts, 10 5  5b  0  b  10
 f  x   x 4  2 x 3  22 x 2  10 x  85


 x  5i  x     
5i cx 2  dx  e  x 2  5 cx 2  dx  e 
Now, long division or synthetic division can be used, but it is easier to note
that the coefficient of x 4 is 1  c
and 5e  85  e  17
and the coefficient of x is 5d  10  d  2
 x 2  2 x  17   x  1  16  0  x  1  4i
2

So the remaining zeros are

x   5i, x  1  4i, x  1  4i

d If x  1  2i is a root then so is x  1  2i

f 1  2i   2  a  b  14  2a i  0
Comparing real and imaginary parts,
 a  7  b  5

 f  x    x  1  2i    x  1  2i   cx 2  dx  e 
 
 x 2  2 x  5 cx 2  dx  e 
4 3 2
 3x  7 x  18 x  7 x  5
Now, long division or synthetic division can be used, but it is easier to note
that the coefficient of x 4 is 3  c  3
and 5e  5  e  1
and the coefficient of x is 5d  2e  7  d  1
1  i 11
 3x 2  x  1  0  x 
6
so the remaining roots are
1  i 11
x  1  2i and x 
6

Exercise 3M

3
1 a x1  x2  x3  x4   3
1

4
x1x2 x3 x4  4
1

6
6
b x
i 1
i 
2
3

6
0
x
i 1
i 
2
0

17
0
c x
i 0
1 
23
0

© Oxford University Press 2019 21

 Worked solutions

17
46
x   1
17
i  2
i 1 23

2020
4 4
d x
i 1
i 
3

3

2020
8 8
x   1
2020
i  
i 1 3 3

2 1
2 a x1  x2  x3   
4 2

17 17
b x1x2 x3   1
3

4 4

 2 
c 10x1  10x2  10x3  10  x1  x2  x3   10   5
 4 

1
3 
3 3 3 3  x1  x2  x3  2 6
d       
x1x2 x1x3 x2 x3 x1x2 x3 17 17
4

2 1
3 a x1  x2  x3  x4   
6 3

3 1
x1x2 x3 x4   1
4
b 
6 2

 1
c 3x1  3x2  3x3  3x4  3  x1  x2  x3  x4   3     1
 3

6 6 6 6 6  x1  x2  x3  x4 
d    
x1x2 x3 x1x2 x4 x1x3 x4 x2 x3x4 x1x2 x3x4

 1
6 
3
  4
1

2

Exercise 3N

1 a  
x3  x2  4x  4   x  1 x2  4   x  1  x  2  x  2  0

 x  2, x  1, x  2

b  
x3  2x2  9x  18   x  2 x2  9   x  2 x  3 x  3  0

 x  3, x  2, x  3

c x3  3x2  3x  2   x  2 x2  x  1  0  
x2  x  1  0 exhibits no real solution since =12  4  3  0
x 2

© Oxford University Press 2019 22

 Worked solutions

d 
x 4  x3  3x2  x  2   x  1 x3  3x  2   x  1  2
 x  2  x  1  0
 x  2, x  1, x  1

 2   2  a  2  4  0  a  4

3 2
2 a

b  
x3  x2  4x  4   x  2 x2  x  2   x  2 x  2 x  1  0

So the remaining roots are x  2 and x  1

3 a 
2x3  ax2  bx  9   x  3  cx  d   x 2  6x  9 cx  d 
2

Coefficient of x 3 : 2  c
Units: 9  9d  d  1

 2x 3  ax 2  bx  9  x 2  6 x  9 2x  1 
3 2
 2x  11x  12x  9
 a  11, b  12

1
b From the factorised form, deduce that the remaining root is x  
2

4 a Let the three roots be  x1, x1 and x2

 x  x1   x  x1   x  x2   0
 x2  x12   x  x2   0
x 3  x2 x 2  x12 x  x12 x2  0
a   x2 , b   x12 , c  x12 x2
 ab  c

b From part a, x2  a

Exercise 3O

1 a x3  x2  4x  4  0

 1  x  2 , x  2

b x3  2x2  9x  18  0

 x  3,  3  x  2

c x3  3x2  3x  2  0

x 2

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 Worked solutions

d 4x3  8x2  x  3  0

1 3
x ,   x  1
2 2

e 3x3  4x2  7x  2  0

1
x 
3

f 12x3  16x2  81x  35  0

5 1 7
x ,  x
3 2 2

g x 4  x3  3x2  x  2  0

 x  2, x  1

h 2x 4  x3  x2  x  1  0

1
  x 1
2

2 f x  g x

 2 x 3  3x 2  2 x  5  0
 x  1.17227...

3 a Rearrange to give x3  x  2

Plot y  x3 and y  2  x and using a GDC or by inspection deduce

x  1

b Rearrange to give x2  1  2x3

Plot y  2x3 and y  x 2  1 and using a GDC or by inspection deduce

x 1

c Rearrange to give x 4  2  x2

Plot y  x 4 and y  2  x 2 and using a GDC or by inspection deduce

1  x  1

4 a x5  4x3  2x  1  0

 x  1.78897...,  1.8947...  x  1

b x13  4  3x8  5x

0.746571...  x  1.27299..., x  1.09526

c x15  2x14  5x8  4x2  1

2.06403...  x  0.888753...,  0.505311...  x  0.505331..., x  0.868507...

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 Worked solutions

Exercise 3P

1 a Multiplying the second equation by 2,

14x  6y  10
Therefore, subtracting this from the first equation,
 m  14 x  12
 No solution if m  14

b Multiply the first equation by m : m  m  1 x  2my  m

Multiply the second equation by 2: 6 x  2my  22
Subtracting these equations, m  m  1  6  x  m  22
 No solution if m  m  1  6  m2  m  6   m  3  m  2   0
 m  3 or m  2

2 a Multiplying the second equation by 2,

6 x  2y  8
so by comparison with the first equation, there are infinitely many solutions
if p  2

b Equating ratios of coefficients and constants:

p  4 p  1 2
  
p 1 p
p  4 p 1  p  2
  
p p p
1 :  p  4  p 1  p 

2 : 1  p  p  2  Have only one common solution, p  2

3 :  p  4  2 
 p  2 gives infinitely many solutions.

3 a Multiply the first equation by 3

6 x  3sy  3
Multiply the second equation by 2,
6 x  2y  4
Subtracting these equations,
2  3s  y  1
Therefore for a unique solution we need
3
2  3s  0  s 
2
1 1
Then, y   
2  3s 3s  2
and accordingly
1 1 s 1 4s  2 2s  1
x 
2
1  sy   2 1  3s  2   2  3s  2   3s  2
   

b Rearranging the first equation,

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 Worked solutions

y  s   s  2 x
Substituting this into the second equation
5  2s  x  s s   s  2 x   4
 5  2s   s  s  2   x  4  s2
   s2  4s  5 x  4  s2
 s  1, s  5
4  s2 s2  4
x  2
 2
 s  4s  5 s  4s  5
 s  2   s2  4  
s3  4s2  5s  s3  2s2  4s  8 
y s 2

s  4s  5 s 2  4s  5
2
2s  s  8
 2
s  4s  5

4 a Adding the equations,

1
2a  2b  x  2  x 
ab
Subtracting the equations,
2a  2b  y 0y 0

b The system does not have a solution when a  b  0

Exercise 3Q

1 a  3, b  1  i, c  4  i, d   1  i  , e  4  5i, f  7

D  ad  bc  3  i  1   4  i  1  i   8
xnum  e d  fb    4  5i  1  i   7 1  i   16  8i
ynum  af  e c  3 7    4  5i   4  i   16i
x 1  16  8i   2  i 
    
y  8  16i   2i 

2 a  1  4i, b  3i, c  3  5i, d  5  4i,e  2  4i, f  21  27i

D  ad  bc  1  4i  5  4i   3i 3  5i   26  15i
xnum  e d  fb  5  4i  2  4i   3i 21  27i   87  35i
ynum  af  e c  1  4i  21  27i   2  4i  3  5i   103  55i
x 1  87  35i 
   
y
  26  15i  103  55i 

Exercise 3R

1 a Eliminating y from the first two equations:

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 Worked solutions

m 1
3x   m  1 z  6  x  z 2
3
and from the second two equations,
2m  1
5x  2m  1 z  5  x  z 1
5
Eliminating x,
 2m  1 m  1 
   z  1
 5 3 
6m  3  5m  5
 z  1
15
m2
 z  1
15
 m  2

b Eliminating x from first two equations,

1  3m y   m  3 z  5 1
and from the first and third:
2  m y 2m2
and substituting this into equation 1
m3
so m  2 and m  3

2 a Multiplying the first equation by 3,

6 x  9y  3z  3
so comparing this with the second equation,
k 6

b k  2 gives infinitely many solutions as the the second equation is equal to 2 times the third
equation

3 If m  1 , then

xyz 2
and
x  y  z  3

which is clearly not possible. If m  0 , then

2x  y  z  0
and adding together equations (2) and (3) gives
 x  z    x  y   1   3
2x  y  z  2

which is again clearly not possible. So it has one solution for all values of m other than m  1
and m  0 .

4 a 9a  3b  c  1

4a  2b  c  5
abc  4
Gaussian elimination on this system of equations gives
9 21 7
a , b , c 
4 4 2

b abc 1

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 Worked solutions

a  b  c  9
4a  2b  c  8
Gaussian elimination on this system of equation gives
22 34
a , b  5, c  
3 3

Chapter review

1 x  x  a  b  1  ab

 x 2   a  b  x  ab  1  0

   a  b   4  ab  1
2

 a2  2ab  b2  4ab  4
 a2  2ab  b2  4
  a  b  4  0
2

so there are two distinct real solutions for all a, b 

2 a 1  i 
3 3
 2
 
 1  i   1  3i  3  i   i 3  1  3i  3  i   i 3
2

 1  3i  3  i   1  3i  3  i 
  2  2i   2i  2 
 4

i 64i 63...i18 i 64i 63i 62i 61...i19i18 [1  i  i 2  i 3]11 i 19i 18

b   
1  2i 1  2i 1  2i

 1   i   1 i 1  2i 
11 3 2
i i i i 2 2 i
    2   
1  2i 1  2i 1  2i 1  22 5 5 5

c If  is a root of f  x  then so is *

 2  i  2i
 f  x   C  x  4  x  x  
 5  5 
 4 1
 C  x  4  x 2  x  
 5 5 
C

5
 x  4  5x 2  4 x  1 
C

5

5x 3  16 x 2  15x  4 
so set, for example, C  5 to obtain integers coefficients
e.g. f  x   5x 3  16 x 2  15x  4

3 a a  2  ay   y  2

 a 2

 1 y  2  2a
2
 a  1  0  a  1
2a 2  2a  2a 2 2
x  2    
1 a 1 a 1 a a 1
2 1  a 2 1  a 2
y   
1  a2 1  a 1  a 1  a

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 Worked solutions

b i a  1 since then x  y  2 and x  y  2, which is not possible

ii a  1

y  x 2

1  i  
1009
4
1  i  1  i  1  i 
2019 2019 2017 4036

4 a   
1  i  1  i  1  i 
2017 2017 2017
22017 22017

 4
1009
22018
2017
  2
2 22017

1  i  
n 1
2
1  i  1  i  2i 
n 2 2 n 2 n 1

b     2i n 1
1  i 
n
2n 2n 2n

 n  1 must be odd, so n must be even

5 x5  3x 4  2x2  2x  4  x 4  3x3  2x2  3

x5  2x 4  3x3  4x2  2x  1  0

Use your GDC:

2.45  x  1.26,
0.339  x  0.715,
1.34  x (3s.f.)

 3x  2y  z  1

6  6 x  8y  3z  6
12x  4y  7 z  4


Eliminating x from the first two equations,

12y  5z  4 1
and from the second two equations,
20y  13z  16 2 
Three times 2  minus five times 1 ,
14 z  28  z  2
1
y 
2
2
x 
3

7 a 2

 f  x 
2
b  9x 4  12x3  26x2  20x  25

    x  1 3x  5 
2 2
 3x 2  2 x  5 
5
   1,  = 
3
1 1 3 2
  1 
  5 5

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 Worked solutions

8  * 
 z  i  3  z  i *  3
 

  iz  6  i
*

 z  i  1  6i
*

 2i *  4  6i
 2i  a  bi   4  6i
 a  3, b  2 so   3  2i
 z  3  i 3  2i   1  3i

9 Using sum of a geometric sequence,

 z 
3
1
1  z  z2   0  z 3  1
z  1
 
673
  1
673
 z 2019  z 3  1

Exam-style questions

b  b2  4ac
10 a x  (1 mark)
2a

6  208
x (1 mark)
2

x  3  52 (1 mark)

x  3  2 13 (1 mark)

b Using sketch or table

3  2 13  x  3  2 13 (2 marks)

11 a 8x2  6x  5  0

 4x  52x  1  0 (2 marks)

5
4x  5  0  x   (1 mark)
4

1
2x  1  0  x  (1
2
mark)

b 8x2  6x  5  k  0

No real solutions  b2  4ac  0 (1 mark)

36  4  8   5  k   0 (1 mark)

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 Worked solutions

36  32 5  k   0

36
5k  
32

36
k  5
32

9 40
k  
8 8

49
k  (1 mark)
8

12 Two real roots implies b2  4ac  0 (1 mark)

k 3 
2
 4 3k  3  0 (1 mark)

3k 2  36k  0

k 2  12k  0

k  k  12  0 (1 mark)

Critical values are k  0 and k  12 (1 mark)

Solution is k  0 or k  12 (2 marks)

13 a Using sketch of y   x  4 3  x  (1 mark)

Correct sketch or table

Solution is 4  x  3 (2 marks)
b 2x2  11x  9  0

2x  9  x  1  0 (1 mark)

Using sketch of y  2x  9  x  1 (1 mark)

Correct sketch or table

9
Solution is 1  x  (2 marks)
2
c Comparing answers from a and b gives

1 x 3 (1 mark)

14 Let w  a  bi where a, b 

 a  bi
2
 77  36i (1 mark)

a2  b2  2abi  77  36i (1 mark)

Equating reals: a2  b2  77 (1) (1 mark)

Equating imaginary: 2ab  36 (2) (1 mark)

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 Worked solutions

18
(2) gives b  
a

2
 18 
Substitute in (1): a2      77 (1 mark)
 a 

324
a2   77
a2

a4  77a2  324  0

Attempting to factorise, or using the quadratic formula:

a2
 
 4 a2  81  0 (1 mark)

Since a  , a2  81 (1 mark)

a  9

a  9  b  2

a  9  b  2

So w   9  2i (2 marks)

15 Let p  x   2x3  ax2  10x  b

p 1  0  2  a  10  b  0 (2 marks)

ab  8 (1) (1 mark)

p  2  15  16  4a  20  b  15

4a  b  11 (2) (2 marks)

Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously: (1 mark)

a 1 (1 mark)

b7 (1 mark)

16 Since 3  i is a zero, its conjugate is also a zero, i.e. 3  i  3  i is a zero.

*
(1 mark)

By the factor theorem,

 z  3  i  is a factor of f , and  z  3  i  is a factor of f . (1 mark)

Therefore  z  3  i   z  3  i   z 2  6z  10 is also a factor of f. (2 marks)

Writing z 4  8z3  48z2  176z  260   z 2  6z  10  z 2  kz  26

Equating coefficients of z 2 gives 48  26  6k  10 (2 marks)

So k  2 (1 mark)

z2  2z  26  0

© Oxford University Press 2019 32

 Worked solutions

  2   2
2
 4  1  26 2  100 2  10i
z     1  5i (2 marks)
2 2 2

The zeros are therefore 3  i and 1  5i .

 4  4
17 a Sum of roots     (2 marks)
 5  5

4  1 1
Product of roots   1      (2 marks)
 5  5
 4  4
b Sum of roots     (2 marks)
 5  5

5  10 
Product of roots   1    2 (2 marks)
 5 

18 Suppose w  a  bi and z  c  di for a, b, c, d  (1 mark)

Then w  a  bi and z   c  di (1 mark)

So wz   zw   a  bi c  di  c  di a  bi

 ac  bd  i  bc  ad   ac  bd  i  ad  bc  (1 mark)

 i  bc  ad   i  ad  bc  (1 mark)

 i  bc  ad   i  bc  ad 

 2  bc  ad  i

which is purely imaginary (1 mark)

19 At  1, 5 : a  b  c  5 (1 mark)

At 3, 1 : 9a  3b  c  1 (1 mark)

At 10, 71 : 100a  10b  c  71 (1 mark)

Solving simultaneously using GDC: (1 mark)

a  1 (1 mark)

b3 (1 mark)

c  1 (1 mark)

© Oxford University Press 2019 33

 Worked solutions

4 Measuring change: differentiation

Skills check
1
8 32
1 7x 2 ;2x 3; x
5

2 Vertical asymptote: x = − 3

Horizontal asymptote: y = 0

 2
y-intercept:  0, 
 3

1
3 S  5   5  2  10
1
1
2

Exercise 4A

x2  4  x  2  x  2  lim x  2  4
1 lim
x 2 x  2
 lim
x 2 x 2 x 2
 

x2  9  x  3  x  3  lim x  3  6
2 lim
x 3 x 3
 lim
x 3 x 3 x 3
 

3 lim  x  3  1 whereas lim  x  1  3 so the limit does not exist

x 2 x 2

x3  1  x  1 x2  x  1 
4 lim
x 1 x 1
 lim
x 1 x 1
 lim x 2  x  1  3
x 1
 

5
x 1 x 1
 
lim  x  1  2 and lim x2  1  2 so lim f  x   2
x 1


6 lim  x  6  3  0 
2

x 6

7 lim  x   1 whereas lim  x   2 so the limit does not exist

x 2 x 2

Exercise 4B

1 f (3)  lim f  x   lim f  x   7 so the function is continuous

x 3 x 3

2 f (2)  lim f  x   lim f  x   3 so the function is continuous

x 2 x 2

x 2 x 2
3 lim f  x    1 and lim f  x    1 hence the function is not continuous.
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2

4 lim f  x   lim f  x   2a but f  a  2a so the function is continuous

x  a x a

2 2 2
5 lim f  x   and lim f  x   f 1  , and f (1)  , hence f is continuous at x=1.
x 1 3 x 1 3 3

© Oxford University Press 2019 1

 Worked solutions

lim f  x    and lim f  x    but f  2  4

x 2 x 2

so f is not continuous at x  2.

6 lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 2 x 2

  2  2  3k  2 
2

1
 2  6k  k  
3

7 The function is already continuous for x  3 and for x  3

Since the functions f1  x   kx 2  k and f2  x   4 are both continuous on their domains,

it remains to find the value of k that insures that the function is continuous at x=3
i.e. lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 3 x 3

1
 k 3  k  4  k 
2

x2  9
8 a f x 
 x  3  x  3
 Discontinuous at x  3

x 1 1
b f x   so discontinuous at x  1
1  x2 1  x

c Continuous

 x  2  1
2

d f x 
 x  5  x  1
Discontinuous at x  1 and x  5

x2
e f x 
 x  1  x2  x  1
Discontinuous at x  1

f Continuous

Exercise 4C

x 2 32
1 a lim  5
x 3 x 2 32

x2  x  2
b lim  lim  x  2  3
x 1 x 1 x 1

c lim
x6  9
 lim

x3  3 x3  3 
6

3
x 3 x 3  3 x 3 3 x3  3 
x2  4 x 2
d lim  lim 2
x 2 x 2  2x x 2 x

© Oxford University Press 2019 2

 Worked solutions

e lim
 x  2  x  2  lim
x 2
limit does not exist
x 0 x  x  2 x 0 x

2 2 2  x  2 2  x 
f lim  lim  lim 0
x 2 2 x 2 2 2  x   2 x 2 2 3  x 
2
2x

 2  3x   4 1  x 
2 2
4  12x  9x 2  4  8x  4x 2
g lim  lim
x 0 6x x 0 6x

4 x  5x 2 4  5x 2
 lim  lim 
x 0 6x x 0 6 3

a2 x2  b2  ax  b  ax  b  lim ax  b  a2  b
h lim
x a ax  b
 lim
x a ax  b x a
 

3x 3
2 a lim f  x   lim  lim 3
x  x  x  3 x  3
1
x

2
b lim f  x   lim  2
x  x  1
1 2
x

1 2
1 
 2
x x 1
c lim f  x   lim 
x  x  2 1 3
3  2
x x

d Limit does not exist

2 3
 2
e lim f  x   lim x x 0
x  x  2
5 2
x

1 1
 2
f lim f  x   x x 0
x  3 2
1  2
x x

g Limit does not exist

 1 3
h lim f  x   lim  4   2 1    4
x  x   x x 


1
3 a Vertical Asymptote: 6x  1  0  x 
6

Horizontal Asymptote:
3x 3 1 1
lim  lim  so y 
x  6 x  1 x  1 2 2
6
x

© Oxford University Press 2019 3

 Worked solutions

b Vertical Asymptote: x2  3  0  x   3

Horizontal Asymptote:
3
1 2
x2  3 x
lim  lim  1 so y  1
x  3  x 2 x  3
 1
x2

c  
Vertical Asymptote: x3  1  0   x  1 x2  x  1  0  x  1

Horizontal Asymptote:
1 1
 2 1
1  x  x3 x 3
x
lim  lim  1 so y  1
x  x3  1 x  1
1 3
x

d Vertical Asymptote: x2  2  0  x   2

Horizontal Asymptote:
 5 
 5x   x   0 so y  0
lim   2   lim  
 x  2   1 2 
x  x 

 x 
2

e Vertical Asymptote: x=0

Horizontal Asymptote: None

x2 x2
f r x  
2x  3x  1 2x  1  x  1
2

1
Vertical Asymptotes: x  and x  1
2
Horizontal Asymptotes
x2 1 1
lim  lim 
2
x  2 x  3x  1 x  3 1 2
2  2
x x

Exercise 4D

1 a Divergent

b Divergent

1 1
c Convergent: un   lim un  lim  0
n n  n  n

1 1
d Convergent: un   lim un  lim n  0
3n n  n 3

2
1
n2 n 1
2 a Converges: lim  lim
n  n n  1

© Oxford University Press 2019 4

 Worked solutions

2
1
n2 n 1
b Converges: lim  lim
x  2n  3 n  3 2
2
n

1
1
n2  n n 1
c Converges: lim  lim 
n 
2n2  n n  1 2
2
n n

d Diverges

2 1
 3
2n2  1
e lim  lim n n  0
n  1  2n3 n  1
2
n3

1 1

1  n2 n 3
n 0
f lim  lim
n  1  n3 n  1
1
n3

1
3 a Converges since ratio of the geometric series is  1
3

1 3
S  1  
 1 4
1   
 3

1
b Converges since the ratio of the geometric series is 1
2

3 1
S   3
2 1
1
2

1
c Converges since the ratio of the geometric series is 1
10

1 20
S  2  
1 9
1
10

3 2
d Converges since the ratio of both geometric series is  1 and 1
5 5

3 1 2 1 3 2 5
S       
5 3 5 2 2 3 6
1 1
5 5

e
e Converges since 0  e    the ratio of the geometric series is 1


1 
S  
e  e
1


© Oxford University Press 2019 5

 Worked solutions


f Diverges since   3.14  0  the ratio of the geometric series 1
3.14

4 a 2x  0 for all real x so need to solve 2x  1

x0

42
b S   48
1  2x

7
  1  2x
8
1
 2x 
8
 x  3

3x
5  1  3x  x  1
x 1

Solve 3x  x  1
 3x  x  1 or  3x  x  1
1 1
x  or x  
2 4
By sketching graphs, deduce that
1 1
 x
4 2

N
1  2n
6 Let SN  
n 0 3
n 1

Then,
n n
N
1 N
2
SN  3    3  
n 0  3  n 0  3 
N 1 N 1
1 2
1  1 
 3 3
3 3
1 2
1 1
3 3
9  1
N 1
  2 
N 1

 1      9 1    
2   3     3  
 9  1 
N 1
  2   
N 1

 S  lim SN  lim  1      9 1     
N  2
N 
   3     3   
9 27
 9 
2 2
27
so the infinite sum converges, and is equal to
2

Exercise 4E

2  1  h2  1  2  12  1
   
1 a f '  1  lim 
h 0 h

© Oxford University Press 2019 6

 Worked solutions

 lim

2 h2  2h  1  1  3 
h 0 h
2h2  4h
 lim  lim 2h  4   4
h 0 h h 0

1  3 1  h2   1  3 12 
   
b f ' 1  lim 
h 0 h

 lim

1  3 h2  2h  1  2 
h 0 h
3h2  6h
 lim  lim  3h  6   6
h 0 h h 0

2 2

c f '  1  lim 1  h 1
h 0 h

2
2 2  2  h  1 2h
 lim  1
h  lim  lim 2
h 0 h h  0 h  h  1 h 0 h  h

2
 lim  2
h 0 h 1

  1  h    1 
2 2

d f '  1  lim  

h 0 h

h2  2h  1  1
 lim
h 0 h
 lim  h  2   2
h 0

 1  h   1
3 3

e f '  1  lim

h 0 h

h3  3h2  3h  1  1
 lim
h 0 h

2
 lim h  3h  3  3
h 0

h2  h  1   1
f f ' 0  lim
h 0 h

 lim  h  1  1
h 0

1 1

2  h 
2
22
g f ' 2  lim
h 0 h

4  2  h 
2
h2  4h
 lim  lim
4h 2  h  4h 2  h 
h 0 2 h 0 2

h  h  4  1 h4
 lim  lim
4h 2  h  4 h 0 2  h 2
h 0 2

1

4

© Oxford University Press 2019 7

 Worked solutions

h
0
1
h f ' 0  lim  1
h  lim 1
h 0 h h 0 h  1

2 Gradient of line AB:

1  h  3  1  3
2
h2  2h  1  3  4
  h2
h h

This becomes the gradient of the tangent to f  x  i.e. f '  x  in the limit
h0
 f ' 1  lim  h  2  2
h 0

f  x  h  f  x 
3 a f '  x   lim
h 0 h

3  x  h 2  2  x  h   1  3x 2  2 x  1
   
 lim 
h 0 h
3x 2  6 xh  3h2  2 x  2h  1  3x 2  2 x  1
 lim
h 0 h
6 xh  3h2  2h
 lim
h 0 h
 lim  6 x  2  3h   6 x  2
h 0

b f '  x   4  6x  2  4  x  1


 1,3  1  2  1  1   1,0
2

1 1

 x  h
2
x2
4 f '  x   lim
h 0 h

x2   x  h
2

 lim
hx 2  x  h 
h 0 2

2 xh  h2
 lim
hx 2  x  h 
h 0 2

2 x  h
 lim
x 4  2 x 3h  h2 x 2
h 0

2 x 2
 4
 3
x x
1
 If the gradient is  ,
4
2 1
    x3  8  x  2
x3 4
 1
  2, 
 4

© Oxford University Press 2019 8

 Worked solutions

Exercise 4F

 x  h   x  h  2  x 2  x  2
2

1 a f '  x   lim
h 0 h

x 2  2xh  h2  x  h  2  x 2  x  2
 lim
h 0 h
2 xh  h2  h
 lim
h 0 h
 lim 2 x  h  1  2 x  1
h 0

 f ' 0  1

2   x  h   3  x  h   2  x  3x 2
2

b f '  x   lim
h 0 h

2  x  h  3x 2  6 xh  3h2  2  x  3x 2
 lim
h 0 h

 lim
 1  6 x  h  3h2
h 0 h
 lim  1  6 x  3h   1  6 x
h 0

 f '  1  7

2 2
 
c f '  x   lim xh x
h 0 h

2 x  2  x  h  2x  2x  2h
 lim  lim
h 0 hx  x  h  h 0 hx 2  h2 x
2 2
 lim  2
h 0 x 2  hx x
 f ' 1  2

x 1 h  x 1
d f '  x   lim
h 0 h

x 1 h  x 1 x 1 h  x 1
 lim 
h 0 h x 1 h  x 1
x  1  h   x  1 h
 lim  lim
h 0
h  x 1 h  x 1  h 0
h  x 1 h  x 1 
1 1
 lim 
h 0
 x 1 h  x 1  2 x 1
1
 f ' 3 
4

1 1

e f '  x   lim x  h x
h 0 h

© Oxford University Press 2019 9

 Worked solutions

 lim
x  xh
 lim
 x  xh  x  x  h 
h 0
h x xh h 0
h x x  h  x  x  h
x   x  h
 lim
h 0
h x xh  x  xh 
1
 lim
h 0
x xh  x  xh 
1 1
 
x x  x  x  2x x
1 1
 f ' 9   
293 54

 x  h
3
 1  x3  1
f f 'x  lim
h 0 h

3hx 2  3h2 x  h3
 lim
h 0 h

 lim 3x  3hx  h2
h 0
2

2
 3x
 f ' 1  3

8  2  a  h  8  2a2
2
4ah  2h2
2 a vavg    4a  2h
h h

b In the limit h  0, vavg  v A  lim  4a  2h  4a

h0

10 t  h  t  h  10t 2  t 3
2 3

3 a v  lim
h 0 h

10t 2  20th  10h2  t 3  3ht 2  3h2t  h3  10t 2  t 3

 lim
h 0 h
20th  10h2  3ht 2  3h2t  h3
 lim
h 0 h

 lim 20t  3t  10h  h2  3ht
h 0
2

2
 20t  3t

b v 1  17, v 10  100

The sign indicates the direction the particle moves in. At t  1, the particle
is moving in the positive direction and in the opposite direction at t  10

Exercise 4G

2 1  h  1  h  1  2  1  1
2

1 a f ' 1  lim

h 0 h

 lim

2 h2  2h  1   h  1  1   lim
2h2  3h
h 0 h h 0 h
 lim 2h  3  3
h 0

© Oxford University Press 2019 10

 Worked solutions

b y  f 1  2

y  2  3  x  1  y  3x  1

1
c The normal has gradient  and also passes through 1,2
3

1 1 7
y 2  
3
 x  1  y   3 x  3

1 1

2   x  h 2  x 2  x  2  x  h 
2 f '  x   lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h 2  x  2  x  h 

h
 lim
h 0 h 2  x  2  x  h 
1
 lim
h 0
2  x  2  x  h 
1

2  x 
2

1
 f 'x  1   1  2  x   1
2

2  x 
2

 x  1 or x  3
1
At x  1, y   1 so the tangent here is
2 1
y 1  x 1  y  x
1
At x  3, y   1 so the tangent here is
23
y   1  x  3  y  x  4

2  x  h  1  2x 2  1
2
dy 4xh  2h2
3 a  lim  lim
dx h 0 h h  0 h

 lim  4x  2h  4x
h 0

so there exists a horzontal tangent at x  0  0, 1

2  3  x  h    x  h   2  3x  x 2
2
dy
b  lim
dx h0 h

2  3x  3h  x 2  2 xh  h2  2  3x  x 2
 lim
h 0 h

 lim
 3  2 x  h  h2

h 0 h
 lim  3  2 x  h  3  2 x
h 0

3
so there is a horizontal tangent at x  
2
 3 17 
i.e. at the point   , 
 2 4 

 x  h  1  x 3  1
3
dy
c  lim
dx h0 h

© Oxford University Press 2019 11

 Worked solutions

x 3  3x 2h  3xh2  h3  1  x 3  1
 lim
h 0 h
3x 2h  3xh2  h3
 lim
h 0 h

 lim 3x 2  3xh  h2  3x 2
h 0

so there is a horizontal tangent when x  0
i.e. at the point  0, 1

 x  h  3  x  h  x3  3x
3
dy
d  lim
dx h0 h

3x 2h  3xh2  h3  3h
 lim
h 0 h

 lim 3x  3xh  h2  3
h 0
2

2
 3x  3
so there is a horizontal tangent at x  1
i.e. at the points  1, 2 

1 1
1 h 11 h 1
4 f ' 1  lim 1 h  lim 1  h
h 0 h h 0 h

h2  1  1
 lim
h 0 h
 lim h  0
h 0

1
At x  1, y  1  2
1
 Tangent: y  2
Normal: x  1

Exercise 4H

y  3x  1  9x2  6x  1
2
1 a

dy
 2  9x  6  18x  6
dx

dy
b  5  3x 4  2  4x  2  15x 4  8x  2
dx

dy 1 2 1 2
c  2 x   x 
dx 4 3 2 3

1 3 1 5
d y  5x5  4x 3  x  x  x
4 5

dy 3
 25x 4  12x 2  1  x 4  x 6
dx 4
3 1
 25x 4  12x 2  1  4
 6
4x x

3  2x 3  x 4
e y   3x 1  2x 2  x 3
x

© Oxford University Press 2019 12

 Worked solutions

dy
 3x 2  4x  3x 2
dx
3
  2  4 x  3x 2
x
1
f y  x  x2

dy 1  12 1
  x 
dx 2 2 x

1  12
g y  x
x

dy 1 3 1
  x 2 
dx 2 2x x
2
5
h y  x2  x 5

dy 2  53 2
  x 
dx 5 5
5 x3

2 3  13  52
i y  3
  2x  3x
x x 5

dy 2  4 15  72 2 15
  x 3  x  
dx 3 2 3
3 x 4
2 x7

 3  x   1  x  3  x 
1 1
3
j y  1 x 2 3

1 1 5
 3  x 3  3x 2  x 6
dy 1 2 3 1 5 1
  x 3  x 2  x 6
dx 3 2 6

2 
y  2 x2  3x  2x2  6x 
dy
 4 x  6
dx
 At x  1,
dy
y  8 and  10
dx
So the equation of the tangent at 1, 8  is
y   8   10  x  1
 y  10 x  2

x 3
3 y   1  3x 1
x

dy
  3x 2
dx
Therefore at x  1,
dy
y  4 and 3
dx
1
 The gradient of the normal is 
3

© Oxford University Press 2019 13

 Worked solutions

So the equation of the normal at  1, 4  is

1
y 4 
3

x   1 
1 11
y  x
3 3
 x  3y  11  0

4 f '  x   15x2  24x  7

Therefore at x  1,
dy
y  f 1  10 and  f ' 1  32
dx
So the tangent at 1,10  is
y  10  32  x  1
 y  32 x  22
At x  1,
dy
y  f  1  14 and  f '  1  16
dx

y  14  16 x   1 
 y  16 x  2

5 f '  x   3x2  10x  5

 f 'x  2
 3x 2  10 x  5  2
 3x 2  10 x  3  0
 3x  1  x  3  0
1
so x  or x  3
3

1 1 77
If x  , y f 
3 3 27
77  1
so y   2x  
27  3
77 18 95
 y  2x    2x 
27 27 27
If x  3, y  7
 y   7   2  x  3
 y  2 x  13

6 f '  x   2x  3

1
 The normal at x  1 has gradient  1
23
y  f 1  1
 y   1  1  x  1  y  x  2
 x 2  3x  1  x  2
 x 2  4x  3  0
  x  3  x  1  0
 x  1 or x  3
 
 The other point is 3, f 3  3,1

© Oxford University Press 2019 14

 Worked solutions

7 f '  x   3x2  2x  1

1
The line has gradient 
2
So, set f '  x   2
 3x 2  2 x  1  2
 3x 2  2 x  1  0
 3x  1  x  1  0
1
 x  1 or x 
3

If x  1,
y  f  1  2


 y   2   2 x   1 
 y  2x

1
If x  ,
3
1 1 1 1 1  3  9  27 14
y f    1  
 3  27 9 3 27 27
 14   1
 y     2x  
 27   3
 27y  14  54 x  18
 54 x  27y  32  0

Exercise 4I

1 a Let u  4x  3, then y  u5

dy dy du
 
dx du dx
 5u4    4  20u 4
 20  4x  3
4

1
b Let u  1  4x, then y  u 2

dy dy du  1  12  
1 1
  u   4  2u 2  2 1  4x  2

 
dx du dx  2 

2  x 2  3x 5
c y   2x 1  x  3x 4
x

dy 2  x 2  12x5
  2x 2  1  12x 3  
dx x2

1

d Let u  1  3x2 , then y  2u 2

3
dy dy du  6x
   u 2  6 x    3
dx du dx
1  3x  2 2

3 3
1  x    
1
e y     x 1  x 2 
 x 
   

© Oxford University Press 2019 15

 Worked solutions

1

Let u  x 1  x 2 , then y  u3
2
dy dy du  1 3    
1
 2 1  23 
   3u2   x 2  x 2   3  x 1  x 2    x  x 
dx du dx  2     2 
2
1 1   1 1 
 3    2  
 x x   x 2 x x
2
 1  x   2  x 
 3
 x   2 x 2 
   

  
2
3 1 x x 2
 4
2x

1
f Let u  2x2  4, then y  u 3

4
dy dy du  1  23  4x 23 x
    u   4x   
dx du dx  3 2 2
 3 2x 2  4   3

3 x2  2  3

dy
2  6 x  12x 2
dx

Therefore the gradient at x  1 is  6

y  f 1  1
 y   1  6  x  1
 y  6 x  5

2
3 y 1  1  2x 1
x

dy
  2 x 2
dx
The gradient at x  1  the gradient of the normal
1
to the curve at this point is 
2
1  2
y  f  1  3
1
1
y 3  
2

x   1 
1 5
y  x
2 2
 x  2y  5  0

4 y  2 x

1
Let u  2  x , then y  u 2
du 1
 
dx 2 x
dy dy du  1  12   1  1
    u    
dx du dx  2  2 x  4 x 2 x

20
5 f 'x  and g '  x   5
x2

© Oxford University Press 2019 16

 Worked solutions

20
 f 'x  g 'x  5
x2
 x 2  4  x  2

6 a f '  x   15ax2  4bx  4c

b f ' x  0    0

  4b   4 15a  4c   0
2

 16b2  240ac
 b2  15ac

7 i Let f  x  be an even function i.e. f  x   f  x 

Let u   x, then f   x   f u 
d
 f  x    f '  x 
dx 
and since f  x  is an even function,
d d d du d
f  x    f   x    f  u   f u   f ' u   f '   x 
dx  dx  dx  dx du 
 f '  x    f '   x   f '   x   f  x 
i.e. the derivative of f  x  is an odd function

ii Let g  x  be an odd function i.e. g  x   g  x 

Let u   x, then g   x   g  u 
Then,
d d d
 g   x     g  x      g  x    g '  x 
dx  dx  dx 
and also
d d du d
 g   x     g  u     g  u    g '  u   g '   x 
dx dx dx du 
 g '  x   g '   x 
 g '  x   g '  x 
i.e. the derivative of g  x  is an even function

Exercise 4J

1 Let u  2x  3 and v   x  3
3

Then,
du dv
 3  x  3
2
 2 and
dx dx
dy du dv
 2  x  3   2 x  3  3  x  3
3 2
  v u
dx dx dx
  x  3 2  x  3  3 2 x  3 
2

  x  3  8 x  3
2

2 Let u  2x  3 and v  3  x 

2 3

© Oxford University Press 2019 17

 Worked solutions

Then,
du dv
 4 2x  3 and  3 3  x 
2

dx dx
dy du dv
 4 2x  3 3  x   2x  3   3 3  x  
3 2 2
  v u
dx dx dx  
 2x  3 3  x  4 3  x   3 2 x  3 
2

 2x  3 3  x  3  10 x 
2

x 1
  x  1  x  1
1
3 y 
x 1

Let u  x  1 and v   x  1
1

Then,
du dv
   x  1
2
 1 and
dx dx
dy dv du
 u v
dx dx dx
  x  1    x  1    x  1
2 1

 
1 x 1
 
x  1  x  12
x  1   x  1 2
 
 x  1  x  1
2 2

1
4 y  x  2  3x  2

1
Let u  x and v  2  3x  2
Then,
du dv 3 1
  2  3x  2

 1 and
dx dx 2
dy du dv
  v u
dx dx dx
1
3 x 1
  2  3x  2   2  3x  2


2
2 2  3x   3x 4  9x
 
2 2  3x 2 2  3x

1
 
1
5 y   x 3  2x 2  3x  1
x 3  2x 2  3x  1

dy
  
2
   3x 2  4 x  3 x 3  2 x 2  3x  1
dx
3x 2  4 x  3

 
2
x 3  2 x 2  3x  1

2
y   x  1 2  3x 3
4
6

© Oxford University Press 2019 18

 Worked solutions

2
Let u   x  1 and v  2  3x  3
4

Then,
du dv 1
 4  x  1 and  2 2  3x  3
3 

dx dx
dy dv du
 u  v
dx dx dx
1

 2  x  1 (2  3x)
3
3
2(2  3x)  (x  1)
1
 2  x  1 2  3x 
3 
3 (3  7 x)
3
2(x  1) (3  7 x)
 3
2  3x

y  2x  1  4  x 
3 2
7

Let u  2 x  1 and v   4  x 
3 2

Then,
du dv
 6 2 x  1 and  2 4  x 
2 3

dx dx
dy du dv
 6 2 x  1  4  x   2 2x  1  4  x 
2 2 3 3
  v u
dx dx dx
 2 2 x  1  4  x  3  4  x   2x  1
2 3

 2 2 x  1  4  x  11  x 
2 3

1
1  2x
 

8 y   1  2x  3x 2  2 2

3x 2  2
1

 

Let u  1  2 x and v  3x 2  2 2

Then,
3
du dv
 

 2 and  3x 3x 2  2 2
dx dx
dy du dv
  v u
dx dx dx
1 3

   
 
 2 3x 2  2 2
 3x 1  2 x  3x 2  2 2

   

  3x 2  2 2 2 3x 2  2  3x 1  2 x  
 
3

  3x  4 

  3x 2  2 2

x2  1
  
1
9 y   x2  1 x2  3
x2  3

 
1
Let u  x 2  1 and v  x 2  3
Then,
du dv
 
2
 2 x and  2 x x 2  3
dx dx
dy du dv
  v u
dx dx dx

© Oxford University Press 2019 19

 Worked solutions

   2x  x  1 x  3
1 2
 2x x 2  3 2 2

 2x  x  3  x  3   x  1 
2
2 2 2
 
 2x  x  3  4 
2
2

 8 x  x  3
2
2

At x  1,
dy
  8   2   2
2

dx
1
Therefore the tangent has gradient  2 and the normal has gradient
2
Tangent: y  0  2  x  1  y  2 x  2
1 1 1
Normal: y  0 
2
 x  1  y  2 x  2
1
y   x  12 3  x 
2
10 a

1
Let u   x  1 2 and v  3  x 
2

Then,
du 1 1
dv
  x  1 2 and  2 3  x 


dx 2 dx

dy du dv
  v u
dx dx dx
1 1 1
  x  1 2 3  x   2  x  1 2 3  x 
 2

2
1 1
  x  1 2 3  x  3  x   4  x  1 


2
1 1
  x  1 2 3  x   1  5x 


2
 3  x  5x  1

2 x 1

dy 1
b  0  x  3 or x  
dx 5

Exercise 4K

dy 5  x  3  1  3x   1 16
1 a  
5  x  5  x 
2 2
dx

 1 
dy
2  x     x  1 2  x   x 2 x
2x 
b  2 x   
2  x  2 x 2  x  2 x 2  x 
2 2 2
dx

x x 1  2x 
1  x 2 2  1  2x  2 1  x2 
dy 1  x2  1  x2
c  2 2
dx 1 x 1 x

© Oxford University Press 2019 20

 Worked solutions


 
2 1  x 2  x 1  2 x 
3

1  x  2 2

2x
 3

1  x  2 2

d
dy

 
x 2  1 3  1  3x  2x  3  2x  3x 2

   
2 2
dx x2  1 x2  1

du dv
2 a u  x 2  2;  2x;v  x 3  1;  3x 2
dx dx

dy

 
x 3  1  2 x   x 2  2 3x 2


2 x 4  2 x  3x 4  6 x 2  
   
2 2
dx x3  1 x3  1

2x  6 x 2  x 4

x 
2
3
1

du dv 3x 2 3
   
1  12
b u  x2  2x;  2x  2;v  x 3  1 ;  x 1
2

dx dx 2
3x 2 3
    x 
1  12
2  x  1 x 3  1  x 1 2
 2x
2

dy 2

dx x3  1
 3x 2 x 2  2 x   
   
 12
2  x  1 x 3  1 
x3  1
dy  2 
  
3
dx x 1
 3x 2 x 2  2 x   
   
 12
2 x 3  1  x  1 x 3  1 
dy  4 
  
dx x3  1
4 3
dy x  2x  4x  4

dx
 
3

2 x3  1
2

1
1
 

c y   x 4  x 5  2x 6 2
4 5 6
x  x  2x

1
du dv 1
     4x 
  23
u  1;  0;v  x 4  x5  2x 6 2
;   x 4  x 5  2x 6 3
 5x 4  12x 5
dx dx 2

 1 4 
 
 23
0   x  x 5  2x 6 (4x 3  5x 4  12x 5 )
dy  2 
 
 
2
dx x 4  x 5  2x 6



 12x 2  5x  4 
2 x  x  1
3
3 2
2x
2

dy
1  x    2 1x   1  x   2 1x 
d 
1  x 
2
dx

© Oxford University Press 2019 21

 Worked solutions



 1 x  1 x    2

1

     
2 2 2
2 x 1 x 2 x 1 x x 1 x

 1 
3 x  1  1  3x   
dy 4 x x  1 
e  
dx x 1


12 x  x  1  1  3x 
3

4 x  x 1  2

9x  12 x  1
 3

4 x  x 1  2

1

dy 2 1  1  3 2
f  1   
dx 3  x  22  2 x 1 5
3  x  13  x  23

3
dy

 
x 2  1  4   4x  2x  4x 2  4

   
2 2
dx x2  1 x2  1

dy 1
At x  0, y  0 and  4 so the normal has gradient 
dx 4
1
 The normal has equation y   x
4

 
1
4 y  8 4  x2

dy 16 x
 
2
  8 2 x  4  x 2 
4  x 
2
dx 2

8 dy 16
At x  1, y  and 
5 dx 25
25
 The normal has gradient and its equation is
16
8 25 25 3
y 
5 16
 x  1  y  16 x  80

1
5 y  x2  x  1 
x

dy 1 2x 3  x 2  1
 2x  1  2 
dx x x2
dy
2
dx
 2x 3  x 2  1  2x 2
 2 x 3  x 2  1   x  1 2x 2  x  1  0  
x  1 is the only real solution and the corresponding coordinate is
1, 4

© Oxford University Press 2019 22

 Worked solutions

Exercise 4L

1 f  x   1  4x  x 1

f '  x   4  x 2
2
f ''  x   2x 3  
x3

2 f  x   3x5  2x2  1

f '  x   15x 4  4 x
f ''  x   60 x 3  4
f '''  x   180 x 2
f    x   360 x
4

 f   1  360
4

3 y  1  3ax  3a2 x 2  a3 x 3
d 3y
 6a3  162  a3  27
dx 3
 a  3

x3
4 f 'x   4x  5
3

f ''  x   x2  4  0  x  2

dy
5  4x 3  12x 2  16
dx

d 2y
 12 x 2  24 x
dx 2
d 3y
 24 x  24
dx 3
d 2 y d 3y
  12 x 2  24 x  24 x  24
dx 2 dx 3
 x 2  4x  2  0
  x  2  2  x  2  2
2

6 f  x   x 4  px2  qx  r

f '  x   4x 3  2px  q
f ''  x   12x 2  2p
f ''  1  16  12  2p  16  p  2
f '  1  16  4  2 p  q  16  q  16  4  2p  24  q  24
f  1  1  p  q  r  16  r  16  1  p  q  37  r  37

7 a Notice that s t   4 t  2
5

v t   s ' t 

v  t   20 t  2 
4

 v 3  20 ms1

© Oxford University Press 2019 23

 Worked solutions

b a t   v ' t   s '' t 

a t   80 t  2
3

 a 3  80 ms2

c a ' t   v '' t   s ''' t 

a ' t   240 t  2
2

a ' 1  240 ms3

1
8 f x 
x

1
f 'x  
x2
2
f ''  x   3
x
6
f '''  x    4
x
24
f x  5
 4
x
120
f x   6
5 
x
n n!
Conjecture that P  n  : f    x    1 n 1
n

The statement P 1 is true (see above)

Assume that P  k  is true for some k  

k k!
i.e. that f    x    1 k 1
k

x
Then,
d
f
k 1
 x   dx f k   x 
d k k!

dx
 1 x k 1
d    k 1 
  1 k !
k
x
dx  
   1 k !  k  1 x  k 2
k

  1
k 1  k  1 !
x k 11
so P  k   P  k  1
Therefore, P 1 has been shown to be true and if P  k  is true for
some k  
then so is P  k  1 . Hence, the statement is true for all
positive integers by the principle of mathematical induction

f  x    x  1  x  1 1  2x 3   
4 4 3
9
 

© Oxford University Press 2019 24

 Worked solutions

 x  1
4
Note that all derivatives up to and including the third derivative of
will include a factor of  x  1 and therefore disappear upon being evaluated
at x  1. Therefore, we only need to include the first term in Leibniz:
d 4  x  1  d 0
4

f ' 1  
dx 4

 
 x  14 1  2x 3 3 
dx 0  
x 1


 24  x  1 1  2x 3  
4 3
 384
  x 1

Exercise 4M

1 a f (x)  0  f has a stationary point at x. So, x  3, 1,2, 4

b f (x)  0  f is increasing, so x  3, 1  x  2, x  4

c f (x)  0  f is decreasing, so  3  x  1,2  x  4

d By inspection of the graph of f, x  3, 1  x  2, 4  x

e By insprection of the graph of f, f  is decreasing at x  1,2  x  3

2 a i By inspection of the graph of f, x  3, x  4

ii By inspection of the graph of f, -3≤x≤4

iii By inspection of the graph of f, x  3, 4

b i By inspection of the graph of f, x  1,0  x  1,2  x

ii By inspection of the graph of f, 1  x  0,1  x  2

iii By inspection of the graph of f, x  1,0,1,2

3 a y  2x3  6x2  3

dy
i  6x2  12x  0  x  x  2  0  x  0 or x  2
dx

f (0.5)  0, f (0.5)  0  (0,3) is a maximum.

f (1.5)  0, f (2.5)  0  (2, 5) is a minimum.

ii 6x2  12  0  x  0 or x  2

iii 6x2  12  0  0  x  2

iv Both turning points are local.

b y  3x 4  2x3  3x2  4

dy
i
dx
 
 12x3  6x2  6x  6x 2x 2  x  1  6x  2x  1  x  1

© Oxford University Press 2019 25

 Worked solutions

dy 1
  0 when x   , x  0 or x  1
dx 2
 1 59 
f (1)  0; f ( 14 )  0    ,   is a maximum
 2 16 
f (0.5)  0; f (0.5)  0   0, 4  is a minimum
f (0.5)  0; f (1.5)  0  1, 2  is a maximum

dy 1
ii  0 when x   or 0  x  1
dx 2

dy 1
iii  0 when   x  0 or x  1
dx 2

 1 59 
iv   ,   and (0,-4) are local turning points, and (1,-2) is a global maximum.
 2 16 

 
1
c y  2 3  2x  x 2

dy
   
2 2
i   2  2  2x  3  2x  x 2  4 1  x  3  2x  x 2
dx
dy
 0 when x  1
dx
dy  1
By testing points either side of x  1 in ,  1,  is a minimum
dx  2

dy
ii  0 when x  1  x  1
dx

dy
iii  0 when x  1  x  3
dx

 1
iv  1,  is a local minimum.
 2

3x  3
d y 
3x  x 2

i
dy

 
3 x  x 2  3    3x  3   3  2 x 

 
2
dx 3x  x 2

3x 2  6 x  9 3  x  1  x  3
 
3x  x  3x  x 
2 2
2 2

dy
  0 when x  3 or x  1
dx
By testing points to the left and right of these x-values in f ,
 1
 3,  is a maximum and
 3
1,3 is a minimum
dy
ii  0 when x  3 or x  1  x  3
dx

dy
iii  0 when  3  x  1  x  0
dx
© Oxford University Press 2019 26
 Worked solutions

iv Both turning points are local.

y  x   x  1
1
e

 x  1  1
2
dy 1
 1   x  1  1 
2
i 
 x  1  x  1
2 2
dx

x 2  2x x  x  2
 
 x  1  x  1
2 2

dy
so  0 when x  0 or x  2
dx
By testing points to the left and to the right of these values in f ,
0, 1 is a maximum and
2,3 is a minimum
dy
ii  0 when x  0 or x  2
dx

dy
iii  0 when 0  x  2  x  1
dx

iv The turning points are local.

4 f  x   4  5x  x2  x3

f '  x   5  2 x  3x 2  0
 3x 2  2x  5  3x  5  x  1  0
5
x  or x  1
3

 5 67 
 By testing points to the right and left of these values in f    ,  
 3 27 
is a local minimum and 1,7  is a local maximum.
but f  3  7 and f 3  17 so the local minimum is not
the least value of f  x  in the given interval:
 fmin  17
fmax  7

4
5 f  x   x2 
x

As x = 0 is in the interval, the global maximum and minimum are  .

dy
6  3x 2  2ax  0  x(3x  2a)  0
dx
2a
 x  0; x 
3

So the turning points are at x=0 and x=4.

2a
x 44  a  6
3

© Oxford University Press 2019 27

 Worked solutions

 48  8a  0  a  6
 f (4)  11  43  6(42 )  b  11
 b  21
x  0   0, b   0,21

7 The graph passes through 1,1

1  a  b  c  1  a  b  c  0 1
The graph has turning points at x  1 and x  3
dy
 3x 2  2ax  b
dx
 3  2a  b  0  2a  b  3 2 
and

27  6a  b  0  6a  b  27 3 
Solving 2  and 3 simultaneously,
a  3 and b  9 and therefore
c    a  b   12

Exercise 4N

dy
1 a  7x 6  7  0  x  1
dx

d 2y
 42x 5
dx 2
42(1)5  0  1, 6  is a local minimum
42(1)5  0   1, 6  is a local maximum

dy
b  20x3  5x 4  0  x3 20  5x   0  x  0 or x  4
dx

d 2y
 60x 2  20x 3
dx 2
60(4)2  20(43 )  0   4,256  is a local maximum

At x = 0, the 2nd derivative test is inconclusive, so resort to 1st derivative test by testing
points to the left and right of x = 0, in the first derivative.

f (0.5)  0; f (0.5)  0  (0,0) , hence (0,0) is a minimum.

dy 1 1
c  4 2 0 x  
dx x 2

d 2y 2
 3
dx 2 x
d 2y 1 
 0   ,5  is local minimum by second derivative test
dx 2 x  1 2 
2

d 2y  1 
<0    , 3  is a local maximum by second derivative test
dx 2 x  12  2 

2 a f '  x   3x2  b

© Oxford University Press 2019 28

 Worked solutions

f ' 1  3  b  0  b  3

b f '  x   3x2  3  0  x  1
 1, 2 and  1,2

3 a f '  x   2ax  b  0

b
x 
2a

b Local minimum if a  0, local maximum if a  0

Justified as a direct consequence of the second derivative test

since f ''  x   2a

4 a f '  x   3x2  b

f ' 1  3  b  0  b  3
f 1  1  b  c  c  2  4  c  6

b
f  x   x 3  3x  6
f '  x   3x 2  3  0  x  1
so there is another turning point at
 1,8

Exercise 4O

1 a f '  x   3x2  1

f ''  x   6 x
f '' 0  0 and y  f  x  changes concavity through this point so
0,0 is a point of inflexion

b x 0

c x0

2 a f '  x   4x 3  3

© Oxford University Press 2019 29

 Worked solutions

f ''  x   12x 2
f '' 0  0 but y  f  x  does not change concavity through this point
so no points of inflexion

b x \ 0

c 

3 a f '  x   3x2  12x  12

f ''  x   6 x  12  0  x  2
y  f  x  changes concavity through this point so
2, 38 is a point of inflexion

b x 2

c x 2

4 a f '  x   3x2  2x

1
f ''  x   6 x  2  0  x  
3
y  f  x  changes concavity through this point so
 1 25 
 ,  is a point of inflexion
 3 27 

1
b x 
3

1
c x
3

5 a f '  x   12x2  4x3

f ''  x   24x  12x 2  12x 2  x   0  x  0 or x  2

The concavity of y  f  x  changes through both of these points so
0,0 and 2,16  are both points of inflexion

b 0 x 2

c x  0 or x  2

6 a f '  x   3x2  6x  3

f ''  x   6 x  6  0  x  1
y  f  x  changes concavity through this point so
1,0 is a point of inflexion

b x 1

c x 1

7 a f '  x   8x3  3x2

© Oxford University Press 2019 30

 Worked solutions

f ''  x   24x 2  6 x  6 x  4x  1  0
1
x  or x  0
4
The concavity of y  f  x  changes through both of these points
 1 127 
so   ,  and  0,1 are both points of inflexion
 4 128 

1
b x or x  0
4

1
c  x0
4

8 a f '  x   4x3  12x2  16

f ''  x   12x 2  24x  12x  x  2   0

 x  0 or x  2
The concavity of y  f  x  changes through both of these points
so  0, 16  and 2,0  are points of inflexion

b x  0 or x  2

c 0 x 2

9 a f '  x   3ax2  2bx  c

since there are two distinct stationary points, the discriminant of this quadratic
is positive
   2b   4 3a  c   0
2

 4b2  12ac  0
 b2  3ac

b
b f ''  x   6ax  2b  0  x  
3a

 a  0 by construction since f  x  is a cubic 

2b  4b2  4 3a  c  b  b2  3ac
f 'x  0  x  
2 3a 3a

b  b2  3ac b  b2  3ac
 Let x1  and x2 
3a 3a
x  x2 1 b  b  3ac  b  b  3ac 
 2 2
b
 1   
2 2  3a 
 3a
as required

© Oxford University Press 2019 31

 Worked solutions

Exercise 4P

1 a

Exercise 4Q

1 a

© Oxford University Press 2019 32

 Worked solutions

2 a

Exercise 4R

1 Let the length of the fence opposite the wall be denoted by x

Since there is 800m of fencing available, the remaining sides must each
800  x
measure
2

© Oxford University Press 2019 33

 Worked solutions

Therefore the area of the enclosed rectangular plot is

 800  x  x2
A x  x    400x 
 2  2

 A '  x   400  x  0  x  400

This is a maximum, which can be justified by the shape of the graph
or by showing A ''  400  0, indeed A ''  400   1
4002
 Amin  A  400  400  400   80000 so 80,000 m2
2

2 Let the two side lengths be denoted by x and y, side x being opposite the river

200
Since the area enclosed is 200m2 , xy  200  y 
x
and the total length of fencing required is
400
L  x   x  2y  x 
x
400
 L '  x   1  2  0  x 2  400  x  20  x  0
x
L '' 20   0 so this is a minimum
400
 Lmin  L 20   20   40 so 40m
20

3 Let the radius of the semicircle be denoted by r

Then the horizontal edge of the window measures 2r and since the perimeter
of the window is 12m, if the vertical edges of the window are length x,
12  2    r
2r  2x   r  12  x 
2

 The area of the window is

1 2 1
A  r   2xr   r  12  2    r  r   r 2
2 2
  2   2
 12r    2     r  12r    2  r
2  2 
12
 A '  r   12    4  r  0  r 
4
This is a maximum, which can be justified either

by considering the shape of the graph or by computing

 12 
A ''      4  0
4 
12
r   1.68... so radius is 1.68m 3s.f.
4
and the dimensions of the rectangle are
3.36 m  1.68 m 3s.f.

4 Let L be the length of the wire, then:

L  36  x 2  196  (20  x)2

dL x 20  x
 
dx 36  x 2 196  (20  x 2 )

To minimize the length of L, set the first derivative equal to 0, i.e.,

© Oxford University Press 2019 34

 Worked solutions

x 20  x
 0
2
36  x 196  (20  x 2 )
x 6

5 Let the side length of the congruent squares be denoted by x

After cutting out the congruent squares, the sides of the open rectangular box

will measure 24  2 x  cm by  45  2 x  cm by x cm

Therefore the volume of the box is
V  x   x 24  2x   45  2x   4x 3  138x 2  1080x
 V '  x   12 x 2  276 x  1080  0
 x 2  23x  90  0
  x  18   x  5  0
 x  18 or x  5
x  18 is not feasible and V '' 5  0 so
Vmin  V 5  5 24  10   45  10   5 14  35  2450

6 Let the height and radius of the cylindrical can respectively be h and r.

Then, since the surface area is 3 m2 ,

3  r2
2 rh   r 2  3  r 2  2rh  3  0  h 
2r

Therefore the volume of the can is

3  r2 
V  r    r 2h   r 2
2r

2

3r  r 3 

 V ' r  
2
3  3r   0  r  1  r  0
2

3 1
 r  1, h   1 so the radius and height are both 1m and
2
Vmin  V 1   so the volume is  m3

1
7 1l  m3
1000

Let the radius of the cylinder be r and the height be h

Then,
1 1
 r 2h  h
1000 1000 r 2
1
S  r   2 r 2  2 rh  2 r 2 
500r
1
1 1  1 3
S '  r   4 r   0  r3  r  
500r 2
2000  2000 
 1

  1 3 
 Smin  S    0.055358...
  2000  
 

Therefore the minimum surface area is 0.055358...m3 or

554cm3 to 3s.f.

8 Let the radius of the right-circular cone be r. Accordingly, by Pythagoras',

© Oxford University Press 2019 35

 Worked solutions

the height of the cone is h  10  100  r 2

 r 2  100   h  10   20h  h2
2

 r 2h h
 V  h 
3

3
20h  h   3 20h
2 2
 h3 

 V '  h 
3
 40h  3h   3h  40  3h  0
2

40  40 
h  0 so h  and V ''  0
3  3 
 40 
 Vmax V   1241.12....
 3 
so 1240cm3 3s.f.

9 A general point on the curve has coordinates x, x  

By Pythagoras', the distance from 1.5,0  is
2
 3
 x 9
2
D x  x     x 2  2x 
 2 4
5 5 5
 x  1
2
   
4 4 2
5
so Dmin 
2

10 Let the radii of the circles be r

Then the pieces of wire for each circle measure 2 r and the piece of wire
for the square measures 80  4 r so the square has side length 20   r
Therefore the area of each circle is  r 2 and the area of the square is
20   r 
2

So the combined area is


A  r   2 r 2  20   r   2   2 r 2  40 r  400
2

20
 
 A '  r   4  2 2 r  40  0  r 
2
 20 
and A ''    0 so this is a minimum
2   

11 Let the poster have height h and width w

Then, hw  320
and the total area is
A  h    h  10  w  8   hw  8h  10w  80  400  8h  10w
3200
 400  8h 
h
3200
 A '  h  8   0  h2  400  h  20  h  0 
h2
 16cm by 20cm

12 Suppose I land my boat x km along the shore from the point on the coastline

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 Worked solutions

directly opposite my initial position. Then, by Pythagoras', I row

x 2  4 km and jog 6  x  km so the total time taken is

x2  4 6  x
T x  
2 5
x 1
 T 'x   0
2 x 4 5
2

 5x  2 x 2  4

 25x 2  4 x 2  4 
16 4 4 21
 21x 2  16  x 2 
21
x 
21
 x  0
21
 I should land my boat 0.873km  to 3s.f. along the coastline
from the point directly opposite my initial position

Exercise 4S

1 C  x   0.01x3  10x  150

1000
 C '  x   0.03x 2  10  0  x 2 
3
1000
x 
3
 x  0
 1000 
C ''    0 so this is a minimum and a global minimum
 3
 
1000
by consideration of the graph  18.257... so 18
3

3 2 1 3
2 f x  x  x
4 8

The largest drop in systolic pressure is the maximum of f  x 

3 3 3x
 f 'x  x  x2   4  x   0  x  4cm3
2 8 8
3 2 1 3
 f  4 
4
 
4 
8
 
4  4mmHg

3 a 7  0.002  3500, so the domain of p(x) is 0  x  3500

b x(7  0.002x)  (500  3x)  0

 0.002x 2  4x  500  0
 x 2  2000x  250000  0
x  1000  500 3  1866... or 133.97...

1000  500 3  x  1000  500 3 or

c From part b,
134  x  1870

35002  2000(3500)  250000  5500000

d
 5.5 million

4 a c '  x   20  0.4x  0.0012x2  0

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 Worked solutions

 x  61.25741133 or x  272.075922
The latter is the minimum so 272

b p  x   r  x   c  x   15x  403  0.2x2  0.0004x3

p '  x   15  0.4x  0.0012x 2  0

 x  367.3599... so 367

c Individual Response

5 Let the plot measure x m by y m and suppose that

the side with fencing is of length x

 xy  1000
and the total cost is
30000
T  x   15  3 x  15  15 y  18 x 
x
30000
 T '  x   18  0
x2
30000 50 6
 x2  x   40.8248...
18 3
 y  10 6  24.4949...
so the plot is 24.5m by 40.8m  to 3s.f.
and the minimised cost is
 50 6 
T  1470  to 3s.f.
 3 
 

6 Suppose the airline reduces the price by €10 n times

Then the price of an individual ticket is 500  10n and the number of passengers
is 180  2n, and therefore the revenue is
r  n  500  10n 180  2n   90000  800n  20n2

 r '  n  800  40n  0  n  20

so the optimal price is $300 and the corresponding number of passengers
is 220

Exercise 4T

1 a v t   h ' t   96  32t  v 0  96ms1

b h ' t   0  t  3s

hmax  h 3  256ms1

c  
h t   16 7  6t  t 2  16 1  t 7  t   0

t  0  t  7 so v 7  128ms1

2 a s 0  10

b  
s t   5 2  t  t 2  5 1  t 2  t   0

© Oxford University Press 2019 38

 Worked solutions

t 0t 2

c v t   s ' t   5  10t so v 2  15

a t   v ' t   s '' t   10

The diver hits the water with a velocity of 15 m s−1, and a constant vertical acceleration of
−10 m s−2, which is approximately the force of gravity. Since both velocity and acceleration
are negative, the diver is speeding up as he/she approaches the water.

3 Take the ground to have height 0, so that h0  0

 h  t   50t  4.9t 2
50
h '  t   50  9.8t  0  t 
9.8
 50 
 hmax  h    127.55...  128 to 3s.f.
 9.8 
so the maximum height of the rocket above ground level is 128m
50
h  t   0 when t  0 or t   10.2041...
4.9
so the rocket is at ground level again after 10.2s  to 3s.f.

4 a t  0, 3, 6, 11

b i 0  t  3, 6  t  11

ii 3t 6

c i t  1.5

ii t  4.5

d t  1.5, 4.5

e i 0  t  1.5, 3  t  4.5, 6  t  9

ii 1.5  t  3, 4.5  t  6, 9  t  11

5 v t   s ' t   3t 2  6t  4

a t   v ' t   s '' t   6t  6

In the interval 0  t  0.528 , velocity and acceleration have different signs, hence the particle
is slowing down. At t  0.528 it comes to a stop, and for 0.528  t  1 , both velocity and
acceleration have the same sign, hence the particle is speeding up.

s  3  s  0  63
6 a vavg    21ms1
3 3

b v t   s ' t   20t  3t 2

 v 3  33ms1
a  t   v ' t   s '' t   20  6t
 a 3  2ms2

c Both the velocity and accleration are positive, so the particle is speeding up

© Oxford University Press 2019 39

 Worked solutions

20
d v t   0  t  0 or t 
3

7 a v t   s ' t   3t 2  14t  11

a t   v ' t   s '' t   6t  14

b v t   0  3t 2  14t  11  3t  11t  1  0

11
 t  1 and t 
3

c i Require v t  and a t  to have the same sign

14 7 7
a  t   0 when t   and a t   0 when t 
6 3 3
11 11
v  t   0 when 0  t  1 or t  and v t   0 when 1  t 
3 3
Therefore the particle is speeding up when
7 11
1t  or t 
3 3

ii The particle is slowing down when a t  and v t  have different signs

Using the working in part i, this is when

7 11
0  t  1 or t 
3 3

11
d v t   0  t  1 or t 
3

e D  s 1  s 0  s 3  s 1  5  8  13

Exercise 4U

dy dy 3x
1 a 4y  6x  0  
dx dx 2y

dy dy 4x 3
b 3y 2  4x 3  
dx dx 3y 2

dy dy
c 4x  8y 3 4 0
dx dx

dy
  8y  4  3  4x
dx
dy 3  4x
 
dx 8y  4

dy dy
d 2x  3y  3x  4y 0
dx dx

© Oxford University Press 2019 40

 Worked solutions

dy
  4y  3x  3y  2x
dx
dy 3y  2x
 
dx 4y  3x

 dy  dy
e 2  x  y  1    3
 dx  dx

dy
2  x  y   3  2  x  y 
dx
dy 2x  y
 
dx 2x  y  3

xy
f 2x 2 
xy

dy dy
 x  y  1  dx    x  y  1  dx  2x
dy
 2y
4x       dx
x  y x  y
2 2

dy
 4x  x  y   2y  2x
2

dx
dy 4x  x  y   2y 2x  x  y   y
2 2

  
dx 2x x
1
1 2 dy 
 

2 3
g 1  4x  18y  2x  6y
2
2 dx 

dy
 4x  18y 2  2 2 x 2  6y 3
dx
dy 1 
  2 2x 2  6y 3  4x 
dx 18y 2  

3 3 dy dy y4
2  4
 4 0  4
x y dx dx x

 At 1,1 , the gradient of the tangent is  1 and the gradient

of the normal is 1

Tangent: y  1  1  x  1  y   x  2
Normal: y  1  1  x  1  y  x

 y  1
2
1 1 dy dy
3   0 
 x  1  y  1  x  1
2 2 2
dx dx

 At 1,1 , the gradient of the tangent is  1 and the gradient

of the normal is 1
Tangent: y  1    x  1  y   x  2
Normal: y  1  x  1  y  x

4 x2  y 2  6x  8y

© Oxford University Press 2019 41

 Worked solutions

dy dy
2 x  2y 68
dx dx
dy

dx
2y  8  6  2x
dy 3  x
 
dx y  4
dy
  0 when x  3
dx
 9  y 2  18  8y
 y 2  8y  9   y  9   y  1  0
Therefore 3, 9  and 3, 1

5 a x  y  x2  2xy  y 2
dy dy dy
1  2x  2x  2y  2y
dx dx dx
dy
 1  2 x  2y   2 x  2y  1
dx
dy 2x  2y  1
 
dx 2x  2y  1

dy 2x  2y  1 1  2x  2y  2x  2y  1
b 1 1 
dx 1  2x  2y 2x  2y  1

1  2x  2y  2 x  2y  1

1  2x  2y
2

2x  2y  1

c Differentiating the result in part b,

 dy   dy 
2  2  2 4 1 
d 2y  dx   dx 
  
2x  2y  1 2x  2y  1
2 2 2
dx

 2 
4 
 2 x  2y  1  8
 
2x  2y  1 2x  2y  1
2 3

3 3
d 2y  2   dy 
    1  
dx 2  2 x  2y  1   dx 

Exercise 4V

dA dr
1 a  2 r
dt dt

dA dr dh
b  2  2
dt dt dt

dV   dr dh   r  dr dh 
c   2rh  r2   2h r 
dt 3 dt dt  3  dt dt 

dV dr
d  4 r 2
dt dt

© Oxford University Press 2019 42

 Worked solutions

2 Let the diagonal distance be D. Then,

D2 = l2 + w2 +h2

dD dl dw dh
 2D  2l  2w  2h
dt dt dt dt
dl dw dh
l w h
dD
  dt dt dt
dt D
dl dw dh
l w h
 dt dt dt
l 2  w 2  h2

dl dw
3  3,  3
dt dt

dA dl dw
a A  lw   wl  3 w  l 
dt dt dt

dA
 Initially,  3 7  24  51 cm s2
dt

dP  dl dw 
b P  2 l  w    2  0ms
1

dt  dt dt 

c Let D denote the diagonal distance. Then,

dD dl dw
D2  l 2  w 2  2D  2l  2w
dt dt dt
dl dw
l w
dD dt  3l  3w
  dt
dt l  w2
2
l 2  w2
 Initially,
dD 3 24  7  51
   2.04 cm s1
dt 2
24  7 2 25

4 Let the distance of the base of the ladder from the wall be x

and the vertical height of the ladder up the wall be y

Then, by Pythagoras,
y  100  x 2

dy x dx
 
dx 100  x dt
2

dx 100  x 2 dy 100  x 2
  
dt x dx 2x
 when x  6,
dx 100  36 2
 
dt 12 3

5 Let the cube have side length l

© Oxford University Press 2019 43

 Worked solutions

dV dl 3
V  l3   3l 2 
dt dt 2
S  6l 2
dS dl
  12l
dt dt
dl 1
When V  27, l  3 and 
dt 18
dS  1 
so  12 3  2
dt  18 

6 Let the radius of the cylinder be r and the height h

dr dh
 3 and 6
dt dt
S  2 r 2  2 rh  2 r  r  h 
dS  dr  dr dh  
  2   r  h   r   
dt  dt  dt dt  
 2  3  r  h   3r 
so when r  12, h  10
dS
 2  3 22   36   60
dt

7 h2  a2  b2

dh da db
2h  2a  2b
dt dt dt
da db
a b
dh dt  5a  4b
  dt
dt a  b2
2
a2  b2
 When a  15 and b  20,
dh 75  80 5 1
  
dt 225  400 25 5

4 3 dV dr
8 V  r   4 r 2
3 dt dt

dr dr 7
 7  4 r 2  
dt dt 4 r 2
When V  36 ,
4 3
 r  36  r 3  27  r  3
3
dr 7
so 
dt 36

1 2 dV  r  dr dh 
9 V  r h    2h r 3
3 dt 3  dt dt 

© Oxford University Press 2019 44

 Worked solutions

Let  denote the angle between the axis of symmetry through the centre
of the cone and the curved surface of the cone. Then,
r 1.5 3 3 dr 3 dh
tan     hr  
h 2 4 4 dt 4 dt
 r  3h dh dh 
  r 3
3  2 dt dt 
dh 18
 
dt  r 3h  2r 
so when h  2 and r  1.5,
dh 4

dt 3

dA dr dr 1 dA 1
10 A   r 2   2 r   
dt dt dt 2 r dt r

 When r  5,
dr 1

dt 5

Chapter review

1 a Limit does not exist since lim f  x   lim f  x 

x 1 x 1

b lim f  x   2
x 1

c lim f  x   2.25
x 0

d no limit as there is a cusp at x= 3.

2 a 
lim  x2  5x  2  4
x 2

x 3 5
b lim 
x 2 x 6 8

1
c lim 8  2x 3  2
x 0

x 2  4x  3  x  3  x  1  lim x  1  2
d lim
x 3 x 3
 lim
x 3 x 3 x 3
 

x2  2 2
e lim  lim 1  2  1
x  x x  x

2
2 x3  0
f lim  lim
x  x 3  1 x  1
1 3
x

lim f  x    2  4  0
2
3
x 2

© Oxford University Press 2019 45

 Worked solutions

lim f  x    2  6  2  4

3

x 2

so not continuous at x  2

4 a lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 1 x 1

 2  a  1  a  1

b lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 1 x 1

 6  a 1  a  7

3
1
n3 n 1
5 a lim  lim
n  3n  4 n  4 3
3
n

4 2

4  2n2 n3
n 0
b lim 3  lim
n  n  1 n  1
1 3
n

c No limit

1
6   1 so the series does converge
3

1 3
S  2  
 1 2
1   
 3

1
7 The common ratio is , so the condition is
n2  1

1
 1  n2  1  1  n2  0
n2  1
i.e. the series converges for all non-zero n

S 
n2


n2 n2  1   n n
2 2
n
1 2
1
1 2
n 11 n 2
1 2
n 1

8 a Vertical: x2  9  0  x  3

Horizontal:
lim f  x   6 so y  6
x 

b Vertical: 3x3  81  0  x3  27  x  3

Horizontal:
lim f  x   0 so y  0
x 

c Vertical: x  0

y  x 1

9 a y  (1  2x)5(3x  2)6

© Oxford University Press 2019 46

 Worked solutions

dy
 10 1  2x  3x  2  1  2x   18 3x  2
4 6 5 5

dx

 1  2x  3x  2   10 3x  2   18 1  2 x  

4 5

 1  2x  3x  2   66 x  38 
4 5

 2 33x  19  1  2 x  3x  2 
4 5

1
dy
x  1 2 x   x 2  1  2 x 1
b 
dx x 1


4x  x  1  x 2  1    3x 2
 4x  1
3 3
2  x  1 2 2  x  12

dy 1  3x 2  1
c   2  
dx 2  3
2 x  1  2x  x 3  1

10 a Vertical: x2  1  0  x  1

Horizontal:
1
x x
lim 2  lim  0 so y  0
x  x  1 x  1
1
x2

x
b f x 
x2  1

x x
f  x     f  x 
 x 
2
1 x2  1

c
dy

 
x 2  1 1  x 2x 

1  x 2

1  x2
0
     
2 2 2
dx x2  1 x2  1 x2  1

 
2
11 a OP  a2  3  a2  a4  5a2  9

2 2
 2 5 25  2 5 11
b OP  a    9   a   
 2 4  2 4

5 5
 Closest when a2  0a
2 2

© Oxford University Press 2019 47

 Worked solutions

x 2  3x  2  x  2  x  1
12 f  x   
x 2  3x  2  x  2  x  1

a Vertical: x  2 and x  1

Horizontal:
3 2
 2 1
lim f  x   lim x x  1 so y  1
x  x  3 2
1  2
x x

b  x  2 x  1  0  x  2 or x  1
so 2,0 , 1,0 , 0,1

c f 'x 
x 2
 
 3x  2  2 x  3   x 2  3x  2  2 x  3  
x 
2
2
 3x  2

2 x 3  3x 2  5x  6  2 x 3  3x 2  5x  6

x 
2
2
 3x  2
6 x 2  12
 0x  2
x 
2
2
 3x  2

13 a f  x   0  x  1

b Horizontal Asymptote: y  0

Vertical Asymptote: x  0

c f '  x   0  x  2

9
When x  2, y  f  2   
4
9  9
f ''  2   0 so  2,   is a minimum
8  4

d f ''  x   0  x  3

14 a f x  0  x  
x  b  0  x  0 or x  b2

b 2 x b
b f 'x  1  
2 x 2 x

© Oxford University Press 2019 48

 Worked solutions

b2
i f '  x   0 when x 
4

b2
ii f '  x   0 when 0  x 
4

 b2  b2
c f x  f    
 4 4

b
d f ''  x    0 so concave up
4x x

15

dy dy 4x
16 8x  2y 0 
dx dx y

 2 2 
 At  , ,
 5 5
dy
 4
dx

dy dy
17 4xy  2x 2  3y 2  6xy 0
dx dx


 2 x 2  6 xy  dy
dx

  3y 2  4xy 
dy 3y 2  4 xy
 
dx 2 x 2  6 xy
 At 1,1 ,
dy 34 7
 
dx 26 8
8
so the normal to the curve at this point has gradient
7
8
y 1 
7
 x  1
8 1
y  x
7 7

© Oxford University Press 2019 49

 Worked solutions

18 a b  p

1 1 dy dy y
 0 
2 x 2 y dx dx x
b
 The gradient at  a, b  is 
a
and the equation of the tangent is
b
y b  
a
 x  a
b
y  x  ab  b
a

The tangent passes through 0, r  :

r  ab  b
and  s, 0  :
b
0 s  ab  b  s  a  ab
a
r  s  ab  b  a  ab  a  2 ab  b

    p
2 2
 a b p as required

19 Let D denote the distance from the observer to the drone and x

the height of the drone. Then,

dD dx
D2  36  x 2  2D  2x
dt dt
dD x dx
 
dt 36  x 2 dt
dx
 When  3 and x  8,
dt
dD 8
dt
 3  2.4
36  64

20 a v 0  2

b v t   0

1t  4t  9
 1  t   1  2t  t 2  4t  9
2

 t 2  2t  8  0
 t  4 t  2  0
t  0 so t  4

2
c a t   v ' t   1 
4t  9

2 3
a  4  1  
25 5

© Oxford University Press 2019 50

 Worked solutions

d i v t   0 for t  4 and v t   0 for t  4

a  t   0 for all t  0
 slowing down when a  t  and v t  have different signs
t 4

ii v t  and a t  have the same sign when t  4  t  4

21 Let the (initially) inner circle have radius r1 and the (initially) outer

circle have radius r2

dr1 dr2
Then,  1.2 and  0.8
dt dt
The area between the circles is given by

A   r22  r12  so at time t ,
dA  dr2 dr  12
  2  r2  r1 1   2  0.8  3  1  1.2  
dt  dt dt  5

4 3
22 V   r , S  4 r 2
3

dV dr dr 3
 4 r 2 3 
dt dt dt 4 r 2
dS dr 3 6
 8 r  8 r 
dt dt 4 r 2 r
 When r  1,
dS
6
dt

23 | PQ | x  QT  RS  x since PQT is an equilateral triangle and

QRST is a rectangle. Let ST  QR  y, then

3 2
p  3x  2y and A  xy 
4
x  area of rectangle plus eq. triangle 
p  3x
y 
2
x  p  3x  3 2
 A  x
2 4
dA p 3
  3x  x 0
dx 2 2
 3 p
 3   x 
 2 2
 
p  3
  2 3   6 3
x  2 


© Oxford University Press 2019 51

 Worked solutions

Exam-style questions

24 a Graphical approach:

Attempt to draw graph (1 mark)

Each branch correct (2 marks)

Then lim f  x   lim f  x   4

x 2 x 2

Hence lim f  x  exists and is equal to 4. (1 mark)

x 2

OR: Algebraic approach (note that an algebraic approach will be accepted, but not expected,
in examinations)

lim f  x   lim 
x2  4
 lim 
 x  2  x  2 (1 mark)
x 2 x 2 x  5x  6 x 2  x  2  x  3
2

  x  2
 lim 4 (1 mark)
x 2 x 3

lim f  x   lim e2 x  x  1  4 (1 mark)

x 2 x 2

Then lim f  x   lim f  x   4

x 2 x 2

Hence lim f  x  exists and is equal to 4. (1 mark)

x 2

b a2  3a  6  4 (1 mark)

 a  1 a  2  0 (1 mark)

a  1, a  2 (1 mark)

25 a x2  x  2  0  x  1, x  2 (2 marks)

(Shape of each branch correct gains 1 mark) (3 marks)

c i Vertical asymptotes: x  1 and x  2 (2 marks)

© Oxford University Press 2019 52

 Worked solutions

3x  10
ii Using long division, f  x   x  1  (1 mark)
x2  x  2

As x   , f  x   x  1 which is a slant asymptote. (1 mark)

1
 x  1 
2
x  2x
26 a g  x   2 x (2 marks)
 x  1
2
2

1  3x 2
 (1 mark)
 
2
2 x x2  1

1
b g 1  (1 mark)
2

1
g 1   (1 mark)
4

1 1
Equation of normal: y   4  x  1 or y  4x  3 (1 mark)
2 2

c g is not defined at x  0 because a derivative is not defined at the end point of a closed
interval. (1 mark)

Therefore, there is no tangent to the graph of g at x  0 . (1 mark)

 dy   dy 
1  dx   x  y   1  dx   x  y 
27 a 2x      (3 marks)
 
2
x  y

dy
Make the subject (1 mark)
dx

dy
2x  x  y   2x
2
 2y
dx

dy y
 x  y 
2
(1 mark)
dx x

b y  0  x2  1  x  1 (1 mark)

dy
1 (1 mark)
dx

yx 1 (2 marks)

101.1  98.5
28 a i  1.3 (2
2002  2000
marks)

102.3  101.1
ii  0.6 (1 mark)
2004  2002

b The average annual profit between 2000 and 2002 was almost double the average annual
profit between 2002 and 2004. (2 marks)

© Oxford University Press 2019 53

 Worked solutions

29 a f   x   lim
2  x  h  2
 
 3  x  h   4  2 x 2  3x  4 
(2 marks)
h 0 h

 lim
2 x 2
 
 4hx  2h2  3x  3h  4  2x 2  3x  4  (1 mark)
h 0 h

4hx  2h2  3h
 lim (1 mark)
h 0 h

 lim  4x  2h  3  4x  3 (1 mark)
h0

b f 1  2  3  4  1 (1 mark)

f  1  4  3  7 (1 mark)

Equation of tangent: y  1  7  x  1 (or y  7x  6 ) (1 mark)

30 a h  4  370 and h 5  438 (3 s.f.) (2 marks)

b v t   h t   112  9.8t (2 marks)

c v t   0  112  9.8t  0 (1 mark)

t  11.4 3 s.f . (1 mark)

d double x-coordinate of maximum, or determine zero (1 mark)

22.9 3 s.f . (1 mark)

e

(Shape: 1 mark; Domain: 1 mark; Maximum: 1 mark)

f v 22.9  112 ms–1 (2 marks)

g a t   v t   9.8 which is constant (2 marks)

 f  f  2 g 2  f 2 g 2

31 a i   2   (1 mark)

g 2  
2
g

 4
10  4  9    
  3 (1 mark)
42

52  13 
   3.25  (1 mark)
16  4 

ii g f  1  g  f 1  f  1  g 2 f  1 (1 mark)

© Oxford University Press 2019 54

 Worked solutions

4 16
 4   (1 mark)
3 3

b i False (1 mark)

as derivative changes sign. (1 mark)

ii False (1 mark)

as the derivatives at these points are not negative reciprocals. (1 mark)

32 a Let d(x) be the total length of the pipeline.

d(x)  x2  752  100  x (2 marks)

b Let c(x) be proportional to the construction costs of the pipeline.

c(x)  3 x2  752  100  x (1 mark)

dc 3x
 1 (2 marks)
dx x  752
2

dc 3x
0 1 (1 mark)
dx x  752
2

Solve equation

9x2  x2  752 (2 marks)

75
x  2 (1 mark)
4

2
 75  75
c d(x)   2   752  100  2 (2 marks)
 4  4

 2  75
 752   1   100  2
 16  4
9 75
 75  100  2 (1 mark)
8 4

75 75
 3 2  100  2
4 4
75
 2  100 (1 mark)
2

33 a Vertical Asymptote: x  a (1 mark)

Horizontal Asymptote: y  a (1 mark)

a   x  a  1   ax  4 4  a2
b f  x   . (3 marks)
 x  a  x  a
2 2

c f   x   0 for turning points (1 mark)

4  a2
 0  a2  4  a  2 (1 mark)
 x  a
2

© Oxford University Press 2019 55

 Worked solutions

2x  4 2  x  2 
For a  2 , f  x     2 so the function is constant, and there are no turning
x 2 x 2
points. (1 mark)

For a  2 , f   x   0 , so the function has no max/min. (1 mark)

4  a2
d f  1  (1 mark)
1  a
2

1  a
2

gradient of normal is m  (1 mark)

a2  4

a4
f 1  (1 mark)
1 a

a  4 1  a
2

y
1 a
 2
a 4
 x  1 (or equivalent) (1 mark)

e Asymptotes intersect at  a, a . Substitute  a, a into normal equation. (1 mark)

a  4 1  a
2

a
1 a
 2
a 4
 a  1 (or equivalent) (1 mark)

Simplify (1 mark)

a 
2
  a  1
2 4
4

4a3  14a2  4a  15  0 (1 mark)

f From GDC (1 mark)

a  2.5 or a  1.82 (2 marks)

(For part f, award 2 marks only if negative root a  0.823 is included)

Paper 3

a
1 1
1 2 1

1 3 3 1

1 4 6 4 1

A2

bi1 ii n A1A1

c i 15 ii 15 A1A1

n! n!
d i nCn r    nCr M1A1
 n  (n  r ) ! n  r !  r ! n  r !

© Oxford University Press 2019 56

 Worked solutions

ii Answer to i explains the symmetry about a vertical line down the middle of Pascal’s triangle.
R1

e i 20 ii 20 A1A1

n! n! n ! r  n  r  1
f Cr 1  Cr   
n n
M1A1
 n  r  1! r  1!  n  r !r !  n  r  1! r !
n ! n  1  n  1!  n1C
  M1AG
  n  1  r !r !  n  1  r !r ! r

AG stands for ‘As Given’, so no marks will be given for quoting the result you’re asked to show

g i 1 3  3 1  8 ii 1  4  6  4  1  16 A1A1
n
iii Based on the answers to part i, 
r 0
n
Cr  2n . R2

h i  a  b   C0 a  C1 a b  C2 a b  C3 a b  ...  Cn b
n n n n n 1 n n2 2 n n 3 4 n n
M1A1
n
ii  2   C0  C1  C2  C3  ...  Cn proving that  Cr  2n
n n n n n n n
M1A1A1
r 0

 C  proving that   1  C   0

n
iii 0  C0  C1  C2  C3  ...   1
n n n n n n r n
n r M1A1A1
r 0

j The coefficient of x n in the expansion of 1  x  is

2n 2n
Cn . A1

The coefficient of x n in the expansion of 1  x  1  x  is found by multiplying the coefficient of

n n

x r by the coefficient of x n  r and then summing from r  0 to r  n , that is R1

 C  C    C  C    C  C   ...   C  C 
n
0
n
n
n
1
n
n 1
n
2 M1A1
n
n 2
n
n
n
0

Equating the two, C   C  C    C  C    C  C   ...   C  C 

2n n n n n n n n n
n 0 n 1 n 1 2 n 2 n 0

By part d, Cnr  Cr so
n n
R1

Cn   nC0    nC1    nC2   ...   nCn 

2n 2 2 2 2
AG

© Oxford University Press 2019 57

 Worked solutions

Analysing data and quantifying

5 randomness: statistics and
probability
Skills check

720  750  690  975  700  710  720  680  695  645 1457
1 a Mean    728.5 kg
10 2
The number that occurs most often is 720
th th
 n  1  11  700  710
Median        705
 2   2  2

b Range  975  645  330 kg

Q1 is the median of the first half of the list, 690 kg
Q3 is the median of the second half of the list, 720 kg
IQR  Q3  Q1  720  690  30 kg

2 Mean 
2.5  5  7.5  2  12.5  6  17.5  8  22.5  4  27.5  5  32.5  8  19.21 litres
5268 458
The data is bimodal and the modal classes are 15  x  20 and 30  x  35
th th
 n  1  38  1 
The median is the      value which lies in the interval 15  x  20
 2   2 

Exercise 5A

1 a The target population is “all celery sticks grown in a certain US state”

b The sampling unit is “each celery stick”

c The sample frame is “a list of all celery sticks from the state”

d The sample variable is “the length of the celery stick”

e The sampling values are “the positive real numbers”

2 a The target population is “all ball bearings manufactured by a company”

b The sampling unit is “each ball bearing”

c The sample frame is “a list of all ball bearings enumerated”

d The sample variable is “the weight of the ball bearing”

e The sampling values are “the positive real numbers”

3 a The target population is “all 1 litre soda bottles from a soft drink factory”

b The sampling unit is “each 1 litre soda bottle”

c The sample frame is “all soda bottles enumerated in a list”

d The sample variable is “the volume of the 1 litre soda bottle”

e The sampling values are “the natural numbers”

4 a The target population is “all crates of 50 oranges”

b The sampling unit is “each crate of 50 oranges”

c The sample frame is “an enumerated list of all crates”

© Oxford University Press 2019 1

 Worked solutions

d The sample variable is “the weight of a crate of 50 oranges”

e The sampling values are “the positive real numbers”

Exercise 5B

1 List and enumerate all books, generate a random number x then take books x, x  50,...

2 a Generate a random number x and then sample x bases from each region

b individual response

5 5! 120
3 a The number of samples of three from 0,1,2,3, 4 is equal to      10
 3  3!(5  3)! 6  2

b The 10 possible samples are (0,1,2) , (0,1,3) , (0,1, 4) , (0,2,3) , (0,2, 4) , (0,3, 4) , (1,2,3) ,
(1,2, 4) , (1,3, 4) , (2,3, 4)

c The means are:

0 12
1
3
0 13 4
  1.3333
3 3
0 1 4 5
  1.6667
3 3
023 5
  1.6667
3 3
024
2
3
034 7
  2.3333
3 3
123
2
3
12 4 7
  2.3333
3 3
13 4 8
  2.6667
3 3
234
3
3

0  1  2  3  4 10
d Mean of population:  2
5 5
Mean of sample means:
4 5 5 7 7 8
1   2 2  3
3 3 3 3 3 3 20
 2
10 10

4 The variable is “whether the envelope is sealed correctly”

The sample is the “batch of selected envelopes”
The population is “all the envelopes”
The variable is discrete

5 It is not possible to wait 4000 years to see if they will last that long

6 This is stratified sampling

© Oxford University Press 2019 2

 Worked solutions

7 Pick 12.5 students from each grade (13 from two and 11 from another two).

Exercise 5C

1 Discrete data

a The classes are:

0.5  x  1.5
1.5  x  2.5
2.5  x  3.5
3.5  x  4.5
4.5  x  5.5
5.5  x  6.5

b Number of people Frequency Interval on

histogram

1 8 0.5  x  1.5

2 11 1.5  x  2.5

3 6 2.5  x  3.5

4 4 3.5  x  4.5

5 2 4.5  x  5.5

6 2 5.5  x  6.5

2 Continuous data

3 Discrete data

4 a The data is continuous

b This plot may show the distribution of lengths of ants in mm

© Oxford University Press 2019 3

 Worked solutions

5 Continuous data rounded to discrete

a Hours Days

4 4

5 5

6 9

7 8

8 4

4  4  5  5  6  9  7  8  8  4 183
b   6.1 hours
45984 30

Exercise 5D

Shape: the distribution is unimodal, most koalas had a mass of 30  x  40 kg

Centre: the midpoint would fall in the 30  x  40 class.
Spread: the mass of the koalas varies from 17 kg to 61 kg

2 a The data is qualitative therefore, a bar chart is preferable. Each bar would represent each
day of the week and would summarise the data very clearly

3 a A relative frequency histogram is necessary here as we wish to compare the distributions of

two samples from different populations

b Time spent per day Male Relative Freq Female Relative Freq

0  x  15 0.1667 0.125

15  x  30 0.2667 0.1563

30  x  45 0.3333 0.2188

45  x  60 0.1667 0.4375

60  x  75 0.06667 0.0625

© Oxford University Press 2019 4

 Worked solutions

d The male distribution is symmetric unimodal. The female distribution is right distorted
unimodal.

e On average, females spent more time per day on the phone than men.

4 a 8  16  11  7  3  45 families were interviewed

b
150  8  160  16  170  11  180  7  190  3  7460  $166.78
45 45

c The data is left skewed

5 0.25  0.1875  0.125  0.5625 , 32  0.5625  18 items

6 i Skewed, bimodal, contains an outlier

ii Skewed, multimodal, no outliers

iii Symmetric, unimodal, no outliers

Exercise 5E

1 a The mean number of children is

0  5  1  10  2  6  3  3   4  1  35  1.4
25 25

b On average, women from Australia have more children

2 a Mean 
25  5  35  4   45  3  55  2  65  3  705  41.4706  41.5 years
54323 17

c Left skewed, younger teachers appear to move schools more frequently.

3 a A relative frequency histogram is necessary here as we wish to compare the distributions of

two samples of different sizes from different populations

c On average, students from Peru are shorter

4 a A standard histogram

© Oxford University Press 2019 5

 Worked solutions

c Mean 
17.5  5  21.5  15  24  20  27.5  20  35  30  2490  27.6667 years
5  15  20  20  30 90
Modal class: 30  A  40

Exercise 5F

2  3  3  4  4  5  5  6  6  6 44
1 a Mean    4.4
10 10
Standard deviation
22  32  32  42  42  52  52  62  62  62
  4.42  21.2  19.36  1.3565  1.36
10

21  21  24  25  27  29 147
b Mean    24.5 kg
6 6
Standard deviation
212  212  242  252  272  292
  24.52  608.833  600.25  2.92968  2.93 kg
6

3  2  4  3  5  2 28
c Mean   4
232 7
32  2  42  3  52  2
Standard deviation   42  16.5714  16  0.75591  0.756
232

3  2  8  4  13  4  18  5  23  2 226
d Mean    13.2941  13.3
24452 17
Standard deviation

32  2  82  4  132  4  182  5  232  2

  13.29412  213.412  176.733  6.06
2 4 452

fx 563
2 Mean    28.15
f 20
2 2
fx 2  fx  16143  563 
Standard deviation        3.83764  3.84
f  f  20  20 

196  197  199  200  200  200  202  203  203  205 2005
3 a Mean    200.5 g
10 10
Standard deviation
1962  1972  1992  2002  2002  2002  2022  2032  2032  2052
  200.52
10
 40207.3  40200.25  2.6551 ≈ 2.66 g

© Oxford University Press 2019 6

 Worked solutions

6.3  9.6  12.2  12.3  10.3  12.1  10.3  8.4  9.2  4.3 95
4 a Mean    9.5
10 10
Standard deviation
6.32  9.62  12.22  12.32  10.32  12.12  10.32  8.42  9.22  4.32
  9.52
10
 96.426  90.25  2.49

b There is grounds for investigation because the mean amount of lead per litre is within 1
standard deviation of the level that is deemed dangerous

Exercise 5G

10  102  122  52  02  142  22  52  82  92  62  10  12  5  0  14  2  5  8  9  6  

2

sn 1     
10  1  10  10  
10

9
67.5  50.41  4.35762  4.36

11504
2 Mean   460.16  460 kg kg
25

25  5304823  11504  
2

sn 1       18.72538  18.7 kg
25  1  25  25  

x 38750
3 Mean    1550
n 25

n  x 2  x   25  60100000  38750  
2 2

sn 1            39.5
n  1  n  n   25  1  25  25  

4 a

b The data is symmetric and unimodal at 7

x 392
c Mean    7.84
n 50

50  3470  392  
2

sn 1       2.8454 ≈ 2.85
50  1  50  50  

d Individual response

Exercise 5H

1 a 80

b a is lower quartile mark, a = 55

© Oxford University Press 2019 7
 Worked solutions

b is upper quartile mark, b = 75

k  3  k  k  2  k  5 4k  4
2 a   k 1
4 4

b k+1–3=k–2

3 a 63

b i 87 ii 73

4 a i 1.18m

ii IQR = UQ – LQ = 1.22m – 1.13m = 0.09m

b Class Frequency

1.00 ≤ h < 1.05 5

1.05 ≤ h < 1.10 8

1.10 ≤ h < 1.15 14

1.15 ≤ h < 1.20 24

1.20 ≤ h < 1.25 18

1.25 ≤ h < 1.30 11

5  8  14
c i  0.3375  0.34
80

 0.02 
5  8  14  
ii  0.05   0.69
5  8  14

a  2a  3a  ...  na
5 a i Mean 
n

a 1  2  3...  n a n  n  1 a  n  1
  
n n 2 2

4n  n  1 4  n  1
ii  100 
2 2

2n2  2n  100  2n  2
2n2  102
n2  51
n7
n8

m 0  n 1 n
b i M 
nm nm

2
m  02  n  12  n  n n2 mn
S     
mn  n  m n  m  n  m2
mn

n nm
ii MS 
nm mn

© Oxford University Press 2019 8

 Worked solutions

n nm
2
n  nm
nm

As there are the same number of x and y points, median is the average of the two values

10
 0.5
2

Exercise 5I

1 a No association b moderate, positive, linear

c strong, positive, linear d moderate, negative, linear

e strong, negative, linear

a i b i c i

ii 65kg
iii 47s

iv The graphs giving the most accurate predictions are the ones where the data is close to
the line of best fit. Graphs b and c are better than graph a.

x- x2 y2 xy
y - Price
Distance
($)
(km)

4895 37900 23961025 1436410000 185520500

75256 27495 5663465536 755975025 2069163720

8563 32595 73324969 1062434025 279110985

24495 38995 600005025 1520610025 955182525

68562 33895 4700747844 1148871025 2323908990

58200 29495 3387240000 869955025 1716609000

© Oxford University Press 2019 9

 Worked solutions

34011 34995 1156748121 1224650025 1190214945

70568 21000 4979842624 441000000 1481928000

x  344550 y  256370 x2  20585335144 y 2  8459905150 xy  10201638665

 x 
2

Sxx  x 2 
n
3445502 11491994663
Sxx  20585335144  
8 2
 y 
2

Syy  y 2 
n
2563702 488416075
Syy  8459905150  
8 2

Sxy  xy 
 x   y 
n
344550  256370 1679793545
Sxy  10201638665  
8 2
Sxy
r 
S xx Syy 
1679793545

r  2  0.709
11491994663 488416075

2 2

There is moderate negative correlation

1679793545
Sxy 
y  a  bx , where b   2  0.1462 and
Sxx 11491994663
2
256370 344550
a  y  bx   0.1462   38342.9 so y  38342.9  0.1462x
8 8

y  38342.9  0.1462  50000  $31032.90

The make of car or price when new would be important information

4 a

b y - Weight x2 y2 xy
x - Height (m)
(kg)

1.48 329 2.1904 108241 486.92

© Oxford University Press 2019 10

 Worked solutions

1.51 314 2.2801 98596 474.14

1.23 185 1.5129 34225 227.55

1.57 356 2.4649 126736 558.92

1.29 228 1.6641 51984 294.12

1.30 230 1.69 52900 299

1.37 257 1.8769 66049 352.09

1.17 171 1.3689 29241 200.07

1.2 185 1.44 34225 222

1.34 214 1.7956 45796 286.76

1.42 315 2.0164 99225 447.3

1.42 271 2.0164 73441 384.82

1.37 242 1.8769 58564 331.54

1.44 285 2.0736 81225 410.4

x  19.11 y  3582 x2  26.2671 y 2  960448 xy  4975.63

 x 
2

Sxx  x 2 
n
19.112
Sxx  26.2671   0.18195
14
 y 
2

Syy  y 2 
n
35822
Syy  960448   43967.7
14

Sxy  xy 
 x   y 
n
19.11  3582
Sxy  4975.63   86.2
14

Sxy 86.2
y  a  bx , where b    473.757 and
Sxx 0.18195
3582 19.11
a  y  bx   473.757   390.821 so y  473.757x  390.821
14 14

Sxy
c r 
S xx Syy 
86.2
r   0.96375
0.18195  43967.7

there is a strong positive correlation

d y  473.757  1.38  390.821  262.964

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 Worked solutions

Chapter review

1 Pick 15 students at random from each MYP class and 15 students at random from the DP group

2 a Pick 12 students at random from the whole medical school

b Pick 1.71 students from each year group at random

c Pick 2.4 students at random from year one and 1.6 students at random from each of the
other year groups

d Ask for volunteers and pick the first 12

3 i Make sure the questions are clear

ii Make sure the questions are not leading

iii Ensure that the possible answers are applicable to everybody and no options are missed

4 a Number of pages

b Height of page

5 a Qualitative, continuous

b Quantitative, continuous

c Quantitative, discrete

d Quantitative, continuous

7 a Mean


5.5  13  15.5  16  25.5  146   35.5  139   45.5  84  55.5  32  65.5  20
13  16  146  139  84  32  20
15885
  35.3
450

Median group is 31-40

Modal group is 21-30

84  32  20
b  100  30.2%
450

c Number of words per Number of Cumulative

sentence sentences frequency

1-10 13 13

11-20 16 29

21-30 146 175

31-40 139 314

41-50 84 398

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 Worked solutions

51-60 32 430

61-70 20 450

d
min  1

Q1  28.5 (approx)

Q2  33
Q  42
 3

max  70

The diagram on the left is using the grouped data, the one on the right is using the five
point summary from the graph

f The number of sentences is uniformly distributed within the interval.

g The box-and-whisker diagram using the grouped data is more skewed then the diagram
using data from the graph.

8 a Number of siblings Frequency

0 14

1 28

2 11

3 5

4 0

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 Worked solutions

5 2

The data is left skewed.

0  14  1  28  2  11  3  5  5  2 75 5
b Mean    = 1.25
60 60 4
standard deviation
2
02  14  12  28  22  11  32  5  52  2  5  167 25
      1.105  1.11
60 4
  60 16

d Notice that the mean of all students is equal to the mean of the original 60 plus the mean of
5 5
the new 32. Need to find x when  x  1.25x , so  0.25x  x  5
4 4

9 a x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

y 0.6 0.45 0.8 0.85 1.4 1.65 2.4 2.85

y2 0.36 0.2025 0.64 0.7225 1.96 2.7225 5.76 8.1225

c y2  2.13357x  1.1725  y  2.13357x  1.1725

10 y  y0  0.5(x  x0 ) ,
y  8  0.5(x  1)
y  8.5  0.5x

so y  8.5  0.5x  8.5  0.5  7  5

Exam-style questions

11 a As the mode is 5 there must be at least another 5. (1 mark)

So we have 1, 3, 5, 5, 6 with another number to be placed in order (1 mark)

The median will be the average of the 3rd and 4th pieces of data. (1 mark)

For this to be 4.5 the missing piece of data must be a 4.

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 Worked solutions

Thus a = 5, b = 4 (2 marks)

1  3  4  5  5  6 24
b x   4 (2 marks)
6 6

12 a
x  70   x  700 (1 mark)
10

Let Steve’s mass be s.

 x  s  72 (1 mark)
11

700  s  792 (1 mark)

So s = 92 kg (1 mark)

b IQR = 10 (1 mark)

76  1.5  IQR  76  15  91 (1 mark)

So Steve’s mass of 92 is greater than 1.5  IQR , so is an outlier. (1 mark)

13 a 200 (1 mark)

b 35 (1 mark)

c Using mid-points 5, 15, 25… as estimates for each interval, (1 mark)

i estimate for mean is 22.25 (2 marks)

ii estimate for standard deviation is 11.6 (3 s.f.). (2 marks)

d Median is approximately the 100th piece of data

which lies in the interval 20  h  30 . (1 mark)

Will be 15 pieces of data into this interval

15
Estimate is 20   10  23 (2 marks)
50

14 a i 7.5 (1 mark)

ii 6.125 (2 marks)

b i 6 (1 mark)

ii 6.9 (2 marks)

c Sally’s had the greater median (1 mark)

d Rob’s had the greater mean (1 mark)

15 a

(1 for scale, 1 for correctly drawn graph)

b i 4 ii 4 iii 4 (3 marks)

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 Worked solutions

c The values of the median and the mean are the same due to the symmetry of the bar chart.
(2 marks)

16 a 100  70m  c

140  100m  c

4 20
40  30m m c  (3 marks)
3 3

b Positive (1 mark)

c Line goes through  x, y  (1 mark)

4 20 380
y   90   (2 marks)
3 3 3

4 20 260
d Estimate is  60   (2 marks)
3 3 3

17 a x 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 19 19

y 2 0 3 1 4 1 1 2 1 2

(5 correct: 2 marks; all correct: 3 marks)

b r  0.0695(3sf ) (2 marks)

c Very weak (negative) correlation so line of best fit is almost meaningless (1 mark)

It would be extrapolation to use this data to predict for a 25-year-old. (1 mark)

18 a i no change; r  0.87 (1 mark)

ii no change; 15 (1 mark)

iii the scatter diagram has just been translated up by 5 and to the left by 4, so the PMCC
and the gradient of y on x line of best fit are unchanged. (1 mark)

iv Strong, positive (2 marks)

b i no change; r  0.87 (1 mark)

ii 2  15  30 (1 mark)

iii the scatter diagram has been stretched vertically by scale factor 2, so PMCC remains
unchanged, but gradient of y on x line of best fit is doubled. (1 mark)

c i r  0.87 (1 mark)

15
ii = 5 (1 mark)
3

iii the scatter diagram has been stretched horizontally by a factor of 3 and then reflected in
the y-axis, so gradient becomes –5, but PMCC is unchanged. (2 marks)

iv Strong, negative (2 marks)

19 a i 0.849 (3sf) (2 marks)

ii strong, positive (2 marks)

iii y  0.937x  0.242 (2 marks)

b i 0.267 (3sf) (2 marks)

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 Worked solutions

ii weak, positive (2 marks)

iii the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient is too small to make the line of best
fit particularly meaningful when making predictions. (1 mark)

20 a r  0.979 (3sf) (2 marks)

b Strong, positive (2 marks)

c i y  1.23x  21.3 (2 marks)

ii x  0.776y  20.8 (2 marks)

d 1.23  105  21.3  108 (1 mark)

e 0.776  95  20.8  95 (1 mark)

f It is extrapolation (1 mark)

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 Worked solutions

Relationships in space: geometry and

6 trigonometry
Skills check

1 252 = (2x)2 + x2

252 = 5x2

x2 = 125

x  125

Area = 125  2 125  250 cm2

2 ACB  PAQ

As AB and PQ are parallel, lines BP and AQ meet AB and PQ at the same angle.

Therefore ABP  BPQ and BAQ  PQA

All three angles are identical therefore, triangles are similar.

Exercise 6A

1 a i 3,0,0 ii 3, 4,0 iii 3,0,2 iv 3, 4,2

 x  x2 y1  y2 z1  z2   0  3 0  4 0  2 
b Midpoint of OF:  1 , ,  , ,   1.5,2,1
 2 2 2   2 2 2 

 x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1   3  0   4  0   2  0 
2 2 2 2 2 2
c Distance of OF d 

 9  16  4  29  5.4

 x1  x2 y1  y2 z1  z2   4  5 4  1 3  3 
2 a  , ,  , ,   0.5,1.5,3
 2 2 2   2 2 2 

 x1  x2 y1  y2 z1  z2   4  2 4  2 5  9 
b  , ,  , ,    3,3,7
 2 2 2   2 2 2 

 x1  x2 y1  y2 z1  z2   5  4 2  3 4  8 
c  , ,  , ,   0.5, 0.5, 6 
 2 2 2   2 2 2 

 x1  x2 y1  y2 z1  z2   5.1  1.4 2  1.7 9  11 

d  , ,  , ,    1.85, 0.15,10
 2 2 2   2 2 2 

 x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1    4  2  3  3  1  5 
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 a d 4  0  16  20  4.47

 x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1   2  3   4  7   1  2  25  9  9 
2 2 2 2 2 2
b d 43  6.56

 x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1   1  1   3  3   4  4
2 2 2 2 2 2
c d

 4  36  64  104  10.2

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 Worked solutions

 x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1    2  2  1  1  3  3  16  4  0  20  4.47
2 2 2 2 2 2
d d

4 a

AO
b tan  
CO

EC  DC 2  ED2  202  202  800  28.3

Then

1 1
CO  EC  28.3  14.14
2 2

15
tan  
14.14

15
  tan1  46.7
14.14

AO
c tan  
OM

1
OM  20  10
2

15
tan  
10

15
  tan1  56.3
10

5 BD  AB2  AD2  52  122  25  144  169  13

FB 4
tan   
BD 13

4
  tan1  17.1
13

6 a AC 2  AB2  CB2  42  42  32 cm

AG  AC 2  CG2  32  64  9.8 cm

GC 8
b tan   
AC 32

8
  tan1  54.7
32

© Oxford University Press 2019 2

 Worked solutions

GE 32
c tan   
AE 8

32
  tan1  35.3
8

90  54.7
4
d sin  
96

4
  sin1  24.1
96

7 a AC  82  82  128  11.3cm

b AM is the midpoint of AC, so

1
AM   AC  5.7 cm
2

c EA  EM2  AM2  64  32  96  9.8 cm

8
d tan  
1
128
2

8
  tan1  54.7
1
128
2

Exercise 6B

Note that all answers should be provided to 3 significant figures

1 1
1 a V  Abaseh   12  12  12  576 cm3
3 3

hface  62  122  13.4

1 
SA  Abase  4 Aface  12  12  4    12  13.4   466 cm2
2 

1 1
b V  Abaseh   4  5  6  40 cm3
3 3

hface1  22  62  6.32 hface2  2.52  62  6.5

1  1 
SA  Abase  2 Aface1  2 Aface2   4  5  2    5  6.32   2    4  6.5   77.6 cm2
2  2 

1 2 1
c V   r h    32  9  84.8 cm3
3 3

s  92  32  9.49

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 Worked solutions

SA   r 2   rs    32    3  9.49  118cm2

1 2 1
d V   r    1  3    3.14 cm3
3 3

s  12  32  3.16

SA   r 2   rs    1    1  3.16  13.1cm2

3
4 3 4  16.4 
e V  r       2310 cm
3

3 3  2 

2
 16.4 
SA  4 r 2  4    845 cm
2

 2 

3
4 3 4 6
f V   r       113 cm3
3 3 2

SA  4 r 2  4 3  113cm2
2

1  4 3  1  4  5.6  
3

  r         46 cm
3
2 V 
23  23  2  

1 3 1
3 Vcyl  Vcone   r 2hcyl   r hcone    3.22  9.1    3.22  6.2  359 cm3
3 3

1 4 1 4
4 Vclay  Vh1  Vh2     93     83  454 cm3
2 3 2 3

 4 (3)2 
   (10)  1.44 cm
2
5 12 
 3 

2
1 2 1  15 
6 VL   rL      15  45  3534.3 cm3
3 3  2 

2
1 1 5
Vs   rs2      15  98.17 cm3
3 3 2

Vf  VL  Vs  3436.1  3440 cm3 (to 3 sf)

Exercise 6C

45  60 
1 a 45   b 60  
180 4 180 3

270 3
c 270   d 360  2
180 2

18  225 5
e 18   f 225  
180 10 180 4

80 4 200 10

g 80   h 200  
180 9 180 9

© Oxford University Press 2019 4

 Worked solutions

120 2 135 3
i 120   j 135  
180 3 180 4

 180  180
2 a  30 b  18
6  10 

5 180 180
c  150 d 3  540
6  

7 180 4 180
e  63 f  144
20  5 

7 180 14 180

g  315 h  280
4  9 

5 180 13 180

i  300 j  585
3  4 

10 40
3 a 10   0.175 b 40   0.698
180 180

25 300
c 25   0.436 d 300   5.24
180 180

110 75
e 110   1.92 f 75   1.31
180 180

85 12.8
g 85   1.48 h 12.8   0.223
180 180

37.5 1
i 37.5   0.654 j 1   0.0175
180 180

180 180
4 a 1  57.3  b 2  115
 

180 180
c 0.63   36.1 d 1.41   80.8
 

180 180
e 1.55   88.8 f 3  172
 

180 180
g 0.36   20.6 h 1.28   73.3
 

180 180
i 0.01   0.573  j 2.15   123
 

5 a 1  2A  

 1
A
2

b V 2  

V   2

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 Worked solutions

Exercise 6D

 3
1 a i l  r  14   7 cm ii l  r  12   9 m
2 4

5 5 14 70
iii l  r  3   m iv l  r  15    cm
6 2 9 3

1 2 1  1 2 1 3
b i A r    142   49 cm2 ii A r    122   54 m2
2 2 2 2 2 4

1 2 1 5 15 1 2 1 14
iii A  r    32    m2 iv A  r    152   175 cm2
2 2 6 4 2 2 9

1 2 
2 A r  3
2 12

12
r 2  3  2   72


r  72 cm

1 2
3 a A 12   36
2

36 
  2 
122 2

b P  2r  l


l  r  12   6
2

P  2  12  6  24  6   42.8m

4 Ashaded  Asector  Atriangle

1 2 1
Asector  r    102  1.5  75
2 2

1 2 1
Atriangle  r sin    102 sin1.5  49.9
2 2

Ashaded  75  49.9  25.1

5 Arclength is travelled in one second, so we need 60l for total distance travelled.

 
l  r  4  
12 3

Then 60l  20 m

6 p  2r  l  2r  r

r 2     p

p
r 
2

© Oxford University Press 2019 6

 Worked solutions

1 2 1 
7 Aquad  r1 1   102   78.54
2 2 2

1 2 1
Asemi  Aquad  r2 2  r22  78.54
2 2

2
r22  78.54   50


r2  50  7.07 cm

psemi  2r  l  2  7.07  7.07    36.35cm

r1  r2  20  7.07  12.93cm

Exercise 6E

1 a Quadrant II,   180   215  360  35

 5  
b Quadrant II,       2  
 4  4

7 
c Quadrant IV,   4  
2 2

11 
d Quadrant IV,   2  
6 6

e Quadrant III,   564  360  180  24

f Quadrant IV,   22

8 
g Quadrant II,   3  
3 3

2 sin cos  tan 

A 0.5 0.866 0.5 5

 0.577
0.866 6

B   0.5 11
 sin  0.5 cos  0.866   0.577
6 6 0.866 6

C 0.3907 0.3907 0.4245 2.74

 0.9204
0.4245

D 2 2 1 
2 2 4

E 2 2 1 3

2 2 4

3 a   sin1 0.6  36.9,143

b  is undefined

c   tan1  2.36  293,113

© Oxford University Press 2019 7

 Worked solutions

3
4 cos   ,  is in QIV
5

4 4
sin    and tan   
5 3

Exercise 6F

1   cos1 0.45  1.104 and   2  1.104  5.18

2   tan1  0.56  5.77 and     2  5.77  2.63

3   sin1 0.23  0.23 and     0.23  2.91

4 theta is undefined

5 cos2   cos   0

cosθ(cos   1)  0

Then

cos   0

 3
gives that   ,
2 2

and

cos   1

gives that   

6 2 cos2   3cos   1  0

2 cos   1cos   1  0
Then

1
cos  
2

 5
so   , and
3 3

cos   1

so   0,2

7 4 sin2   1

1/2
1 1
sin     
 4 2

then

 5 7 11
  , , ,
6 6 6 6

© Oxford University Press 2019 8

 Worked solutions

3θ
8  sin1  0.62  5.61
2

3
Note that 0   3 , so
2

3
 5.61,3.81
2

and so

  3.74,2.54

9 tan2  0.45555

so 0  2  4 and

tan1  0.45555  2

then

2  2.714,5.856,8.997,12.139}

So

  1.36,2.93, 4.50,6.07

where the first two angles are the angles for the negative tangent, and the last two are an
added rotation to them  2 

Exercise 6G

1 a p2  q2  r 2  2qr cos P  82  52  2  8  5cos30  19.72

so

p  19.72  4.44

r 2  p2  q2 52  4.442  82
cos Q    0.434
2rp 2  5  4.44

Q  cos1  0.434  116

and so

R  180  116  30  34

b y2  x2  z2  2xz cos Y  42  52  2  4  5cos95  44.49

y  44.49  6.67

and so

y 2  z 2  x 2 6.672  52  42
cos X    0.802
2yz 2  6.67  5

X  cos1 0.802  36.7

and

© Oxford University Press 2019 9

 Worked solutions

Z  180  36.7  95  48.3

b2  c2  a2 82  42  52
c cos A    0.8594
2bc 284

so A  30.8

a2  c2  b2 52  42  82
cos b    0.575
2ac 25 4

so B  125

a2  b2  c2 52  82  42
cos C    0.9125
2ab 285

so C  24.2

2 Largest angle is opposite the longest side

3.92  2.32  4.52

cos  
2  2.3  3.9
 3.92  2.32  4.52 
  cos1    89.2
 2  2.3  3.9 

3 We have that

3PQ  2QR  4RP

so the smallest side is RP. Then

2
4 
RP   2RP   RP 2
2
2 2
PQ  QR  PR2  3 43
cos PQR     
2PQQR 4 2 48
2   2  RP
3

43
cos1  26.4
48

52  x 2  2x  1
2

4 cos 60 
2  5x

or equivalently

1
2  5x   25  x 2  4x 2  4x  1
2

or equivalently

3x2  x  24  0

8
which has solutions x  3, . We take the positive value as it is a distance. So
3

8
x 
3

8 8 13
and b  , a  2 1  .
3 3 3

Then we calculate the remaining angles as

© Oxford University Press 2019 10

 Worked solutions

2
 13  8
52   
 3  3 37
cos ABC  
13 39
25
3

so

37
ABC  cos1  18.4
39

and so

BCA  180  18.4  60  102 (to 3sf)

5 Note that DAB  BCD and CDA  CBA. Then

2DAB  2CDA  360

CDA  180  DAB

We use the cosine rule to get the relationships

b2  a2  q2
cos DAB 
2ba

and

a2  b2  p2
cos CDA 
2ab

Note that we also have that cos CDA  cos 180  DAB   cos DAB , so

b2  a2  q2 a2  b2  p2

2ba 2ab

which rearranges to


p2  q2  2 b2  a2 

Exercise 6H

sin A sin B sin C

1 a  
a b c

sin30 sin125

10 b

sin125
b 10  16.4 cm
sin30

Then C  180  125  30  25

sin30 sin25

10 c

sin25
c  10  8.45 cm
sin30

b Q  180  45  40  95

© Oxford University Press 2019 11

 Worked solutions

sin 45 sin 40


7 p

sin 40
p 7  6.36 cm
sin 45

and

sin 45 sin95


7 q

sin95
q 7  9.86 cm
sin 45

sin 40 sin A

c 
9 7

sin 40
sin A  7  0.4999
9

A  sin1 0.49999  30

Then

B  180  40  30  110

and

sin 40 sin110


9 b

and

sin110
b9  13.2 cm
sin 40

sin15 sin Q
2 
150 80

sin15
sin Q  80  0.138
150

Q  sin1 0.138  7.93

Then R  180  7.93  15  157.07

sin15 sin157.07

150 r

sin157.07
r  150  225.8 km
sin15

The error course took 80  150  230km , which took

230
 0.575h
400

and the correct course would take

225.5
 0.5645h
400

© Oxford University Press 2019 12

 Worked solutions

Then the time difference is

0.575  0.56375  0.0105h

which in seconds is

0.0105  3600  38 seconds

3 The distance between the end of the lake and the balloon is given by

250
tan32 
x1

x1  400.1m

The distance from the balloon to the beginning of the lake is

x2
tan 90  68  
250

x2  250 tan22  101m

Then the length of the lake is the difference between the two lengths,

x1  x2  400.1  101  299m

4 CBM  180  64  116

BMC  180  116  23  41

sin 41 sin116


15 MC

sin116
MC  15  20.5m
sin 41

sin116 sin23

20.5 MB

sin23
MB  20.5  8.91m
sin116

and

sin64 sin90

MA 8.91

MA  8.91sin64  8m

sin55 sin ACB

5 
27 31

sin55
sin ACB  31  0.9405
27

ACB  sin1 0.9405  70.1

Then for this case, the third angle is BAC  180  55  70  54.9

Alternatively we can take the obtuse angle,

ACB  180  70.1  110

© Oxford University Press 2019 13

 Worked solutions

and so the other triangle has angle

BAC  180  55  110  15

Exercise 6I

1 Atotal  APQR  APRS

1
APQR   10  13  sin125  53.24
2

PR2  102  132  2  10  13  cos125  418.13

PR  20.45

Then

1
ARPS   20.45  15  sin70  144.13
2

Then

Atotal  53.24  144.13  197 (3 sf)

sin B sin20
2 
104 52

 sin20 
B  sin1 104   43.16
 52 

In this case, the other angle is C  180  43.16  20  116.84 , so

1
A1   52  104  sin116.84  2412.7 cm2
2

We can also take the obtuse angle for B , and so

B  180  43.16  136.84

Then the other angle is C  180  20  136.84  23.16 , so

1
A2   52  104  sin23  1063.48 cm2
2

Therefore the differnce is A1  A2  2412.7  1063.48  1349.22  1350 cm2 (3 sf)

52  52  72
3 cos YOZ   0.02
255

YOZ  cos1 0.02  88.9

1
AYZO   5  5  sin88.9  12.5 cm2
2

52  52  32
cos XOY   0.82
255

XOY  cos1 0.82  34.9

© Oxford University Press 2019 14

 Worked solutions

1
AXOY   5  5  sin34.9  7.15
2

Then

Atotal  AYZO  AXOY  12.5  7.15  19.7 cm2

12
4 tan60  .
CA

12
CA   6.93
tan60

12
tan55 
DA

12
DA   8.4
tan55

CA2  DA2  CD2 6.932  8.42  152

cos CAD    0.914
2  CA  DA 2  6.93  8.4

CAD  cos1  0.914  156

1 1
ACAD   CA  DA  sin CAD   6.93  8.4  sin156  11.8m2
2 2

1     1 2 3 2
5 a APOQ   r 2  sin      r 2 sin  r
2  4 6 4  2 3 4

1 2  1
and AROS  r sin  r 2
2 6 4

1 2 1       r2
b AsectorPQ  r   r2     
2 2 4 6 4 3

 r2 3 2  3
AminorPQ  AsectorPQ  APOQ   r  r2   
3 4  4 
3

1 2 1     r2
c AsectorRS  r   r2   
2 2  6  12

 r2 1 2  1
AminorRS  AsectorRS  AROS   r  r2   
12 4  12 4 

d Shaded area should not include minor of RS (otherwise it’s just AminorPQ )

 3 
Ashaded  AminorPQ  AminorRS  r 2  
3 
4 
 r2 
1  r2
 
 12 4  4
 1 3  


6 Yacht : 24  5  120 nautical miles

Catamaran :15  5  75 nautical miles

  139  37  102

d2  752  1202  2  75  120 cos102  23767.4

© Oxford University Press 2019 15

 Worked solutions

d  23767.4  154.167  154 nautical miles (3 sf)

The bearing is given by the relationship

360  143  217

and the angle complementary to the bearing from the yacht to the origin. Then we find the
other angle of the triangle as

sin102 sin A

154 75

A  151.6

where we chose the obtuse angle. Then the complementary angle to the bearing we are looking
for is

  217  151.6  65.4

Finally, the angle we are searching for is

  180  65.4  115

Exercise 6J

1 
cos
  13 1 3
1 sec  cot     2 
6 3   3 3 3
cos sin
6 3 2 2

7
sin
 2  7 1 6  2 3  2 3  0
2 csc     2 tan  2
 3  6  2  7 3 3
sin    cos
 3  6

sin 
3 a cos  tan   cos   sin 
cos 

cos  1 1
b cot  sec     csc 
sin  cos  sin 

1 sin  1
c csc  tan     sec 
sin  cos  cos 

1 sin
d cos  sec2  sin  cos  sin   tan
cos2  cos 

sin  cos 
tan  cot  cos  sin   1  csc 
e 
sin  sin  sin 

sin  1 1
f tan  csc     sec 
cos  sin  cos 

1 13
4 csc   
sin  5

Then

© Oxford University Press 2019 16

 Worked solutions

5
sin  
13

This comes from a triangle of sides 5, 13 and c  132  52  12 , then

12
cos  
13

and

12
cos  12
cot     13  
sin  5 5
13

1 5
5 sec   
cos  4

4
cos   
5

Then the third side can be calculated as c  25  16  3 , and so

3
with sin    which is negative to satisfy     2
5

3

sin  5  3
tan   
cos  4 4

5

Exercise 6K

1 a 1  sin2   cos2   cos 

sin  sin 
b   tan 
1  sin  2 cos 

1  cos2  sin 
c   tan 
cos  cos 

cos  cos 
d   cot 
1  cos2  sin 

e 1  t 2  1  tan2   1  sec2   1  sec 

sin 
tan  tan 
f   cos   sin 
1  tan2  sec  1
cos 

2 a  
a2 sin2   a2  a2 sin2   1  a2 cos2 

b b cot  b2  b2 cot2   b cot  b2(1  cot2  )  b2 cot  csc2   b2 cot  csc 

cos  1 cos 
b2  b2
sin  sin  sin2 

© Oxford University Press 2019 17

 Worked solutions

b b b 1
c     sin 
b y2 2
b  b cot 
2 2 2
b 1  cot 
2 csc 

sin 
a2 sec2   a2 a sec2   1 a tan2  tan  cos   sin 
d    
a sec  a sec  a sec  sec  1
cos 

3 a 3  3cos   2 sin2 

3  3cos   2(1  cos2  )

2 cos2   3cos   1  0

(2 cos   1)  cos   1  0

Then

1
cos  
2

 5
so   , and
3 3

cos   1

so   0,2

1
b sec   2
cos 

so

1
cos  
2

 5
then   ,
3 3

c cos2   sin  1  0

1  sin2   sin  1  0

sin2   sin  2  0

(sin  2)(sin  1)  0

Then

sin  2

cannot be a solution as it is outside the range of the sine function. We also have

sin  1

3
so  
2

d sec2   1  tan

tan2   1  1  tan  0

© Oxford University Press 2019 18

 Worked solutions

tan2   tan  0

tan (tan  1)  0

Then tan  0 , then   0,2 and

tan  1

 5
so   ,
4 4

e 3 tan2   5 sec   1  0

 
3 sec2   1  5sec   1  0

3 sec2   5 sec   2  0

(sec   2)(3sec   1)  0

So we have

1
sec   2
cos 

1
cos  
2

 5
Then  , . The second equation gives
3 3

1 1
sec   
cos  3

cos   3

which is outside of the range of cosine, so it gives no solutions.

f 2cot  cos   7  7csc 

cos2  1
2 7 7
sin  sin 

We multiply both sides by sin and get

2 cos2   7 sin   7
 
2 1  sin2   7 sin   7
5  2 sin   7 sin   0
2

Which gives us
5
 sin   1 or sin  
2

 
2

4 a csc2   1  cot2 

 cos   sin   cos   sin

2
1  2 sin  cos  cos2   sin2   2 sin  cos 
b  
sin   cos  sin   cos  sin   cos 

© Oxford University Press 2019 19

 Worked solutions

2
 sin  
2 tan   sec  2 tan   tan   1  tan   1 
2 2  cos   1 2

c       
 sin   cos    sin  cos    sin   cos    sin   cos 
2 2

 

2
 sin   cos   2
 cos    1 
  sec 
2
  
 sin   cos    cos  
 1 

Exercise 6L

1  
sin A   B   sin A cos  B   sin  B  cos A  sin A cos B  sin B cos A

2 a Using the construction on pg. 38

OT OP  TP OP  SQ OP SQ
cos  A  B      
OR OR OR OR OR

OP OQ SQ RQ
   cos B cos A  sin B sin A
OQ OR RQ OR

b  
cos A   B   cos A cos  B   sin A sin  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B

sin  A  B  sin A cos B  sin B cos A

3 a tan  A  B   
cos  A  B  cos A cos B  sin A sin B

sin A sin B

 cos A cos B  tan A  tan B
sin A sin B 1  tan A tan B
1
cos A cos B

tan A  tan  B  tan A  tan B

b 
tan A   B    1  tan A tan  B 

1  tan A tan B

4 a sin75  sin  45  30  sin45 cos30  sin30 cos 45


1 3 1 1

2 2 2 2

2
4
 3 1 
1
1
tan60  tan 45 3
b tan105  tan 60  45     3 2
1  tan60 tan 45 1
1
3

105 is obtuse, so we take the negative value

tan105    3 2 
1
c sin33 cos 3  cos 33 sin3  sin 33  3   sin30 
2

1
d cos 75 cos15  sin75 sin15  cos 75  15   cos 60  
2

© Oxford University Press 2019 20

 Worked solutions

2 2 4
5 a Note that the missing side of the triangle with angle A is c  5  3  4 , so cos A  as
5
2 2 12
A is obtuse, and the side of the triangle with angle B is c  13  5  12 , so cos B  as
13
B is acute. Then

4 12 3 5 33
cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B      
5 13 5 13 65

b Note that

3
sin A 5 3
tan A   
cos A 4 4

5

5
sin B 13 5
and tan B   
cos B 12 12
13

3 5
 
tan A  tan B 4 12   16
Then tan  A  B   
1  tan A tan B 3 5 63
1 
4 12

cos  A  B  cos A cos B  sin A sin B

6 a cot  A  B   
sin  A  B  sin A cos B  sin B cos A

Divide by sin A sin B and get

cos A cos B  sin A sin B

sin A sin B cot A cot B  1
 
sin A cos B  sin B cos A cot A  cot B
sin A sin B

sin  A  B  sin A cos B  sin B cos A

b   tan A  tan B
cos A cos B cos A cos B

1 sin A 1  sin A
c sec A  tan A   
cos A cos A cos A

sin A cos A sin2 A  cos2 A 1

d tan A  cot A      sec A csc A
cos A sin A cos A sin A cos A sin A

1 1 sin2   cos2  1
e sec2   csc2       sec2  csc2 
cos  sin 
2 2
sin2  cos2  sin2  cos2 

1 cos  1  cos 

csc   cot    1
f  sin sin  sin    csc 
1  cos  1  cos  1  cos  sin θ

1 1  sin2 x cos2 x
g csc x  sin x   sin x    cos x cot x
sin x sin x sin x

   
2 2
4 4 4 2
h 1  cos x  sin x  1  cos x  sin x  1  cos4 x  1  cos2 x


1  cos4 x  1  2 cos2 x  cos4 x  2 cos2 x

© Oxford University Press 2019 21

 Worked solutions

1 sin  1  sin 
i sec   tan    
cos  cos  cos 

We multiply numerator and denominator by 1  sin and get

1  sin2  cos2  cos 

  
cos  (1  sin  ) cos  (1  sin  ) 1  sin 

sin A sin2 A 1  cos2 A (1  cos A)(1  cos A)

sin A
sin A tan A cos A  cos A  cos A  cos A 1  cos A
j    1  sec A
1  cos A 1  cos A 1  cos A 1  cos A 1  cos A cos A

tan B  tan C
tan A  tan  B  C  tan A 
7 a 
tan A   B  C   
1  tan A tan  B  C 
 1  tan B tan C
tan B  tan C
1  tan A
1  tan B tan C

tan A  tan A tan B tan C  tan B  tan C


1  tan B tan C  tan A tan B  tan A tan C

b Substituting into our formula above

1 1 1 1 1 1
    
tan  A  B  C   2 2 5 8 5 8  1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1     
5 8 2 5 2 8


Hence A  B  C 
4

c If A, B and C form the angles of a triangle, then tan  A  B  C   0 , so

tan A  tan A tan B tan C  tan B  tan C

0
1  tan B tan C  tan A tan B  tan A tan C

or equivalently

tan A  tan A tan B tan C  tan B  tan C  0

or equivalently

tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan B tan C

Exercise 6M

sin A cos A sin2 A  cos2 A 1 2 2

1 a tan A  cot A        2 csc 2 A
cos A sin A cos A sin A cos A sin A 2 cos A sin A sin2 A

sin2 A  cos 2 A  1 2 sin A cos A  2 cos2 A  1  1 2 cos A (sin A  cos A)

b    cot A
sin2 A  cos 2 A  1 2 sin A cos A  1  2 sin2 A  1 2 sin A cos A  sin A

cos3X  sin3X cos 2X  X   sin 2X  X 

c  
1  2 sin2 X 1  2 sin2 X

cos 2 X cos X  sin2X sin X  sin2X cos X  sin X cos 2X


1  4 sin X cos X

cos2 X (cos X sin X )  sin2 X  sin X  cos X 


1  4 sin X cos X

© Oxford University Press 2019 22

 Worked solutions

(cos2 X  sin2 X )  cos X  sin X   2 sin X cos X (sin X  cos X )


1  4 sin X cos X

(cos X  sin X )(cos X  sin X )(cos X  sin X )  2 sin X cos X (sin X  cos X )

1  4 sin X cos X

(cos X  sin X )2  sin X  cos X   2 sin X cos X (sin X  cos X )


1  4 sin X cos X

(sin X  cos X ) (cos2 X  2 sin X cos X  sin2 X  2 sin X cos X )


1  4 sin X cos X


sin X  cos X ) (cos 2
X  4 sin X cos X  sin2 X 
1  4 sin X cos X


sin X  cos X ) (1  4 sin X cos X   sin X  cos X
1  4 sin X cos X

cos x 1 cos x 1 2 cos2 x  cos2 x  sin2 x

d cot x  csc 2x     
sin x sin2x sin x 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x

cos2 x  sin2 x cos 2x

   cot 2x
2 sin x cos x sin2x

sin 4 A 2 sin2 A cos 2 A 4 sin A cos A cos 2 A 4 sin A cos A (2 cos2 A  1)

2   
sin A sin A sin A sin A

 8 cos3 A  4 cos A

3
2 
sin2 A 2 tan A  4   24
3 sin2 A sec 2 A   tan2 A  
cos 2 A 1  tan2 A 3
2
7
1 
4
 

4 cos3X  cos 2X  X   cos2X cos X  sin2X sin X

2 cos 2

X  1 cos X  2 sin X cos X sin X  2 cos3 X  cos X  2 sin2 X cos X


 2 cos3 X  cos X  2 1  cos2 X cos X 
 4 cos3 X  3cos X

sin3X  sin 2X  X   sin2X cos X  sin X cos2X

 2sin X cos2 X  sin X (1  2sin2 X )

 2sin X (1  sin2 X )  sin X  2sin3 X

 4 sin3 X  3sin X

 
2
5 cos 4 A  2 cos2 2 A  1  2 2 cos2 A  1  1  8 cos4 A  8 cos2 A  1

© Oxford University Press 2019 23

 Worked solutions

 2 tan A  4 tan A
2 
2 tan2 A 2
 1  tan A   1  tan2 A
6 tan 4 A  
1  tan2 2 A  2 tan A 
2
(1  tan2 A) 2 4 tan2 A
1 
2
 1  tan A  (1  tan2 A) 2

4 tan A(1  tan2 A)

(1  tan2 A) 2 4 tan2 A

7 a We use the formula obtained in 4 to express sin3x

4 sin3 x  3sin x  sin2 x

or equivalently

sin x(4sin2 x  sin x  3)  0

Then sin x  0 gives x  0,2 and

(4 sin2 x  sin x  3)   sin x  1 4 sin x  3

3 3
then sin x  1 is given by x  and sin x  gives x  0.848,2.29
2 4

b cot 2x  2  cot x

Note that

1 1  tan2 x
cot 2x  
tan2x 2 tan x

Then the equation becomes

1  tan2 x 1
2
2 tan x tan x

which simplifies into

1  tan2 x  4 tan x  2  0

or equivalently

tan2 x  4 tan x  1  0

We use the quadratic formula to get that

tan x  2  3

23 11 19 7

so x  , , ,
12 12 12 12

c We use the formula obtained in 4 to express cos3x

4 cos3 x  3cos x  3cos x  2 cos2 x  1  1

which simplifies into

4 cos3 x  2 cos2 x  6 cos x  0

or equivalently

2cos x (2cos2 x  cos x  3)  0

© Oxford University Press 2019 24

 Worked solutions

 3
so 2 cos x  0 gives x  , and
2 2

(2cos2 x  cos x  3)  (2cos x  3)(cos x  1)  0

3
which gives for cos x  no real results as it is outside of the range of the cosine function.
2
Finally, cos x  1 , gives x  

Exercise 6N

1 Reasoning


csc   1 when sin  1 , so at    2n , n  Z
2

3
csc   1 when sin  1 , so at    2n , n  Z
2

csc  is unidentified when sin  0 , so at   0  n , n  Z we have vertical asymptotes

csc    as sin  0

csc   as sin  0

2 Reasoning


cot   1 when tan  1 , so at    n , n  Z
4

3
cot   1 when tan  1 , so at    n , n  Z
4

cot  is unidentified when tan  0 , so at   0  n , n  Z we have vertical asymptotes

cot    as tan  0

cot   as tan  0

3 a f  x   sin x

Then g  x   3f  4x  . We apply the following transformations to f  x  :

We apply a vertical stretch of scale factor 3 parallel to the y-axis

1
We stretch the function y  3sin x by a scale factor parallel to the x-axis
4

2 
The period of the new function is therefore 
4 2


The amplitude of g  x  is 3 and the period of g  x  is
2

3
b The graph will the same as for sin  x  with a vertical shift of
2

c Let f  x   sin x , and g  x   2f  x  . We apply the following transformations to f  x  :

© Oxford University Press 2019 25

 Worked solutions

Then we reflect f  x  with respect to the x axis, and apply a vertical stretch of scale factor
2 parallel to the y-axis .

We stretch the function y  2 sin x by a scale factor 1 /  parallel to the x-axis

2
The period of the new function is therefore 2


The amplitude of g  x  is 2 and the period is 2

   
d Let f  x   sin x , then g  x   2f  4  x     1 . We apply the following transformations to
  4 
f x :

We apply a vertical stretch of scale factor 2 parallel to the y-axis.

1
We stretch the function by a scale factor parallel to the x-axis
4


We shift horizontally by
4

We shift vertically downwards by 1

4 a Let f  x   cos x and g  x   2f  x   2 . We apply the following transformations to f  x  :

We apply a vertical stretch of scale factor 2 parallel to the y-axis .

We shift the function vertically upwards by 2.

b Let f  x   cos x and g  x   f 3x   1 . We apply the following transformations to f  x  :

1
We stretch the function by a factor of parallel to the x-axis
3

We shift vertically downwards by 1

2
The new period is
3

c Let f  x   cos x and g  x   2f 3x  . We apply the following transformations to f  x  :

We reflect along the x-axis .

We stretch the function by a factor of 2 parallel to the y-axis

1
We stretch the function by a factor of parallel to the x-axis
3

2
The new period is and the amplitude is 2
3

d Let f  x   cos x and g  x   3f 2x   3 . We apply the following transformations to f  x  :

We stretch the function by a factor of 3 parallel to the y-axis

1
We stretch the function by a factor of parallel to the x-axis
2

© Oxford University Press 2019 26

 Worked solutions

2
The new period is   and the amplitude is 3
2

We shift the function vertically upwards by 3

5 There is one solution in the interval 0  x   as there is only one intersection between f  x 

and g  x  in that interval.

Exercise 6O

1 a The amplitude is 5

the vertical shift is 1


the horizontal/phase shift is
12

2
the period is now
3

max  min max min

5 and 1  , then
2 2

the maximum value is 6 , as

the minimum value is 4

b The amplitude is 2

the vertical shift is 2

 5  5
We rewrite the argument as 3  x   , so the horizontal/phase shift is
 6  6

2
the period is now
3

max  min max  min

2 and 2  , then
2 2

the maximum value is 0 , as

the minimum value is 4

© Oxford University Press 2019 27

 Worked solutions

2 a The maximum value is 220 , taken from the amplitude

b The minimum value is 220, as there is no vertical shift

c The amplitude of V is 220

2 1
d The period is given by 
120 60

max min 14.4  1.2

3 a a   6.6 m
2 2

vertical shift

max min 14.4  1.2

d    7.8m
2 2

period of the function

2 
 12  b 
b 6

Then our function looks like

 
h t   6.6 sin  t  c    7.8
6 

Note that 08 :15 is equivalent to t  8.25 hours. At t  8.25 , h  14.4 . Substituting into
our equation for h  t  , gives us

 
6.6 sin  8.25  c    7.8  14.4
 6 

© Oxford University Press 2019 28

 Worked solutions

 
sin  8.25  c    1
6 

  
 8.25  c   
 6  2

8.25  c  3

c  5.25

Then

 
h t   6.6 sin  t  5.25   7.8
 6 

b sketch of the graph, first minimum occurs at t  2.25

c The time intervals during which the boat could enter or leave the harbour on that particular
day are calculated by plotting y  5 along with h  t  , and obtain the intervals for which

h t   5 over a period of 24 hours. This gives 0  t  0.0868 , 4.41  t  12.1 and

16.4  t  24 .

4 a The minimum value is 3.5 and the maximum value is 2.5 , this is a cosine function. We
calculate the vertical shift and the amplitude as

2.5  3.5
d   3
2

2.5  3.5 1
a 
2 2

so

1
f x  cos x  3
2


b Horizontal shift, , and we choose a cosine function. The amplitude is
2

73
a 2
2

and

73
d  5
2

is the vertical shift. Then the function is

 
f  x   2 cos  x    5
 2

c We choose a cosine function. The amplitude is

24
a 3
2

and the vertical shift is

© Oxford University Press 2019 29

 Worked solutions

24
d   1
2

2
The period is  , so b   2 . Then the function is


f  x   3cos 2x   1

d We choose a sine function, reflected along the x-axis . The amplitude is

22
a 2
2

2 2
and there is no vertical shift. The period is , so b   3 . Then the function is
3 2
3

f  x   2 sin3x

  
e This is a tangent function, shifted horizontally by , so f  x   tan  x  
4  4

f This is a secant plot, shifted upwards by 1, where the asymptotes are at x   , , etc…
This corresponds to

1
f  x   sec x 1
2

Exercise 6P

 5  5  7
1 a   , b   , c   d   ,
6 6 4 4 6 6

 7 2 4
e   0,2 f   , g   ,
4 4 3 3

 2 5
2 cos1 x   
2 9 18

 3
3 a tan x  0 for  x   and  x  2
2 2

 3 5 7
b sec 2x  0 for  x  and  x 
4 4 4 4

c sin4x  3 never happens as it is outside of the range of sine

4 a We solve

y  sin2x

for x, giving

sin1 y
x 
2

Then

© Oxford University Press 2019 30

 Worked solutions

sin1 x
f 1  x  
2

is defined for x  [0,1]

In the case of g  x  ,

g 1  x   2x .

and it is also well defined for all x

1 1
b g 1    2    1
2 2

and

 
sin1 g   sin1 
1  6  3
f g  
6 2 2

which has no real results

2
5 a 5
period

2
so the period is
5

b The amplitude is 6

c The sine function is symmetric about the origin

d We stretch the function by a factor of 6 parallel to the y-axis

1
We stretch the function by a factor of parallel to the x-axis
5

2
The new period is
5

There are no vertical shifts

Exercise 6Q

1 a For all of these, we graphically show the plot for the left hand side and the right hand side
and find the points of intersection

csc2   3cot   1

1 cos 
3 1
sin2  sin 

1  3cos  sin  sin2 

cos2   3cos  sin  2 sin2   0

(cos   2sin )(cos   sin )  0

so we are searching for the solutions of

© Oxford University Press 2019 31

 Worked solutions

cos   2 sin

or equivalently

2 tan  1

1
tan  
2

which has solutions   0.464,3.605 , and

cos   sin

 5
which is true for   ,
4 4

b 2 tan  3  5cot 

5
2 tan   3 
tan 

2 tan2   3 tan  5

2 tan2   3 tan  5  0

2 tan  5 tan  1  0

Then we get that

5
tan  
2

which gives   1.19, 4.33 and

tan  1

3 7
which gives   ,
4 4

c 2 sec2   3  tan  0

1 sin 
2 3 0
cos2  cos 

2  3cos2   sin cos   0

2 sin2   cos2   sin cos   0

We divide by cos2  and get

2 tan2   tan  1  0

or equivalently

1
 tan  1  tan  2   0
 

3 7
so tan  1 gives   , and tan  1 / 2 gives   0.464,3.61
4 4

d 5csc   cot   2 tan

© Oxford University Press 2019 32

 Worked solutions

5 cos  sin 
 2
sin  sin  cos 


5cos   cos2   2 1  cos2  
3cos2   5cos   2  0

(cos   2)(3cos   1)  0

Then cos   2 has no real solutions, and

1
cos  
3

then   1.231,5.052

Exercise 6R

d cos  x  h  cos  x 
1 a (cos x)  lim
dx h 0 h

cos x cos h  sin x sin h  cos x

 lim
h 0 h


 lim  cos x
 cos h  1  sin x sin h 

h 0  h h 


 cos x lim
cos h  1  sin x lim sin h
h 0 h h 0 h

 0  sin x 1   sin x

 2h 
sin  2x   sin 2 x 
d  2 
b (sin2x)  lim
dx h 0 h
2

sin2x cos h  sin h cos 2x  sin2x

 lim
h 0 h
2

cos h  1 sin h
 lim(sin2x  cos 2x )
h 0 h h
2 2

cos h  1 sin h
 sin2x lim  cos 2x lim
h 0 h h 0 h
2 2

 sin2x  0  2  cos2x  2cos2x

 x 3h  x
sin     sin  3 
d x  3 3   
c (sin )  lim
dx 3 h 0 3h

© Oxford University Press 2019 33

 Worked solutions

x x x

sin   cos h  sin h cos    sin  
3
  3
  3
 lim
h 0 3h

  x  cos h  1  x  sin h 
 lim  sin    cos   
h 0
 3 3h  3  3h 

x cos h  1 x sin h

 sin   lim  cos   lim
3
  h 0 3 h 3
  h 0 3h

x 1 x 1 x

 sin    0  cos    1  cos  
3 3 3 3 3

  h 3 
sin  2x  3  2     3   sin 2x  3
d   2 2  
d (sin 2x  3)  lim
dx h 0 h 3

2 2

sin 2x  3 cos h  sin h cos 2x  3  sin 2x  3

 lim
h 0 h3
2

cos h  1 sin h
 sin 2x  3 lim  cos 2x  3 lim
h 0 h3 h 0 h  3

2 2

 0  sin 2x  3  2 cos 2x  3  1  2 cos 2x  3

tan x  tan h
tan  x  h  tan x  tan x
d
2 a (tan x)  lim  lim  tan x tan h
1
dx h 0 h h 0 h

tan h (1  tan2 x) tan h

 lim  sec2 x lim  sec2 x  1  sec2 x
h 0 h h 0 h

cos  x  h cos x

d cot  x  h  cot  x  sin  x  h sin x
b (cot x)  lim  lim
dx h  0 h h  0 h

sin x cos  x  h   cos x sin  x  h 

sin x sin  x  h 
 lim
h 0 h

sin  x  x  h 
sin x sin  x  h  1 1 1 1
 lim  1lim  lim    csc2 x
h 0 h h 0 sin x sin  x  h  sin x h0 sin  x  h  sin2 x

 h
tan  3x    tan3x
d  3
c (tan3x)  lim
dx h 0 h
3

© Oxford University Press 2019 34

 Worked solutions

h
tan3x  tan
3  tan3x
h h
1  tan3x tan tan (1  tan2 3x)
 lim 3  lim 3
h 0 h h 0 h
3 3

h
tan
2
 sec 3x lim 3  sec2 3x  3  3 sec2 3x
h 0 h
3

Exercise 6S

d d
(cos x)  sin x  (sin x)  cos x
dy d  cos x  dx dx  sin2 x  cos2 x 1
1 a    2
    csc2 x
dx dx  sin x  sin x sin2 x sin2 x

dy d  1  2  cos x
b     1  (sin x)  cos x    cot x csc x
dx dx  sin x  sin2 x

dy d
2 a  (sin2x)  cos 2x  2  2 cos 2x
dx dx

dy d
b  (cos 2x  1)  sin2x  1  2  2 sin2x  1
dx dx

dy d
c  (cos 8  3x )  sin8  3x   3  3cos 8  3x 
dx dx

  7  2x  
 cos  
dy d  7  2 x  d   13  
d  (cot  ) 
dx dx  13  dx   7  2x  
 sin  
  13  

 7  2x  2  7  2x   7  2x  2  7  2x 
 sin    13  sin  13   cos  13   13  cos  13 
 13       

2  7  2x 
sin  
 13 

2  7  2x  2  7  2x 
(sin2    cos  13 )
13  13    2  7  2x 
 csc2  
2  7  2x  13  13 
sin  
 13 

df  x 
3 a
dx
 
  sin x5  3  5x 4  5x 4 sin x5  3  
df  x  d(sin(x2  1))1
b
dx

dx

 1  sin2 x 2  1  cos x 2  1  2x   
2x cos x 2  1    2x cot
 x 2

 1 csc x 2  1 
2
sin x  1  2

df  x  d
c
dx

dx

(cos 4x 3  2x 2  7x  17 ) 1)  
© Oxford University Press 2019 35
 Worked solutions

  
1  (cos 4x3  2x2  7x  17 )2   sin 4x3  2x2  7x  17  12x2  4x  7   


12x 2
 
 4x  7 sin 4x 3  2x 2  7x  17 

cos2 4x 3  2x 2  7x  17 
  
 12x2  4x  7 tan 4x3  2x2  7x  17 sec 4x3  2x2  7x  17   
 
df  x  d  1 
d  
dx dx  cos
  x
e 1 
 
1  (cos  
e x  1 )2   sin  
1
ex  1    ex  1
2
 
1/2
 ex

1
 
e x sin e x  1

 1 
e x tan e x  1 sec e x  1
 2  e  1 cos
x 2 x
e 1 2 ex  1  
df  x 
e  cos(cos(tan x))   sin(tan x)  sec2 x   sec2 x sin(tan x)cos(cos  tan x )
dx

Exercise 6T

1 a y  cos x 2x  1  2 sinx

b  
y  2 x  x2 sin2x  1  2x  cos2x

 sin x  x  cos x  cos x  x sin x

c y  
x2 x2

2  sin2x  2 2x  3 cos2x 2 sin2x   4x  6  cos2x

d y  
sin2 2x sin2 2x

1 1
 2  x  2  1

sec2 x ( 2  x)  tan x 
e y  2
2x

sec2 x 1 tan x
  
2x 2 2  x 3/2

2 a y  3cos3x

Then evaluate at the point,

   3 
y     3 cos    3
3  3 

b y  2 sin2x

Then evaluate at the point,

© Oxford University Press 2019 36

 Worked solutions

 5  5
y     2 sin(2 )  2
 4  4

c y  sin x   x  2 cos x

Then evaluate at the point

y 0  0  2 1  2

d y  3cos x  3x sin x

Then evaluate at the point

   3  3 3
y     3 cos  sin  0  
2 2 2 2 2 2

e y  3x2 tan x  x3 sec2 x

Then evaluate at the point

2 3
 3   3   3   3  2  3  27 3 27 2
y    3  tan    sec   
 4   4   4   4   4  32 16

3 a sin2   cos2   1, so the gradient is 0.

tan 
b  sec  , so the gradient is tan  sec 
sin 

sin2 x  2 sin2 2 x  3 sin x sin2 x  cos2 x  2 cos2 2 x  3 cos 2 x cos x

c The gradient is
(cos x  cos 2x)2
3(cos x  1)

(cos x  cos 2x)2

Exercise 6U

1 a Let f  x   cos x , then f 1  x   cos1 x  y , then f  y   cos y and so

dy 1 1 1 1 1
    
dx df  sin y sin(cos1 x) 2 1
1  cos ((cos x)) 1  x2
dy

Then, we use the chain rule

d 1 2
(arccos2x)  2 
dx 1  4x 2
1  4x 2

b We use the form obtained in Investigation 8, and find

d  3  1 3 3 3
 arcsin x     
dx  2  3 
2 2 9x 2
4  9x 2
1   x 2 1
2  4

c Let f  x   tan x , then f 1  x   tan1 x  y , then f  y   tan y and so

© Oxford University Press 2019 37

 Worked solutions

dy 1 1 1
   cos2 y  cos2(tan1 x) 
dx df sec2 y 1  x2
dy

Then

d 1 2 1
(tan1 2x  1)  2  
1  2x  1
2 2 2
dx 4 x  4 x  2 2 x  2x  1

dy d  1  2x
2 a  (2x arccos x)  2 arccos x  2x    2 arccos x 
dx dx  1 x
2
 1  x2

1 2x
 2x  2 arccos x  2 arccos x
dy d  arccos x  1  x2 2
b      1 x
dx dx  2x  4x 2 4x 2

1 arccos x

2x 1  x 2 2x 2

dy x2  1
c  2x arctan3x  3 
dx 1  9x 2

d 1 1
3 a
dx
arcsin x  arccos x   2
 0
1 x 1  x2

This is valid because we are calculating two angles that add up to  in a right-angled
triangle.

d 1 1
b (arctan x  arctan   x )   0
dx 1  x2 1  x2

Here both inverse tangents correspond to the same angle, in different quadrants (due to the
negative sign). So the rate of change between both is zero.

Exercise 6V

1 a f  x   sin 3x   

The tangent is

  
y  f x    0
3 3

We calculate

f   x   3cos 3x   

 
Then f     3 cos      3
3

So the tangent equation is

 
y  3  x    3x  
 3

The normal is

© Oxford University Press 2019 38

 Worked solutions

1  
y  x    0

  3
f  
3

1 
y  x  
3 3

b f  x   arccos2x

2
We calculate the derivative f   x   
1  4x 2

Then f  0.05  2.01

and f 0.05  1.47

The tangent equation is y  2.01  x  0.05  1.47  1.57 2.01x

1
and the normal is y  
2.01
 x  0.05  1.47  1.45  0.498x

c f  x   x sin2x

We calculate f   x   sin2x  2x cos2x

and so f   0.5  1.382

and f 0.5  0.421

Then the tangent equation is y  1.382  x  0.5  0.421  1.38x  0.27

1
and the normal is y  
1.382
 x  0.5  0.421  0.783  0.724x

2 a x cos2x  tan 3x     1

Point of intersection (using GDC) is 0.298,0.247 .

b Normal to y  x cos2x

f '  x   cos2x  2x sin2x

so f  0.298  0.493

1
Then the equation of the normal is y 
0.493
 x  0.298  0.247  0.851  2.03x

Normal to y  tan 3x     1

f '  x   3sec2 3x   

so f  0.298  7.65

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 Worked solutions

1
Then the equation of the normal is y 
7.65
 x  0.298  0.247  0.286  0.131x

c From part b, the y-intercepts of each of the normal functions, which we call y1 and y2
respectively are

y1 0  0.851  2.03  0  0.851

and y2 0  0.286  0.131  0  0.286

The intersection between both functions is given by x  0.298 , as it is the point that they
both share.

Then the two lines form a triangle, with sides

c  0.851  0.286  0.565

0.298  0.247  0.851  0.674

2 2
a

0.298  0.247  0.286   0.301

2 2
b

0.6742  0.3012  0.5652

Then cos C   0.556
2 0.674 0.301

C  cos1 0.556  1.073  56.2

(cos x  x sin x)  x  cos x   x cos x(1  sin x) cos2 x  x2 sin x

3 a y  
(x  cos x)2 (x  cos x)2

for x  0

 
b Tangent at point  ,0  . We calculate
2 

2
  
cos2  sin
  2 4 2  1
y    2
2  
 2  cos 2 
 

Then the tangent is given by

   
y  1  x    0    x  
 2  2

and the normal is given by

1   
y  x    0  x 
1  2 2

4x 2  1
4 a y   8x  arctan2x  2
1  x2

b y 0.5  8 0.5 arctan 2  0.5  2    2


and y 0.5  4 0.5  1 arctan0.5 
2
 
2

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 Worked solutions

and so the equation of the tangent at 0.5 is


y    2  x  0.5   2    x  1  5.14x  1
2

Exercise 6W

d 1
1 a  6  0.1rot s1
dt 60

y
and tan    y  100 tan 
100

dy d
Then  100 sec2   10 sec2 
dt dt

We are measuring  with respect to the shoreline, so when they are at right angles with
respect to each other is exactly when   0 , so

dy
 10 ms1
dt  0

50 1
b tan      tan1  0.464
100 2

dy
Then  12.5 ms1
dt  0.464

c When the ray approaches being parallel to the light beam, the velocity of the light beam is
increasing and is undetermined at the point where it is exactly parallel.

dy km 1 1min 1000m
2 a  90  90    25 ms1
dt h 60min 60 s 1km

We measure the angle with respect to the horizontal of the camera ‘line of sight’. Then we
can write

y
tan    30 tan   y
30

dy d 25 d
Then  30 sec2   cos2  
dt dt 30 dt

At   0 , the bird is directly in front of the camera, so we calculate

25
 1  0.833 rot s1
30

d
b We integrate function with respect to t to find
dt

30
t2  tan 
25

then at t  0 is when the bird is directly in front of the camera. So one second later is at
d 1
t  1 , gives   0.695 , so we evaluate at this value of  and we get 0.491 rot s
dt

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 Worked solutions

3 a We use the cosine rule to write a relationship between the decreasing angle  and the
decreasing side 6  y so we are modelling the decrease y as

52  52  6  y  50  6  y 
2 2

cos   
255 50

Then 6  y   50  50 cos 
2

We differentiate both sides with respect to t and get

dy d
2 6  y   50 sin 
dt dt

dy
or equivalently, substituting with  0.1 cms1 we get
dt

d
0.004y  0.024 csc  
dt

b In this case, we change the 6 for a 5 in the expression above, and write the rate of change
as

52  52  5  y  50  5  y 
2 2
25  10y  y 2
cos    
255 50 50

50 cos   25  10y  y 2

Then differentiating we get

d dy dy
50 sin   10  2y  10 0.1  2y 0.1  1  0.2y
dt dt dt

and so

d 0.2y  1 0.2y  1
  csc 
dt 50 sin  50

4 a We have the relationship for the volume of the sphere

4 3
V  r
3

We differentiate with respect to t and get

dV 4 dr
  3r 2
dt 3 dt

dV
We use that  3 cm3 min1 and rearrange to get
dt

3 dr

4 r 2 dt

so evaluating at r  10 gives

3
 0.002387 cmmin 1
4 10
2

b We have the relationship for the surface area of the sphere

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 Worked solutions

SA  4 r 2

and the relationship between the surface area and the volume as

A
r V.
3

so differentiating with respect to t gives the relationship

dA 1 A dr dV
 r 
dt 3 3 dt dt

For r  4.5, we use the relationship in a to get that

3 3 dr
   0.0118
4 r 2 4  4.5
2
dt

which we substitute into the rate of change for A, then

4  4.5
2
dA 1
  4.5  0.0118  3
dt 3 3

Hence

dA
 1.333 cm2 s1
dt

5 a take y to be the horizontal distance, and calculate the expression

y
tan  
10000

Then

y  10000 tan

dy
We convert into m s−1 to keep units consistent, so
dt

dy km
 1025  284.72 ms1
dt h

We differentiate the expression for y to get

dy d
 10000 sec2 
dt dt

The angle we’re looking at corresponds to

8000
  tan1  38.7
10000

Then we substitute into expression for the derivatives to get

d 284.72
 cos2 38.7  0.017 degs1
dt 10000

b When the plane is directly above the radar,   0 , so

d 284.72
  1  0.028 degs1
dt 10000

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 Worked solutions

6 a We can write the distance between the camera z and the train as

z  y 2  22  y2  4

Then we use the chain rule to get

1
dz 1 2
  2y  dy y dy

 y 4 2

dt 2 dt y  4 dt
2

We evaluate at z  4 so 4  y 2  4 , so y  3.46 . Substituting into the above equation we

get that

dz 3.46 km
  75  64.9
dt 4 h

d y
b So we are looking for when y  3.46 , where tan  
dt 2

3.46
so   tan1  60 . We differentiate with respect to t and get
2

d dy 1
sec2   
dt dt 2

which then substituting and converting 75 km/h to 20.8 m/s gives

d 1
sec2 60  20.8 
dt 2

which gives

d
 2.6 degrees per second.
dt

7 We have that

y
cos  
3

where y is the horizontal distance in metres. Then

y  3cos 

dy 6
We convert to meters per second,   0.06 m / s . We differentiate with respect to t and
dt 100
get

d dy
3 sin  
dt dt

The angle corresponding to the horizontal distance of 1 m is

1
cos  
3

1
so   cos1  1.23 . We substitute all together is
3

d
3 sin1.23  0.06
dt

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 Worked solutions

d
then  0.0212
dt

Chapter review
3 3
1 Vcube  4  64 cm

we equate to the volume of the sphere

4 3
64  r
3

so

48
r3 


then

r  2.48cm

2 a Vtot  Vcone  Vh

1 2 1
 r hcone   6  14  6   301.6 cm3
2
Vcone 
3 3

14 3 14 3
  r     6    452.4 cm
3
Vh 
23  2  3 

Vtot  301.6  452.4  754 cm3

b For the surface area we need to be careful to not count the circular base.

The cone slant height is

s  82  62  10

SAcone   rs   610  188.5cm2

SAh 
1
2
 
4 r 2 
1
2
 
4 6   226.2 cm2
2

Then

SAtot  188.5  226.2  415cm2

32  52  32
3 a cos CAB   0.833
235

then cos1 0.833  0.586  33.6 .

b i Note that AY  XB as this is an isosceles triangle. Then

AB  BY  AY

53  2

Then

AB  AY  XB  XY
© Oxford University Press 2019 45
 Worked solutions

5  2  2  XY

Then XY  1 .

So the length of the perimeter is

CY  CX  XY  4.52

1 2 1
r   3 0.833  3.75 cm2
2
ii AACX 
2 2

iii Height of triangle ABC is

h  9  2.52  1.66

5  1.66
AABC   4.15 cm2
2

Then

AABC  AACX  4.15  3.749  0.401  ACXB  AACY

AR  AABC  2ACXB  3.35cm2

4 a 6 sin2 x  5  cos x

6(1  cos2 x)  5  cos x

6 cos2 x  cos x  1  0

(3cos x  1)(2cos x  1)  0

1 1
and so cos x  and cos x  
3 2

1 1
b x  cos1  360  70.529  289.5, 430.5, and x  cos1   180  60  240, 480
3 2

5 4 tan2 x  12 sec x  1  0

sin2 x 1
4  12 1  0
cos2 x cos x

4 sin2 x  12 cos x  cos2 x  0

 
4 1  cos2 x  12 cos x  cos2 x  0

3cos2 x  12 cos x  4  0

Then

cos x  4.31

which is undefined, and

cos x  0.309

cos1  0.309  108

and 108

© Oxford University Press 2019 46

 Worked solutions

tan A  tan2 A
6 tan3 A  tan 2 A  A 
1  tan A tan2 A

2 tan A
tan A  2
 1  tan2 A  tan A (3  tan A)
2 tan A 2
1  3 tan A
1  tan A
1  tan2 A

7 We use a change of variables. Let   3 . Then we can rewrite the equation as

4 
cos     cos 
3 

or equivalently

 4 
cos  2     cos 
 3 

3 4
n  2     
3 3

Then

2 4 6
  , , ,0,2
7 7 7

If we substitute into the equation cos 4  cos3 , and apply the identities for cos 2  2  and

cos 2    we get the equation

8 cos3   4 cos2   4 cos   1  0

2 4 6
so the roots to the equation are precisely cos , cos , cos where x  cos 
7 7 7

Substitute the inverse roots to show the required equality.

8 a sin  x  60  cos x

sin x cos60  sin60 cos x  cos x

1 3
sin x  cos x  cos x
2 2

1 3
tan x  1
2 2

 3
tan x  1    2
 2
 

x  15,195

tan A  tan x 2
b tan  A  x   
1  tan A tan x 3

3  tan x 2

1  3 tan x 3

3(3  tan x)  2(1  3tan x)

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 Worked solutions

9 tan x  7

 7
x  tan1     142,322
 9

9 sin3A  sin  A  2A  sin A cos2A  sin2A cos A

 sin A(1  2sin2 A)  2sin A (1  sin2 A)

 sin A  2 sin3 A  2 sin A  2 sin3 A  4 sin3 A  3sin A

x
10 We can write the equation for the angles, relabelling arcsin x  1 and arccos  2
2

5
1  2 
6

Then we calculate the sine on both sides (could be cosine or tangent, any function will do) and
get

 5 
sin 1  2   sin  
 6 

1
sin 1 cos 2  sin 2 cos 1 
2

We complete the triangle and get that

x x x2 1
  1 1  x2 
1 2 4 2

or equivalently
2
 x2   x2 1 
1 
4 
 2
 1 x    
  2 2

which simplifies into

3x3  3  0

which has solutions

x2  1

and so

x  1

A sin  B  C 
sin  2 
A BC 2  
11 tan tan 
2 2 A B C 
cos cos  
2  2 

Note that

ABC 

as ABC are the angles of a triangle. Then

A   B  C 

2 2
© Oxford University Press 2019 48
 Worked solutions

so

A    B  C  B C 
sin  sin       cos  
2  2  2   2 

and

A    B  C  B C 
cos  cos       sin  
2  2  2    2 

Then we substitute back into the first equation to get

B C B C B C C B
(cos cos  sin sin )(sin cos  sin cos )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 B C C B B C B C
 sin 2 cos 2  sin 2 cos 2   cos 2 cos 2  sin 2 sin 2 
  

Note that

B B 1
sin cos  sin B
2 2 2

and equivalently for C. We multiply the brackets and substitute with the form for sinB to get

C C B B
sin B(cos2  sin2 )  sin C(cos2  sin2 )
2 2 2 2  sin B  sin C
C C B 2 B sin B  sin C
sin B(cos2  sin2 )  sin C(cos2  sin )
2 2 2 2

Finally, we have that the sine rule holds, so we rewrite in terms of only sinC to get

b b
 sin C  sin C 1
c bc
 c 
b b bc
sin C  sin C 1
c c

12 The angle CAB is

CAB  247  36  211

and the two sides adjacent to it are 120 and 234 , so the distance to C corresponds to the third
side, calculated with the cosine rule as

c2  1202  2342  2  120  234 cos211

c  342.5km

The bearing of town B from C is given by the complementary angle to

360  36  211  113

so the angle we are searching for is

180  113  67

13 a The acceleration is given by the double derivative of x with respect to t, so (assuming a

constant)

dx
 2a cos t sin t  a sin2t
dt

so

© Oxford University Press 2019 49

 Worked solutions

d2 x
 2a cos2t
dt 2

b The particle is at rest where the velocity is zero, so where

dx
 0  a sin2t
dt

n
Then we have that 2t  n , and so t 
2

c First we check where the acceleration is zero, which will give us the turning points of the
velocity, as

d2 x
 2a cos2t  0
dt 2

  n
so 2t   n and so t   . To find whether it is a maximum or a minimum, we
2 4 2

check that the velocity as time approaches t  it decreases from both the right and the
4
3
left, so this is a minimum. For t  . we have the opposite behaviour, so this is a
4
maximum. This is for positive a. If we have a negative a, the maximum and the minimum
will be reversed.

Exam-style questions

1 25
14 a A  5  10 sin30º  (2 marks)
2 2
b BD2  52  102  2  5  10 cos30º (2 marks)

BD  125  50 3 (1 mark)


BD  25 5  2 3  (1 mark)

BD  5 5  2 3
ˆ
sinCDB sin 45º
c  (2 marks)
13 5 52 3

ˆ  13 2
sinCDB (1 mark)
10 5  2 3
ˆ can either be acute or obtuse
d The angle CDB (1 mark)

and the two possible values add up to 180º. (1 mark)

15 a l  52  32  5.83 cm (2 marks)

S  2    3  5.83...  110 cm2 (2 marks)

1
2    32  5
b 3  100  31.9% (2 marks)
  3.052  10.1

16 2 cos2 x  sin2x  2 cos2 x  2 sin x cos x  0 (1 mark)

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 Worked solutions

2 cos x  cos x  sin x   0 (1 mark)

cos x  0, cos x  sin x (1 mark)

(or cos x  0, tan x  1 )

 3
cos x  0  x  , x  (1 mark)
2 2

 5
tan x  1  x  , x  (1 mark)
4 4

17 a i 1  y  3 (1 mark)

ii 2 (1 mark)

b a  2 (1 mark)

2
b  (2 marks)
2

c 1 (1 mark)

1
c 2 cos  x  1  0  cos  x  (1 mark)
2

   5 7 
 x   , , ,  (1 mark)
 3 3 3 3
 1 1 5 7
x   , , ,  (1 mark)
 3 3 3 3

cos x cos x sin x

18 a  tan x   (1 mark)
1  sin x 1  sin x cos x

cos2 x  sin x 1  sin x 

 (1
1  sin x   cos x 
mark)

cos2 x  sin2 x  sin x

 (1 mark)
1  sin x   cos x 
1  sin x
 (1 mark)
1  sin x   cos x 

1
 (1 mark)
cos x

 sec x

cos 2x
b  tan2x  sec 2x
1  sin2x

So sec 2x  2 (1 mark)

1
cos 2x  (1 mark)
2

© Oxford University Press 2019 51

 Worked solutions

 7 9 15
2x  , , , (2 marks)
4 4 4 4

 7 9 15
x  , , , (2 marks)
8 8 8 8

dy 1  1 
19 a     (2
dx 1   1 2  x 2 
x

marks)

dy 1
 (1 mark)
dx 1  x2
b Valid attempt to apply product rule (1 mark)

dy x 2earctan x
 2xearctan x  (3 marks)
dx 1  x2

 dy  x2  
  earctan x  2x  
 dx  1  x 2  

20 Valid attempt at implicit differentiation (1 mark)

dy
 cos y  dx 
  sin x sec2  cos x   (2 marks)

  dy    
At  ,0  :  cos 0   sin  sec2  cos   (1 mark)
 2  dx 2   2 

dy
  sec2 0 (1 mark)
dx

 1 (1 mark)

1
So gradient of normal is  1 (1 mark)
 1
  
So equation is y  0  1  x   , or y  x  (2 marks)
 2 2

21 a S  x   sin2 2x  cos2 2x  2 sin2x cos2x (3 marks)

1 sin 4 x

 1  sin4x

(1 mark) for correct shape, (1 mark) for 2 cycles, (1 mark) for correct max/min


c i (1 mark)
2

ii 0y 2 (1 mark)

© Oxford University Press 2019 52

 Worked solutions

(3 marks)

e i k 2 (1 mark)


ii p , q  2 (2 marks)
4

22  12
22 a D (1 mark)
2

 17 (1 mark)

22  12
A (1 mark)
2

5 (1 mark)
360
The period is  24 (1 mark)
B

Therefore B  15 (1 mark)

So T  5 sin 15 t  C    17

At 3, 12 , 12  5sin 15 3  C    17 (1 mark)


1  sin 15 3  C  
15 3  C   90 (1 mark)

C 9 (1 mark)

Therefore T  5 sin 15 t  9   17

b Solving T  5 sin 15 t  9   17 and T  20 by GDC (1 mark)

Solutions are T  18.54 and T  11.46 (2 marks)

18.54  11.46  7.08 hours 7 hours 5 minutes (1 mark)

1 2 50 r 2
23 V  r h  (1 mark)
3 3

dV 100 r
 (2 marks)
dr 3

dV dV dr
  (1 mark)
dt dr dt

100 r dr
2  (1 mark)
3 dt

© Oxford University Press 2019 53

 Worked solutions

40 dr
r  0.4  2  
3 dt

dr 3
  cm min1 (1 mark)
dt 20

© Oxford University Press 2019 54

 Worked solutions

Generalizing relationships: exponents,

7 logarithms and integration
Skills check

1
2 3
 2
 
3
dy cos x 3x  5  x  5x sin x cos x 3x  5  x  5x tan x
 
    
dx cos2 x cos x

dy dy dy
2 3xy 2  y 3  2y sin x cos x  sin2 x  y sin x  cos x
dx dx dx
dy

 3xy 2  sin2 x  cos x
dx
 y  sin2x  sin x  
dy y  sin2x  sin x 
 
dx 
3xy 2  sin2 x  cos x 

Exercise 7A

 2  2 1 1 2
   3 x  dx   3  2 x
2
1 a C   x C
3

5 5 1 5 4
 4 x dx  4  4 x
3 4
b C  x C
16

3 2 5 8 25
c  4x dx  4  5 x
2 2
C 
5
x C

7  12 7 1 1
d 2x dx 
2
 2x 2  C  7x 2  C

x x
e  2 sin  2  cos  2  dx   sin xdx   cos x  C

1 4
2 a  x 
3
 3x 2  4x  3 dx  x  x 3  2 x 2  3x  C
4

1 5 3 1
b  x 
4
 4x 3  3x 3  x 4 dx  x  x 4  x 2  x 3  C
5 2 3

x 
2
2
c  x 2  x 4  2x3  5x2  4x  4

So,
1 5 1 4 5 3
 x   
2
2
 x  2 dx   x 4  2x 3  5x 2  4x  4 dx  x  x  x  2x 2  4x  C
5 2 3

1 4
 2  x   8  12x  6x 
3
d dx  2
 x 3 dx  8x  6 x 2  2x 3  x C
4

 1 
  x  cos x  cos   x  cos x  sec x  dx
2
e 2  dx 
x

1 2
 x  sin x  tan x  C
2

y  f x   3x 
2
3  4 dx  x3  4x  C

© Oxford University Press 2019 1

 Worked solutions

f  1  1  4  C  2  C  1
 y  f  x   x 3  4x  1

  
1
1
f t     t  2  t 2  dt  t 2  2t  2t 2  C
1
4
  2

f  4  8  8  4  C  4  C  0
1 2
 f t  
1
t  2t  2t 2
2

 2x  1   8x 
3
5 y  dx  3
 12x 2  6x  1 dx

 2x 4  4x3  3x2  x  C

At x  1, y  2
 2  2  4  3  1  C  C  8
 y  2 x 4  4 x 3  3x 2  x  8

 sin     cos     sin     2 sin    cos     cos   d

2
2 2
6 2 2
dx  2 2 2 2

  1  2 sin    cos   d   1  sin  d

2 2

   cos   C

7 f     2  3sin  d  2  3cos   C

f 0  3  C  2  C  5
So f    2  3 cos   5

8 a f x   3  cos x dx  3x  sin x  C

   1  1
f     C  C 
6 2 2 2 2
1
 f  x   3x  sin x 
2

b f   x   2 sec2 x  3sin x

f x   2 sec 
2
x  3 sin x dx  2 tan x  3 cos x  C
f 0  3  C  4  C  1
 f  x   2 tan x  3 cos x  1

c f   x   2 cos x  C

 
f    2  C  0  C  2
4
f  x   2 sin x  2x  D
f 0  D  1
 f  x   2 sin x  2x  1

d f   x   2x  3sin x  C

© Oxford University Press 2019 2

 Worked solutions

f  0  C  4
f  x   x 2  3 cos x  4x  D
f  0   3  D  5  D  8
 f  x   x 2  3 cos x  4 x  8

9 Let the velocity be v t  and the displacement be s t 

v t    a t  dt  9t
2
 2t  C
v 0  C  1
 v  t   9t 2  2t  1
s  t    v  t  dt  3t 3  t 2  t  D
s 1  3  1  1  D  3  D  0
 s  t   3t 3  t 2  t

10 Let the velocity be v t  and the displacement be s t 

v t    a t  dt  6 sin t  C
v 0  0  C  0  C  0
 v  t   6 sin t
s  t    v  t  dt  6 cos t  D
 
s    3  D  2  D  5
3
 s  t   6 cos t  5

1 1
 1  3x  1  3x   C   21 1  3x   C
6 7 7
11 a dx  
73

2
 3 4  x   4  x 2  C  2  4  x 2  C
1 3 3

b 2
dx  3 
3

3 4
c  3 cos 5x  2  4 sin 5x  2 dx  5 sin 5x  2  5 cos 5x  2  C

 2 2  3x 
 13

 1  2x  3 dx  2 
1 3 1 3
 2  3x  3   1  2x  3  C
1 2 4
d
3 2 2 4

3
   2  3x  3  1  2x  3  C
2 4

 
12 f     2 sin  2  
 2

 
f     cos  2    C
 2
f 0  C  1
 
 f    1  cos  2  
 2

© Oxford University Press 2019 3

 Worked solutions

Exercise 7B
4
Integral:  5dx  5x 0  5  4  0  20
4
1
0

Area of a rectangle: 5  4  20

10 2.5 10

2 Integral:  2x  5 dx    2x  5 dx   2x  5 dx

0 0 2.5

2.5 10
   x 2  5x    x 2  5x     6.25  12.5  0  100  50   6.25  12.5
0 2.5

 62.5
1 1
Area:
2
5 2.5  2 7.5 15  62.5
3 0 3

3 Integral:  3  x dx   3  x dx   3  x  dx

3 3 0

0 3
 x2   x2 
 3x    3x  
 2  3  2 0
 9  9
 0   9     9    0  9
 2   2 

1 1
Area of triangle: bh  6  3  9
2 2

0 4 4
 x2 
  4  x  dx  4  x  3  4x 
0
4 Integral:
3
 4dx 
0 

2 0

 12  16  8  20

 a  b 7  3
Area of trapezium:  h     4  20
 2   2 

1 3 1
 x2  3
5 a   x  3 dx   6  2x  dx   2
3 1 
 3x   6 x  x 2   12
 3
1

b The height of the triangle is 4 and the base length is 6 since

the lines respectively intersect the x-axis at x  3 and x  3
1 1
 Area of triangle: bh  6   4  12
2 2

1 1

6  x  x 3 dx  2 x  x 3 dx   by symmetry as f(x) is an odd function

1 0

1
1 1  1 1 1
 2  x2  x 4   2    
 2 4 0 2 4 2

6 6

7  x 2  5x  6 dx    x 2  5x  6 dx  
1 1

© Oxford University Press 2019 4

 Worked solutions

6
1 5  1 5   1 5 
   x 3  x 2  6 x     216   36   36       6 
3 2  1 3 2   3 2 
 2  15  36  19 343
   54     54  
 6  6 6

4 2 3 4

 x2  5x  6 dx   x     
 5x  6 dx   x 2  5x  6 dx   x 2  5x  6 dx
2
8
1 1 2 3

2 3 4
 x3 5 2   x3 5 2   x3 5 2 
  x  6x     x  6x     x  6x 
3 2 1  3 2 2  3 2 3
11

6

x  x     
9 When  n  , 4 sin     4 sin  n     4 sin  n   0
3 2  3 2   2 2

 1 3
a x  3  n   so take n  1  x  for the first
 2 2
9
and n  2  x  for the second
2

 1 3
b x  3  n   so take n  0  x   for the first
 2 2
9
and n  1  x   for the second
2
9
2
x  
c  4 sin    dx
3 2
 32

3 9
2
x   2
x 
   4 sin    dx   4 sin  3  2  dx
 3 2
3 2 3
2

 48

10

0 4

  4  x  dx    4  x  dx
2

2 0
0 4
 x   3
x2 
 4x    4x  
 3  2  2 0
16 40
 8 
3 3

Exercise 7C

 
3
81
3 1
1 a 4
 814  33  27

© Oxford University Press 2019 5

 Worked solutions

 13 1
 8  1253 5
b    
 125  2
1
83

 32  5  2
2 2
4
c    
 3
2
 243  9

3 3

 a12y 3  4  a12  4 a9
2 a    4 

 16y   16y  8y 3

b 
3 2 1
a2  2a1  1 a a  2a  1
 a  2a2  a3
 
a3 a3 a3  

 a a2  2a  1  a  a  1  2

b4  b11 b7
c 7
 7  1
b b

3 23  23 3 56
   8y 
1 1

3 9y 3  3 8y 2  9y 3
2 2 3
 y  y
2 2

Therefore, when y  64,

3 3
9y 3  3 8y 2  64 6  32   48
5

2 2

a b c  
5 2 3
a3b3c

a
5  23
b
2  23
c
3 21


7
a2 b 2 c
7  25
6 3
 ab  2  ab 

4   
 c   c 
1 1 1 1 1 1
abc abc 2 2 2
abc
2 2 2

 
2n
5 a 21  34n1  7  92n  7  3  34n1  7  32

 7  34n  7  34n  0

 
2n 1
b 48  42n1  6  24n1  3  24  22  3  2  24n1

 3  24n2  3  24n2  3  24n3

6 a 23x  27 x 2  23x 1  24 x 2  0  
1
23x  0 so 1  24 x 2  0  24 x  4  x 
2

1 1
 
1 2 x
b 912 x   32 
27x  4 3 
x 4
3

 324x  3123x  3x 10  1  x  10

c 9x  9  10  3x  32x  9  10  3x

Let y  3x , then
y 2  10y  9   y  9   y  1  0  y  9 or y  1
y 9x 2
y 1 x 0

© Oxford University Press 2019 6

 Worked solutions

1
d 2x  2  7   22 x 1  7  2x 1  1  4  22 x  7  2x  2  0
2x 1

Let y  2x , then
4y 2  7y  2  0   4y  1  y  2   0
1
y 
4
 x  2 y  0 so y  2 

10  5 10
7 300000r  500000  r     1.0524... so 5 %
3

1 48.76  37.21
8 a i
6

37.21
 100  5.17%  to 3s.f.

1  51.97  48.76 
ii 
6  48.76
  100  1.10%  to 3s.f.


iii The average percentage increase between December 2015 to December 2016 is equal to
the average of the percentage increases from December 2015 to June 2016 and June
2016 to December 2016 (this is equal to 3.31% to 3s.f.)

b Individual Response.

c (53.47  49.33)  30  0.138  14 cents

9 Paloma: 2000 1.06  20571.44  to the nearest hundredth

410

Concita: 1500 1.06  500 1.03  to the nearest hundredth

10 1012
 20041.77

10 The amount Sureepan pays on the nth year is given by 40000  1.075  0.5
n

So after four years he pays


40000  1.075  0.5  ...  1.0754  0.54  42606.41 Bhat 
to the nearest hundredth

Exercise 7D

1 a 5  log3 243

1
b log16 2 
4

c logq p  5

d 4  log10 0.0001

e y  logx 11

2 a 54  625
1
b 642  8

c mp  n

d b0  1

© Oxford University Press 2019 7

 Worked solutions

e 102  0.01

1
3 a logx 2  128  2  x128  x  2128

b log4 x  3  x  43  64

3 3 4
c logx 8   8  x 4  x  8 3  16
4

3 3
d log9 x   x  92  27
2

e logx 49  2  49  x2  x  7  x  0
m
4 a loga  loga m  loga n2  loga m  2loga n
n2
2

 m 3 2  m 2
b loga  3   loga  3  
 n  3  
2

loga m  loga n3    
1
loga m  2loga n
   n  3 3 3

 40  6 
5 a log6  3log2  log 40  log6  log8  log 40  log    log30
 8 

36
b log3 36  2  log3 36  log3 9  log3  log3 4
9

1 3
loga m  loga mn2  loga  m4  mn2   
  log mn23

1 3

c
4
 a
4 4  

6 a log2 12  log2 48  3  log2 12

48
 3  log2 14  3  2  3  5

1 2
b log2 81  log2 48  log2 27  log2 3  log2 48  log2 9
4 3

 3  48 
 log2    log2 16  4
 9 

7 a    
4log a  3log b  log a4  log b3  a4  b3

3
 a  b4

 2a  2a
b log a  log b  log2  log    0  1
 b  b

b
a 
2

c log b  1  4log a  log b  log10  log a4  

© Oxford University Press 2019 8

 Worked solutions

 10 
 
 log a4  log 
 b 


10
 a4 
b
1

 10  4
a 
 b 

1
8 a log2 3  log3 2  log2 3  1
log2 3

1
b log6 10  log36   2log6   2
log6

1 1 3
c log4 3  log3 8   log3 8   3log3 2 
log3 4 2log3 2 2

1 1 1
d log5 8  log25 8     2log8 5  2
log8 5 log8 25 log8 5

1 1
e   log6 3  log6 2  log6 6  1
log3 6 log2 6

1 1
f log5 40   log5 40  log5 64  log5 40  log5 8
2log64 5 2

 40 
 log5    log5 5  1
 8 

   
log y log x
9 a xlog y  10log x  10log x log y  10log y  y log x

1 1
b   logxy x  logxy y  logxy  xy   1
logx xy logy xy

1 1
10 p  loga x    logx a
p loga x

1
 logx a 
p
Similarly,
1 1 1
  logy a  logy a 
q loga y q

1 1 1
a logxy a   
loga xy loga x  loga y p  q

1 1 1
b logx a   
y
loga  
x
y
loga x  loga y pq

11 a x  log3 10  2.10 3s.f.

b 53x 1  12  3x  1  log5 12

© Oxford University Press 2019 9

 Worked solutions

log5 12  1
x   0.848  to 3s.f.
3

1 1
 2  5  10x  0.01
x
c 2x  5x 1 
5 5

 10x  0.05  x  log 0.05  1.30 3s.f.

9
12 a log5 x  9logx 5 
log5 x

 log5 x   9  log5 x  3
2

1
 x  53  125 or x  53 
125

b 3log7 x  log7 49  log7 x3  2  8  

 
 log7 x 3  6
 x  76
3

 
1

 x  76  72  49
3

1
c log4 x  logx 4  log4 x  2
log4 x

 log4 x   2log4 x  1  0
2

 log4 x  1  0
2

 log4 x  1
x 4

 
2
13 25x  6  5x  16  5x  6  5x  16  0

 
 5x  8 5x  2  0 
x x
5  0  5  8  x  log5 8

1 1 1
14 log2 x   log2 x   log2 x  log2 x  9
logx 4 2logx 2 2

3
 log2 x  9
2
 log2 x  6
 x  26  64

12
15 a log5 x  12logx 5  log5 x  7
log5 x

 log5 x   7log5 x  12  0
2

 log5 x  4  log5 x  3  0
 log5 x  4 or log5 x  3
so x  54  625 or x  53  125

 
2
b 5  7x  21  7x  4  0

© Oxford University Press 2019 10

 Worked solutions

 
 5  7x  1 7x  4  0 
1
 7x  or 7x  4
5
1
 x  log7    0.827 or x  log7 4  0.712
5

16 Using technology, −3.42, 2.71

17 a The first equation is equivalent to 2log5 x  3log3 y  16

 2log5 x  3log3 y   3 5log5 x  log3 y 

 17log5 x  16  3  6   34
 log5 x  2  x  25
 log3 y  5log5 x  6  4  y  81

b 3loga b  1  a  b3

 ab  b4  16  b  2  b  0
a8

c 2mlog4 16  n  4m  n

n
 81m  3n  814  3n  2  3n  54  n  3
3
m
4

1
d log4 x  log16 6 x  9  log4 6 x  9
2

 x 2  6 x  9   x  3  0  x  3
2

 y  log4 3

 2
k

6 1    
 3 
18    17.8
2
1
3

© Oxford University Press 2019 11

 Worked solutions

k
2 17.8
1  
3 18
k
2 17.8
   1
3
  18
2  17.8 
 k log    log 1  
3  18 
 17.8 
log 1 
 18 
k   11.10....
2
log  
3
 kmin  12

7 7
2
 685
19 a 5  2   5     5   21.4m  to the nearest tenth of a metre
 8 8  32

 7  7 2  7 3 7 
k 1

b 5  2  5          ...    
8 8 8  8  


 7 
k 1
7
k 1

 1   1   7 

k 1
7  8    5  10  7  8
5  10    5  70 1    
8 7  8 1   8  
 1  
 8  8
 

 7 
k 1

c 5  70 1      39.5
  8  


k 1
7 34.5
1  
8 70
k 1
7 34.5
  1
8 70
 34.5 
log 1 
 70 
  k  1 
7
log  
8
 34.5 
log 1 
 70 
 k 1  6.08...
7
log  
8
Therefore kmax  6

20 a  5

5.5
r   1.1
5
1.1n  1
Sn  5  300
1.1  1
 1.1n  6  1  7
log7
n  20.42...
log1.1
So 20 experiments

© Oxford University Press 2019 12

 Worked solutions

Exercise 7E

1
1 Green: a 
4

Red: a  2

2 a f  x  1  kax 1  akax  af  x 

b f  x  2  kax 2  a2kax  a2f  x 

c f  x  1  kax 1  a1kax  a1f  x 

d Conjecture: f  x  n  anf  x 

Proof: f  x  n  kax  n  ankax  anf  x 

4 ex  e x  2  e2x  2ex  1  0

 (ex  1)2  0  ex  1  x  0

5 a A reflection in the line x  0 (the y-axis)

y  f   x   e x

b A reflection in the line y  0  the x-axis

y  f  x   e x

c A reflection in the line y  0  the x  axis followed by a reflection in

the line x  0  the y  axis

y  f   x   e x

6 The domain of f is ]  , [ , the range of f is ]0, [

The domain of f 1 is ]0, [ , the range of f 1 is ]  , [

© Oxford University Press 2019 13

 Worked solutions

7 x  ay  y  loga x

So f 1  x   loga x
f f 1  x   aloga x  x by direct substitution and definition of inverse function

8 a f  x    ln x

b g  x  | ln x |

c h  x   ln | x |

y  log2  x  2 is a translation of y  log2 x by 2 units in the positive x  direction

y  log2 x   2 is a translation of y  log2 x by 2 units in the negative y  direction

10 a Domain: x  : x  1 , Asymptote: x  1,

b Domain: x  , x  2 , Asymptote: x  2

© Oxford University Press 2019 14

 Worked solutions

Exercise 7F

dy
1 a  15e5 x  4
dx

dy d
 
2 2
b  3x 2 e3x  6 xe3x
dx dx

dy
c  4 ln5 54 x
dx

dy d
d
dx

dx
 cos x  ecos x   sin x ecos x

e
dy

dx dx
d
 x 1  1  1
  
1
x  2 x  x 2x

dy 5
f 
dx x

dy 5
g 
dx 5x  4

dy f 'x
h 
dx f x

dy
2 a  3e2 x  4  6 xe2 x  4  3e2 x  4 1  2x 
dx
1
3 1
x
 x 2 ex
3
b y  xe

dy  1  12  x 13 1  1  23  x 13 1  12 x 13 1  16 x 13
  x  e  x2  x e  x e  x e
dx  2  3  2 3
1 x 13

 12
 e 3x  2 x 6
6
1

dy 2 2x 3
c  3x 2 ln 2x  1  x3   3x2 ln 2x  1 
dx 2x  1 2x  1

d y  3sin xe x

dy 3  cos x  sin x 
dx

 3 sin x e x  3 cos xe x  
ex

dy
e
dx
  
 2e2 x  tan3x  e2 x  3 sec2 3x  e2 x 2 tan3x  3 sec2 3x   

© Oxford University Press 2019 15

 Worked solutions

 1   1 
dy
e x
  x
2 x  2 x
e x

e x
  2 x
1 x 
3 a 
 
2
dx e2 x e x

1 x
 x
2 xe

1 1 1
dy
ln x   x
x
ln x  2 ln x  2
b  2 x  2 x 
ln x  ln x  2 x ln x 
2 2 2
dx

c
dy


1  ex  e   1  e e   e  e  e
x x x x 2x x
 e2 x

2e x
1  e  1  e  1  e 
2 2 2
dx x x x

1
dy 1  x   x  ln x 1  x 1  ln x 
d  
1  x  x 1  x 
2 2
dx

e
x x
dy e 1  e  x  e


x
   e   e 1  e  x  e   1  x  2e
x x x x x

  e 
2 2 x
dx e x x e

 ln x 
x 1
4 a y e

dy 1 1 e x 1
ln x  
x 2
 e  
2 x x ln x 
2
dx 2 x x

b y  x x  ex log x

dy d
dx

dx
 x log x  ex log x  1  log x  x x

 
1

5 a y  1  ex  1  ex
2

dy 1 x
 
 12
 e 1  ex
dx 2

 At 0, 2 
dy 1 1 2
 2 
 12
 
dx 2 2 2 4

dy 1 2ln 1  x 
b  2  ln 1  x  
dx 1 x 1 x

 1  3 2 
At  ,  ln   ,
2  2 
 

3
2ln
dy 2  4 ln 3

dx 3 3 2
2

1
6 a f 'x  1  0  x  1
x

© Oxford University Press 2019 16

 Worked solutions

Thus there exists only solution to f '  x   0 so there

is only turning point

b  
The turning point is located at 1, f 1  1, 1

1
f ''  x     0 so the turning point must be a maximum
x2

c Domain: x  0

Range:    f  x   1

d x 0

7 a f '  x   ex  1  0  x  0

Thus there exists only solution to f '  x   0 so there

is only turning point

b 
The coordinates of the turning point is 0, f 0  0,1
f ''  x   ex  0 so the turning point must be a minimum

c Because there is a single turning point and it has just been shown that

the point is a minimum

d Domain: x 

Range: f  x   1

e y  x

8 a Because ln| x | is not defined at x  0

b f  x   0  x ln | x |  0 or x  0 by definition of the function

For x  0, x ln x  0  x  1  x  1

© Oxford University Press 2019 17

 Worked solutions

c For x  0, f '  x   ln x  1  0  x  e1

For x  0,
f  x   x ln   x 
 f '  x   ln   x   1  0  x  e 1
So there are two turning points and these are located at x  e 1

1
d For x  0, f ''  x  
x
1
 
 f '' e 1 
e 1
0


so there is a minimum at e 1, e 1 
and by symmetry, there is a maximum at e 1 , e 1  
e

9 a f '  x   2xex  x2ex  xex 2  x 

 f '  x   0  x  0 or x  2 so there are two turning points


f ''  x   2e x  2xe x  2xe x  x 2e x  2  4x  x 2 e x
 f ''  x   0  x  4x  2  0  x  2  2
2

So there are two points of inflection

b The turning points are located at  0,0 and 2, 4e2  

At 0,0 , f '' 0   2  0 so this is a minimum

 
At 2, 4e2 , f ''  2   2e2  0 so this is a maximum

c x  2  2

d y 0

f f ' 1  3e

© Oxford University Press 2019 18

 Worked solutions

 y  f 1  f ' 1  x  1

 y  e  3e  x  1
 y  3ex  2e  e 3x  2 

2 
g x  intercept is located at  ,0 
3 

y  intercept is located at  0, 2e 

1 2 2e
 The area of the triangle is given by
2
2e   3   3
 

10 a f '  x   ex sin x  ex cos x  ex  sin x  cos x 

f '  x   0  e x  sin x  cos x   0

 tan x  1 e x
0 
3 3
so in the range  x , there are three roots are located at
2 2
5  3
x  and x   and x 
4 4 4
f ''  x   e  sin x  cos x   e  cos x  sin x   2e x cos x
x x

 f ''  x   0  cos x  0 e x
0 

Therefore there are two points of inflexion, at x  
2

 5   54 5
b f ''      2e  0 so maximum at x  
 4  4

   
f ''     2e 4  0 so minimum at x  
 4 4

 3  3 3
f ''     2e  0 so maximum at x 
4

 4  4

  2     2 
c  2 , e  and   2 , e 
   

 
  
d f '    e 2 so the normal at this point has gradient  e 2
2
 


   
f '     e 2 so this is parallel to the normal at x 
 2 2

Exercise 7G

© Oxford University Press 2019 19

 Worked solutions

x4
1 a  x 
3
 sec2 x dx   tan x  C
4

 1  1
  3e
x
b   sin x  dx  3e x  ln x  cos x  C
2x  2

1
c  2 sin x cos xdx   sin2xdx   2 cos 2x  C
1
d   tan 
3x  1 dx   sec2 3xdx 
2
tan3x  C
3

 3  3 1 x
  2x  3
x
e  dx  ln x  3
 2 ln3

 3 
f   1  3x  dx   ln 1  3x C

 x   x 11 
g   x  1  cos x  dx    x 1
 cos x dx


 1 
  1   cos x dx  x  ln x  1  sin x  C
 x 1 

 2  d sin x 2
h   cos x  e
sin x
  dx   
x  dx
e  x

  dx  esin x  2ln x  C

 e 
  dx e   2 sin2x dx
x
 d
i   2
x
 4 sin x cos x  dx 
x 
 

x
e  cos2x  C

1
2 a f x   2x  sin 4x  dx  x
2
 cos 4x  C
4

1 1
f  0  C 0C  
4 4
1 1
 f  x   x  cos 4 x 
2

4 4

1 3
b f x   x 
2
 e x  sec2 x dx  x  e x  tan x  C
3

f  0  1  C  1  C  0
1 3
 f x  x  e  x  tan x
3

 3  3
c f x     3x 2  3e x 3  dx  ln 2x  5  x 3  3e x 3  C
 2x  5  2

f 3  0  27  3  C  25  C  5
3
 f x  ln 2x  5  x 3  3e x 3  5
2

3 a f ''  x   2 cos2 x  1  cos2x

© Oxford University Press 2019 20

 Worked solutions

1
f 'x  sin2 x  C
2
  1
f '    C  1  f '  x   sin2 x  1
2 2
1
f  x    cos 2 x  x  D
4
1 3
f 0    D   D  1
4 4
1
 f  x    cos 2 x  x  1
4

1 2 x 1 1
b f 'x  e  cos 1  2x   C
2 2

1 1 1 1 1
f '     C   C  
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
 f '  x   e2 x 1  cos 1  2 x  
2 2 2
1 2 x 1 1 x
f x  e  sin 1  2x    D
4 4 2
1 1 1 1 1
f   D D
2 4 4 2 2
1 2 x 1 1 x 1
 f x  e  sin 1  2x   
4 4 2 2
 

 x2 4  2 2 
 
4
2
4 a x  sec x dx    tan x    1  1  2
 4  2  4 
 32 32 

 

1 3
 e
3

b 3 x 2

3

 sin x dx   e3 x 2  cos x 
0
0

 1  2 1   1 2  1 2  1
 e     e  1  e e  1 
 3 2   3  3 2
 
2 2
1 2x   1  x 1 3 1 2x 
1  2x  x  e  dx   ln2 2  3 x  2 e 1
2
c

 1 8 1   1 1 1 
    e4       e2 
 4ln2 3 2   2ln2 3 2 
2
1 e 7
 
ln16 2
1  e2 
3
 
1 1
 x 6   1 x   3  1
d 0  3  1  3x  dx  ln3 3  2ln 1  3x 0   ln3  2ln2   ln3

 1  2
 2  ln2    ln 4
 ln3  ln3

 
2
 2  x x2    x  1 x2 
2

e 0  sec  2   xe  dx  2 tan  2   2 e 

0

  1 3 1  1 
2 2 2
1  
 2  e 4     e 4  1  3e 4 
 2  2 2 2 2  
  

© Oxford University Press 2019 21

 Worked solutions

4 4 4
2x x 11  1 
f 
2 x 1
dx 2
2 x 1
dx  2 1 
2
dx
x  1

 2  x  ln  x  1  2  4  ln3  2  2 2  ln3

4

 
3
 cos 6 x  3
 cos2 3x  sin2 3x 
g   cos 3x  sin3x  dx    cos 3x  sin3x  dx
6 6


3 
1 1 3
   cos 3x  sin3x  dx   sin3x  cos 3x 
 3 3 
6 6

1 1 2
     
3 3 3

 
4
 sin2x  4

h 0  cos x  dx  2 0 sin xdx 2  cos x 0  2  2
4
 

 

1 1 1  1
 2 sin
6


6

i 2
x cot x dx   sin2xdx   cos 2x 06     1 
0 0 2 2 2  4
1 1
2
 x 2   1 x 2 2 1 1
j 0 
 2  
1 x
dx   2  2ln 1  x     2ln 
 ln2 0 ln2 2 ln2


1
ln2
 
2  1  ln 4

5 f  x   tan xdx   ln  cos x   C

f 0  C  0
 f  x    ln  cos x 
Range: f  x   0  f  x   
 
f '    1 so the gradient of the tangent here is 1 and the gradient
4
of the normal is -1
  
Tangent: y  ln 2   x    y  x  ln 2 
 4 4
  
Normal: y  ln 2    x    y   x  ln 2 
 4 4
    
Base of triangle (along y  axis):  ln 2     ln 2   
 4   4 2

Height of traingle:
4
1    2
so area is     
2  2   4  16

x 9 x 9 A B
6 f x    
2x 2  x  3 2x  3  x  1 2x  3 x  1

© Oxford University Press 2019 22

 Worked solutions

 x  9  A  x  1  B 2 x  3
Set x  1 : 10  B 5  B  2
Compare coefficients of x : 1  A  2B  A  4  A  3
x 9 2 3
 f x  2
 
2x  x  3 x  1 2x  3
x 9  2 3 
 dx      dx
2x 2  x  3  x  1 2x  3 
3
 2ln x  1  ln 2 x  3  C
2

1 1 1 1 1 
7     
x  1  x  1  x  1 2  x  1 x  1 
2

1 1  1 1  1
 dx      dx  ln  x  1  ln  x  1   C
x2  1 2  x  1 x  1 2
1 x 1
 ln C
2 x 1

5x  9 5x  9 A B
8 f x    
x 2  9  x  3  x  3 x  3 x  3

 5x  9  A  x  3   B  x  3 
Set x  3 : 24  6B  B  4
Set x  3 :  6  6 A  A  1 .
5x  9 1 4
 f x  2  
x 9 x 3 x 3
 5x  9   1 4 
  2  dx      dx  ln  x  3  4ln  x  3  C
 x 9  x  3 x  3

1  2x 1  2x A B
9   
x  x2 x  x  1 x x  1

 1  2 x  A  x  1  Bx
Set x  0 : 1  A  A  1
Set x  1 : 3  B  B  3
1  2x 1 3
  
x  x  1 x x  1 .
1 1
1  2x 1 3 
dx  ln x  3ln  x  1  1
1
 2
dx    
1 x  x 1 x x  1 2

2 2

 1 3 1 27  27
  0  3ln2    ln  3ln   ln   2    ln
 2 2   8 8  32

1 1 1
2
 2  3x  x 2   1  x 2  1  3x 
2 2
 1  3x 
10   2  dx    2  dx   1   dx
0 1  x  0 1  x  0  1  x2 

© Oxford University Press 2019 23

 Worked solutions

1 2 1  3x
  dx
2 0 1  x2
1  3x 1  3x A B
  
1  x2 1  x  1  x  1  x 1  x
 1  3x  A 1  x   B 1  x 
Set x  1 : 4  2 A  A  2
Set x  1 :  2  2B  B  1
1  3x 2 1
  
1  x2 1  x 1  x

So
1 1
2
 2  3x  x 2  1 2 2 1 
0  1  x 2 
 dx     dx
2 0 1  x 1  x 
.
1 1
1  1 3
   2ln 1  x   ln 1  x   2    2ln  ln   0
2 0 2  2 2
1  2 1 8
  ln  4     ln
2  3 2 3

Exercise 7H

1 Let u  3x2  4  du  6xdx

2 23 2
 
3
1
  6x 3x 2  4dx   u 2 du  u C  3x 2  4 C
2

3 3

2 Let u  x3  du  3x2dx

 
  3x2 cos x3dx   cos udu  sin u  C  sin x3  C

3 Let u  2  x  x2  du  1  2x  dx

  1  2 x  e2 x x dx   eu du  eu  C  e2 x  x  C
2 2

4 Let u  cos2x  du  2sin2x dx

  2sin 2 xecos2 x dx   eu du  eu  C  ecos2 x  C

5 Let u  3x  du  3x ln3 dx

  3x ln 3sin 3x dx   sin udu   cos u  C   cos 3x  C  

3 3 12
6 Let u  x 2  du  x dx
2

3
 xe x3
dx   eu du  eu  C  e x3
C
2
7 Let u  x  1  du  dx

© Oxford University Press 2019 24

 Worked solutions

  2 x x  1dx   2  u  1 udu   2u

3
2
1
 2u 2 du 
2 52 2 3 4 5 4 3
 2 u  2  u2  C  u2  u2  C
5 3 5 3
4 4
  x  1 2   x  1 2  C
5 3

5 3
4

 x  1 2 3  x  1  5  C 
3


15
4
 x  1 2 3x  2   C
3


15

8 Let u  x  1  du  dx

 1 3

 1  x  1  xdx   2  u 
udu    2u 2  u 2 du
 
2 23 2 52 4 32 2 52
 2 u  u C  u  u C
3 5 3 5
4 2
 x  1 2  5  x  1 2  C
3 5


3
2

 x  1 2 10  3  x  1  C 
3


15
2
 x  1 2 7  3x   C
3


15

3 2
9 Let u  x 3 
2

x  du  3x 2  3x dx 
 3  1
 x 
 x sec2  x 3  x 2  dx   sec2 udu
2

 2  3
1 1  3 
 tan u  C  tan  x 3  x 2   C
3 3  2 

10 Let u  cos2x  du  2sin2x dx

 sin2x 2
cos 2 x
 dx   12  2 du   12  ln2
u 1
2 u
C

1
 2cos 2 x  C
2ln2

11 Let u  1  x2  du  2x dx

1 1 3 1
 
3
1

x 1  x 2 dx  
2
u 2 du   u 2  C   1  x 2 C
2

3 3

12 Let u  1  x  du  dx

x
2
1


1  xdx    1  u  u 2 du    u 2  2u 2  u 2 du
2 1 3 5


2 23 4 25 2 27
 u  u  u C
3 5 7
2 4 2
  1  x  2  1  x  2  1  x  2  C
3 5 7

.
3 5 7
2

1  x  2 35  42(1  x)  15 1  x   C 
3
2

105
2

1  x  2 8  12x  15x 2  C 
3


105

© Oxford University Press 2019 25

 Worked solutions

1
13 Let u  1  x  du   dx
2 1 x

x2
   
2
 1 x
dx  2 1  u2 du  2 1  2u2  u4 du

 2 1 
 2  u  u3  u5   C
 3 5 

4 2
 2 1  x  2  1  x  2  1  x  2  C
1 3 5

3 5
2

1  x  2 15  10 1  x   3 1  x   C . 
1 2

15
2

1  x  2 3x 2  4x  8  C 
1


15

14 Let u  1  x  du  dx

u7 u 6
 x 1  x   u  1 u du 
5 5
dx   C
7 6
1 1
1  x   6 1  x   C
7 6

7
1
1  x   6 1  x   7   C
6

42
1
1  x  1  6 x   C
6

42

15 Let u  1  cos x  du  sin x dx

 sin x 
  1  cos x  dx   u du  ln u   C
1

 ln 1  cos x   C

16 Let u  e5 x  du  e5 xdx

1 2 23 2 3 5 x 
e e5 x dx   u 2 du  
5 x
u  C   e2 C
3 3

17 Let u  3  x  du  dx

2 2
 x  3  u  9 6 
  3  x  dx    u  du    u2  u  1du
 9u 1  6 ln u  u  C
9
  6 ln 3  x   x  3  C
3x

Note it is permissible to incorporate the constant -3 into the arbitrary

constant

u3
18 Let u  2x  3  x  and du  2dx
2

© Oxford University Press 2019 26

 Worked solutions

1
 1  x  u  1 u 2 du
1

4
2 x  3dx  

   u
4
1 3
2
1
 u 2 du   1 25 1 23
10
u  u C
6
1 1
2 x  3 2  6 2 x  3 2  C
5 3

 .
10
1
 
2 x  3 2 3 2 x  3  5  C 
3


30
1
 2 x  3  2 3x  7   C
3


15

19 Let u  1  x  du  dx

3  x  4 3  u  3 1 3 
 1  x  2
dx   
u2
du  3   2  du
u u 
 3ln | u | 9u 1  C
9
 3ln | 1  x |  C
1 x

20 Let u  2  tan x  du  sec2 x dx

 sec2 x 
  2  tan x  dx  ln | u | C  ln | 2  tan x | C

Exercise 7I

1 Let u  x  1  du  dx

Limits: x  2  u  1, x  5  u  4

 u 
5 4 4
x u 1 1  12

2 x 1 1
dx 
u

1
du 
du 2
u

2 3 4 1 4 2 20
 u 2   2 u 2    8  1  2 2  1 
3  1  1 3 3

2 Let u  2  x  du  dx

Limits: x  3  u  1, x  4  u  2
4 2 2 2
 x  2  u
   dx      du 
3 2  x  1 u 
1 2 1
2  u  4 4 
   u  du 
2 
  u
2
2

u
 1 du

.

1
 4 
    4ln | u | u 
 u  2
  4  1  2  4ln2  2   ln16  3

3 Let u  1  cos x  du   sin xdx


Limits: x  0  u  2, x  u 1
2

1 2
2
 sin x  1 1
  dx    du   u du
0  1  cos x  2 u 1

 ln2

© Oxford University Press 2019 27

 Worked solutions

3 3
4 Let x  sin u  dx  cos udu
2 2

3 
Limits: x  0  u  0, x  u
2 2
3 
2
1 2
1 3 

0 9  4x 2
dx  
0
 cos u  du
9  9 sin2 u  2 


12 
  du 
20 4

5 Let u  2x  1  du  2dx

Limits: x  1  u  1, x  2  u  3
4
 u  1
2 3 16  
16 x 4 1  2  du
 dx  
1  2 x  1
2 2
21 u

1  u  1
3 4 3
1  4 1 
 
21 u 2
du    u2  4u  6   2 du
21 u u  .
3
1 u 3
2 1
   2u  6u  4ln u  
23 u 1
1 1 1 1 
  9  18  18  4ln3      2  6  1 
2 3 2 3 
56
  ln9
3

1  2x 
3 3
2
1  x  x2 2
1  2x
6 
1 1  x  x2
dx  
1 1  x  x2
dx

Let u  1  x  x 2  du  1  2x  dx
3 1
Limits: x  1  u  1, x  u
2 4
1  2x 
3 1
2
1  x  x2 4
1
 dx  u du
1  x  x2
1
2
1 1

1 
1

 2 u 2   2   1   1
1 4

 1  2 

7 Let u  sin x  du  cos xdx

 1  3
Limits: x  u ,x  u
4 2 3 2
3 3
2
1  1 2 14  1
 1 u 3
du    2      2  
 2u  12 23  3
2

8 Let u  tan x  du  sec2 xdx


Limits: x  0  u  0, x  u 1
4

1
4
1
 sec x tan xdx   u du 
2 3 3

0 0 4

© Oxford University Press 2019 28

 Worked solutions

 
6
sin x cos x 1 6
sin2x
9 
 cos3 2x
dx 
2  cos

3
2x
dx
12 12

Let u  cos 2x  du  2 sin2xdx

 1  3
Limits: x  u , x u
6 2 12 2

 1 3
6 2 2
sin x cos x 1 1 1 1
 
 cos3 2x
dx  
4  u3
du 
4 
1 u3
du
3
12 2 2 .
3

1  1 2  142
 1
  u      4 
4  2  12 83  3

10 Let u  3x  du  ln3  3x dx

Limits: x  0  u  1, x  2  u  9
2 9
1 1 2  23  9
  3x 3x dx   u 2 du  u
0 ln3 1 3ln3  1
2 52
 27  1 
3ln3 3ln3


11 tan3 x  tan x  tan2 x  tan x sec2 x  1  sec2 x tan x  tan x 
  
4 4 4

 tan  sec x tan xdx   tan xdx

3 2
xdx 
0 0 0

Using question 8, and the fact that


4
  1 
 tan xdx   ln 
0

2 
.


4
1  1  1  1 
 tan
3
xdx   ln    1  2ln  
0 4  2 2   2 
1

2
1  ln2 as required

12 Let u  cos kx  du  k sin kx dx

  k 
Limits: x  0  u  1, x   u  cos  
3  3 
  k 
cos  
 3 
1 1 4  k  1
3
1
  sin kx cos kxdx  
3
 u3du    cos   
0 k 1 k 4  3  4
1  4  k   3
 1  cos   
4k  3  16 k
 k  1
 cos4   .
 3  4
 k  1
 cos  
 3   2
k 1  8n k 1  8n
   or   for n 
3 4 3 4
3 3
k   6n or k   6n for n 
4 4

© Oxford University Press 2019 29

 Worked solutions

13 3x2  12x  16  3 x2  4x  16  
 3  x  2   4  16  3  x  2   4
2 2

 
2 2
2 2
3 3
1 1

2 3x 2  12x  16
dx  
2 4  3  x  2
2
dx

2 tan  2
Let x   2  dx  sec2  d
3 3
2 
Limits: x  2   , x  2    0
3 4
2 
2
3
1 14  2
1 
 
2 3x 2  12x  16
dx 
4 0 3 2

  3
sec2  d

2

1  tan  
4 3  .
 

sec2 
1 4
1 4 
 
2 30 1  tan2

d  
2 30
d 
8 3
as required

e2 x  1
14 e x  e x  e x  e2 x  1 
ex

 ln 3  ln 3
1 ex
 
0 e x  e x
dx  
0
2x
e 1
dx

Let e  tan   e dx  sec2  d  e2 x  1 d

x x
 
  .
Limits: x   ln 3    , x 0 
6 4

 ln 3
1 6
  
 
0 e x  e x
dx   d


6

4

12
4

15 a There are many ways to do this, the easiest being:

x
2 tan
tan x  2  2t
2 1 1  t2
1  tan
2

Construct RA triangle with opposite side of length 2t and adjacent of length 1 – t2

Then the hypotenuse is of length

2t
1  t   2t  1  t 
2 2 2
2
 1  2t 2  t 4  2
 1  t 2  sin x  as required
1  t2

2t
b Differentiating sin x  implicitly gives
1  t2

dx
cos x 

2 1  t 2  2t  2t 


2  2t 2

2 1  t2  
     
2 2 2
dt 1  t2 1  t2 1  t2
2
1t
cos x 
1  t2


dx 1  t 2 2 1  t
 
2


2   as required
dt 1  t2 1  t2 2 1  t2 
© Oxford University Press 2019 30
 Worked solutions

x 2dt
c Let t  tan    dx 
2 1  t2


Limits: x   t  1, x  0  t  0
2

1
2
1 1  2 
 dx    2 
dt
0 1  sin x 01
2 t 1  t 
1  t2
1 1
2 2
 dt   dt
0 1  t 
2 2
0 1  t  2t
1
 2 
     1  2   1 as required
1  t  0

Exercise 7J

 2xe dx  2 xe dx
x x
1

dv
Let u  x and  ex
dx
du
so  1 and v  e x
dx
 
  2xe x dx  2 xe x   e x dx  2e x  x  1  C

dv
2 Let u  3x and  sin x
dx

du
so  3 and v   cos x
dx
  3x sin xdx   3x cos x  3 cos xdx
 3x cos x  3 sin x  C
 3  sin x  x cos x   C

dv
3 Let u  1  2x and  ex
dx

du
so  2 and v  e x
dx
  1  2x  e x dx  e x 1  2x   2 e x dx
 e x 3  2 x   C

dv
4 Let u  2  x and  sin 2  x 
dx

du
so  1 and v  cos 2  x 
dx
  2  x  sin 2  x  dx  2  x  cos 2  x    cos 2  x  dx
 2  x  cos 2  x   sin 2  x   C

© Oxford University Press 2019 31

 Worked solutions

1  2x dv x
5 Let u  and  sec2
3 dx 2

du 2 x
so  and v  2 tan
dx 3 2
x
sin
 1  2x  2 x 2 x 4 2
  sec dx  1  2x  tan   dx
 3  2 3 2 3 x
cos
2
2 x 8  x
 1  2 x  tan  ln  cos   C
3 2 3  2

dv
6 Let u  x and  2x 1
dx

du 1 x 1
so  1 and v  2
dx ln2
x2x 1 1 x2x 1 1
  x2x 1 dx    2 x 1
dx   2x 1  C
ln2
2
ln2 ln2 ln2

2x 1  1 
 x  C
ln2  ln2 

dv
7 Let u  x and  3 x
dx

du 1 x
so  1 and v   3
dx ln3
x x3 x 1 x3 x 1
  x dx     3 x dx    3 x  C
ln3
2
3 ln3 ln3 ln3

3 x  1 
 x  C
ln3  ln3 

dv
8 Let u  ln x and  x3
dx

du 1 x4
so  and v 
dx x 4
1 4 1
  x 3 ln xdx  x ln x   x 3dx
4 4
1 4 1 4
 x ln x  x C
4 16
x4

16
 4ln x  1  C

x dv
9 Let u  ln and  2  5x
3 dx

du 1 5 2
so  and v  2x  x
dx x 2
x  5  x  5 
  2  5x  ln dx   2 x  x 2  ln    2  x  dx
3  2  3  2 
 5  x 5
  2x  x 2  ln  2x  x 2  C
 2  3 4

© Oxford University Press 2019 32

 Worked solutions

dv
10 Let u  arcsin x and 1
dx

du 1
so  and v  x
dx 1  x2
x
  arcsin xdx  x arcsin x   dx
1  x2
Using substitution to evaluate this integral:
Let u  1  x 2  du  2 x dx, .
x 1 du
 1 x 2
dx   
2 u
1 1
1 

2
 u 2
du  u 2
  1  x2

 arcsin x dx  x arcsin x  1  x2  C

dv
11 Let u  ln 4x and  1  3x  x 2
dx

du 1 3 2 1 3
so  and v  x  x  x
dx x 2 3
 3 1   3 1 
 
  1  3x  x 2 ln 4x dx   x  x 2  x 3  ln 4x   1  x  x 2  dx
 2 3   2 3 
 3 2 1 3 3 2 1 3
  x  x  x  ln 4x  x  x  x  C
 2 3  4 9

1
12  loga xdx 
ln a 
1  ln xdx

dv
Let u  ln x and 1
dx
du 1
so  and v  x
dx x
1
  loga xdx 
ln a

x ln x   dx 
ln x x
x  C
ln a ln a
x

ln a
ln x  1  C

dv du 1 x2
13 Let u  arccos x and  x , then  and v 
dx dx 1  x2 2

x 2 arccos x 1 (1  x 2 )  1
  x arccos x dx  2
 
2 1  x2
dx

x 2 arccos x 1  1 
    1  x 2 dx   dx 
2 2 1 x 2

2
x arccos x 1 1
  arcsin x   1  x dx
2

2 2 2

© Oxford University Press 2019 33

 Worked solutions

Use substitution to evaluate this integral:

Let x  sin   dx  cos  d
Then  1  x 2 dx   1  sin2  cos  d
  cos2  d (use the identity cos 2  2 cos2   1)
1

2
 cos 2 +1 d
1 1
 sin2   sin  cos     Substitute back x for  
4 2
1
 x 1  x 2  arcsin x
2
Hence
x 2 arccos x 1 1
 x arccos x dx  2
 arcsin x  x 1  x 2  c
4 4

dv
14 Let u  arctan x and  4x
dx

du 1
so  and v  2 x 2
dx 1  x 2
x2
  4 x arctan xdx  2 x 2 arctan x  2 dx
1  x2
1  x2  1
 2 x 2 arctan x  2 dx
1  x2
 1 
 2 x 2 arctan x  2 1   dx
 1  x2 
 2 x 2 arctan x  2  x  arctan x   C

 
 2 x 2  1 arctan x  2x  C

15 I   x2 arccos x

Let u  arccos x dv  x 2
1 x3
du   v 
1  x2 3
3
x 1 x3
I  arccos x   dx
3 3 1  x2
Use substitution to evaluate this integral
1
Let u  1  x 2  du  2 x dx  x dx   du
2
x3 1 1u
I  arccos x   du
3 6 u
x3 1  1 1

 arccos x    u 2  u 2  du
3 6  
x 3
1  1
2 3

 arccos x   2u 2  u 2   c
3 6 3 
1
x3 u2  u
 arccos x  1    c (Substitute back x for u and simplify)
3 3  3

=
x 3
arccos x 
2 
1 x 
1

1  x2 
c

3 3  3 
 
x3 1  x2

3
arccos x 
9

2  x2  c 
© Oxford University Press 2019 34
 Worked solutions

dv
16 Let u  arctan x and 1
dx

du 1
so  and v  x
dx 1  x 2
3 3
3 x
 
0
arctan xdx   x arctan x  0   1 x
0
2
dx

1
 
3
 3 arctan 3  ln 1  x 2 
2 0
1
 3 arctan 3  ln 4
2
 3 arctan 3  ln2

dv
17 Let u  ln x and  x 5
dx

du 1 1
so  and v   x 4
dx x 4
3 3
1 3 1
 x 5 ln xdx    x 4 ln x   x 5dx
1 4 1 41
ln3 1 3
   x 4 
324 16 1

ln3 1  1  ln3 5
    1   
324 16  81  324 81
1

324
20  ln3

dv
18 Let u  x and  sec2 x
dx

du
so  1 and v  tan x
dx
 
4
 x  
4

0  cos2 x  dx   x tan x 0  0 tan xdx

4

 
 2


  ln  cos x   4   ln
4  0 4

dv
19 Let u  ln 3x  and  1  2x  x 2
dx

du 1 x3
so  and v  x  x 2 
dx x 3
e
e
 x3   e
 x2 
  2

1  2 x  x ln 3x dx   x  x 2 
3 
 ln 3x     1  x 
3 
dx
1  1 1 
e
 e3  1  x2 x3 
  e  e2   ln 3e   ln3   x    .
 3 3  2 9 1
 e3  1  e2 e3 11 
  e  e2   ln 3e   ln3   e    
 3 3  2 9 18 
 e3 1  e2 2e3 11
  e  e2    ln 3   
 3 3 2 9 18

© Oxford University Press 2019 35

 Worked solutions

dv
20 Let u  x and  sin x
dx

du
so  1 and v   cos x
dx
 04x sin xdx    x cos x  04  04cos xdx
  

 
  sin x  0 4

4 2
 1 2 4   
  
4 2 2 8

Exercise 7K

1 Integrating by parts

Let u  2 x 2 dv  e2 x
1
du  4 x v  e2 x
2
 2 xe2 x dx
2 2x 2 2x
2 x e dx  x e 
Integrating by parts again
Let u  x dv  e2 x
1
du  dx v  e2 x
2
 1 1 
 x 2e2 x  2  xe2 x   e2 x dx 
2 2 
1 2x
 x 2e2 x  xe2 x  e C
2
 1
  x 2  x   e2 x  C
 2
e2 x

2

2x 2  2x  1  C 
2 Integrating by parts

Let u  x 3 dv  sin x
du  3x 2 v   cos x

x sin xdx   x 3 cos x  3 x 2 cos xdx

3

Integrating by parts again

Let u  x 2 dv  cos x
du  2 x v  sin x

  x cos x  3 x 2 sin x   2 x sin xdx
3

  x cos x  3x sin x  6  x sin xdx
3 2

Integrating by parts again

Let u  x dv  sin x
du  dx v   cos x

  x 3 cos x  3x 2 sin x  6  x cos x   cos xdx 
3 2
  x cos x  3x sin x  6 x cos x  6 sin x  C
 
 3 x 2  2 sin x  x 6  x 2 cos x  C  

© Oxford University Press 2019 36

 Worked solutions

3 Integrating by parts

Let u  x  x 2 dv  cos x
du  1  2 x v  sin x

  x  x  cos xdx
2

 
 x  x 2 sin x   1  2 x  sin xdx
Integrating by parts again
Let u  1  2 x dv  sin x
du  2 v   cos x

 xx  2
sin x  2 x  1 cos x  2 cos xdx 
 
  x  x  sin x  1  2 x  cos x  2 sin x  C
2

 2  x  x  sin x  1  2 x  cos x  C
2

4 Integrate by parts

x
Let u  x2 dv  sin  
4
x
du  2 x v  4 cos  
4
x x x
x sin  dx  4x 2 cos    8 x cos  dx
2

4
  4
  4
Integrate by parts again
x
Let ux dv  cos  
4
x
du  dx v  4 sin  
4
x x x
 4 x 2 cos    32 x sin    32 sin   dx
4
  4
  4
x x x
 4 x 2 cos    32 x sin    128 cos    C
4
  4
  4
x x
 
 4 x 2  32 cos    32 x sin    C
4 4

5 Integrating by parts
x
Let u  x 3 dv  e 3
x
du  3x 2 v  3e 3
x x x

x e dx  3x 3e 3  9 x 2e 3 dx
3 3

Integrate by parts again

x
Let u  x 2 dv  e 3
x
du  2 x v  3e 3
x
 x x

 3x 3e 3  9  3x 2e 3  6  xe 3 dx 
 
x x x
 3x 3e 3  27 x 2e 3  54 xe 3 dx

© Oxford University Press 2019 37

 Worked solutions

Integrate by parts again

x
Let u  x dv  e 3
x
du  dx v  3e 3
x x
 x x

 3x 3e 3  27 x 2e 3  54  3xe 3  3 e 3 dx 
 
x x x x
 3x 3e 3  27 x 2e 3  162 xe 3  486e 3  C
x


 3e 3 x 3  9 x 2  54 x  162  C 
6 Integrating by parts

Let u  x 2 dv  e x
du  2 x v  ex
2 2 2
0
x 2e x dx   x 2e x   2 xe x dx
0 0

Integrating by parts again

Let u  x dv  e x
du  dx v  ex
2
  x 2e x   2  xe x  
0 0  2

2

0
e x dx 
 2   xe  
2 2 2
  x 2e x  x
 e x 
0 0 0

 4e  0  2 2e  0  2 e2  1

2 2

 4e2  4e2  2 e2  1  
 2 e 1 2

7 Integrating by parts

Let u  x2 dv  sin x
du  2 x v   cos x
  

0
2
x 2 sin xdx    x 2 cos x  2  2 2 x cos xdx
0 0

Integrating by parts again

Let ux dv  cos x
du  dx v  sin x
  


   x 2 cos x  2  2   x sin x  02 
0


0
2
sin xdx 

  
   x 2 cos x  2  2  x sin x  02  2   cos x  02
0

 
 0  0  2   0  2  0  (1)
2 
  2

8 Integrating by parts

Let u  1  x2   dv  cos x
du  2x v  sin x
 

 1  x  cos xdx  1  x  sin x 


2 2
 2 2 x sin xdx
2
2
0 0 0

© Oxford University Press 2019 38

 Worked solutions

Integrating by parts again

Let ux dv  sin x
du  dx v   cos x
 

 
 
  1  x 2 sin x   2    x cos x  02  
2
2
cos x dx 
 0 0
 

 
 
  1  x 2 sin x   2  x cos x  02  2 sin x  02
2

 0
 2  
  1    0  2 0  0  2 1  0
 4  
 2  2  4
 1  2 
 4  4

9 Integrating by parts

Let u  x2 dv  e3 x
e3 x
du  2 x v 
3
1   1 2 3 x  
1
1 1 2 3x 2 1
3 0
x e dx   
3   3
x e 
0 3
  xe3 x dx 
0

Integrating by parts again
Let ux dv  e3 x
e3 x
du  dx v 
3
2   1 
1 1
1 1 2 3x   1 1
  x e     xe3 x    e3 x dx 
3 3 0 9   3 0 3 0

1 1 1
1  1 2 3x  2 1  2  1 3x 
 x e    xe3 x   3 e 
3  3 0 9  3 0 27  0
1  e3  2  e3  2  e3 1 
   0    0    
3 3  9 3  27  3 3 
1 2 3 2
 e3 
9 27
e 
81
e3  1  
5e3  2

81

10 Integrating by parts

Let u  x2 dv  e 2 x
e 2 x
du  2x v 
2
1   1 
1
1 
2 x 2e 2 x dx  2    x 2e 2 x    xe 2 x dx 
  2 0
0 0


© Oxford University Press 2019 39

 Worked solutions

Simplifying and integrating by parts again

Let ux dv  e 2 x
e 2 x
du  dx v 
2
 1 
1
  1 
1
1
1 
 2   x 2e 2 x   2    xe 2 x    e 2 x dx 
 2 0   2 0 2 0 
1 1 1
 1   1   1 
 2   x 2e 2 x   2   xe 2 x     e 2 x 
 2 0  2 0  2 0
 1   1   1  1 
 2   e 2  0   2   e 2  0     e 2     
 2   2   2  2 
1 1
 2e 2  e 2 
2 2
2
1  5e

2
1 5
 1  2 
2 e 

Exercise 7L

1 Let I   tan x sec2 xdx

Integrating by parts,
Let u  tan x dv  sec2 x
2
du  sec x v  tan x
I   tan x sec xdx  tan2 x   tan x sec2 xdx
2

 I  tan2 x  I
tan2 x
I 
2
tan2 x
I   C (redefine I to include constant)
2

2 Let I   sin x cos xdx

Integrating by parts,
Let u  sin x dv  cos x
du  cos x v  sin x
I  sin2 x   sin x cos x dx
 I  sin2 x  I
1
I  sin2 x
2
1
 I  sin2 x  C (redefine I to include constant)
2

© Oxford University Press 2019 40

 Worked solutions

3 Let I   sin2x cos3xdx

Integrating by parts,
Let u  sin2x dv  cos 3x
1
du  2 cos 2x v  sin3x
3
1 2
I  sin2 x sin3x   sin3x cos 2 xdx
3 3

Integrating by parts again,

Let u  cos 2 x dv  sin3 x
1
du  2 sin2 x v  cos 3x
3
1 2 1 2 
I  sin2 x sin3x    cos 2 x cos 3 x   sin2 x cos 3 x dx 
3 3 3 3 
1 2 4
I  sin2 x sin3x  cos 2 x cos 3 x  I
3 9 9
5 1 2 
 I   sin2 x sin3 x  cos 2 x cos 3 x 
9 3 3 
1
I 
5
3 sin2x sin 3x  2 cos 2x cos 3x   C (redefine I to include constant)

4 Let I   e3x cos2xdx

Integrating by parts,
Let u  e3 x dv  cos 2 x
1
du  3e3 x v  sin2 x
2
1 3x 3
I  e sin2 x   e3 x sin2xdx
2 2
Integrating by parts again
Let u  e3 x dv  sin2 x
1
du  3e3 x v 
cos 2 x
2
1 3 1 3 
I  e3 x sin2 x    e3 x cos 2x   e3 x cos 2x dx 
2 2 2 2 
1 3x 3 9
I  e sin2 x  e3 x cos 2 x  I
2 4 4
13 1 3x 3 3x
 I  e sin2 x  e cos 2x
4 2 4
13 e3 x

4
I 
4
2 sin2x  3 cos 2x 
e3 x
I 
13
2 sin2x  3 cos 2x   C (redefine I to include constant)

5 Let I   sin2 xdx   sin x sin xdx

Integrating by parts
Let u  sin x dv  sin x
du  cos x v   cos x
I   sin x cos x   cos2 xdx

© Oxford University Press 2019 41

 Worked solutions

 1  sin x dx
2
 I   sin x cos x 
 I   sin x cos x   dx  I
 2I   sin x cos x  x
1
 I   x  sin x cos x   C (redefine I to include constant)
2

Chapter review

2   
x 1
2
1 a  3 2x  8  0

1 x
   
2
 2  3 2x  8  0
4
   12 2   32  0
2
 2x x

 2  8 2  4   0
x x

2x  8  0  x  3
2x  4  x  2
So x  2 or x  3

1
b  
2 5x  9 
5x 1

Multiply throughout by 5x

   
2
 2 5x  9 5x  5  0


 25 x
 15  5  0
x

2  5x  1  0  has no solutions since 5x  0 for all x 

5x  5  0  x  1

2 a log2 x  log2 3  log2 5  log2 6

 3x 
 log2    log2 6
 5 

3x
  6  x  10
5

x 3
b log9 x  log9 7  log9   
7 2

x 3
  92  27  x  189
7

3
3 a log2 x   log2 x  3log2 x  2log2 x  4
logx 2

1
 log2 x  2  x  22 
4

b log7 x  4logx 7  0
4
 log7 x  0
log7 x

© Oxford University Press 2019 42

 Worked solutions

 log7 x   4  log7 x  2
2

log7 x  2  x  72  49
1
log7 x  2  x 
49

dy
4  6e3 x  21e3 x
dx

d 2y
dx 2

 18e3x  63e3x  9 2e3x  7e3x  9y 
5 ln x  ln x2  ...  ln x m  ln x  2ln x  ...  mln x

1
 1  2  ....  m ln x  m  m  1 ln x  2m  m  1
2
 ln x  4  x  e4

1
 4  ln x   4 ln x   1  0
2
6 ln x 
ln x

Let ln x  y
Then
y 2  4y  1  0
4  16  4
y  2 5
2

7 f  x 
1  2e   3e  3e  4e   3e  6e
2x x x 2x x 3x

1  2e  1  2e 
2 2
2x 2x

f  x  0


 3e x  6e3 x  3e x 1  2e2 x  0 
1 1 1
 e2 x   x  ln
2 2 2
1 1
Justification of maximum either by demonstrating f ''  ln   0
2 2
or alternatively by arguing that lim f  x   lim f  x   0,
x  x 

1 1
and f  ln   0 so since f  x  is continuous, the single turning
2 2
point must be a maximum
Therefore the coordinates of the maximum point are
1 1  1 1   1 1 3 2   3 2
 ln , f  ln     ln ,     ln 2, 
2 2  2 2   2 2 4   4 

dy 1 ln x ln x
8 For x  1, y  ln x    
dx x x ln x x ln x

For 0  x  1, y  ln x   ln x
dy 1 ln x ln x ln x
    
dx x x ln x x   ln x  x ln x
dy ln x
So 
dx x ln x

© Oxford University Press 2019 43

 Worked solutions

1 3
f 'x  3  ln x   x ln x 
2 2
9 a
x

3 3 2 3 6
f ''  x    ln x   x  x ln x   x 2 ln x   x 2 ln x
2 2

x2
3
 f ''  x   2 ln x    ln x  2   0
x
So ln x  0 or ln x  2
ln x  0  x  1
ln x  2  x  e2  22  4 which is outside the domain
Therefore the only point of inflection is 1, 0 

3 3 3
f 'x  ln x  f 'x  ln x   f '  e   e
2 2
b
x x

Tangent:

3 3
y 1 
e
 x  e  y  e x  2

Normal:

e e2 e
y 1 
3
 x  e  y  1   x
3 3

c Tangent intersects the y  axis at 0, 2

 e2 
Normal intersects the y  axis at  0,1  
 3
Then the base of the triangle lies on the y  axis and has length
e2
3 , and the height of the triangle is e since the lines meet at
3
x e
1 1 e2  e e2 
 Area  bh   3   e  3  
2 2 3 2 3

3
 2 x  3 x 2  3x  3 3
2x  3
10 
1
2
x  3x  3
dx  
1
2
x  3x  3
dx

Let u  x 2  3x  3  du  2 x  3 dx
Limits: x  3  u  3, x  1  u  1
2 x  3
3
3
x 2  3x  3 3
1  1
 dx   u 2 du  2 u 2 
1 x 2  3x  3 1  1
2  3 1 

© Oxford University Press 2019 44

 Worked solutions

1
11 Let 2x  sin   dx  cos  d
2

1 
Limits: x   sin   1    ,
2 2
x  a  sin   2a    arcsin 2a 
1
1 arcsin(2 a) 1 1 
 2 dx    cos   d
a
1  4x 2
2 1  sin 
2
 2 
arcsin(2 a)
arcsin(2 a) 1  
 

2 2
d   
2 
2

1  
  arcsin 2a   
2 2  24
7
 arcsin 2a 
12
7
 2a  sin
12
1  7  1   
 a  sin    sin   
2  12  2 3 4
1    
  sin cos  cos sin 
2 3 4 3 4
1 3 1 1 1 
     
2 2 2 2 2 
3 1

4 2

12 Any tangent passing through the origin is of the form y  mx

and furthermore, any such line will intersect f  x  once. Therefore,

the tangent at the point of contact satisfies the equations
x
1 1 2x 1
mx  e 2 and m  f '  x   e
2
x x
1 1 1
 xe 2  e 2  x  2
2
1 2 1 1
 m  e2 
2 2
1
y  x
2

13 Let 3x  2cos u  3dx  2sin u du

2
2   2 
  4  9 x 2 dx   4  9  cos u    sin u du
3   3 
2
3
 sin u 4  4 cos2 udu

4
   sin2 udu (using the identity cos 2u  1  2 sin2 u)
3
2
   1  cos 2u du
3

© Oxford University Press 2019 45

 Worked solutions

2 1 
  u  sin2u   C
3 2 
2
   u  sin u cos u   C
3
2 2
= sin u cos u  u  C .
3 3
2 9 x 2  3x  2  3x 
 1    arccos  C
3 4  2  3  2 
x 2  3x 
 4  9 x 2  arccos  C
2 3  2 

14 By parts twice:

1
Let u  x 2 dv  e 2
1
du  2 x v  2 e2
x x x

x e dx  2 x 2e 2  4 xe 2 dx
2 2

Integrating by parts again

x
Let u  x dv  e 2
x
du  dx v  2e 2
x
 x x

 2 x 2e 2  4  2 xe 2  2 e 2 dx 
 
x x x
 2 x 2e 2  8 xe 2  16e 2  C
x


 2e 2 x 2  4 x  8  C 
15 Let I   3x sin xdx

Integrating by parts:
Let u  3x dv  sin x
du  ln3 3 x
v   cos x
I   3 sin xdx  3x cos x  ln3 3x cos xdx
x

Integrating by parts again:

Let u  3x dv  cos x
du  ln3 3x v  sin x
I  3x cos x  ln3 3x sin x  ln3 3x sin xdx  
 I  3x cos x  ln3 3x sin x  ln3 I
2

 1  ln3  2
I  3 x
 ln3 sin x  cos x 
3x
I   ln3 sin x  cos x 
1  ln3
2

© Oxford University Press 2019 46

 Worked solutions

Exam-style questions

16 a Attempt to factorise (1 mark)

3e x

 1 ex  4  0  (1 mark)

1 1
ex   x  ln   (1 mark)
3 3

  ln3 (1 mark)
e  4 has no solutions
x
(1 mark)

b Attempt to factorise (1 mark)

ln x  9 ln x  4  0 (1 mark)

ln x  9  x  e9 (1 mark)

ln x  4  x  e4 (1 mark)

17 a 105x 1  15 (1 mark)

log10 105x 1  log10 15 (1 mark)

5x  1  log10 15 (1 mark)

1  log10 15
x  (1 mark)
5

 x
b  
ln 32  x  ln  7 2  (1 mark)
 

x
2  x  ln3  2
ln7 (1 mark)

x ln7
2ln3  x ln3  (1 mark)
2

4ln3  2x ln3  x ln7

4ln3  x ln7  2x ln3

4ln3  x ln7  2ln3

4ln3
x (1 mark)
ln7  2ln3
18 a y  3log10 2x  100 (1 mark)

y  3log10 2  x  50 (1 mark)

The transformations required are therefore:

Translation 50 units to the left (1 mark)

1
Stretch along the x -axis, scale factor (1 mark)
2

Stretch along the y -axis, scale factor 3 (1 mark)

© Oxford University Press 2019 47

 Worked solutions

y  log10 2x  100

3
b

ln 2x  100
3

 (use of change of base formula) (1 mark)

ln10

 3 
  ln 2x  100 (1 mark)
 ln10 

dy  3   2 
   (2 marks)
dx  ln10   2x  100 

6
 (or equivalent) (1 mark)
 2 x  100  ln10
log4 4 1
19 a log16 4   (1 mark)
log4 16 log4 16

1
 (1 mark)
log4 42

1

2log4 4

1
 (1 mark)
2

1
b log16  x  4  log16  x  12 
2

log16  x  4  log16  x  12  log16 4 (1 mark)

 x4 
log16    log16 4 (1 mark)
 x  12 

x4
4 (1 mark)
x  12

x  4  4x  48

3x  44

44
x  (1 mark)
3

dy
20 a   x 3e x  3x 2e x (2 marks)
dx

  e 3x
x 2
 x3 
dy
Substituting x  3 gives  0 , hence a stationary point. (1 mark)
dx

© Oxford University Press 2019 48

 Worked solutions

d2y
dx 2
 
 e x 6 x  3x 2  e x 3x 2  x 3  (2 marks)


 e x 6 x  6 x 2  x 3 
Substituting x  3 (1 mark)

d2y
 9e3  0 , so a maximum. (1 mark)
dx 2

1
b x 1 y  (1 mark)
e

dy 2
x 1  (1 mark)
dx e

1 2
Equation of tangent is y    x  1 (2 marks)
e e

ey  1  2x  2

2x  ey  1  0 (1 mark)

21 2x2  3x  2  2x  1 x  2 (1 mark)

5x A B
 
2x  1  x  2 2x  1 x  2

5x  A  x  2  B 2x  1 (1 mark)

1
x   A 1 (1 mark)
2

x  2  B  2 (1 mark)

5 5
 1 2  1 
  2x  1 + x  2 
1
dx   ln 2x  1  2ln x  2 
 2 1
(2 marks)

1
 ln9  2ln7  2ln3 (2
2
marks)

 ln3  2ln7  2ln3 (1 mark)

 2ln7  ln3

 ln49  ln3

 49 
 ln   (1 mark)
 3 

49
So p 
3
1 1
3
dx 13 dx
22 a 
1
= 
1  9x 2 3 16 1
 x2
(1 mark)
6 9

© Oxford University Press 2019 49

 Worked solutions

1
Substitute x  sin u (1 mark)
3

dx 1
 cos u (1 mark)
du 3
1 

13 dx 12 cos u du
3 1 9 
 (1 mark)
2
6
1
9
x 6
1
9
 19 sin2 u

1 2 cos u du
3  1  sin2 u

6

12
  du (1 mark)
3
6

1   
    (2 marks)
32 6

1  
  
33


 (1 mark)
9

b 0.349 (1 mark)

x
23 a  sin  x cosec x dx (1 mark)
2
2
dx 
x

dv
Use integration by parts with u  x and  cosec2 x
dx

du
ux 1 (1 mark)
dx

dv
 cosec2 x  v   cot x (1 mark)
dx

x
 sin 2
x
dx   x cot x   cot x dx (2 marks)

  x cot x  ln sin x  c (1 mark)

b A   x cot x  ln sin x  2 (1 mark)

4

         
  cot  ln sin    cot  ln sin  (1 mark)
 2 2 2   4 4 4

  1 
  0  0    ln  (2 marks)
 4 2

 1
  ln
4 2

© Oxford University Press 2019 50

 Worked solutions

  12
  ln2 (1 mark)
4

 1
  ln2 (1 mark)
4 2

 1
  ln 4 (1 mark)
4 4

1

4
  ln 4

24 a  log2 343 (1 mark)

a  3d  log2 1331 (1 mark)

Solve simultaneously to find d (1 mark)

log2 343  3d  log2 1331

3d  log2 1331  log2 343

 1331 
3d  log2  
 343 

1  1331 
d log2   (1 mark)
3  343 

1
 1331  3
d  log2   (1 mark)
 343 

 11 
d  log2   (1 mark)
7 

So log2 x  a  d (1 mark)

 11 
 log2 343  log2  
7 

 11 
 log2  343   (1 mark)
 7 

 log2  49  11

 log2 539 (1 mark)

So x  539

25 Use integration by parts

du
u  e x   e x (1 mark)
dx

dv 1
 sin3x  v   cos 3x (1 mark)
dx 3

© Oxford University Press 2019 51

 Worked solutions

e x cos 3x 1
e
x
sin3x dx  
3 3
 
   cos 3x e x dx (2 marks)

e x cos 3x 1
   e x cos 3x dx
3 3

By using integration by parts a second time,

e x sin3x 1
e   e x sin3x dx (2 marks)
x
cos 3x dx 
3 3

e x cos 3x 1  e x sin3x 1  x 
e   e sin3x dx 
x
So sin3x dx     (1 mark)
3 3 3 3 

e x cos 3x e x sin3x 1
e   e x sin3x dx
x
sin3x dx   
3 9 9

10 e x cos 3x e x sin3x
9  e x sin3x dx  
3

9
(1 mark)

9  e x cos 3x e x sin3x 
e
x
sin3x dx     (1 mark)
10  3 9 

e x

10
 sin3x  3 cos 3x   c

© Oxford University Press 2019 52

 Worked solutions

8 Modelling change: more calculus

Skills check

1 a lim
x2  16
 lim
 x  4  x  4  lim x  4  4  4  8
x 4 x  4 x 4 x4 x 4

3x 3  x 2
b lim  lim3x  1  0  1  1
x 0 x2 x 0

1 1
c lim 2
 2 1
x 0 x 1 0 1

3
2 4
2x 4  3 x 20 2 2
2 a lim  lim   , horizontal asymptote is y 
x  2  3x 4 x  2 03 3 3
3
x4

1
3x x x 2  3  0   3 0   0 , horizontal asymptote is y = 0
b lim 3  3 lim 3  3 lim  
x  x  1 x  x  1 x  1 1  0 
1 3
x

10 25
 x  5
2 1  2
x 2  10x  25 x x  1  0  0  1  1 , horizontal asymptote is
c lim  lim  lim
x  2
x 5 x  x2  5 x  5 10 1
1 2
x
y=1

3 a Substitute u  x2  1  du  2x dx

3
2u 2
 2x 
2
x  1dx  udu  C
3
3



2 x2  1  2

C
3

1
b Substitute u  sin x  dx  du
cos x

u2
 sin x cos xdx   udu  2
C

sin2 x
 C
2

c Integrate by parts  uv '  uv   vu '

1
u  ln x  u ' 
x
v '  4 x  5  v  2 x 2  5x
2 x 2  5x

 2x 2  5x ln x   x

dx  2x 2  5x ln x   2x  5dx 
 
 2 x 2  5x ln x  x 2  5x  C
 x  2x  5 ln x  x  5  c

© Oxford University Press 2019 1

 Worked solutions

Exercise 8A

1 a Find the points of intersection:

x = −1, 0, 1

0
 x 3 1  1 x3 
  2  2x 2  2x  2
A      3x  2 x    dx 
1  2  2 2  
1
 1 x3   x3 1 
   2  3x  2x
2
   2x 2  2x    dx
0  2   2 2  

1
A  0.25  0.25 
2

b Find the points of intersection

x = −1, 0, 1

1
 2 
A  2  x 3  x dx
0 
1
A  2  0.1 
5

c Find the points of intersection

x = −2, 0, 2
0 2
A  
2
    
0

 2x 3  x 2  5x  3x  x 2  dx   3x  x 2  2x 3  x 2  5x dx
   
0 2

 2 x   8x  2x dx
3 3
A  8x dx 
2 0

A  8  8  16

d Find the points of intersection

x = −0.934 and 0.934

0.934

 8 cos 
2
A x  sec2 x dx  8.59
0.934

e Find points of intersection


x=
2

 
 2
 x     x   2 
A   1  tan   dx   x  2ln  cos       ln2
0  2     2   0 2

2 a Find points of intersection

x = 0.531 and 3.43

  x  2 
3.43
 1 4 
A  
0.531  1  x
  4 dx  10.1


b Point of intersection

x = 0.476

© Oxford University Press 2019 2

 Worked solutions

4
A 
0.476
  
x  e1 x  1 dx  7.00

c Points of intersection

x = 0.537, 2.58, 7.31 and 7.97

2.58
  x 4  7.97
  x 4 
A   2 sin x   e 2  1  dx    2 sin x   e 2  1 dx  1.34
0.537    7.31   

3 Points of intersection

x = 1.39, 2.60 and 3.40

2.60 3.40
A
1.39
 ln  x  1  cos 2x  dx   cos 2x  ln  x  1 dx  0.528  0.14  0.668
2.60

Exercise 8B

1 The graphs of the functions taken two at a time intersect at the points (0,0), (1,4), and (2,1).
The area of the region defined by these points of intersection is:

1
 2  x2 
2
4  x2 
A 0 
 x 3 x   x   
4  

dx  1  x  4 dx
 2
  x 
   
1 2
5   4 x 
2
   x 2  2 x dx    2  x  dx
0  4  1 x 4 
1 2
 5x 3   4 x2 x3 
  x2      
 12 0  x 2 12 1
17  7 1  5
    sq units
12  12 2  2

2 The graphs of the functions taken two at a time intersect at the points (0,1), (0.5,2) and
(0.631,1.56).

The area of the region ABC is:

0.5 0.641
1 x 
 4  
x
A  2x dx    2 dx
0 0.5  x 
0.5 0.641
4 x
2   x
2x 
    ln x  
 ln 4 ln2  0  ln2  0.5
 0.1237...  0.03894...
 0.163 sq units

3 The graphs of the functions intersect at the points (0,2), (0.925,2.29), (2.20,4.76) and
(3.23,57.1).

The sum of the areas enclosed by the two graphs is:

0.925 2.20

  x   dx      
 1  x  ex2 2 x  x 4  7x 2  6 x  2 dx
2
4
A  7x 2  6 x  2  1  x  e x 2 x

0 0.925
 
 0.842  0.241
 1.083 sq units (to 3 dp)

© Oxford University Press 2019 3

 Worked solutions

0.925 2.20
A    x 4  7x 2  6 x  2  1  x  e x2 2 x dx 
       
 1  x  e x2 2 x  x 4  7x 2  6 x  2 dx 
  
0 0.925
3.23

  x   dx
2
4
 7x 2  6 x  2  1  x  ex 2 x

2.20

 0.842  2.406  8.224

 11.5 sq units (to 3 sf)

4 a Find the point of intersection

 
x 3  4x  x x 2  4  x  x  2   x  2   0
x  0  x  0,2

The entire area enclosed is

2 2
 x4 
  4x  x  dx  2x
3 2
A   4
0  4 0
k
 x  4
 2 x 2   2
 4 0
k4
 2k 2  2
4
 k 4  8k 2  8  0
 k  1.08

1
b y  x3  x  y 3

y
y  4x  x 
4
m
 1 y
   y 3  dy  2
0  4
3 34 1 2
 m  m 2
4 8
4
 m2  6m3  16  0
 m  2 2  2.83

Exercise 8C
4 4
 4 15
1 a V    y 2dx    xdx   x2  
1 1 2  1 2

2 2
 2 31
b V    x 2dy    y 4dy  y 5  
1 1 5 1 5

1 1 1

   
2
2 a V    y 2dy    x 2  x dx    x 4  2x 3  x 2 dx
0 0 0

1
1 1 1  31
  x5  x 4  x3  
5 2 3 0 30

4 4

   
2
b V    1  x dx    1  2 x  x dx
1 1

© Oxford University Press 2019 4

 Worked solutions

4
 4 3 1   4 1  7
  x  x 2  x2       
 3 2 1 3 6 6

  
2 2
 2
V    y dx    cos x sin xdx 
2
2
c sin2xdx
0 0 0

 
 
 cos 2x 02   1  1 
4 4 2

  
4 4 4
d V    y dx    tan xdx    sec2 x  1 dx 
2 2
 
0 0 0


    4   
 tan x  x 04   1   
 4 4

1 1 1

 
2
e V    y 2dx    e x dx    e2 x dx
0 0 0

 1   1
 e2 x    e2  1  1  2 
2 0 2 2 e 

3 3
1
f V    y 2dx    dx
0 0 x 1

 ln  x  10   ln 4
3

6
3 V    y 2dx
0
6
x2
  36  x 2 dx  
0 144
6


144 0
36 x 2
 x 4 dx 
6
  1 
 12 x 3  x 5 
144  5 0
 5 4 1 

23  
4 2
5

2 3  2535 

  
 1  36
  18  54   
 5  5

4 a V    x 2dy
0
2 2
   4 sin2 ydy  2  1  cos 2y dy
0 0
2
 1 
 2 y  sin2y 
 2 0
 1 
 2  2  sin 4     4  sin 4 
 2 

b V    x 2dy
0

© Oxford University Press 2019 5

 Worked solutions

1
y 
   tan2  dy
0  4 
1
 y 
    sec2  1 dy
0 4 
1
4 y 
   tan  y
 4 0
4 
    1  4  
 


5 This is equivalent to rotating x = sin y from y = 0 to y  through 2 radians about the y-axis
2

 
2
 2
 V    sin ydy  2

2
1  cos 2y dy
0 0

  1 2
  y  sin2y 
2 2 0
2

4


6 This is equivalent to rotating x = cos y from y = 0 to y  through 2 radians about the
2
y-axis
 
2
 2
 V    cos2 ydy 
0 2  1  cos 2y dy
0

  1 2
  y  sin2y 
2 2 0
2

4

7 Intersection points: (0,0) and (2.31,1.16)

2.31   x
2
 
  
2
a V   arctan  x    e 3  1  dx  2.35
   
0
 

 3ln  y  1   tan  y    4.18

1.16
2 2
b V 
0

8 The functions intersect at x = 0.467 and x = 2.10. Therefore,

2.10 
x 
2

V     1  ln x    tan  dx  3.58
2


0.467   2  

 cos x   e  dx  1.31

0.601
2 2
9 The functions intersect at x = 0.601, Therefore, V  x
1
0

Exercise 8D

1 a s t    v t dt

© Oxford University Press 2019 6

 Worked solutions

  sin2t  t sin2t dt

0
2
1 2
 cos 2t  0   t sin2tdt
2 0
2 2
 1 t  1
   cos 2t  cos 2t    cos 2tdt
 2 2 0 0 2
2
t  1 1 
 cos 2t  sin2t 
 2 4 0
1 1 1
 cos 4  sin 4   0.362
2 4 2

b D  1  t  sin2t dt  0.479
0

 3
2 a i 3 cos t  0  t  ,
2 2

 3
ii 3 cos t  0  t 
2 2

 3
iii 3 cos t  0  0  t  and  t  2
2 2

2

b  3 cos tdt  0
0


2 2 
c 
0
3 cos t dt  12 cos tdt  12 sin t 02  12
0


3 a i sin2t  0  t  0,
2

ii sin2t  0  no solution


iii 0  t 
2


2
1 
1
b  sin2tdt   cos 2t 02    1  1  1

0 2 2

 
2 2
c  sin2t dt   sin2tdt  1
0 0

4 a i 2t  0  t  2

ii 2  t  0  no solution

iii 2t  0 0  t  2

2 2
 2 3
 4 2
b  2  tdt    2  t 2  
0  3 0 3

© Oxford University Press 2019 7

 Worked solutions

2 2
4 2
c 
0
2  t dt  
0
2  tdt 
3

5 a i ecos t sin t  0  t  0,  ,2

ii ecos t sin t  0    t  2

iii ecos t sin t  0  0  t  

2
2
e sin tdt    ecos t   0
cos t
b
0
0

2  2

 ecos t sin t dt   ecos t sin tdt  e

cos t
c sin tdt
0 0 

 2
  ecos t   ecos t 
0 

1  1
    e   e 
e  e
 1 
 2  e   4.70
 e

t
6 a i 0t 0
1  t2

t
ii  0  no solution
1  t2

t
iii 00t 3
1  t2

3
t 1 1
 
3
b 1 t  ln 1  t 2   ln10  1.51
0
2
2 0 2

3 3
t t 1
c 
0 1  t2
dt  
0 1  t 2
dt  ln10  1.51
2

t
t

t
 t    
t
7 0 3 e 3dt  9 e 3   9 1  e 3 
0

t2

8 a  v t dt  s t   s 0  s t   8  2  s t   6
0
1 1 1

t2

b  v t dt  s t   s t   s t   6  16  s t   22
t1
2 1 2 2

c s(t1) = 6, so 6cm to the right of the origin at t = t1

s(t2) = 22, so 22cm to the right of the origin at t = t2

t2

 v t dt  s t   s t   s t   22  7  s t   15
t1
3 2 3 3

so 15cm to the right of the origin at t = t3

© Oxford University Press 2019 8

 Worked solutions

1 3 9
9 a Area of first triangle:    3 
2 2 4

32 5
Area of trapezium:
2
1  2

1 5 15
Area of second triangle:   3 
2 2 4

7
 s 7  s  0   v  t dt
0

9 5 15 22
 2      5.5
4 2 4 4

So 5.5cm to the left of the origin

7
9 5 15 17
b  v t  dt  4  2 
0 4

2
 8.5

Exercise 8E

dy 2x 2 dy
1 a  2  y2  2x 2
dx y dx

  y 2dy   2x 2dx
y 3 2x 3
  c
3 3
1


 y  2x 3  c  3
 3 2x 3  c

dy dy
b  ey  x  e y  e x
dx dx

  e y dy   e x dx
  e y   e x  c
 e y  e x  c

 y  ln e x  c 
 y   ln  e x
 c

fy 3 dy
c e2 x  y  3 e2 x
dx y dx

  ydy   3 e2 x dx
y 2 3 2x
  e c
2 2
 y 2  3 e2 x  c
 y   3 e2 x  c

dy 1 dy
d  y cos x   cos x
dx y dx

© Oxford University Press 2019 9

 Worked solutions

1
 y dy   cos xdx
 ln y  sin x  c
 y  esin x  c  A esin x

dy x  sin x dy
e   5y 4  x  sin x
dx 5y 4 dx

  5y 4dy    x  sin x dx

1 2
 y5  x  cos x  c
2
1
1 5 x2
 y   x 2  cos x  c   5  cos x  c
 2  2

f 1  9x  dy
dx
12dy

1
dx 1  9x 2

1
  dy   1  9x 2
dx

1
y  arctan 3x   c
3

1 1 1 1
dy dy
2 a x2  y2  0  y2   x 2 subject to y(1) = 4
dx dx

1 1
  y 2 dy    x 2 dx
2 23 2 3
 y   x2  c
3 3
3 3
 y 2  x 2  c

When x = 1, y = 4

 8  1  c  c  9
3 3
 y2  9  x2
2
2
 3 3
  3

 y   9  x 2   3
 9  x 2 
   

2 dy dy 2
b x ex  y 0y   x ex subject to y(0) = 1
dx dx

  ydy    x e x dx
2

1 2 1 2
 y   ex  c
2 2
2
 y 2   ex  c
At x  0, y  1
 1  1  c  c  2
2
 y 2  2  e x
2
 y  2  e x (take positive root due to initial conditions)

dy dy
c  ex 2y  e2y  ex subject to y(0) = 0
dx dx

© Oxford University Press 2019 10

 Worked solutions

  e2y dy   e x dx
1 2y
 e  ex  c
2
When x  0, y  0
1 1
 1c  c  
2 2
1 2y x 1
 e e 
2 2
 e2y  2 e x  1
1
 y  ln 2 e x  1
2
 
dy 1 dy
d
dx
 2xy sin x2 
y dx
   
 2x sin x2 subject to y(0) = 1

1

y
dy   2 x sin x 2 dx  
 ln y   cos x 2  c  
When x  0, y  1
 0  1  c  c  1
 ln y  1  cos x 2  
y e
 
1 cos x 2

dy dy
e ex x 0   x e x subject to y(0) = 2
dx dx

  dy    x e x dx

 
 y     x e x   e x dx   x e x  e x  c  e x  x  1  c
 
 When x  0, y  2
 2 1 c  c 1
 y  x e1  e x  1  e x  x  1  1

Exercise 8F

dT
1 a  k T  T0   k 100  T 
dt

1 dT
b  k
T  T0 dt

ln T  T0   kt  c
 T  T0  A e kt
When t  0, T  100
100  T0  A (1)
When t  10, T  80
80  T0  A e10k (2)
When t  20, T  65
65  T0  A e20k (3)

© Oxford University Press 2019 11

 Worked solutions

Multiplying (2) by e10k and subtracting from (1)

100  80 e10k

100  80 e10k  T0 1  e10k  T0   1  e10k
80  65 e10k 100  80 e10k
 T0  
1  e10k 1  e10k
1 4
 100  80 e10k  80  65 e10k  k  ln  
10  3 
 T0  20C

c T0  20  A  80

1  4
 ln  t
 T  t   20  80 e 10  3 

 4
3 ln 
 T 30  20  80 e 3
 53.8

dT
2 a  k 180  T 
dt

1 dT
b k
180  T dt

  ln 180  T   kt  c
 T  t   180  A e kt
T  0   180  A  0  A  180


T 5  180 1  e5k  120 
2 1 1 1
1  e5k   k   ln    ln3
3 5 3 5
  ln 3 
t
 T  t   180 1  e 5 
 

so T 10   180 1  e 2 ln 3  160C 
3 Since OP = PQ, OQ = 2x and the coordinates of Q are (2x,0)

y 0 y
The gradient of PQ is therefore 
x  2x x

dy
Since PQ is the tangent of P, its gradient is
dx

dy y
 
dx x
dy dx
 
y x
dy dx
  
y x
 ln y   ln x  c, since x  0 and y  0
 ln y  ln x  c
 ln  xy   c
 xy  k

© Oxford University Press 2019 12

 Worked solutions

The point (1,2) lies on the curve

k 2
2
y 
x

dP
4 a  kP
dt

1 dP
b k
P dt

1
  P dP   kdt
 P  P0 ekt where P0 is the initial population size
P  0   500  P0  500
 P  500 ekt
When t  3, p  10000
ln20
 10000  500 e3k  k 
3
ln 20
t
 P  500 e 3

5ln20
c P 5  500 e 3
 73680.63...  73700

d When P = 500000
ln 20
t
500000  500 e 3

3
t  ln 1000   6.917596...
ln20

so 7 hours (to the nearest hour)

dV
5 a  cr
dr

4 3
V  r
3
dV dr
 4 r 2
dt dt
dr
 cr  4 r 2
dt
dr c k c
   k 
dt 4 r r 4

dr k
b    rdr   kdt
dt r

r2
 kt  d
2
Substituting 0, 8  , d  32
r2
 kt  32
2
4
Substituting 30,12  , k 
3

© Oxford University Press 2019 13

 Worked solutions

r2 4
t  15    15  32
2 3
 r 2  104
r  10cm

dN
6 a  kN 100  N 
dt

1 dN
 k
N 100  N  dt
1 a b
 
N 100  N  N 100  N
 1  a 100  N   bN
1
N  0 : 1  100a  a 
100
1
N  100 : 1  100b  b 
100
1 1 1  dN
  k
100  N 100  N  dt


1
 ln N  ln 100  N    kt  c
100 
 N 
 ln    100kt  c
 100  N 
N
  A e100kt
100  N

1
b A e100k 
99

1
A e200k 
49
100 k A e200k 99
e  
A e100k 49
1 99
k  ln  0.0070..  0.007(3 dp)
100 49
99
ln 1 49
 Ae 49   A  0.004999..  0.005 (3 dp)
99 9801

c Rearranging the result from the first part

 99 
4900 ln 49 t
100 kt e  100 2.02t 
100 A e
N t    9801  
1  A e100kt  99 
49 ln 49 t  2.02t  200 
1 e  
9801

N(7) = 40.725… so 41 students

dP P  P  P
7
dt
 1 
50 

2000  100000
2000  P 

© Oxford University Press 2019 14

 Worked solutions

100000 dP
 1
P 2000  P  dt
 50 50  dP
   1
 P 2000  P  dt
 50ln P  50ln 2000  P   t  c
t
P
  A e50
2000  P

t
2000 A e50
 P t   t
1  A e50
P  0   300
2000 A 3
  300  A 
1 A 17
t
6000 e50  2000 1.02  
t

 P t   t

 1.02t  5.67 
17  3 e50  

P(3) = 315.6234…

so 316 to the nearest integer

dP 4  P  2
8 a  P 1   P 350  P 
dt 5  350  875

1 dP 2
 
P 350  P  dt 875
1 1  dP 2 350  700 4
     
 P 350  P  dt 875 875 5
 P  4
 ln    t c
 350  P  5
4
P t
  A e5
350  P
4
t
350 A e 5
 P t   4
t
1  A e5
1
P 0  7  A 
49
4
350 e 5  350 2.226  
t t

 P t   4
 
t  2.226t  49 
49  e 5  

b lim P t   350
t 

dv 1
9 a a  v
dt 2

dv 1
b  v
dt 2

© Oxford University Press 2019 15

 Worked solutions

1 dv 1
 
v dt 2
1 1
  dv    dt
v 2
t
 ln v    c
2
t

 v t   A e 2

If v(0) = 20, then A = 20

t

so v t   20 e 2

dv 2s
10 a av  2
ds s 1

2s
  vdv  s 2
ds
1
v2

2

 ln s2  1  c 
When s = 1, v = 2

 2  ln2  c  c  2  ln2

 v 2  2ln s2  1  4  2ln2 
 
v  2ln s2  1  4  2ln2 (positive sqaure root due to initial conditions)

 s2  1 
 2ln  4
 2 

b When s = 5,

 676 
v  2ln 26   4  2ln2  ln    4  ln169  4  2ln13  4  3 m s
1

 4 

dv  v2  1
11 a 
dt
   32    v 2  1600 
 50  50

1 dv 1
 
1600  v 2 dt 50
1 1
 dv    dt
1600  v 2 50
1  v  t
 arctan   c
40  40  50
 v  4t
 arctan   c
 40  5
 4t 
 v  t   40 tan  c  
 5 
v  0   40


 40  40 tan c  tan c  1  c 
4
  4t 
 v  t   40 tan   
4 5 
v 10   53.8 m s1 (3 s.f.)

© Oxford University Press 2019 16

 Worked solutions

Exercise 8G

1 a xy '  x2 cos x  y

 x v  xv '  x 2 cos x  xv
 x 2v '  x 2 cos x
 v '  cos x
v  sin x  c
 y  x  sin x  c 

b x2y '  3x2  xy

 x 2 v  xv '  3x 2  x 2v
 v  xv '  3  v
 xv '  3  2v
1 1
 v' 
3  2v x
1 1
 dv   dx
3  2v x
1
  ln 3  2v   ln x  c
2
 ln 3  2v   c  2ln x
A
 3  2v  A e2 ln x 
x2

1 A
v  3  2 
2 x 
x A 1 3x 2  c
 y  3  2  
2 x  2x

3x 2  A 
2x


dy
c x2  y 2  xy  4x 2
dx

x 2 v  xv '  x 2v 2  x 2v  4x 2
 xv '  v 2  4
1 1
 v' 
4  v2 x
1 1
 dv   dx
4  v2 x
1 v 
 arctan    ln x  c
2 2
 v  2 tan 2ln x  c 
 y  2 x tan 2ln x  c 

y
2 Let v 
x

x2y '  y 2  xy  4x2

From 1 c we know the solution is

© Oxford University Press 2019 17

 Worked solutions

y  2 x tan 2ln x  c 
When x  1, y  2 so

2  2 tan c  tan c  1  c 
4
 
 y  2 x tan  2ln x  
 4

y y2
3 y'   subject to y 1  2
x x2

y
Let v 
x
 xv ' v  v  v 2
 xv '  v 2
1 1
 v' 
v2 x
1 1
  2 dv   dx
v x
1
   ln x  c
v
1
v 
c  ln x
x
y 
c  ln x

When x  1, y  2

1 1
2    c   so
c 2
2x
y 
1  2ln x

4 x2y '  y 2  3xy  2x2 subject to y 1  1

 x 2 v  xv '  x 2v 2  3x 2v  2 x 2
 v  xv '  v 2  3v  2
 xv '  v 2  2v  2
1 1
 v' 
v 2  2v  2 x
1 1
 dv   dx
1  v  1
2
x
 arctan v  1  ln x  c
 v  tan ln x  c   1
y  x  tan ln x  c   1
When x  1, y  1
 1  tan c  1  c  0
 y  x  tan ln x   1

Exercise 8H

1 a y ' y  ex

© Oxford University Press 2019 18

 Worked solutions

I  e  ex
dx

 e x y ' e x y  e2 x
dy x

dx

e y  e2 x 
1
 e x y  e2 x  c
2
1 x
 y  e  c e x
2

b  x  1 y '  y  x2y   x  1 y '  x2  1 y  0

x2  1
 y ' y  y '  x  1 y  0
x 1
 x2 
 x
 x 1dx
I  e
 2 
 e 

 x2 
 x

 y '  x  1 y   0
 
 2
e 

 x x 
2
d
 e 2 y   0
dx  
 

x2
x
e2 y  A
x2
 x
y  Ae 2

c xy ' y  x2  1

d

dx
 xy   x 2  1
1
 xy  x 3  x  c
3
1 2 c x 3  3x  c
 y  x 1 
3 x 3x

d y ' y  sin ex  
I  e  ex
dx

 
e x  y ' y   e x sin e x
d
dx
   
e x y  e x sin e x

 e y   cos  e   A
x x

 y   e cox  e   A e
x x x

2
e y ' xy  x ex

© Oxford University Press 2019 19

 Worked solutions

1 2

I  e
xdx x
 e2
x2 x2 3 x2
 e 2 y ' x e 2 y  x e 2

d  x2 
2 2
3x
 e y   x e 2
dx  

x2 2
1 32x
 e2 y  e c
3
2
x
1 2 
 y  ex  c e 2
3

f x2y ' 2xy  cos x

d
dx

x 2y  cos x 
 x 2y  sin x  c
sin x  c
y 
x2

2 cos x
g xy ' 2y  cos x  y ' y 
x x

2
I  e x  e2 ln x  x 2
dx

 x 2y ' 2 xy  x cos x
d

dx

x 2y  x cos x 
 x 2y   x cos xdx
 x 2y  x sin x  cos x  c
sin x cos x c
y    2
x x2 x

1
2 a xy '  y  x 3 sin x  y ' y  x 2 sin x subject to y    0
x

1
1
I  e  x  e  ln x 
 dx

x
1 1
 y ' 2 y  x sin x
x x
d 1 
  y   x sin x
dx  x 
y
x 
  x sin x dx

y
  sin x  x cos x  c
x
 y  x sin x  x 2 cos x  cx
When x   , y  0
 0   sin    2 cos   c  c  
 y  x sin x  x 2 cos x   x

3 2 3
b xy '  2y  y ' y  2 subject to y 2  5
x x x

© Oxford University Press 2019 20

 Worked solutions

2
1
I  e x  e2 ln x  2
 dx

x
1 2 3
 2 y ' 3 y  4
x x x

d  1  3
  2 y  4
dx  x  x
y 3 1
 2   4 dx   3  c
x x x
1
 y  cx 2 
x
When x  2, y  5
1 11
 5  4c   c 
2 8
11x 2 1
y  
8 x

c y ' y tan x  sec x subject to y 0  2

I  e e 
tan xdx  ln cos x 
 sec x
dy
 sec x  sec x tan xy  sec2 x
dx
d

dx
 y sec x   sec2 x
 y sec x  tan x  c
 y  sin x  c cos x
When x  0, y  2
2  c  c  2
 y  sin x  2 cos x

Exercise 8I

1 n xn yn dy
 f  xn , yn   2  2yn  e4 xn
dx

0 0 1 -1

1 0.1 0.9 -0.470320046

2 0.2 0.8529679954 -0.1552649549

3 0.3 0.8374414999 0.02392278827

4 0.4 0.8398337787 0.1184359246

5 0.5 0.8516773712

so y 0.5  0.852

2 n xn yn dy
 f  xn , yn   2xnyn
dx

0 1 2 4

1 1.4 3.6 10.08

2 1.8 7.632 27.4752

© Oxford University Press 2019 21

 Worked solutions

3 2.2 18.62208 81.937152

4 2.6 51.3969408 267.2640922

5 3.0 158.3025777

y 3  158.3

3 n xn yn dy
 f  xn , yn   xn2  yn2
dx

0 0 1 1

1 0.1 1.1 1.22

2 0.2 1.222 1.533284

3 0.3 1.3753284 1.981528208

4 0.4 1.573481221

 y 0.4  1.57 , underestimated since y’ is increasing

4 n xn yn dy
 f  xn , yn   exn  2yn2
dx

0 0 1 3

1 0.1 1.3 4.485170918

2 0.2 1.748517092 7.336026799

3 0.3 2.482119772

y 0.3  2.48

5 a n xn yn dy
dx

 f  xn , yn   2xn 1  xn2  yn 
0 1 2 0

1 1.1 2 0.462

2 1.2 2.0462 0.94512

3 1.3 2.140712

 y 1.3  2.14 , using a smaller step size would give a more accurate answer

b Integrating factor method

© Oxford University Press 2019 22

 Worked solutions

dy
 2 xy  2x  2x 3
dx
I  e
2 xdx 2
 ex
dy
 
2 2 2
 ex  2x ex y  ex 2x  2x 3
dx

dy x2
dx
 2
e y  ex 2x  2x 3   
x2
y   2 x e dx   2 x e x dx
x2 2
3
e

Note that  2x
3 2
e x dx  x
2
2x e dx  x
x2 2
e x   2 x e x dx (by parts)
2 2

 e x y  x 2 e x   2 x e x dx   2 x e x dx  c
2 2 2 2

2
 x 2 ex  c
2
 y  x 2  c e x

When x  1, y  2
 2  1  c e1  c  e
 y  x   x 2  e1 x
2

y 1.3  2.191576

Exercise 8J

sin x cos x
1 a lim  lim 1
x 0 x x 0 1

tan3x 3sec2 3x 3
b lim  lim 
x 0 tan 4 x x 0 4sec2 4 x 4

1  cos x sin x
c lim  lim 0
x 0 x x 0 1

2 2
ex  e9 2x ex
d lim  lim  6 e9
x 3 x  3 x 3 1

1

1  ln x
e lim  lim x  1
x e x x e 1
1
e e

1  1
arctan x 
4 1  x 2
2 1
f lim  lim  
x x 1  x 
  
x 1 2
tan 1 sec2 2
4 4 4 4

cos x  cos 2x  sin x  2 sin2x

g lim  lim 0
x 0 x  cos x x 0 1  sin x

h lim
sin x 2    lim
2x cos x 2    2lim cos  x   2x 2 2
   2
sin x 2
x 0 ln  cos x  x 0 tan x x 0 sec2 x

1
ln 1  x   x 1
1  x x 1
i lim  lim  lim  lim 1
x 0 cos x  1 x 0  sin x x 0 (1  x)sin x x 0 (1  x ) cos x  sin x

x2 2x 2
j lim  lim  lim 1 x  0
x  e1 x x   e1 x x  e

© Oxford University Press 2019 23

 Worked solutions

x2 2x 2 2
k lim x
 lim  lim  lim 0
x  e ln x x   1  x   1 1 1  x   2 1 
ex   ln x  e x   ln x  2   e x  ln x   2 
x  x x x  x x 

cos x  cos 2x  sin x  2 sin2x  cos x  4 cos 2x 1  4 3

l lim  lim  lim  
x 0 x2 x 0 2x x 0 2 2 2

2x 3  x 2 6 x 2  2x 12x  2 12
2 a lim 4
 lim  lim  lim 0
x  2  x  x x  1  4x 3 x  12x 2 x  24x

so y = 0

3x 3  2x 2  1 9x 2  4x 18x  4 18
b lim 3
 lim 2
 lim  lim  3
x  2x x x  1  3x x  6x x  6

so y = −3

3x 5  7 x 15x 4  7 60x 3
c lim 2
 lim  lim 
x  2x  4 x  4x x  4

so no horizontal asymptote exists

ln2 2x  lim ln2 2x  

2
2x
d lim  lim
x  x 2 x  2x x  2

so no horizontal asymptote exists

Exercise 8K

1 a f  0  0

f '  x   e x  x  1  f '  0   1
f ''  x   e x  x  2   f ''  0   2
f '''  x   e x  x  3  f '''  0   3
f    x   ex  x  4  f   0  4
4 4

1 3 1 4
 f  x   x  x2  x  x  ...
2 6

b f  0  1

f '  0   1
f ''  0   1
f '''  0   1

f   0  1
4

x2 x3 x 4
 f x  1  x     ...
2 6 24

c f  0  0

© Oxford University Press 2019 24

 Worked solutions

f '  x   cos x  f ' 0   1

f ''  x    sin x  f '' 0   0
f '''  x    cos x  f '''  0   1
f    x   sin x  f    0   0
4 4

x3
 f x  x   ...
6

d f  0  1

f '  x   2 sin x cos x   sin2x  f '  0   0

f ''  x   2 cos 2x  f ''  0   2
f '''  x   4 sin2 x  f ''' 0   0
f    x   8 cos 2x  f    0   8
4 4

x4
 f  x   1  x2   ...
3

e f  0  1

f '  x   1  x   f ' 0  1

2

f ''  x   2 1  x   f ''  0   2
3

f '''  x   6 1  x   f '''  0   6
4

 x   24 1  x   f 4 0  24
 4 5
f
 f  x   1  x  x 2  x 3  x 4  ...

f f  0  1

 
2
f '  x   2x 1  x 2  f ' 0  0

   
2 3
f ''  x   2 1  x 2  8x 2 1  x 2  f '' 0   2

   
3 3
f '''  x   8 x 1  x 2  16 x 1  x 2  terms divisible by x 2  f ''' 0   0

   
3 2
f    x   8 1  x2  terms divisble by x  f    0   24
4 4
 16 1  x 2
 f  x   1  x 2  x 4  ...

g Using question 1 f

 1 
f x  x  2 
1  x 

 x 1  x 2  x 4  ...  x  x 3  ... 

Exercise 8L

9x 2 3n x n 3n x n

1 a e3x  1  3x 
2!
 ... 
n!
 ...  
n 0 n !

1 
b
1 x
 1  x  x2  x 3  ...  (1)n x n   (1)
n 0
n
xn

c Using the series sound in part b

1 
 1  2x  2x   3x   ...  (1)n(2x)n  ...   (1) (2x)
2 3 n n

1  2x n 0

© Oxford University Press 2019 25

 Worked solutions

x 6 x10 x 2(2n1) 
x2(2n1)
d  
arctan x2  x2 
3

5
 ...  (1)n
2n  1
 ...   (1)
n 0
n

2n  1

e y  f  x   sin2 x

f '  x   2 sin x cos x  sin2 x  f ' 0   0

f ''  x   2 cos 2 x  f '' 0   2
f '''  x   4 sin2 x  f ''' 0   0
f    x   8x cos 2 x  f    0   8
4 4

Can show inductively that f 

2 m 1
0   0 for x  and f   0    1
2m m 1 2 m 1
2

 1 22m1 x 2m
m 1

for x  so f  x   
m 1 2m !

1 n 2x 
1 
2n

2 sin2 x  1  cos 2x   1    1 
2 2
 n 0 2n ! 


1  n 2x 

2n

 1  1    1 
2
 n 1 2n ! 

2 n
1  n 2
    1 x 2n
2 n 1 2n !

22n 1
  1 2n ! x
n 1 2n

n 1

which coincides with the answer to 1 e

7x  2 A B
3 f x   
 x  1  x  2 x  1 x  2
 7 x  2  A  x  2   B  x  1
x  2 : 12  3B  B  4
x  1 : 9  3 A  A  3
7x  2 3 4
  
 x  1  x  2 x  1 x  2
1
 x
 3  x  1
1
 2 1  
 2 

n
 
n  x
 3  1 x n  2   1   
n

n 0 n 0  2 
n
 
 x
 3  1 x n  2    
n

n 0 n 0  2

 3  1 

n
  21 n x n
n 0

 x3 x5 
x    ...  x
sin x  x 6 120
4 a lim  lim  
x 0 x3 x 0 x3

 x3 x5 
   ...
 6 120   lim   1  x  ...   1
2
lim 3  
x 0 x x 0
 6 120  6

© Oxford University Press 2019 26

 Worked solutions

 x2 x3   x2 x3 
1  x    ...  1  x    ...
e x  e x 2 6 2 6
b lim  lim    
x 0 x x 0 x

 x3 x5 
2x    ...
6 120   2lim 1  x  x  ...  2
2 4
 lim   
x 0 x x 0
 6 120 

2  2 cos x  1  cos x 
3 3

c lim  8lim
x 0 x6 x 0 x6

3 3
  x2 x 4   x2 x 4 
1  1    ...     ...
 2 24  2 24
8lim   8lim  
x 0 x6 x 0 x6
3
 1 x2  1
 8lim    ...  8   1
x 0 2 24 8
 

d lim
x 2  sin2 x
 lim
 x  sin x   x  sin x 
x 0 x 2 sin2 x x 0 x2 sin2 x

 x3 x5   x3 x5 
 2x    ...    ...
6 120   6 120
 lim  
x 0
3 x5 x7
x    ...
6 120
 x3 x5 1 x2 
 2x    ...    ...
6 120   6 120
 lim  
x 0 x2 x4
1   ...
6 120
1
 x ...
1
lim 3 
  3
x  0 1  x ...

1  1
f (x)  1  x  1  x 2    ( x)n
5 a   2 
n 0 
 n

1  1  3 1 
1          ...    n  1
  2  2   2   2 
 2  n!
 n
1  3  5  ...  (2n  3)
 (1)n 1
2n n !

 (1)n 1
2n !
 
2
2n n ! (2n  1)

2n !
 1  (1) n 1
(1)n x n
2 n!
2
n
n 0 (2n  1)

2n ! 1 1 1 3 5
 1 x 1  x n  1  x  x2  x  x 4  ...
 
2
n 0 n
2 n ! (2n  1) 2 8 16 128

© Oxford University Press 2019 27

 Worked solutions

1 
 3 
 1  x    n x
3 n
b f (x)  3
(1  x) n 0  

 3  3  4  5  ...  (3  n  1)
 
n n!
3  4  5  ...  (n  2)!
 (1)n
2n !
n (n  1)(n  2)
 (1)
2
1 
 n  2 n
   (1)n  2 3
 x  1  3x  6 x  10 x  ...
1  x  n0
3
 2 

1 
 2 
    n   4x 
2 n
c f (x )   1  4x 2  2

1  4x 
2
2 n 0  

 2  2  3  4  ...  (2  n  1)
 
n n!
2  3  4  ...  (n  1)
 (1)n
n!
( n  1)!
 (1)n  (1)n(n  1)
n!
1  
   (n  1)(4)n x 2n   4n (n  1)x 2n
 
2
2
1  4x n 0 n 0

 1  8 x 2  48 x 4  ...

1  1
1    2x 3


   
n
d f (x ) 
4 3
 1  2x 3 4
   4 
n 0 
1  2x
 n 
1 5 9 1 
 1        ...    n  1 
   4 4 4  4 
 4  n!
 n 
1  5  9  ...  (4n  3)
 (1)n
4n n !
1 
1  5  9  ...  (4n  3)
 
n
  1   (1)n 2x3
4
1  2x 3
n 0 4n n !

1  5  9  ...  (4n  3) 3n
1  (1)
n 0
n

2n n !
x

1 3 5 6
1 x  x  ...
2 8

1 2 1 2 5

1
1 3 3 3 3 3
6 f  x   1  x  3 1 x      x   
2   x3
3 2! 3!

1 2 5 8  1   2   5   8   11 

3 3 3 3      
      x 4   3   3   3   3   3  x 5  ...
4! 5!
1 1 2 5 3
1 x  x  x  ...
3 9 81
f  0.2   1.06272

© Oxford University Press 2019 28

 Worked solutions


7 y 0  
2

y '  x   y tan x  cos x  y '  0  1


y ''  x   y ' tan x  y sec x  sin x  y ''  0   
2
 
 y x   x 2
x  ...
2 4

8 y  0  1

 y '  x   y 2  x  y '  0   12  0  1
y ''  x   2yy ' 1  y '' 0   1

y '''  x   2  y '  2yy ''  y ''' 0   4

2

y    x   4y '' y ' 2y ' y '' 2yy '''  6y '' y ' 2yy '''
4

 y    0   6  2  4   14
4

y    x   6y ''' y ' 6  y ''  2y ' y ''' 2yy    8y ''' y ' 6  y ''   2yy  
5 2 4 2 4

 y    0   8  4   6  2 14   66
5

x 2 4x 3 14x 4 66 x 5
 y x  1  x      ...
2! 3! 4! 5!
y  0.2   1.2264 (4 dp)

9 y  0  0

 y '  x   y 2  1  y '  0   02  1  1
y ''  x   2yy '  y ''  0   0

y '''  x   2  y '  2yy ''  y ''' 0   2

2

y    x   4y '' y ' 2y ' y '' 2yy '''  6y '' y ' 2yy '''
4

 y   0  0
4

y    x   6y ''' y ' 6  y ''  2y ' y ''' 2yy    8y ''' y ' 6  y ''   2yy  
5 2 4 2 4

 y    0   8 2   16
5

x 3 2x 5
 y x  x    ...
3 15

Which is the Maclurian expansion of tan x .

Chapter review
5
4
1 a A   sin x  cos x dx

4

5
   cos x  sin x  4
4

 2 
 2 2 2
 2


b A  2 sin x  sin2x dx
0

© Oxford University Press 2019 29

 Worked solutions


 1 
  2 cos x  cos 2x   4
 2 0

2 a x2  x3  x2 1  x   0  x  0,1

1 1
 x3 x 4  1
A 
0

x 2  x 3 dx  
3
  
4 0 12

2
b x  x3

2 2
 1 
x  0  x  x 3  x 3  x 3  1   0
 
 x  0,1
1
1
 2   3 5 x2  1
A  2  x 3  x dx  2  x 3   
0   5 2 0 5

c  
x 4  2x2  2x2  x 4  4x2  x2 x2  4  x2  x  2 x  2  0

 x  2,0,2

From the sketch the graphs just touch at x = 0 so the enclosed area is the integral from
x = −2 to x = 2
2 2
A  2x
2
 
 x 4  2x 2 dx 
   4x
2

 x 4 dx
2 2
2
 4x 3 x5  128
   
 3 5  2 15

d The graphs intersect at x = 0 and x = 4

4
 x2 
 A  2   4  x 2  4 dx
0  2 

2 4
 x2   x2 
 2   4  x 2  4dx  2   4  x2  4  dx
0  2  2  2 
2 4
3x 2  x2 
 2 dx  2  8  dx
0 2 2 2 
4
2  x3  64
  x 3   2 8x   
0
 2 2 3

e Sketch the graphs and find the points of intersection for x > 0:

x 6
x  5 x  x 6
5
 25x   x  6   x 2  12x  36
2

 x 2  13x  36   x  9   x  4   0  x  4,9

Substituting these values back into the equation verifies they are valid for x < 0:

x 6
 25x   x  6   x 2  12x  36
2
x 
5
x 2  37x  36   x  1  x  36   0  x  1, 36

© Oxford University Press 2019 30

 Worked solutions

Substituting these into the original equations shows x = −36 is a spurious root and the only
valid root in this region is x −1
4 9
x  6   x  6
A  
1 5
 x dx    x 
 4  5 
dx

0 4 9
x  6  x  6   x  6
 1  5   x dx  0  5  x dx    x 
 4  5 
dx

0 4 9
 x2 6x 2 3
  x 2 6 x 2 23  2 3 x2 6x  5
     x 2      x    x2    
 10 5 3  1  10 5 3 0  3 10 5 4 3

f The graphs intersect as x = ±2

Note that the total area is double the area enclosed in the first quadrant

 
2 2 
 8 x2   2 x 2

 A  2  2
 dx  2 0   x 2 4 dx

04  x 4 
1    
 
 2 
2
  x  x3 
 2 4 arctan    
  2  12  0
 2     2 4
 2 4 arctan1    2 4      2 
 3  4
   3  3

3 Total area enclosed is double the area enclosed in the first quadrant. The intersection in the
first quadrant is at x = 1 (by inspection or algebraically)
1
 2x 
 A  2  2  x 3 dx
0  x  1 

1
 x4 

 2 ln x 2  1  
4 0


1
 2ln2 
2

xy dy
4 a 
x  1 dx

1 dy x x 11 1
  1
y dx x 1 x 1 x 1
1  1 
  dy   1  dx
y  x  1
 ln y  x  ln  x  1  c
x ln x 1  c A ex
y e 
x 1

1 dy x
b  2
y dx x 1

© Oxford University Press 2019 31

 Worked solutions

1 x
  dy  x 2
dx
y 1
1
 ln y 
2

ln x 2  1  c 
 y  e2
1
 
ln x 2 1  c
 Ae
ln  x 2 1   A x2  1
or y  
c x2  1 
dy
c 1  xy '  y 2  x  y 2  1   y  1  y  1
dx

1 dy 1
 
 y  1  y  1 dx x
1 1 1  dy 1
    
2  y  1 y  1  dx x
1 1 1  1
  2  y  1  y  1 dy   x dx
1  y  1
 ln    ln x  c
2  y  1
 y  1
 ln  2
  2ln x  c  ln x  c  
 y  1
y 1
  Ax 2
y 1
1  Ax 2
y 
1  Ax 2
cx 2  1
or y 
1  cx 2

dy 1 1
d  
dx xy  y y  x  1

dy 1
y 
dx x 1
1
  ydy   dx
x 1
y2
  ln  x  1  c
2
 y   c  2ln  x  1

dy 2
e  y  x 2  sin2x
dx x

© Oxford University Press 2019 32

 Worked solutions

2
I  e x  x 2
dx

dy
 x2  2 xy  x 2 sin2 x  x 4
dx
d

dx
 
x 2y  x 2 sin2x  x 4

x5
 x 2y   x  x
2
sin2x  x 4 dx  2
sin2xdx  c
5
1 2 x5
 x cos 2 x   x cos 2 xdx  c
2 5
1 x 1 x5
  x 2 cos 2 x  sin2 x   sin2 xdx  c
2 2 2 5
x 1 x2 x5
 sin2 x  cos 2x  cos 2x  c
2 4 2 5

sin2x cos 2x cos 2x x 3

y     c
2x 4x 2 2 5

dy
f  y tan x  1
dx

dy
 cos x  y sin x  cos x
dx
d

dx
 y cos x   cos x
 y cos x  sin x  c
 y  tan x  C sec x

dy 1 1 1x
g  y  e2
dx 2 2

1 x
  2dx 
I e e 2

x
dy 1  2x
 1
e  e y 
2
dx 2 2
d   12 x  1
 e y  
dx   2
1
 x x
e 2
y  c
2
x x
x  1
 y    c  e2   x  c  e2
2  2

dy
5 a  ky
dt

1 dy
b k
y dt

 ln y  kt  c
 y  y0 ekt where y0 is the amount of substance at t  0
y0 ln2
 y0 e5500k  k  
2 5500
ln 2
 t
 y  y0 e 5500

© Oxford University Press 2019 33

 Worked solutions

ln 2
y0  t
c  y0 e 5500
5

1 ln2
 ln     t
5 5500
5500ln5
t   12770.60452
ln2

so 13000 years (to the nearest thousand years)

6 a xn yn dy xy
 f  xn , yn   1  n n 2
dx 4  xn

0 0 1 1

1 0.25 1.25 0.9206349206

2 0.5 1.48015873 0.8026455026

3 0.75 1.680820106 0.6332756133

4 1 1.839139009

y 1  1.84

dy x
b  y  1 subject to y 0  1
dx 4  x 2

x
 4  x2 dx 
1

ln 4  x 2  1
I e e 2

4  x2
1 dy x 1
  3
y 
dx
 
2
4x 4  x2 2 4  x2

d  1  1
  y  
dx  4  x 2
 4  x2
y x
  arcsin    c
4  x2 2
 x 
y  4  x 2  arcsin    c 
 2 
1
y  0   2c  1  c 
2
  x  1
 y  4  x 2  arcsin    
  2  2
y 1  1.7729...

© Oxford University Press 2019 34

 Worked solutions

Since y’ is decreasing the value of y is greater than the actual value.

7 f  x   ln 1  sin x   f 0  0

cos x
f 'x 
1  sin x
 f ' 0  1

f ''  x  
1  sin x    sin x   cos x  cos x   1  sin x 
1
1  sin x  1  sin x 
2 2
1  sin x
 f ''  0   1

 cos x cos x
f '''  0   
1  sin x  1  sin x 
2 2

 f '''  0  1

1  sin x    sin x   cos x  2 cos x 1  sin x 

2

f   x 
4

1  sin x 
4

 sin x 1  sin x   2 cos2 x  sin x  sin2 x  cos2 x  cos2 x

 
1  sin x  1  sin x 
3 3

 sin x  1  cos2 x

1  sin x 
3

 f  0   2
 4

f   0  5
5

1 2 1 3 2 4 5 5
 f x  x x  x  x  x
2! 3! 4! 5!
x2 x3 x 4 x5
x   
2 6 12 24

8 Using L’Hopital’s Rule:

sin x  x cos x  1  sin x

lim  lim  lim 0
x 0 x sin x x 0 sin x  x cos x x 0 2 cos x  x sin x

Using MacLaurin Series:

© Oxford University Press 2019 35
 Worked solutions

 x3 x5 
x    ...  x
sin x  x 6 120
lim  lim  
x 0 x sin x  
x 0
x3 x5
x x    ...
 6 120 
 x3 x5   x x3 
   ... lim     ...
6 120 x 0 6 120
 lim      0
x 0  x3 x5   x2 
x x    ... lim 1   ...
 6 120  x 0
 6 
(dividing top and bottom by x 2 in penultimate step)

9 Using L’Hopital’s Rule:

1
ln x x 1
lim  lim 
 
x 1 sin 2 x
  2
x 1 2 cos 2 x

Using MacLaurin Series:

ln x ln 1  x  ln  x  1
lim  lim  lim
x 1 sin 2 x  x 0 sin 2  x  1  x 0 sin 2 x 
 x2 x3   x x2 
x    ... 1    ...
2 3 2 3   1
 lim    lim 
x 0 
2 x   ...
3 x  0 4 2
 2 x  2   3 x 2  ...
  3
6
 

Exam-style questions

10 a

(1 mark) for correct shape, (1 mark) for symmetry about the y-axis, (1 mark) for points of
intersection
1


b A = 2 x  x 2 dx  (1 mark)
0
1
 x2 x3 
= 2   (1 mark)
2 3 0

1 1
= 2   (1 mark)
2 3
1
= square units (1 mark)
3

11 a d t   sin2t  sin t  0.24 (2 marks)

b Use GDC to find the maximum of d  1.88 (1 mark)

occurs when t  2.25 (1 mark)

© Oxford University Press 2019 36

 Worked solutions

c Find intersection of graphs (1 mark)

t = 1.13 (1 mark)

12 a

(1 mark) for shape, (1 mark) for domain

b f  x   g  x   x  1.68, x  1.80 (2 marks)

c 1.68  x  1.80 (1 mark)

1.8

d   f  x   g  x dx  5.68
1.68
(2 marks)

OR can be done using technology

13 Let the number of insects be y.

dy
 ky (1 mark)
dx
1
 y dy   kdt (1 mark)

ln y = –kt + c (1 mark)
y  ekt  c
y = Ae–kt
when t = 0, y = 500 000  A = 500 000 (1 mark)
y = 500 000e–kt
when t = 5, y = 400 000
400 000 = 500 000e–5k (1 mark)
4
 e5k
5
4
5k  ln
5
1 4
k  ln (= 0.0446) (1 mark)
5 5
250 000 = 500 000e–kt (1 mark)
1
 e kt
2
1
ln  kt
2
5 1
t  ln = 15.5 years (1 mark)
4 2
ln
5

© Oxford University Press 2019 37

 Worked solutions

 sec ydy   cos xdx

2
14 a (2 marks)
tan y  sin x  c (1 mark)

tan  sin   c  c  1 (1 mark)
4
tan y = 1 + sin x (1 mark)
y = arctan (1 + sin x)


b Since the denominator is 0 when x  , to apply l’Hopital’s rule the numerator must also be
2
0. (1 mark)

 
Hence k  arctan 1  sin   arctan2 (1 mark)
 2
arctan(1  sin x)  arctan2 0
lim 2
 , so by applying l’Hopital’s rule:
x

  0
x  2
2

 

cos x
lim
arctan(1  sin x)  arctan2
 lim sin2
x  2 sin x  2  0 (2 marks)

 
2
x
   0
x
2x  
x  2
2 2

   2
Applying l’Hopital’s rule again gives
  8  13 sin x  sin3x   8  13  1
20
 cos 2x  4 sin x  5  1  4  5
2 2
100 1
 lim    (3 marks)
x
 2 2 2 10
2

15 a y = ln (1 + sin x)
cos x
y'  (1 mark)
1  sin x
1
y ''   (1 mark)
1  sin x
cos x
y  
3
(1 mark)
1  sin x 
2

 sin x 1  sin x   2 1  sin x  cos2 x

2

y  
4
(2 marks)
1  sin x 
4

y(0) = 0; y′(0) = 1 (1 mark)

y″(0) = –1; y(3)(0) = 1; y(4)(0) = –2 (2 marks)

1 1 1 4
ln 1  sin x   x  x 2  x 3  x  ...
2 6 12

b i ln(1 – sin x) = ln(1 + sin(–x)) (1 mark)

1 1 1 4
 x  x2  x3  x  ... (1 mark)
2 6 12

ii ln(1 + sin x) + ln(1 – sin x) = ln(1 – sin2 x) (1 mark)

= ln cos2 x (1 mark)

1 4
lncos2 x   x 2  x  ... (1 mark)
6
1 1 1 4
lncos x  lncos2 x   x 2  x  ... (1 mark)
2 2 12

© Oxford University Press 2019 38

 Worked solutions

d 1
iii
dx
lncos x   cos x    sin x  (1 mark)

= –tan x (1 mark)
1
tan x  x  x 3  ... (2 marks)
3

x4
c
tan x 2 

x2 
3
 ...
(1 mark)
2 4
ln cos x x x
   ...
2 12
x2
1 ...
 3 (1 mark)
1 x2
   ...
2 12

→ –2 as x → 0 (1 mark)

lim 
 
 tan x 2 
  2 (1 mark)
x   ln cos x 
 

© Oxford University Press 2019 39

 Worked solutions

9 Modelling 3D space: vectors

Skills check

1 a c  212  202  29

b a  132  72  10.95

 y2  y1    x2  x1    5  3   4  2  10
2 2 2 2
2 d

2
3 We calculate the slopes and get that ma    mc so a and c are parallel
3
3
mb  , ma  mb  ma  md  1 so b and d are parallel, and both perpendicular to a. e is not
2
parallel or perpendicular to any of the other lines.

4 We use method of elimination

 16 x  12y  4

15x  12y  6

We subtract both and get that x  2

and so 4  2  3y  1

18
y   3
3

Exercise 9A

1 correct vectors drawn

2 a ab b –a  b c ba d 2a - b

3 3 3a b 1 1
e 2a - b f 2b  a g –  h b a
2 2 2 2 2 2

3 a AG = AB + BC +CG = a + b + c

b CE = CB + BA + AE = −b – a + c

c DF = DA + AB + BF = −b + a + c

1 1 1 1
d MN = MB + BC + CG + GN =  cbc a b c a
2 2 2 2

4 i    a   a     a     a     a

ii By distributivity of scalar multiplication,   a  b    a   b

iii By distributivity of scalar multiplication,      a   a   a

iv 1 is the identity so the operation from left or right returns the same vector, 1  a  a  1  a

v Multiplying by zero will always return the zero vector, 0  a  0

© Oxford University Press 2019 1

 Worked solutions

Exercise 9B

1 We need to show that

BD  PQ

so we use the triangle rule for both diagonals to get

BC  CD  BD

and

PC  CQ  PQ

where

1
PC  BC
2

and

1
CQ  CD
2

Then

BD  2  PC  CQ  2PQ

hence they are parallel. Additionally,

1
PQ  BD
2

2 If PQ is perpendicular to AC, then PQ is parallel to BD, as the diagonals are perpendicular. Then

PQ  QC  CP

AC  AD  DC

BD  DC  CB

BD  2QC  2CP  2PQ  BD and PQ are parallel, hence PQ is orthogonal to AC

AD  2CP , DC  2QC

Then

AC  2CP  2QC  2 CP  QC   2PQ

as requested

3 On the side  AB  draw the point E such that BC  ED . Hence

1 1
NM  ND  DC  CM  AB  DC  CB
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
 AB  DE  DC  AE  DC  DC
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
 AE  EB  DC  AB  DC
2 2 2 2 2

© Oxford University Press 2019 2

 Worked solutions

We know that  AB  and DC  are parallel, hence since NM  is a linear combination of them
then all three of them are mutually parallel and the same equation is true for the magnitudes.
1 1
NM  AB  DC
2 2

5 3
4 We have that DC  y where y is some length. Then the ratio gives us that PC  y .
3 5

5 a HC  HF  FE  EC where

FE  AB

HC  HQ  AB

HC  HC  AB

HC  1  k  AB

Hence they are parallel.

This means we can form a right angled triangle HQA and Pythagoras’ theorem gives us


HC  1  2 AB 
b MN  ME  ED  DN

1 1
MN  FE  ED  DC
2 2

1 1
MN  AD  OD  DC
2 2

Hence they are parallel.

Again we have a right angled triangle which gives us that

 2
MN  1   AB
 2 


6 KL  KB  BL

NM  ND  DM

We know that they are the midpoints, so

AB BC
KL  
2 2

and

AD DC
NM  
2 2

Then we form a parallelogram.

Exercise 9C

1 a a  b  2  3 i   5  4 j  i  j

© Oxford University Press 2019 3

 Worked solutions

b a  b  2  3 i   5  4 j  5i  9 j

c 5a  6b  5 2i  5 j   6  3i  4 j   10i  25 j  18i  24 j  28i  49 j

d 7b  4a  7  3i  4 j   4 2i  5 j   21i  28 j  8i  20 j  29i  48 j

3 3 3 3 6 15 9 12 21
e a  b  2i  5 j    3i  4 j   i  j i j  i
5 4 5 4 5 5 4 4 20

2 a Let  3i  2 j     i  5 j   5i  j

where  and  are constants. Then

3 i  2 j   i  5 j  5i  j

This gives two equations

3    5

2  5  1

Then

  5  3

we substitute to get 

2  5 5  3   1

13  26

 2

and we substitute again to get 

  5  3 2  1

5i – j = 2p − q

b Let

 3i  2 j     i  5 j   10i  9 j

where  and  are constants. Then

3 i  2 j   i  5 j  10i  9 j

This gives two equations

3    10

2  5  9

Then

  10  3

we substitute to get  .

2  5 10  3   9

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 Worked solutions

13  41

41
 
13

and we substitute again to get 

 41  7
  10  3  
 13  13

41 7
p q
13 13

c Let

 3i  2 j     i  5 j   9i  7 j

where  and  are constants. Then

3 i  2 j   i  5 j  9i  7 j

This gives two equations

3    9

2  5  7

Then

  9  3

we substitute to get 

2  5  9  3   7

13  52

  4

and we substitute again to get 

  9  3  4  3

−4p + 3q

d Let

 3i  2 j     i  5 j   i

where  and  are constants. Then

3 i  2 j   i  5 j  i

This gives two equations

3    1

2  5  0

Then

  1  3

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 Worked solutions

we substitute to get 

2  5 1  3   0

13  5

5
 
13

and we substitute again to get 

 5  2
  1  3 
 13  13

5 2
p q
13 13

e Let

 3i  2 j     i  5 j    j

where  and  are constants. Then

3 i  2 j   i  5 j   j

This gives two equations

3    0

2  5  1

Then

  3

we substitute to get 

2  5  3   1

13  1

1
 
13

and we substitute again to get 

 1  3
  3   
 13  13

1 3
p q
13 13

f Let

1 2
 3i  2 j     i  5 j    i j
2 3

where  and  are constants. Then

1 2
3 i  2 j   i  5 j   i j
2 3

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 Worked solutions

This gives two equations

1
3    
2

2
2  5 
3

Then

1
   3
2

we substitute to get 

 1  2
2  5    3  
 2  3

19
13 
6

19
 
78

and we substitute again to get 

1  19  3
   3 
2  78  13

19 3
 p q
78 13

3 Note that

QR  PS

so we calculate

QR  i  3 j  4i  j  3i  2 j

and so

PS  3  x  i  3  y  j

where P  xi  yj , corresponding to  x, y  coordinates of P. Then we equate both expressions

and get

3 x  3

3  y  2

so x  0 and y  5 . Then P  0,5

4 In the notation bellow, any vector with a single letter is measured from the origin (e.g. OA=A)

 3   i   1   i   2   i 
          
OA  OB  CD   2    j    2    j    0   j 
0  k   1   k  1  k 
          

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 Worked solutions

 2   i   2   i   0   i 
          
OE  OA  CG   0    j    0    j    0   j 
 1   k   2   k   1  k 
          

 3   i   2   i   1   i 
          
OF  OB  CG   2    j    0    j    2   j 
 0   k   2   k   2   k 
          

 1   i   2   i   1  i 
          
OH  OD  CG   1    j    0    j    1   j 
 2   k   2   k   0   k 
          

Then A  2,0,1 , E  0,0, 1 , F  1,2, 2 , H   1,1,0

5 i Commutative: Let a  xi  y j , and b  mi  n j for real x, y, m, n . Then for all a, b

a  b   x  m i   y  n j   m  x  i   n  y  j  b  a

where we have used the commutativity of addition of real numbers.

ii Associative: Let c  l i  p j for real l , p , then for all a, b, c

 a  b   c   m  x  i   n  y  j  l i  p j   m  x  l  i   n  y  p j
 x i  y j   m  l  i   n  p j  a   b  c 

where we have used the commutativity and associativity of addition of real numbers.

iii Identity: for 0  0i  0 j and for all a

0  a   0  x  i   0  y  j   x  0 i   y  0  j  x i  y j  a

where we have used the identity and commutativity of addition of real numbers.

iv Let a   xi  y j . Then for all a, a

a   a    x  x  i   y  y  j   x  x  i   y  y  j  a  a  0i  0 j  0

where we have used the identity and commutativity of addition of real numbers.

6 i For any real  ,  and for all a  xi  y j for real x, y we have

   a     xi  y j    xi  y j     xi     y j     a 
and

   xi     y j      xi    y j    a 

where we have used the commutativity of the multiplication of real numbers.

ii Let b  mi  n j for any real n, m

  a  b      x  m i   y  n j    xi  mi  y j  n j   xi  y j  mi  n j  a  b

where we have used the commutativity and associativity of the multiplication of real
numbers.

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 Worked solutions

iii      a       xi  y j    xi   xi  y j  y j   xi  y j   xi  y j  a  b
where we have used the commutativity and associativity of the multiplication of real
numbers.

iv 1a  1  xi  y j   1  x  i  1  y  j  xi  y j  a

where we have used the identity of multiplication of real numbers

v 0a  0  xi  y j   0  x  i  0  y  j  0i  0 j  0

and

 0i  0 j      0 i     0 j  0i  0 j  0

Exercise 9D

7i  24 j 7i  24 j 7 24
1 a a
ˆ   i j
72  242 25 25 25

b ˆ  3i  2 j  3i  2 j  3 i  2 j
b
32  22 13 13 13

4i  5 j  20k 4i  5 j  20k 4 5 20
c c
ˆ   i j k
2
4  5  202 2 21 21 21 21

i  3 j  4k i  3 j  4k 1 3 4
d dˆ    i j k
2
1 3 42 2
26 26 26 26

20i  21 j 20i  21 j 20 21
2 a a
ˆ   i j
2
20  21 2 29 29 29

a are of the form  ˆ

All vectors parallel to ˆ a for real 

ˆ i  3j i  3j 1 3
b b   i j
2
1 3 2
10 10 10

All vectors parallel to bˆ are of the form  b

ˆ for real 

5i  6 j  30k 5i  6 j  30k 5 6 30
c c
ˆ   i j k
2
5  6  302 2 31 31 31 31

All vectors parallel to ĉ are of the form ˆ

c for real 

2i  j  5k 2i  j  5k 2 1 5
d dˆ    i j k
2
2 1 52 2
30 30 30 30

All vectors parallel to dˆ are of the form  dˆ for real 

3 2a  b

© Oxford University Press 2019 9

 Worked solutions

2 2
4a  b

 
4 32  22   2  12  52     5
2

3 2  10  1  0
10  100  12 5  22
  
6 3

5i  j 5i  j 5 1
4 a a
ˆ   i j
2
5 1 2
26 26 26

56 6 30 6
Then the required vector is mˆ
a i j i j
26 26 26 26

b ˆ  4i  5 j  20k  4i  5 j  20k  4 i  5 j  20 k

b
42  52  202 21 21 21 21

ˆ 4  63 5  63 20  63
Then the required vector is m b i j k  12i  15 j  60k
21 21 21

5 a This is the same cuboid as in exercise 9C, 4. A space diagonal could be

 0   2    i 
      
AG   3    0     j   2i  3 j  2k
 1  1    k 
      
 AG  17

b Recall that A  2,0,1 , E  0,0, 1 , F  1,2, 2 , H   1,1,0

Then

AD  i  j  k

AE  2i  0 j  2k

AB  i  2 j  k

V  Abase  h  AD AE AB  12  12  12 22  22 12  22  12  12

Exercise 9E

1 a a  b  a b cos   3  4 cos30  6

b a  b  a b cos   12  8 cos115  40.6


c a  b  a b cos   3  5 cos  13.5
7

3
d a  b  a b cos   5 2  17 cos  85
4

2 a a  b  3  6   4  5  2

b a  32  42  5

© Oxford University Press 2019 10

 Worked solutions

b  62  52  61

a  b  a b cos   5 61 cos   2

2
cos  
5 61

  1.62rad  93

3 a a  b  1   2  4  3   3  1  7

b a  12  42  32  26

b  22  32  12  14

a  b  a b cos   26  14 cos   7

7
cos  
2 91

  1.20rad  68.5

4  a  2b  2a  b  2a  a  a  b  2b  2a  2b  b  0

2  2  2  a  b  4 a  b  2 3 3  0

2
ab   a b cos   2 3 cos 
3

1
  cos1
3 3
  1.38rad  78.9

5 Let a  x i  y j and b  mi  n j for any real x, y, m, n . Then

i a  b  a b cos   b a cos   b  a

2
ii a  a  a a cos 0  a

We prove it for the two dimensional case.

iii Let a  x i  y j , b  mi  n j , and c  si  t j for any real x, y, m, n . Then

a   b  c   x   m  s   y   n  t   xm  xs  yn  yt  xm  yn  xs  yt  a  b  a  c

We have used multiplicative properties for real numbers, therefore this can be extended to
any dimension of vector, as the associativity and distributivity of scalar multiplication holds.

 
iv Let   R    a  b   ( a b cos  )   a b cos    a b cos   a  b cos   
Hence

  a  b    a   b  a   b  .

 a  b   a  b  a  a  2a  b  b  b 
2 2 2 2
6 i a  2 a b  b  a  b  2 a b cos 

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 Worked solutions

 a  b   a  b  a  a  2a  b  b  b 
2 2 2 2
ii a  2 a b  b  a  b  2 a b cos 

Each of these cases correspond to the cosine rule for a triangle with sides a, b, and a  b .

7 We use both definitions to write the scalar product between a and b , i.e.

a  b  a1b1  a2b2  a b cos 

Hence both definitions are equivalent.

8 We form the systems of equations

 a  b  2a  b  a  2a  a  b  b  2a  b  b  0
and

 a  2b  3a  b  a  3a  a  b  2b  3a  2b  b  0
This simplifies to

2 a  a   b  b  a  b  0

and

3  a  a   2b  b  5  a  b   0

2 2
We will express a and b in terms of the scalar product between a and b. This means we
solve the system of equations for the norms of a and b

b  b  2 a  a   a  b

3 a  a   4 a  a   2 a  b  5 a  b  0

 a  a   3  a  b
Note that the dot product is negative. This will be important as it allows us to take square roots
of negative numbers multiplied by the dot product. Then we substitute into form for the norm
of b

b  b  6  a  b   a  b  7  a  b 

Then we write

a  b  3  a  b  7  a  b  cos 

or equivalently

1  21 cos 

so cos   1 / 21 , giving   77.4

Exercise 9F

1 a d  2  0 i  3  0 j  2i  3 j

Then the vector equation of the line is

© Oxford University Press 2019 12

 Worked solutions

 x  0 2
    k 
 y  0  3

b d   1  2 i  3  1 j  3i  2 j

Then the vector equation of the line is

 x   1  3 
    k 
y   3  2

c d  3  2 i   6  5 j  5i  j

Then the vector equation of the line is

x  3  5
    k 
 y   6   1

 1 2 3  7 7
d d      i    1 j   i  j
 2 3 4  6 4

Then the vector equation of the line is

 1  7

x  2  
    k  6
y   3   7 
   
 4   4 

x  2  1
2 a p  a  d          
 y   7  1

 x 2
 x  2  
 

y  7   y  7  

 x 2  y 7  y  x 9

b n   p  a  0  n  p  n  a

 2 x  2  2 
       
 3   y   3   7 

 2x  3y  4  21

2x  3y  25

2x  25
y 
3

3 a We obtain the direction vector of L,

x 3 y 1

2 3

Then

3x  9  2y  2  

Then

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 Worked solutions

1
3x  9    x  3  
3

and

1
2y  2    y  1  
2

1 1
Hence the direction vector is d   i j
3 2

Then the vector equation parallel to L and passing through T is

 1
 x   3   
3
    
y
    8  1 
 
 2 

b The perpendicular line must have a normal vector for its direction vector

1 1 1 1
d  i jn i j
3 2 2 3

Then the vector equation perpendicular to L passing through T is

1
 x   3   
2
     
y   8  1
 
3

c We find the intersection between L and r as

x  1  2
r       
y
   1  4

We write this in Cartesian notation

x  1  2

y  1  4 

Then

x 1 y 1
  4x  4  2y  2  y  2x  3
2 4

We write L in Cartesian form and get

x 3 y 1 7 3
  3x  9  2y  2  y   x
2 3 2 2

To find the intersection between the two, we equate both lines and get

7 3 13
2x  3   xx 
2 2 7

and

 13  5
y  2 3 
 7  7

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 Worked solutions

 13 5 
So we must find a line passing through T and  ,  , so be obtain the direction vector as
 7 7

 13   5 34 51
d   3   i  8   j   i j
 7   7  7 7

Then the equation of the line passing through T and the intersection between the two lines is

 34 
 x   3   
7 
    
y   8   51 
 
 7 

4 a For them to be parallel, their direction vectors have to be proportional to each other.

Note that

r  3i  2 j    i  a j   d1  i  a j

p  1  2  i  5  2 j  d2  2i  5 j

For them to be parallel, we must have

d1   d2

for real  . Then the normalised

i  a j   2i  5 j 

1
Note that 2  1 gives   , so
2

1 5
a  5 
2 2

b For them to be perpendicular, their scalar product must be zero, so

2
d1  d2  0  1  2  a  5  0  5a  2  a 
5

Exercise 9G

1 a d   4  1 i  2  3 j  1  2 k  3i  j  3k

Then we write the vector equation simply as

x  1  3
     
y 
    3    1
 z   2  3
     

b d  5  3 i  7  0 j   2  5 k  2i  7 j  3k

Then we write the vector equation simply as

x  3  2
     
 y    0    7
 z   5  3
     

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 Worked solutions

2 a We write the form for r as

x  3   1
     
y  
   1   1
z  2  3
     

We substitute with P, and get

0 3

2  1  

5  2  3

From the first equations,   3 , and then substituting with that value of  in the last one
gives

2  3 3  11  5

Hence there is a contradiction, and so P does not lie on the line.

b A parallel line has the same direction vector, and now the equation of the line is

 x  0  1 
     
 y   2    1 
 z  5 3
     

c We substitute T into the equation of the line to get the system of equations

2  3  

4  1  

a  2  3

Then   5 , and is consistent in the first two equations. Then

a  2  3 5  17

3 a If the lines are parallel, their direction vectors are proportional to each other. We obtain
them by rewriting in the equations for the lines in vector form

x 1 y  2 z  3
L1 :   
2 3 5

so

x  2  1

y  3  2

z  5  3

so

d1  2i  3 j  5k

and

y 1 z  2
L2 : x  2   
2 4

so
© Oxford University Press 2019 16
 Worked solutions

x   2

y  2  1

z  4  2

so

d2  i  2 j  4k

The lines are not parallel as there is no real  for which

d1   d2

b The lines are skew if they are not parallel or perpendicular to each other. We check the
scalar product between their direction vectors:

d1  d2  2  1  3   2  5  4  16  0

Hence the lines are skew.

4 a We rewrite the lines in parametric form

x  3  5
     
L1 :  y    2     4 
z  1  3
     

x  7   1 
     
L2 :  y    4     2 
 z   1  3 
     

At the intersection, both lines will take on the same values, so we construct the system of
equations

3  5  7  

2  4  4  2

1  3  1  3

From the first equation we get that

  3  5  7  5  4

and so

2  4  4  2  5  4  14  14    1

so

  5 1  4  1

We check that these values satisfy the third equation

1  3 1  1  3  1

so the lines do not intersect.

b We rewrite the lines in parametric form

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 Worked solutions

x  0  1
     
L1 :  y    1    2 
z  3   1
     

 x   7  3
     
L2 :  y    0     1 
z  7   2 
     

At the intersection, both lines will take on the same values, so we construct the system of
equations

  7  3

1  2  

3    7  2

We substitute the first equation into the second equation and get

1  2  7  3   

1  14  6  

5  15

 3

and so

  7  3 3  2

which is consistent with the third equation.

c We rewrite the lines in parametric form

 x  0 2
     
L1 :  y    2     5 
 z  0  4
     

x  1   3
     
L2 :  y    1     2 
 z   3  1
     

At the intersection, both lines will take on the same values, so we construct the system of
equations

2  1  3

2  5  1  2

4  3  

The first equation gives us that

1  3

2

We substitute this into the third equation and get

© Oxford University Press 2019 18

 Worked solutions

 1  3 
4 3  
 2 

2  6  3  

5  5

  1

and so

1  3  1
  1
2

which is consistent with the second equation.

5 First we find the point of intersection between L1 and L2

 x   5  2
     
L1 :  y    3     1 
z  5   1
     

 x   3   4
     
L2 :  y    1     1 
z  3   2 
     

At the intersection, both lines will take on the same values, so we construct the system of
equations

5  2  3  4

3    1  

5    3  2

The first equation gives us that

4

2

We substitute this into the third equation and get

4  
5    3  2 
 2 
 5     1   

This is not possible, thus the lines are not concurrent.

Exercise 9H

1 a We use the provided formula

 a2b3  a3b2   3  3   5   2   9  10   1 

       
 a3b1  a1b3     5  1  2  3    5  6    11
 a b  a b     4  3   7 
 1 2 2 1
 2   2  3  1     

© Oxford University Press 2019 19

 Worked solutions

1   2  0  0   2  0   2 
     
b  0  3  1   2     0  2    2 
   0  3   3 
 1 0 13     

 4  2   1  1   8  1   7 
     
c  1  2  3  2    2  6    8 
 3  1  4  2   3  8   11 
       

 3  2 
    2   1       6 2   13 
 4  3      
 1   4 3   6 
d  1  1      2     1  1    2 
 2     
   2  3   5 
  1   2   3      
6 4   12 
  2     3     4   1 
      

2 A  ab

 3   4   6    1   12  6   18 

     
a  b    6   3  2   4     18  8    10 
   2  9   11 
 2   1  3  3     

Then

a  b  182  102  112  23.3

3 a AB   2  1 i  0  4 j  3  2 k  3i  4 j  k

AC   1  1 i  2  4 j   4  2 k  2i  2 j  2k

1
b A AB  AC
2

 4  2  1  2   8  2   6 
     
AB  AC   1   2   3  2    2  6    4 
   6  8   2 
 3   2   4  2     

Then

AB  AC  62  42  22  36  16  4  7.48

Then the area is

1
A
2
7.48  3.74

4 i Let the vectors 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 be well defined. Then

a  b  a b sin   a b sin      b a sin       b  a 

where we have used the commutativity of real numbers and properties of sines. Note that if
the angle from a to b is  , then the angle from b to a is –

ii We calculate

© Oxford University Press 2019 20

 Worked solutions

 a2  b1c2  b2c1   a3  b1c3  a3c1  

 
a   b  c    a3  a2b3  a3b2   a1  b1c2  b2c1     a  c  b   a  b  c
 
 a1  b1c3  b3c1   a2  a2b3  a3b2  

 a2b3  a3b2     a2b3  a3b2    a2   b3   a3   b2      a2  b3    a3  b2 

       
iii   a3b1  a1b3      a3b1  a1b3     a3   b1   a1   b3       a3  b1    a1  b3 
 a b  a b       
 1 2 2 1
   a1b2  a2b1    a1   b2   a2   b1      a1  b2    a2  b1 

Hence

  a  b    a  b  a   b ,   R

iv We can expand out the cross products explicitly as

  a2  b2  c3   a3  b3  c2   a c  a c   b c  b c 
  2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2

 a  b   c    a3  b3  c1   a1  b1  c3    a3c1  a1c3    b3c1  b1c3    a  c    b  c 

   a c  a c   b c  b c 
  a1  b1  c2   a2  b2  c1   1 2 2 1  1 2 2 1

5 We write out the vectors

AB  2  1 i   1  1 j  0  1 k  i  2 j  k

AC  2  1 i   4  1 j  2  1 k  i  3 j  k

AD   2  1 i  2  1 j  2  1 k  3i  j  k

Then

  2  1   1  3   3   2  3   3   1   3 
 
 AB  AC   AD   1  1  1  1    1    1  1    1    2    1 
 1  3  2  1   1   3  2   1   5   1 
             

 1   3   2  1  5  1  0

Hence the three points are coplanar.

6 a We find D such that AB = DC. Then

 2  1  1 
     
AB   1   2    3 
 3  1  2 
     

and

 4   d1   4  d1 
     
DC   5    d2    5  d2 
 1  d   1  d 
   3  3

Then we have the equations

4  d1  1

5  d2  3

1  d3  2

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 Worked solutions

Then

D  3,8, 3

b Note that the vectors DC, DA and DH enclose the parallelepiped, so

 1  i
   
DC   3    j 
 2  k 
   

 1  3   i   2   i 
       
DA   2  8    j    6    j 
1  3   k   4   k 
       

 4  3  i   1   i 
       
DH   3  8    j    5    j 
 6  3  k   9   k 
       

c The volume of the parallelepiped is given by

V   DC  DA  DH  0 1   8 5   129  68

7 Assuming D is the apex, we obtain

BC  BD  DC  1  2 i   2  1 j   4  5 k  i  j  9k

1 1 1
V  Base  h   BA  BD BC
3 3 2

 3  4  2   2   12  4   8 
     
BA  BD   2  1   2  4    2  8   10 
   4  3   7 
 2   2   3  1     

Then

V 
1
6
 
82  102  72 12  12  92  22.2

a  b  a  b  a  b  a  a b
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
8 b cos2   a b sin2   a b (cos2   sin2  )  a b

9 We calculate

 a2  b1c2  b2c1   a3  b1c3  a3c1  

 
a   b  c    a3  a2b3  a3b2   a1  b1c2  b2c1     a  c  b   a  b 
 
 a1  b1c3  b3c1   a2  a2b3  a3b2  

Exercise 9I

0 2  1

     
1 a p  a  u  v   2     1     2 
 1  4  1
     

© Oxford University Press 2019 22

 Worked solutions

1 0 1

     
b p  a   u   v   2     3     4 
3 2  2 
     

 3   2  2
     
c p  a  u  v   4     0    1 
2 3 5
     

2 a AB   1  0 i  2  1 j  0  3 k  i  j  3k

AC  3  0 i   2  1 j   4  3 k  3i  3 j  k

Then we can write the vector equation of the plane as

0  1  3
     
p   1     1     3 
3  3  1
     

b x    3

y  1    3

z  3  3  

c We eliminate the parameters in b

  3  x

which we substitute into the equation for y and z to get

y  1  3  x  3  y  x  1

z  3  3 3  x   

We cannot express the equation in terms of x, y and z, so the Cartesian equation is

y  x 1

3 a The normal vector is

 2   1   9 
     
 1    2    2 
 4   1   5 
     

 9   x   9   0 
       
 2    y    2    2 
 5   z   5   1
       

9x  2y  5z  4  5

9x  2y  5z  9

 0   1   2 
     
b  3    4    2 
 2   2   3 
     

© Oxford University Press 2019 23

 Worked solutions

 2   x   2   1 
       
 2    y    2    2 
 3  z  3   3 
       

2x  2y  3z  2  4  9

2x  2y  3z  3

 2   2   3 
     
c  0    1   16 
 3   5   2 
     

 3   x   3   3 
       
16    y   16    4 
 2   z   2   2 
       

3x  16y  2z  69

4 a We substitute the point into the equation of the plane

3 5  4  4  2  2  5  5

Hence the point is not on the plane

b The normal vector is

d  3i  4 j  2k

Then we are searching for a plane with the same normal vector but a different point.

 3  x  3   5 
       
 4    y    4    4 
 2   z   2   2 
       

3x  4y  2z  15  16  4

3x  4y  2z  5

5 We equate solve the equations of a plane as a system of equations

x y z 1

2x  3y  9z  10

x  2y  3z  4

We subtract the third from the first and get

y  2z  5

y  2z  5

We subtract two times the first from the second, and get

5y  7z  8

Then substituting our value for y we get that

5 2z  5  7z  8

© Oxford University Press 2019 24

 Worked solutions

z 1

Then

y  2 1  5  3

and so

x   3  1  1

x 5

6 a We express y and z in terms of x

y  3  2z  x

z  1  3y  2x

Then

y  3  2 1  3y  2x   x
y  x 1

Which we can then substitute into the equation for z as

z  1  3  x  1  2x

this simplifies into

z  x 2

We let x   , and so

x 

y   1

z   2

We eliminate  to find the Cartesian equation, as

x  y 1  z  2

b We can set the new equation to be generated by

A   i     1 j     2 k

and

T  2i  4 j  k

so we can write it as

2 1  0  2 2  1 2

             
p   4    1   1     4    5    1    4   5x  y  6 z  13
1 1  2   1   1    
           1 1

7 If two planes are parallel, their normal vectors are parallel, then

n1  n2  n1 n2 sin  n1 n2  0  0

© Oxford University Press 2019 25

 Worked solutions

If the vector product of the normal vectors is zero, we have

n1  n2  n1 n2 sin  0    0

hence they are parallel

Exercise 9J

1 a x 5  

y 1

2

1 z

3

or equivalently

x   5

y  2  1

z  1  3

We substitute in the equation of the plane

2    5  4 2  1  1  3  3

2  10  8  4  1  3  3

9  18

 2

There is a unique solution, so the line and the plane intersect at a point. This point is

x  25  7

y  2 2   1  3

z  1  3 2  5

So they intersect at 7,3, 5 .

b 1  2x  

y 3

4

2z  2

3

or equivalently

1
x 
2

y  4  3

© Oxford University Press 2019 26

 Worked solutions

3  2
z 
2

We substitute in the equation of the plane

1     3  2 
5    4  3  4  3
 2   2 

13
 
9

There is a unique solution, so the line and the plane intersect at a point. This point is
determined by

2
x 
9

79
y 
9

7
z 
6

x 5
c 
4

y 2

2

z 3

3

or equivalently

x  4  5

y  2  2

z  3  3

We substitute in the equation of the plane

2  4  5   2  2  2 3  3  3

This has no solutions, so there is no intersection.

1 x
d 
2

y 2

3

1  3z  

or equivalently

x  1  2

y  3  2

1
z 
3
© Oxford University Press 2019 27
 Worked solutions

We substitute in the equation of the plane

1   
2 1  2   3  2  3    1
 3 

This has infinite solutions, so the line is contained in the plane.

2 The normal of the plane and the direction vector of the line must be orthogonal, so their dot
product must be zero. We obtain the parametric equation of the line as

x
   x  m
m

y 1
   y  2  1
2

z 2
   z  4  2
4

Then

 m
 
d 2
4
 

and the normal of the plane is

2
 
n  m
 3 
 

Then

 m  2 
   
d  n   2    m   2m  2m  12  0
 4   3 
   

gives

m3

3 This is precisely what we have calculated above, as

d  n  d n cos 

and    / 2 , so d  n  0.

Exercise 9K

1 a Let x  

3  y  2z  1

  4y  2z  3

Then

4  2
y 
3

© Oxford University Press 2019 28

 Worked solutions

and

1  13
z 
6

which determine the equation of the line

b n1  3,1, 2

n2  1, 4,2

n1  n2 3 1  1  4   2 2 5

cos    
n1 n2 2
3 1 22 2 2 2
1 4 2 2
7 6

Then

5
  cos1  1.275
7 6

2 Any system of equations formed has no solution, so these lines do not intersect.

3 a We have that

x   2

y  3  1

z  2  2

Substitute in the equation of the plane as

3    2  2  3  1  2  2  1

 1

Then the point of intersection is P  3, 2, 4

b The direction vector of the line is

d  i  3 j  2k

The normal vector of the plane is

n  3i  2 j  k

Then

dn 1 3   3 2  2  1 5

sin    
d n 12  32  22 32  22  12 14

  0.365

4 We look at the angle between the normal vectors

n1   a,0, a

and

n2   b, b,0

Note that

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 Worked solutions

n1  n2  a  b

n1  2 a

n2  2 b

ab  2 a b cos 

so

1
cos   
2

It is the angle between their normal vectors if it is acute and it is the supplementary angle if it

is obtuse, hence for both the positive and the negative case, the angle will be
3

Exercise 9L

1 a For A, we have that the direction vector will be

da  0  3000 i  0  5000 j

and since the speed is 4m/s we have to normalise and multiply by this so that the
magnitude holds. Then

4  3000i  4  5000 j 12 20
da   i j
30002  50002 34 34

and so with the point  3000,5000 , the equation of the position becomes

 12 20 
a   3000i  5000 j   t  i j
 34 34 

similarly for L we have

dl  0  7000 i  0  9000 j

and since the speed is 4 ms−1 we have to normalise and multiply by this so that the
magnitude holds. Then

6   7000 i  6   9000 j 42 54
da   i j
70002  90002 130 130

and so with the point 7000,9000 , the equation of the position becomes

 42 54 
l  7000i  9000 j   t   i j
 130 130 

b We check when each boat gets to the point (0,0). For A

12
x  3000  t
34

20
y  5000  t
34

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 Worked solutions

Then at (0,0)

12 20
3000  t  5000  t
34 34

32
t  2000
34

125 34
t   364.4 s
2

For L we have

42
x  7000  t
130

54
y  9000  t
130

Then at (0,0)

42 54
7000  t  9000  t
130 130

12
t  2000
130

130
t  500  1900.3 s
3

Boat A will arrive first and the boat L takes more 1535.9 s to reach the boat in need..

2 a The initial position is given at time t  0 so

p 0  23i  8 j  43k

b The speed is given by the magnitude of the direction vector

d  22  12  42  21  4.58ms1

c Intersection between the line given and the plane. The components of p are

x  23  2t

y  8t

z  43  4t

We substitute into the equation of the plane to get

12 23  2t   3 8  t   5  43  4t   2

276  24t  24  3t  215  20t  2

39  7t

39
t   5.57 s
7

d Total distance = 5.57  21  25.5 m

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 Worked solutions

3 a Assuming distance is in km and time in hours

Speed of p1

v1  82  92  0.252  12.04 kmh1

Speed of p2

v2  72  112  0.22  13.04kmh1

b Assume that there is an intersection. We write out the components of p1 and p2

x1  147  8t

y1  156  9t

z1  5  0.25t

x2  118  7

y2  189  11

z2  7  0.2

We equate the components to get a value of t

147  8t  118  7

156  9t  189  11

5  0.25t  7  0.2

This gives   15 and t  20 which is consistent in all three equations. Hence the paths
intersect. The point of intersection is given by

 x   147  8 20    13 

     
 y    156  9 20     24 
z     
   5  0.25 20   10 

c The times at which they reach this point are different, and unique. Hence they will not
collide.

Chapter review

1 a a  b  AB

Hence the midpoint will have half of that length, so

1
m
2
a  b

2 5
b AD  DC , so AD and DC are the parallel sides of the trapezium.
3

c Midpoints are (6, 1), (4.5, 3.5), (2, -1), (8.5, 5.5), which give two pairs of parallel lines with
equal length and thus form a rhombus.

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 Worked solutions

2 a We calculate the Cartesian form

x  2    3

y  2  

z   1

We subtract the second from twice the first

2x  y  4  2  2  6  

Then

2x  y  4  7

We add 7 times the third equation as

2x  y  7z  7  4  7  7

2x  y  7z  3

b We substitute with each of the points, leading to the equations

2 2  0  7  a  3

2  b  4  7  1  3

2  1  d  7 0  3

Then we solve them and get

3  4
a  1
7

3  4  7
b 4
2

3  2
d  1
1

c We write (taking all vectors from the origin)

C  B  A  D  A  B  D  2A

 4   1  2   1
       
C   4    1   2 0    5 
 1  0   1  1 
       

d We substitute with the point E and get

2 1   2  7 1  11  3

so the point E does not lie in the plane

e We use the formula for the volume of the pyramid. We calculate

 1  2   3 
     
AC   5    0    5 
 1   1  2 
     

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 Worked solutions

 4   2  2
     
AB   4    0    4 
 1  1  0 
     

 1   2   1 
     
AE   2    0    2 
 1   1  2 
     

Then

1
V 
6
 AC  AB   AE

1
V 
6
 8  1   4  2   22 2  7.33

3 a The direction vector of the line will be the normal to the plane

d  2, 2,1

Then the equation of the line is

2 2
   
p   2     2 
1 1
   

b The point of intersection is obtained by substituting

x  2  2

y  2  2

z 1 

into the equation of the plane

2 2  2   2  2  2   1     0

4  4  4  4  1    0

  1

Then the point of intersection is

0
 
0
0
 

Then the distance between this point and the plane is

OA  22  22  12  3

c A point on the plane is B  0,0,0 and we define the vector

BP  x0i  y0 j  z0k

The normal of the plane is n

n  2i  2 j  k

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 Worked solutions

Then the distance we need is

BP  n 2x0  2y0  z0 2x0  2y0  z0

d   
n 2
2 2 12 2 3

4 a Note that

a  b  pr  4  rp

and

 
a  b  p2  4  r 2 cos 

since the components form an arithmetic sequence with common difference d , we have the
relationship

pd 2

2d  r

We use this to rewrite the formula for the dot product in terms of d and get

 2  d   2  d   4  2  d  2  d  
12  2d 2 6  d 2

 2  d   2  d   4  2  d  2  d  12  2d 2 6  d 2

as required.

1
b When the angle is 60 , the cosine is so
2

6  d2 1

6  d2 2

12  2d2  6  d2

3d2  6

d2  2

Then d   2

5 If these planes are perpendicular, then their normal vectors are always perpendicular, so we
check

n1  n2  sin  cos   cos  sin  1

These planes are not perpendicular

6 If they are perpendicular, their dot product will be equal to zero. We use the fact that their
magnitude is 1 to calculate

2u  3v   5u  2v   10u  u  4u  v  15v  u  6v  v

11 u  v  4  11cos   4  0

4
cos  
11

  69

7 a x  3  4

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 Worked solutions

y 1 

z  2  5

4 3  4  3 1     2  5  1

12   16  3  3  2  5  1

  1

Then the point P is at   1 and so the point is

x  3  1  4  1

y  1   1  2

z  2  1  5  3

b Angle between the line and the plane

d  3, 1,2

n   4, 3,1

d n 3  4   1  3  2 1

sin       63
d n 32  12  22 42  32  12

8 a    0.5   5 4  0

a  b  2x 2x  4x x

4x  2x  20  0

This is true for x  2 .

b The equation of the plane is given by

1 4  4 
     
p   1    16     0.25 
 2  5  4 
     

9 a We have the following relations

a  kˆ  a kˆ cos 

a  ˆj  a ˆj cos 

a ˆ
i  a ˆ
i cos 

Note that the norm of the unit vectors is one, and

a  kˆ  a  ˆj   a  ˆi 
2 2 2
a 

We substitute with the relations obtained and get

2 2 2 2
a  a cos2   a cos2   a cos2 

1  cos2   cos2   cos2 

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 Worked solutions

b The norm of a is

a  32  62  22  7

We substitute into the relations obtained in a to get

3  7 cos     64.6

6  7cos     149

2  7cos     73.4

c When the plane passes through zero, the normal vector will correspond precisely to the unit
vectors i, j, k . As we saw in a, these can be written as the cosines of the angles. Hence

n  cos  i  cos  j  cos  k

Then the equation of the plane can be written as

x cos   y cos   z cos   0

10 a We calculate the vectors

 1   2   1
     
AP   2    0    2 
 4 0  4 
     

and

 0   2   2 
     
AQ   1    0    1 
 4 0  4 
     

These will be the two vectors on the plane equation. Additionally we take a point, choosing
for simplicity A = (2,0,0). Then the plane equation in vector form is

2  1  2 
     
p  0    2     1 
0 4 4
     

To write it in Cartesian form, we write out the system of equations

x  2    2

y  2  

z  4  4

We subtract the third one from twice the second one, to get

z  2y  2

so

z  2y
 
2

and we add the second one to twice the first one, to get

y  2x  4  2  2    4

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 Worked solutions

or equivalently

y  2x  4  3

Then we substitute with our value for  to get

 z  2y 
y  2x  4  3  
 2 

This simplifies to

4x  4y  3z  8

b using the equation of the plane written in a. BG gives the direction vector of the line.

 0   2   2 
     
BG   0    2    2 
 4 0  4 
     

Then the equation of the line is written as

0  2 
   
p   0     2 
 4 4
   

c Angle between plane

4x  4y  3z  8

and line

0  2 
   
p   0     2 
 4 4
   

We have that

d n  2  4   2  4   4 3 12 6

sin     
d n 2
2 2 42 2 2
4 4 3 2 2
2 246 246

Then

  22.5

Exam-style questions

2
 
11 a AB   0  (1 mark)
 1 
 

3
 
AC   2  (1 mark)
2
 

 2  3
   
AB  AC   0    2  (1 mark)
 1  2 
   

© Oxford University Press 2019 38

 Worked solutions

2
 
  7  (1 mark)
 4
 

1 1 2
2   7  42
2
b AB  AC  (2 marks)
2 2

69
 (1 mark)
2

 2  3  2 
     
c r.  7    0  .  7  (2 marks)
 4  0  4 
     

2
 
r.  7   6 (1 mark)
 4
 

2x  7y  4z  6

 3   2   13 
     
d  5    7    10  (2 marks)
 1   4   11 
     

 13 
 
n  10 
 11 
 

1 8
y 0x  ,z  (or equivalent) (2 marks)
5 5

  15  13 
   
r   0    10  (or equivalent) (1 mark)
 8   11 
 5   

 2   1   3 
     
12 AB  OB  OA   2    0    2  (1 mark)
 3  1  2 
     

 0   1   1
     
AC  OC  OA   4    0    4  (1 mark)
2 1  1 
     

3 1  2
     
AD  OD  OA   1    0    1  (1 mark)
3 1  2
     

 3   7 
1 1    
Volume  AB.AC  AD   2  .  4  (2 marks)
6 6    
 2   9 

1

6
 21  8  18

© Oxford University Press 2019 39

 Worked solutions

31
 units2. (1 mark)
6

13 AP  p  a (1 mark)

BP  p  b (1 mark)

AP.BP   p  a .  p  b  (1 mark)

  p  a .  p  a (1 mark)

 p.p  a.p  a.p  a.a (1 mark)

 p.p  a.a (1 mark)

2 2
 p  a (1 mark)

 0 since p  a (1 mark)

Therefore AP is perpendicular to BP and APB  90

1 4
   
14 a Equation of line perpendicular to  and passing through P is r   0     3 
2 1
   

(2 marks)

Attempting to solve P and  simultaneously: (1 mark)

4 1  4   3  3   2     19

4  16  9  2    19

26  6  19

1
  (1 mark)
2

1 4
  1  
Therefore OQ   0   2    3  (1 mark)
2 2  
  1

5
 
  3  (1 mark)
3
 

b Distance between P 1,0,2 and Q 5, 3,3 is given by

5  1   3  0  3  2
2 2 2
(2 marks)

 16  9  1

 26 (1 mark)

15 a 4 1  6   3 5  2    3  2   14 (1 mark)

© Oxford University Press 2019 40

 Worked solutions

4  24  15  6  3  2  14

22  16  14

1
  (1 mark)
2

1  6   2 
  1   
r   5    2    6  (2 marks)
 3  2  2   4 
     

So P  2,6, 4 .

 2  4
   
b 6
  lies on the plane and n  3 (2 marks)
 4   1 
   

 2   4 
   
 6 . 3 
 4   1 
So distance      (1 mark)
42  32   1
2

8  18  4

26

14  14 26 7 26 
    (1 mark)
26  26 13 

 2   8   6 
     
16 a AB  OB  OA   0    2    2  (1 mark)
6 0  6 
     

8  6 
   
r   2     2  (2 marks)
0 6
   

12   4   8 
     
b CD  OD  OC   3    4    1  (1 mark)
 0   4   4 
     

 4 8
   
r   4     1  (2 marks)
 4 4
   

 6  8
   
c Direction vectors are  2  and  1 
6  4
   

 6   8   2 
     
 2    1    72  (2 marks)
 6   4   22 
     

8,2,0 lies on AB and  4, 4, 4 lies on CD

© Oxford University Press 2019 41

 Worked solutions

 4 
 
AC   2  (1 mark)
 4
 

 4   2 
   
 2  .  72 
 2   4   22 
     
Projection of AC to the vector  72  is (2 marks)
 2
2
 22   722  222
 

8  144  88
 (1 mark)
 2
2
 722  222

240
 (1 mark)
5672

 240 5672 480 1418 60 1418 

 
5672

5672

709
  3.19 

 

10   1   11 
     
17 Choosing   1 (say), gives r   4    2    2  (1 mark)
 4  1  5 
     

Therefore A 5,8,0 , B 10, 4, 4 and C 11, 2,5 lie on  (2 marks)

 5   6 
   
AB   12  and AC   10  (2 marks)
 4   5 
   

 5   6   20 
     
AB  AC   12    10    1  (2 marks)
 4   5   22 
     

 20   5   20 
     
So equation of plane is r.  1    8  .  1  (2 marks)
 22   0   22 
     

 20 
 
r.  1   108 (1 mark)
 22 
 

20x  y  22z  108 (1 mark)

20 1 22
x y z 1 (1 mark)
108 108 108

 5 1 11 
 x y z  1
 27 108 54 

2
 
18 Direction vector of line is  5  (1 mark)
 p
 

© Oxford University Press 2019 42

 Worked solutions

5
 
Direction normal to plane is  p  (1 mark)
 p
 

If the angle between the line and the plane is  , then

2 5
   
 5  . p
 p  p
sin       (3 marks)
2  5  p2 52  p2  p2
2 2

10  5p  p2
 (1 mark)
22  52  p2 52  p2  p2

 is maximum when sin is maximum. (1 mark)

By GDC, maximum occurs when p  6.797 (1 mark)

So maximum value of sin is 0.96 (1 mark)

 MAX  73.7 (1 mark)

3 1
   
19  1   k  1 , so L1 and L2 are not parallel. (2 marks)
1 1
   

Consider i and j components: (1 mark)

1  3  2   and   1   (1 mark)

Solving simultaneously: (1 mark)

 1 ,  2 (1 mark)

Substitute into k component: (1 mark)

2    1   , 2  1  1  2 (so equations are consistent). (1 mark)

Therefore L1 and L2 intersect at the point where   1 and   2 , so are not skew.

(1 mark)

© Oxford University Press 2019 43

 Worked solutions

Equivalent systems of representation:

10 more complex numbers
Skills check

2
2 Re  z1   2, Im  z1   ,
3
3
Re  z2    , Im  z2   1,
4
1 3
Re  z3   , Im  z3    .
2 2

17 7
3 a 1 – 13i b   i
4 4

4 a z *  2  3i,  z  2  3i,
1 2 3
  i, z  13
z 13 13

4 3 4 3
b z*  i,  z    i,
5 5 5 5
1 4 3
  i, z  1
z 5 5

© Oxford University Press 2018 1

 Worked solutions

Exercise 10A

2   2   2 2
2 2
2 a r 

2 
  arctan   
2 4
 
2  2i  2 2cis  
4

3
b r 
2


 
2
3 3  
i  cis  
2 2 2

 4   3  5
2 2
c r 

3
    arctan    3.78
4
 
 4  3i  5cis 3.78

r  212   20  29
2
d

 20 
  2  arctan    5.52
 21 

21  20i  29cis 5.52

 3
2
 1
2
e r   2

    arctan  3   23
 2 
1  3i  2cis  
 3 

4 4  3 
f  i  cis  
3 3  2 

© Oxford University Press 2018 2

 Worked solutions

2 2
 2  2 5 2
g r       
 3   4  12

 3 
  2  arctan    5.64
 4 
2 2 5 2
  i  cis 5.64 
3 4 12

3 a z  1

b z  2i

5 5 3
c z   i
2 2

3 3 3
d z   i
2 2

2 2
e z   i
4 4

4
f z  i
5

7   7  10 
4 a z  cis      cis  
12 9  12  9 

7  
b z*  cis   
12  9

7   7  8 
c z*  cis      cis  
12  9  12  9 

Exercise 10B
   7
i   i
1 a z1z2  8e  3 4
 8e 12

b 
z3 z4  30cis 90o  45o  30cis 135o   
 11 23   45   17 
5 i  7
 
14  5 i  14   5 i  14  
c z5 z6  e  e  e
9 9 9

d 
z7 z8  cis 220o  275o  cis 495o  cis 135o     
 3   3  1 1 2 2
2 a z1  cos    i sin   i   i
 4   4  2 2 2 2

2
2 2 2 i
b z2  cos  i sin  cis e 3
3 3 3

3 2  3 2   17 
i i i   i   6 2 6 2
c z1z2  e 4
e 3
e4 3 
 e  12    i
4 4

© Oxford University Press 2018 3

 Worked solutions

 2 2  1 3   2 6  2 6
d    i 
 
i  
 
   i    
 2 2  2 2   4 4   4 4 

17 2 6 17 2 6
cos  ;sin 
12 4 12 4

17 2 6
 
2
sin 6 2
17 12  4 8  2 12 8  4 3
e tan     2 3
12 17 6 2 62 4 4
cos
12 4

 3 1  i

3 a 3  i  2  i   2e 6
 2 2 


 

 
i   
6
z 3  i  2re 
3
2r  3  r 
2
 
 0 
6 6
 7
    
6 6
7
 Real if  
66
up to multiples of  
or  

3
and less than 3 if r 
2

3
 1 i   3 3  i
b z  1  i   2z      2z  cos  i sin   2ze
4

 2 2  4 4 

 3 
i   
4 
 2re 
3 
   
4 4
5 5
  2   
4 4

 5
 Imaginary for  
4
or  
4
up to multiples of  
Modulus greater than 4 if 2r  4  r  2 2

        
4  sin  i cos   sin  i cos   sin  i cos 
 12 12   6 6 4 4

               
i 3  cos  i sin   cos  i sin   cos  i sin   i cis     cis     cis   
 12 12  6 6  4 4   12   6   4
   
i     i
  i   1
2
 12 6 4 
 ie  ie 2

Exercise 10C


3cis
1 a
z1
 4  3 cis    5   3 cis   17   3 cis  7 
5      
z2 4 4 3  4  12  4  12 
4cis
3
© Oxford University Press 2018 4
 Worked solutions

 7   5 
5cis     5 cis  6  5
b
z3 *
  6      cis  5  2   5 cis   
5 8    
 z2     4  6 3  4 6
4cis    4 cis
 3   3 
 


3cis
z1 4 3   5 7  3  31  3  17 
c   cis     cis    cis  
z2 z3  5   7  20  4 3 6  20  12  20  12 
 4cis 3   5cis 6 
  

* * *
 z3*  z   5  7  5    5  3  
d   3    cis        cis    
 z1z2 
*
z z
 1 2  12  6 4 3   12  4 

*
 5  3   5  3  5   5  7 
 cis      cis     cis     cis  
 12  4   12  4  12  4  12  4 


 1 i  i
2 1 i  2    2e
4

 2 2

1 3  i

1  3i  2   i   2e 3
2 2 



i   
z1 2e 4
2 i  4  3  2 i 712
a  
 e  e
z2 i 2 2
2e 3

 2    11   13 
z2 * i  
3 4
i 
12 
i 
b   2e  2e or 2 e  12 
z1


1 1 1 2 i 12
c     
 e
z1z2  i 

i 

i   4
 2e 4   2e 3  2 2e  4 3 
  

*
z1 *  z  1 1 2 1 i 23
d     1    *  cis  e
 z1z2  *  z 1z2  z2 2 3 2

3 3 3 3 2   3 2  7 
3 a    cis     cis  
2  2i  1 i   4  4  4  4 
2 2   2 2cis 4
 2 2

 1 1   
4 2  i  2 2cis   
4  4i  2 2   4  11   13 
b    2 2cis     2 2 cis  
1  3i  1 3   2   12   12 
2  i cis  
 2 2   3 


 3 1   
2 5  i cis   
15  5i  2 2  10 10   10  3 
c     6  cis     cis  
2  6i 1 3  2   2  2 2  2 
2 2  i cis  
2 2  3


1 3  5 5 3
4 a z1  5   i   i
2 2  2 2
 

© Oxford University Press 2018 5

 Worked solutions

 1 i  
b z2  3  3i  3 2     3 2cis
 2 2 4


5cis
z1 3 5 2 
c   cis
z2  6 12
3 2cis
4

5 5 3
z1
 2

2
i
5 1  3i 5 1  3i 1  i 
   
 
z2 3  3i 6 1 i 6 1  i  1  i 


5 1 3  i

 3 1   5 1  3   i 5  3 1 
6 2 12 12

d
5 2
6
cos


5
12 12
1 3  

cos
12

6
5 2
5
12
1 3 
1 3

2 2
   6 2
4

e
5 2
sin


5 3 1  
6 12 12

 sin


6

5  3 1  3 1

6 2
12 5 2 12 2 2 4

  6 2  6 2 1
6 2
 
2
f tan   6 2
12 6 2 62 4


1
4

6  2 12  2 
1
4
84 3 2 3   

Exercise 10D

 1 i   i
1 z1  2     2cis  2e
4

 2 2 4

3 2  3 4 
 i 

 i 23  i   i
25
i

a z13 z22   2e 4   2e   8 2e 
4 3 
 8 2e 12  8 2e 12
   

5
i
z15 4 2e 4 2 i 54
b 3
 i 2
 e
z2 8e 2

5
  i 23   10
 13 i 5 i

      
* 5 * i 
c z14 z2*  4ei  2e   4e
 i
 32e
3
  128e
3
 128e 3
   

6
  i 23 
 2e 
z 
6
* 25 7
2   64e 4i i i
d    16 2e 4
 16 2e 4

 z 
* * 9
3
 i
9
 2 2e
i
4
 2 2e
1 4

 

© Oxford University Press 2018 6

 Worked solutions

   5       5   5 5 
2 z1  2  cos  cos   i   2  cos  i sin  ; z2  2  sin  i sin   2  cos  i sin 
 3  6    3 3   6 3   3 3 

3
 i 


 2 e 3 
z13  2 2 e
i
2  i 223 2 i 23
  25
 e  e
z25  i 53 
5
32 i 3 16 16
 2 e  e
 

2019 2019
 sin   i cos    cos   i sin 
3    i 2019    i 2019
 cos   i sin    cos   i sin  

   i   i
504
 i 2016i 3  i 4

1  3i 1  3i  2  i  5  5i i

4 a r     1  i  2e 4
2i 2  i  2  i  5

8
 i 

b 2  i   2e 4   16 2  i   32  16i
 

9
 i 


 2e 4   1 i


  16 2e 4  1
c S9  2  i  
 2  i  
i i
2e 4  1 2e 4  1

 i

 i


16 2e 4  1  2e 4  1  i

i


    32  16 2e 4  2e 4  1
 2  i   2  i 
 i

 i

  i i 


 2e  1  2e  1
4 4
2  2  e 4  e 4   1
    

 1 i   1 i 
33  16 2    2  
 2 2  2 2
 2  i 
 1 
3  2 2 
 2
33  16 1  i   1  i 
 2  i 
1
 2  i  16  15i 
 47  14i

Exercise 10E

1 a 3  1  0


   1  2    1  0 
But   1 so it must be the case that  2    1  0

     
2 * *
b
*
 *  1  2  *  1*  2    1  0*  0

2019  3 
673
c  1

2019  2020 1    2   1  0  1

© Oxford University Press 2018 7

 Worked solutions

2 1    ...      1  0   6 7
 1  0;  1

2 k
i
k  e 7
, k  1,2,...,6

1    ...  6 can be factorised

  1   2   3   4   5   6  

since 1*  6 , 2*  5, 3*  4

  1    1*    2    2*    3    3*  

2  2Re 1    1 2  2Re 2    1 2  2Re 3    1 
 2 2  4  6 
   2 cos   1    2  2 cos   1    2  2 cos   1 
 7  7  7 
 2

 1.25  1  2  0.445  1  2  1.80  1  
1 1 k 
i   
3 a 5 e4 i  2ik
 4
 5e 4 2

1 1
 2k 1 
 3 i 5 1
  i   2 k  5
 
1
5 1 1 i   
 5 30 
b 3i 2     25  e 6
5

  2 5
e
 2 
2
  

1 1
1 k 
 1 3 
6
 i 2 2k  6 i   
9 3
c    i    e 3
 
  e
 2 2   

4 a z1  1.18  0.334i  Polar1.22 e0.277i

 
i  0.277  
2
z2  1.22 e   0.334  1.18i
i 0.277   
z3  1.22 e  1.18  0.334i
 3 
i  0.277  
2 
z4  1.22 e 
 0.334  1.18i

b z1  1.40  0.106i  Polar1.40e0.0761i

 2 k 
i  0.0761 
5 
zk 1  1.40e  , k  1,2,3, 4
z2  0.533  1.30i; z3  1.07  0.907i;
z4  1.19  0.735i; z5  0.330  1.36i

c z1  1.40  0.287i  Polar 1.43e0.202i

 k 
i  0.202 i  
3 
zk 1  1.43 e  , k  1,2,3, 4,5
z2  0.452  1.36i; z3  0.949  1.07i;
z4   z1; z5   z2; z6   z3

 1 i   i 34 2ik 
5 a 8    8  e 
 2 2  

© Oxford University Press 2018 8

 Worked solutions

1  i 
 
i
86  e 8  e 8 
z   z *
1 1

    2 cos 
6 6

b Re z 6 
1
 
2 2 8

 2  1
cos  2 cos 1 
4 8 2
 1 1  2 1 2 2
 cos  1    
8 2 2 2 2 4

 Re z 6  2  1 2 2
4

2 24
4

2 24
2

Exercise 10F

P  n : cis 
n
1  cisn

The statement P 1 is true:

cis  cis
Assume that P  k  is true for some k  

i.e.  cis   cisk

k

Then,
 cis    cis   cis    cisk   cis 
k 1 k

  cos k  i sin k   cos   i sin  

  cos k cos   sin k sin    i  sin k cos   sin  cos k 
 cos  k     i sin  k    using the compound angle formula
 cos   k  1    i sin   k  1  
so P  k   P  k  1

Therefore it has been shown that P 1 is true and that if

P  k  is true for some k  
then so is P  k  1 . Thus,
P  n  is true for all n  
by the principle of mathematical
induction

z 4   cos   i sin  
4
2 a

 
 cos4   4 cos3  sin  i  6 cos2  sin2   4 cos  sin3  i  sin4   

 cos   6 cos  sin   sin   i 4 cos  sin   4 cos  sin3 
4 2 2 4
  3

b z 4  cos 4  i sin4

Comparing these with the answers found in part a,

i cos 4  cos4   6 cos2  sin2   sin4 

ii sin4  4 cos3  sin  4 cos  sin3 

sin  sin3 
4 4
sin 4 4 cos  sin   4 cos  sin  cos 
3
cos3  
3
c tan 4   
cos 4 cos   6 cos  sin   sin 
4 2 2 4
sin 
2
sin4 
16 
cos  cos4 
2

© Oxford University Press 2018 9

 Worked solutions

4 tan   4 tan3 

1  6 tan2   tan4 

4
 1 4 4z 3 6 z 2 4z 1
3 a z    z   2  3  4
 z  z z z z

4 1
 z 4  4z 2  6  2
 4
z z

4
 1  4 1   2 1
b z    z  4   4z  2   6
 z  z   z 

 2 cos 4  8 cos 2  6
Also,
4
 1
 z    16 cos 
4

 z
1 1 3
 cos4   cos 4  cos 2 
8 2 8

1 1 3
c   cos4 xdx    cos 4x  cos 2x   dx
8 2 8

1 1 3x
 sin 4x  sin2x  C
32 4 8

4 a 6  1  2  1 4  2  1  0

2  1 so it must be that 1  2   4  0

102   6 
17
b 1

1004   6 
167
2  2

 20008   6 
20004
4  4
 1  102  1004   20008  1  1   2   4  1  

i
5 Let z  e 8

 
i i
Let S  1  e 8
e 4
 ...  e i

i
u1  1, r  e 8
9
 i 
1   e 8 
S   

i
1e 8
 i 

i 

 i i 


i
i

i

1  e 8  1  e 8  1   e 8  e 8   1
1e e 8
1e 8
S  
 
      
i i  i 

i 

 i

i 

1e 1e
1  e  1  e  1   e 8  e 8   1
8 8 8 8

    
  
2i sin 4i sin cos
 8  16  i cot 
16
 2  16
2  2 cos 4 sin
8 16

© Oxford University Press 2018 10

 Worked solutions

Chapter review
3
 i   3   3  
1 z  6e 4
 6  cos    i sin  
  4   4 

 1 i 
 6    3 2  3 2i
 2 2
so Re  z   3 2, Im  z   3 2

z2  52   12  13
2
2

 z12 z2  13r 2  52  r 2  4  r  2  r  0

1 1 z * 1 z*
3  
1  z 1  z  1  z * 1   z  z *  z 2

1 z * 1  1  cos   i sin   1  sin  

     1  i 
2  2Re  z  2  1  cos   2 1  cos  
  
2 sin cos 
1 2 2   1 1  i tan  
 1  i  
2   2  2
 2 cos2
 2 

4 a z5  1  e2in

2 in
z e 5
 e.g. n  0,1,2,3, 4
2 i 4 i 6 i 8 i
 z  1, z  e 5
, z e 5
, z e 5
, z e 5

b The five roots above can be written as

1, ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 i.e. the fifth roots of unity

As a consequence of the fact that the roots of unity sum to zero,

Re 1     2   3   4  0 
2 4 6 8
 1  cos  cos  cos  cos 0
5 4 5 5
2 4 6 8
 cos  cos  cos  cos  1
5 4 5 5

1
  cos   i sin    cos   i sin 
n n
5 a zn  n
z


  cos n  i sin n   cos  n   i sin  n  
  cos n  i sin n    cos n  i sin n 
 2 cos n

6
 1 6 6 z 5 15z 4 20z 3 15z 2 6 z 1
b  z    z   2
 3
 4
 5  6
 z z z z z z z

15 6 1
 z 6  6z 4  15z 2  20   
z2 z 4 z 6

© Oxford University Press 2018 11

 Worked solutions

c Using part a,
6
 1  6 1   4 1   2 1 
 z     z  6   6  z  4   15  z  2   20
 z  z   z   z 
 2 cos 6  12 cos 4  30 cos 2  20
but also
6
 1
 z    2 cos    64 cos 
6 6

 z 

 64 cos6   2 cos 6  12 cos 4  30 cos 2  20

1 3 15 5
 cos6   cos 6  cos 4  cos 2 
32 16 32 16
 
2 2
 1 3 15 5 
d   cos xdx   
6
cos 6 x  cos 4x  cos 2x   dx
   32 16 32 16 
4 4


 1 3 15 5x  2
 sin6 x  sin 4 x  sin2 x 
192 64 64 16  
4

5  1 15 5 
     
32  192 64 64 
5 11
 
64 48

 41 
6    arctan    1.0595656...  1.06 3s.f.
 23 

1
7 3z1  2z2  z3
2

 17     17   
  9  10 cos  2 cos      i  3  10 sin  2 sin    
 83  4   83  4 
 1.9997458...  (3.9996610....)i
 2.00  (4.00)i  to 3s.f.
sin 4x 4 cos 4x
8 lim  lim  4 using L'Hopital's Rule
x 0 sin x x 0 cos x

9 The distance from the centre to each vertex is 2

Therefore split the pentagon into five isosceles triangles, and using the formula
1
Triangle area = ab sin C , we have
2
5 2  2 
Pentagon area = 2  sin   9.51056...  9.51 to 2d.p.
2  5 


10 2   a  2i   a2  4ai  4  a2  4  4ai
2

 4a 
 
arg  2  arctan  2
 a  4
 1

4a
 tan 1
a2  4
a2 tan 1  4a  4 tan 1  0
a  3.66

© Oxford University Press 2018 12

 Worked solutions

Exam-style questions

   5   5  
11 a z1z2  4 cis    3 cis    12 cis    (1 mark)
 3  6   6 3

 
 12 cis   (1 mark)
2

 12i (1 mark)

 
4 cis   
b
z1
  3   4 cis     5  (1 mark)
 
z2  5  3  3 6 
3 cis  
 6 

4  7  4  5 
 cis     cis   (1 mark)
3  6  3  6 

3 3
z  4  5  64  15 
So  1    cis    cis   (1 mark)
z
 2  3  6  27  6 

64  
 cis   (1 mark)
27 2

64
 i (1 mark)
27

 2 
c z12  16 cis   
 3 

 2 
 
*
So z12  16 cis   (1 mark)
 3 

 2 2 
 16  cos  i sin 
 3 3 

 1 3
 16    i  (1 mark)
 2 2 


 8  8 3i (1 mark)

12 1  i  2 (1 mark)


arg 1  i  (1 mark)
4


1  i  2 cis
4

10
 2
10
1  i
10
 cis by de Moivre’s theorem (1 mark)
4

5
 25 cis (1 mark)
2

© Oxford University Press 2018 13

 Worked solutions


 25 cis
2

 32i (1 mark)

 3
2
13 a z  1 2 (1 mark)


arg z   (1 mark)
3

 
z  2 cis    (1 mark)
 3

 n 
b z n  2n cis    (1 mark)
 3 

n
zn    2 k (1 mark)
3

So n  6 (1 mark)

 15 
1  i 3 
15
c  215 cis    (1 mark)
 3 

 215 cis  5 

 215 cis   (1 mark)

 215   32768 (1 mark)

cos   i sin   cos5   5cos4  i sin   10 cos3  i sin 

5 2
14 a

10 cos2  i sin   5 cos  i sin   i sin 

3 4 5
(2 marks)

 cos5   5i cos4  sin  10 cos3  sin2   10i cos2  sin3   5cos  sin4   i sin5  (1 mark)

b By de Moivre’s theorem,  cos   i sin   cos5  i sin5

5
(1 mark)

Equating real parts of each expression: (1 mark)

   
2
cos5  cos5   10 cos3  1  cos2   5cos  1  cos2  (1 mark)


 cos5   10 cos3   10 cos5   5cos  1  2 cos2   cos4   (1 mark)

 16 cos5   20 cos3   5cos 

15 a Let z3  27i

z 3  27 (1 mark)


 
arg z 3  
2
(1 mark)

     
z 3  27  cos     i sin     (1 mark)
  2  2 

© Oxford University Press 2018 14

 Worked solutions

      
z 3  27  cos    2 k   i sin    2 k   (1 mark)
  2   2 

  4 k     4 k    
z 3  27  cos    i sin  
  2   2 

  4 k     4 k    
z  3  cos    i sin   (1 mark)
  6   6 

Choosing k  1,2,3 (or equivalent)


z1  3 cis (1 mark)
2

7
z2  3 cis (1 mark)
6

11
z3  3 cis (1 mark)
6

1 2 
b Area  3    3  3  sin  (2 marks)
2 3 

1 3
 3 33 
2 2 


27 3
 (1 mark)
4

z n   cos   i sin   cos n  i sin n

n
16 a (1 mark)

1
 z  n   cos   i sin   cos  n   i sin  n   cos n  i sin n
n
(2 marks)
zn

1
So z n    cos n  i sin n    cos n  i sin n  (1 mark)
zn

 2 cos n

4 2 3 4
 1 4 3 1 2 1 1 1
b  z    z  4z    6 z    4z      (2 marks)
 z z z z z

4 1
 z 4  4z 2  6   (1 mark)
z2 z 4

1  1 
 z4   4  z2  2   6 (1 mark)
z4  z 

 2 cos 4  4 2 cos2   6 (1 mark)

 2 cos 4  8 cos2  6

4
 1
Now  z    2 cos    16 cos4 
4
(1 mark)
 z

1
Therefore cos4  
16
2 cos 4  8 cos 2  6 
© Oxford University Press 2018 15
 Worked solutions

 
6
1 6
c  cos  d 
4

16 0
2 cos 4  8 cos 2  6 d (1 mark)
0


1 1 6
  sin 4  4 sin2  6  (1 mark)
16  2 0

1 1 2  6
  sin  4 sin    (1 mark)
16  2 3 3 0

1 1  3   3 
  
   4      (1 mark)
16  2  2   2 



1  3 
  2 3 
16  4 


1 9 3 
   (1 mark)
16  4 


 9 3
 
16 64

3 i 3 i 2
17 a   1 (2 marks)
3 i 3 i 2

So r  1

 3  i
arg 
 3  i 
 arg  
3  i  arg  3 i  (1 mark)
 

   
     (1 mark)
6  6 3


So   (1 mark)
3

3 i i
 e3
3 i

n n
    
    
n n
b i 3 i 3 i   2 cis    2 cis     (1 mark)
 6    6 

n  n 
 2n cis  2n cis    (1 mark)
6  6 

 n n  n   n  
 2n  cos  i sin  cos     i sin   
 6 6  6   6 

 n n n n 
 2n  cos  i sin  cos  i sin  (1 mark)
 6 6 6 6 

 n n 
 2n  cos  cos  (1 mark)
 6 6 

© Oxford University Press 2018 16

 Worked solutions

 n 
 2n  2 cos  (1 mark)
 6 

 n 
 2n 1 cos  
 6 

 8 
   
8 8
ii 3 i 3 i  29 cos   (1 mark)
 6 

 4 
 29 cos  
 3 

 1
 29    (1 mark)
 2

 28  256 (1 mark)

18 a *  2 (1 mark)

1       1     
2 2
* 2

2
 1  3 
  (1 mark)
 1 

 02  0 (1 mark)

1    3   1     
2 2
b
2 2
 22 (1 mark)

 
2
 22  4 4 (1 mark)

 4 (1 mark)

c 1  2  3 1  3  2   1    
2 2 2

   22 1    2  2  2  (1 mark)


   22 2  2   since 1    2  0 (1 mark)

 22  3  43  2 4 (1 mark)

 22  53  2 4

 22  5  2 (1 mark)


 2 1    2  3  (1 mark)

 20 3

3 (1 mark)

 
19 i  cos  i sin (1 mark)
2 2

   
 cos   2 k   i sin   2 k  (1 mark)
 2   2 

© Oxford University Press 2018 17

 Worked solutions

 4 k     4 k   
 cos    i sin  
 2   2 

 4 k     4 k   
So z  2i  cos    i sin   (1 mark)
 6   6 

 
k  0  z  2i  cos  i sin (1 mark)
6 6

5 5
k  1  z  2i  cos  i sin (1 mark)
6 6

9 9
k  2  z  2i  cos  i sin (1 mark)
6 6

3 1
z  2i   i
2 2

3 1
z  2i    i
2 2

z  2i  i (3 marks)

3 5 3 5
So roots are z1   i , z2    i and z3  i (1 mark)
2 2 2 2

© Oxford University Press 2018 18

 Worked solutions

11 Valid comparisons and informed

decisions: probability distributions
Skills Check

1 Fred wants to sit at either end, thus there are two possible positions for him, there are 4! ways
to arrange the remaining four friends, thus there are 2  4!  48 different seating
arrangements

1 1 3 4 6 8

1 2 2 4 5 7 9

1 2 2 4 5 7 9

3 4 4 6 7 9 11

4 5 5 7 8 10 12

6 7 7 9 10 12 14

8 9 9 11 12 14 16

Counting the even outcomes (highlighted in yellow), there are 18 possible outcomes, so the
18 1
probability is P(even)   .
36 2

3 a

1
b P(all three languages) 
38

17
4 a P(History) 
29

15
b P(not Physics) 
29

3 1
c P(not Physics | not History)  
12 4

© Oxford University Press 2019 1

 Worked solutions

Exercise 11A

1 a P(French and German)  P(French)  P(German)  P(French or German)

10 8  5  3
   1  
20 20  20  20

b P(exactly one language)  1  P(both)  P(neither)

3 5 3
1  
20 20 5

9 9! 362880
2 Number of ways of picking 4 letters:      126
 4  4!(9  4)! 24  120
6
 
4 37
P(at least one vowel)  1  P(no vowels)  1    
126 42

9 9! 362880
3 Number of ways of picking 2 fruits:      36
2
  2!(9  2) ! 2  5040

3
 
2 1
a P(2 kiwis)    
36 12

63 1
b P(two different fruits)  
36 2

12  12! 479001600

4 Number of ways of picking 3 crayons:      220
 3  3!(12  3)! 6  362880

7
 
3 7
a P(all green)    
220 44

b P(not all same colour)  1  P(all same colour)  1  P(all green)  P(all blue)
5
 
7 3 35
1    
44 220 44

5 a P(A  B)  P(A)  P(B)  P(A  B)  0.3  0.5  0.2  0.6

b P(B  A)  P(B)  P( A  B)  0.5  0.2  0.3

c P(A  B)  P(A)  P(A  B)  1  0.3  0.3  0.4

6 a P(A  B)  P(A)  P(B)  P(A  B)  0.4  0.6  0.7  0.3

b P(A  B)  P(A)  P( A  B)  0.4  0.3  0.1

c P( A  B)  P( A)  P(B)  P( A  B)

P( A  B)  P(B)  P( A  B)  0.4  0.1  0.3

so P(A  B)  0.6  0.4  0.3  0.7

7 U  {1,2,3} , A  {3} , B  

© Oxford University Press 2019 2

 Worked solutions

n( A) 1
b i P( A)  
n(U) 3

n(B) 0
ii P(B)   0
n(U) 3

Exercise 11B

1 a Independent

b Independent

c Not independent

d Independent

2 a

b i P(at least one student went zip lining)  1, as 32 students chose zip lining.
P(both)
ii P(orienteering | zip lining)  ,
P(zip lining)
32 26 46 6
P(both)  P(zip lining)  P(orienteering)  P(either)     ,
50 50 50 25
6
3
P(orienteering | zip lining)  5 
2
32 8
50

26 13
iii P(orienteering)  
50 25

6
P(both) 25 6
iv P(zip lining | orienteering)   
P(orienteering) 13 13
25

5  2  7  3 17
3 a P(art)  
35 35

4  2  7  6 19
b P(biology)  
35 35

1  3  7  6 17
c P(chemistry)  
35 35

© Oxford University Press 2019 3

 Worked solutions

27 9
d P(art | biology)  
2  7  4  6 19

76 13
e P(biology | chemistry)  
3  7  6  1 17

6 1 7
f P(chemistry | not art)  
35  (5  2  3  7) 18

g P(homework | no homework)  0

P(both blue  same colour)

4 P(both blue | same colour) 
P(same colour)
P(both blue) P(both blue)
 
P(same colour) P(both blue)  P(both yellow)
3 2

8 7 3
 
3 2 5 4 13
  
8 7 8 7

5 a

8 7 6 28
b i P(all puzzles)    
13 12 11 143

 5 4 3  138
ii P(at least one puzzle)  1  P(no puzzles)  1     
 13 12 11  143

6 Let A be the event that he scores on the first shot and B be the event that he scores on the
second shot. Now, we have P( A)  0.85 , P(B | A)  0.1 and P(B | A)  0.75 . We want to find
P(( A  B)  ( A  B))  P( A  B)  P( A  B)
 P( A)P(B | A)  P( A)P(B | A)
 0.85  0.1  0.15  0.75  0.1975

1 3 2 1 7
7 a P(B)  1  P(B)  1  (P( A)P(B | A)  P( A)P(B | A))  1       
 3 5 3 2  15

4
b P(A  B)  P(( A  B)')  1  P( A  B)  1  P( A)P(B | A) 
5

Exercise 11C

© Oxford University Press 2019 4

 Worked solutions

1 P(yellow)  P(both yellow)P(yellow | both yellow)  P(one of each)P(yellow | one of each)

P(both green)P(yellow | both green)
5 5  8 8
      
2 4 1 1 3 2 2 18
             
13  10 13  10 13  10 65
     
2 2 2
5 5  8 8
      
2 2 1 1 1 2 55
P(yellow from A | yellow)               0 
13
  4 13
  13
3   234
     
2 2 2

2 a P male   P(high income)P(male | high)  P(medium income)P(male | medium)

P(low income)P(male | low)
 0.1  0.5   0.65  0.7   0.25  0.8  0.705

b P(high income | male)

 P(high income and male)  P(male)

 0.05  0.705
 0.07

c P(female | high income)  0.5, from the question.

3 Let D be the event that the transistor is defective and Mi be the event that the transistor is
from machine i , now:

P(M2 )P(D | M2 )
P(M2 | D) 
P(M1 )P(D | M1 )  P(M2 )P(D | M2 )  P(M3 )P(D | M3 )

0.45  0.97

0.5  0.96  0.45  0.97  0.05  0.92
 0.4535

4 Let A1 be the event that the teacher took two 320GB laptops, A2 be the event that the teacher
took one 160GB laptop and one 320GB laptop and A3 be the event that the teacher took two
160GB laptops. Also let B be the event that the student took a 160GB laptop. We wish to find
P  A1  P  B | A1 
P  A1 | B  
P  A1  P  B | A1   P  A2  P  B | A2   P  A3  P  B | A3 
8
 
 2   12
 20  18 14 12
  
 2  95 18
 
8 12   8   12  14 12 48 11 33 10
           
 2   12   1   1   11   2   10 95 18 95 18 95 18
 20  18  20  18  20  18
     
 2  2 2
28

171

4 4 4
5 P(basket)   0.009   0.006   0.002  0.00567  0.567%
12 12 12

6 a P(Rh+)  0.45  0.84  0.37  0.84  0.14  0.83   0.04  0.75  0.835  83.5%

© Oxford University Press 2019 5

 Worked solutions

P(AB)P(Rh- | AB)
b P(AB | Rh-) 
P(O)P(Rh- | O)  P(A)P(Rh- | A)  P(B)P(Rh- | B)  P(AB)P(Rh- | AB)
0.04  0.25

0.45  0.16   0.37  0.16   0.14  0.17  0.04  0.25
 0.0606  6.06%

Exercise 11D

1 a Yes

b No because the sum of the probabilities is not equal to 1

2 a x 0 1 2 3 4

1 27
P(X  x) 0 4 32
2 2

Not a probability distribution as some of the probabilities are greater than 1

b x 0 1 2 3 4

1 1 1 6 12
P(X  x)
2 7 6 17 11

Not a probability distribution as one of the probabilities is greater than 1

1 1
3 a Need to find k such that k(10  11  12)  1 , so k  
10  11  12 33

b The mode is the most likely outcome, which in this case is x  12

10 12 2
c P(X is even)  P(X  10)  P(X  12)   
33 33 3

Exercise 11E

1 1 1 1 1 23
1 E( X )  xP(X  x)  0   1  2   3  4  
6 6 3 4 12 12

2 Have to find k such that 0.1  0.2  k  2k   k  0.1  1

so 1  4k  0.2  4k  0.8  k  0.2 ,

E(X )  xP(X  x)   4  0.1  5  0.2  6  0.2  7  0.4  8  0.1  6.2

3 P(X  3)  1  P(X  2)  0.15 , P(X  2)  P(X  2)  P(X  1)  0.35 , let p0  P(X  0) and
p1  P(X  1) . Then E(X )  0  p0  1  p1  2  0.35  3  0.15  1.45 gives us that p1  0.3 and
therefore p0  0.2 .

a x 0 1 2 3

P(X  x) 0.2 0.3 0.35 0.15

b The mode is x  2

© Oxford University Press 2019 6

 Worked solutions

10 
4 There are    120 ways of picking the three students.
3

x 0 1 2 3

1 1 1 1
P(X  x)
120 30 20 30

1
 
5 a Need to find c such that 0  2c  c  3c2  3c2  c  c  1 , so c  1 or c 
6
, as

1
probabilities must be greater than or equal to 0, it must be c 
6

1 1  1  1  1  15

b E( X )  xP( X  x)  1 0  2    3    4    5   6    3.75
3 6  12   4 6 4

Exercise 11F

1 3 1 1 6 3 19
1 a E(X )  xP(X  x)  1   2  3      2.375
8 8 2 8 8 2 8

b E(5X )  5E(X )  5  2.375  11.875

1 3 1 1 12 9 49
c E( X 2 )  12   22   32       6.125
8 8 2 8 8 2 8

d Var(X )  E(X 2 )  (E(X ))2  6.125  2.3752  0.484 (3.s.f.)

e Standard deviation of X  Var(X )

 0.484... = 0.696 (3s.f.)

2 a P(X  1)  2P(X  2)  a  a  2a  b  2(a  a  a)  b  2a , so combining with 5a  b  1

1 2
gives us that 7a  1  a  and b 
7 7

1 1 1 2 2 17
b E( X )  0   1  2   3  4 
7 7 7 7 7 7

1 1 1 2 2 55
E( X 2 )  02   12   22   32   42  
7 7 7 7 7 7

2
55  17  96
c Var( X )  E( X 2 )  (E( X ))2    
7  7  49

3 Let X1 be the value of the bottom card and let X 2 be the value of the top card

1 1 1 1 2 1
a P(S  4)  P( X1  A  X2  3)  P( X1  3  X2  A)      
10 9 10 9 90 45
P(S  8)  P( X1  A  X2  7)  P( X1  2  X2  6)  P( X1  3  X2  5) 
P( X1  5  X2  3)  P( X1  6  X2  2)  P( X1  7  X2  A) 
 1 1 6 1
 6   
 10 9  90 15

© Oxford University Press 2019 7

 Worked solutions

P(S  11)  P( X1  A  X2  10)  P( X1  2  X2  9)  P( X1  3  X2  8) 

P( X1  4  X2  7)  P( X1  5  X2  6)  P( X1  6  X2  7)  P( X1  7  X2  4) 
P( X1  8  X2  3)  P( X1  9  X2  2)  P( X1  10  X2  A) 
 1 1  10 1
 10     
 10 9  90 9

b s 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2
P(S  s)
90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90

c E(S)  11 (because of symmetry)

407 44
 
E S2  s2P(S  s)  E(S)2 
3
 121 
3


4 a Need to find k such that k (8  4)2  (8  5)2  (8  6)2  (8  7)2  k 12  22  32  1 , so   
1 1
30k  14k  1  k  
30  14 44

1 4
b P(T  4)  (8  4)2 
44 11
1 2 4 15
P(T  4) 
44

1  22  32  
11 22

4
P(T  4  T  4) 11 8
P(T  4 | T  4)   
P(T  4) 15 15
22

12 22 32 (8  4)2 (8  5)2 (8  6)2 (8  7)2

c E(T )  1  2  3  4 5 6 7
44 44 44 44 44 44 44
4
 
Var (T )  E T 2  (E(T ))2
12 22 32 (8  4)2 (8  5)2 (8  6)2 (8  7)2
 12   22   32   42   52   62   72   16
44 44 44 44 44 44 44
193 17
  16 
11 11

d The mode is the most likely value which is t  4

Exercise 11G
4
0
1 a Need to find k such that 1  2
k(x  2)2 dx  
0
3
4k dx ,
4 0
0 k  4
8k 16k 1
1 
2
k(x  2)2 dx  
0
3
4k dx   (x  2)3   4kx 03 
3  2 3

3
 8k  k 
8

© Oxford University Press 2019 8

 Worked solutions

1
1 (x  2)2  (x  2)3  1
c i P( X  1)   2 8
dx  
 24
 
 2 24

1
1 1 x 1
ii P(0  X  1)  0 2 dx   2 0  2
0
1 (x  2)2
0 1 (x  2)3  1 7 1 19
iii P(1  X  1)  P(1  X  0) 
2
 1 8 dx  2   24   2  24  2  24
1

2 a

3
  x2
3  9k 2 3
b Need to find k such that 1   k(3  x)dx , 1   k(3  x)dx   k   3x    k 
0 0
  2  0 2 9

2.3
2.3 2(3  x)  6x  x2  11
c P(1.2  X  2.3)  
1.2 9
dx  
 9
 
1.2 36

1
1 1  2x c 1  2
3 a Need to find c such that 1   2x c dx , 1  0 2x dx   c  1   c  1  c  1
c
0
0

0.5 0.5 1
b P( X  0.5)  
0
2x dx   x2 
0

4

Exercise 11H

a This function is a probability density function because it is non-negative for all possible
4
4 x  x2 
values and the integral is equal to 1. 
0 8
dx     1
16 0

4
4 x 20  x2  15
b P(1  x  20)   1 8
dx  
4
0 dx     0 
16
 1 16

4
x2 4  x3  8
c Mean  
0 8
dx    
24
 0 3
Mode: As f (x) is strictly increasing, the mode occurs at the point x  4

© Oxford University Press 2019 9

 Worked solutions

M x
Median: Need to find M such that 0.5  
0 8
dx , so
M
M x  x2  M2
0.5  
0 8
dx    
16 0 16
 M  2 2  M  2 2

2 4 2
4 x3 8  x4  8 8 2 2
Standard deviation  
0 8
dx    
3
    
 0  3 
32 9

3

2
2 2   x3  4a 3
2 Need to find a such that 1   ax(2  x)dx , so 1  
0
ax(2  x)dx  a  x 2 
3
 
3
a
4
   0
0

2
2 3 2  8 x 3  3x 4 
a E( X )   0 4
x (2  x)dx  
 16
 1
0

2
2 3 3  3(5x 4  2x5 )  6 1
b Var ( X )  
0 4
x (2  x)dx  1  
 40
 1  1 
0 5 5

M 3
c Need to find M such that 0.5  0 4
x(2  x)dx , so
M
M 3 3  x3  3M2 M3
0.5  
0 4
x(2  x)dx    x 2 
 4 
 
3  0 4

4
 M  1, 1  3  M  1

d As f (x) is symmetric, the mode occurs at the middle value x  1

 
3 a

P
 12

X  
6   2 cos(2x) dx  sin(2x) 
6

12
6

12

1
2
 3 1 
M
b Median: Need to find M such that 0.5  
0
2 cos(2x)dx , so
M M sin1(0.5) 
0.5  
0
2 cos(2x)dx  sin(2x)0  sin(2M)  M 
2

12


1 4 1
Mean   0
4
2x cos(2x)dx   cos(2x)  x sin(2x)  (  2)
 2 0 4

Mode: As f (x) is decreasing over the whole interval (from knowledge about cos) we know
that the mode is at x  0

2 3
4 a Need to find k such that 1  0
k dx   2k dx , so
2

2 3 2 1
3
1 
0
k dx  2
2k dx  kx 0  2kx 2  2k  2k  4k  k 
4

b Median is x  1 .

© Oxford University Press 2019 10

 Worked solutions

2 3
2 x 3 x  x2   x2  1 5 7
c E( X )   0 4
dx  
2 2
dx         
8 4
  0  2 2 4 4
2 2 3
2 x2 3 x
2
7  x3   x3  49 2 19 49 37
Var ( X )  
0 4
dx  
2 2
dx          
4
  12 6
  0  2 16
   
3 6 16 48

3
5 a Need to find b in terms of a such that 1  
0
ax 2  b dx , so
3
3  ax 3  1
1 
0
ax 2  b dx  
 3
 bx   9a  3b  b   3a
0 3

1
1 1  1 8a 1
 
1
b 0.5  
0
ax2  3a 
3
dx   x  9ax  ax 3   
3 0 3 3
a
16

3
3 25x x 3  1  25x 2 3x 4   69
c E( X )   0

48 16
dx  
 48

 2

4
 
0 64
2 3
3 25x 2 x 4  69   1  25x 3 3x5  4761 33 4761 9987
Var ( X )  
0 48

16
dx  
 64
 
  48

 3

5
 
0 4096

20

4096

20480

Exercise 11I

8
P( X  3)    0.25 0.75  0.208
3 5
1 a
3
 

b P(X  10)  1

8 8
P(X  0 or 1)    0.25 0.75    0.25 0.75  0.367
0 0 1 1
c
0 2

2 a E(X )  np  6  0.4  2.4

b Var(X )  np(1  p)  6  0.4  0.6  1.44

c Computing P(X  0)  0.0467 , P(X  1)  0.187 , P(X  2)  0.311 , P(X  3)  0.276 ,

P(X  4)  0.138 , P(X  5)  0.0369 and P(X  6)  0.0410 shows that 2 is the most likely
value
5
5! 1 1
 0.55  1  0.5  0.55    
0
3 a P( X  5) 
5!0! 5 32

x 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(X  x) 0.0313 0.1563 0.3125 0.3125 0.1563 0.0313

c E(X )  np  5  0.5  2.5

d Var(X )  np(1  p)  5  0.5  0.5  1.25

e From the table, the modal values are 2 and 3

© Oxford University Press 2019 11

 Worked solutions

4 X ~ B(7,0.85)

7
a P( X  1)     0.851  0.156  0.00007
1

 7 7 7 

b P( X  2)  1  P( X  2)  1     0.850  0.157    0.851  0.156    0.852  0.155   0.9988
 0 1 2 

c P(X  3)  P(X  2)  0.9988 (from part b)

 7 7 7 

d P( X  4)  1  P( X  4)  1     0.855  0.152    0.856  0.151    0.857  0.150   0.0738
5
  6
  7
  

 2
5 X ~ B 12, 
 3

2
a E(X )  np  12   8 so it is expected that he will pass 8 and therefore fail 4
3
7 5 12 0
12   2   1  12   2   1 
b P( X  6)                 0.8223
 7 3 3 12   3   3 

c Computing the probabilities close to the mean P(X  7)  0.191 , P(X  8)  0.238 and
P(X  9)  0.213 shows that 8 is the most likely value

Exercise 11J

 0.5  2 1.5  2 
1 a P(0.5  X  1.5)  P  X    (0.1667)  (0.5)  0.4338  0.3085
 3 3 
 0.1253

 0.5  2 
b P( X  0.5)  P  X    (0.5)  0.3085
 3 

© Oxford University Press 2019 12

 Worked solutions

 2  2
c P(X  2)  P  X    1  (0)  0.5
 3 

 25  30 
2 a P( X  25)  P  X    (0.625)  0.2660
 8 

 17  30 35  30 
b P(17  X  35)  P  X    (0.625)  (1.625)  0.7340  0.0521
 8 8 
 0.6819

 12  30 
c P(X  12)  P  X    1  (2.25)  1  0.5  1  0.0122  0.9878
 8 

3 a Mean: 5, Standard deviation: 3

 4  5
b P(X  4)  P  Z    (0.3333)  0.3695
 3 

 a  5  a  5 1 a5
c 0.011  P( X  a)  P  Z        (0.011)  2.2904   a  1.8712
 3   3  3

 b  5  b  5 b 5
0.871  P( X  b)  P  Z    1     1(1  0.871)  1.1311
 3   3  3
 b  1.6067

220  11  240  21  260  38  280  17  300  13 26000

4 a Mean    260
11  21  38  17  13 100
Standard deviation
2202  11  2402  21  2602  38  2802  17  3002  13 6813600
  2602   67600
11  21  38  17  13 100
 23.152

b 1(0.05)  1.6449 and 1(0.95)  1.6449 , so need to find a and b such that
a  260 b  260
 1.6449 and  1.6449 . Therefore a  221.9 g and b  298.1 g
23.152 23.152

5 X ~ N(150,0.5)

 149  150 
a P( X  149)  P  Z    (2)  0.0228
 0.5 

 151.5  150 
b P(X  151.5)  P  Z    1  (3)  0.00135
 0.5 

 149  150 151  150 

c P(149  X  151)  P  Z   (2)  (2)  0.9773  0.0228  0.9545
 0.5 0.5 

© Oxford University Press 2019 13

 Worked solutions

6 T ~ N(13.2,1.5)

 12.1  13.2 
a P(T  12.1)  P  Z    (0.7333)  0.232
 1.5 
 14.9  13.2 
P(T  14.9)  P  Z    1  (1.1333)  1  0.871  0.129
 1.5 

t  13.2
b If P(T  t )  0.444 then   1(0.444)  0.1408  t  12.989
1.5

Exercise 11K

 4  8 4  8 1 48
1 0.321  P( X  4)  P  Z       (0.321)  0.4649 
      
   8.604    74.03
2

 1  1    1 1 
2 0.345  P(X  1)  P  Z        (0.345)  0.3989  and
      
 3 3    1 3
0.943  P(X  3)  P  Z        (0.943)  1.5805  solving
      
simultaneously gives   1.403 and   1.010

 1  1.02   1  1.02  1 1  1.02

3 0.013  P( X  1)  P  Z        (0.013)  2.2262 
      
   0.00898

 46.8     46.8    1
4 a 0.203  P(X  46.8)  P  Z    1     (1  0.203)  0.8310
     
46.8    42.6     42.6    1
 and 0.315  P(X  42.6)  P  Z        (0.315)
      
42.6  
 0.4817  solving simultaneously gives   44.141 and   3.200


      1 1 1  1 
b P  X      P    X      P   Z        
 2   2 2   2 2  2
   2 
 0.6915  0.3085  0.383

 200  320 350  320   350  320   200  320 

5 a P(200  X  350)  P  Z       
 20 20   20   20 
 0.9332  0  0.9332

 m  320   m  320  1 m  320

b 0.1  P( X  m)  P  Z    1     (1  0.1)  1.2816 
 20   20  20
 m  345.63g

 350  320   350  320 

c P(X  350)  P  Z    1    0.0668 , the expected number sold that
 20   20 
weighed more than 350g is 500  0.0668  33.4

© Oxford University Press 2019 14

 Worked solutions

 400     400    1 400  

d 0.15  P(Y  400)  P  Z    1     (1  0.15)  1.0364  and
      
 370     370    1 370  
0.1  P(X  370)  P  Z        (0.1)  1.2816  solving
      
simultaneously gives   386.59 g and   12.942 g

6 We wish to find the maximal value of  such that

 1  1.03   1  1.03  1  1.03
0.01  P( X  1)  P  Z    
1
   (0.01)  2.3264     0.0129
      

Chapter review

1 U  {Mon, Tue,Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat, Sun} , A  {(Mon, Mon)} ,

B  {(Mon, Mon),(Tue, Tue),(Wed,Wed),(Thu, Thu),(Fri, Fri),(Sat, Sat ),(Sun, Sun)} ,
C  {(Mon, Tue),(Tue,Wed),(Wed, Thu),(Thu, Fri),(Fri, Sat ),(Sat, Sun),(Sun, Mon),
(Mon, Sun),(Sun, Sat ),(Sat, Fri),(Fri, Thu),(Thu,Wed),(Wed, Tue),(Tue, Mon)}

n( A) 1
a P( A)  
n(U) 49

n(B) 7 1
b P(B)   
n(U) 49 7

n(C ) 14 2
c P(C )   
n(U) 49 7

n( A) 4 2
2 U  {0,1,2,3, 4,5,6,7,8,9} , A  {3,6,7,9} , P( A)   
n(U) 10 5

9 1
3 Want to find n such that P(six at least once)   P(no sixes)  , so
10 10
0 n n
1  n  1   5  5 log(10)
       11    n   12.629...  n  13
10  0   6   6  6 6
log  
5

7
4 a P(first red) 
10

7 6 3 7 7
b P(second red)  P({RR,WR})     
10 9 10 9 10

7 3 3 7 7
c P(exactly one red)  P({RW,WR})     
10 9 10 9 15

7 3 3 7 7 6 14
d P(at least one red)  P({RW,WR, RR})       
10 9 10 9 10 9 15

5 a P(infection)  0.2  0.1  0.8  0.75  0.62

P(vaccinated  infection) 0.1

b P(vaccinated | infection)    0.161
P(infection) 0.62

c P(not vaccinated| infection)  1  P(vaccinated| infection)  1  0.161  0.839

© Oxford University Press 2019 15

 Worked solutions

8 0
8  1   1  1
6 P(2 wins)         ,
8  2   2  256
7 1 5 3 3 5 1 7
8  1   1   8  1   1   8  1   1   8  1   1  1
P(1 win)                              ,
7 2 2 5
          2 2 3 2
     2 1 2
     2 2
1 1 127
P(loss)  1    . By encoding a win as a 1 and a loss as a -1, the expected number
256 2 256
1 1 127 3
of wins and losses is 2   1   (1)  
256 2 256 256

0 5
 5   4   16 
7 a P(no defective)         0.328
 0   20   20 

i 5 i
5
 5   4   16 
b P(at least 3 defective)  P(3 defective)  P(4 defective)  P(5 defective)       
i 3  i   20   20 

 0.0579

 1500  1300   1500  1300 

8 a P(H  1500)  P  Z    1    0.0548
 125   125 

 1050  1300   1050  1300 

b P(H  1050)  P  Z       0.0228  2.28%
 125   125 

2
 1200  1300 1400  1300  
 P(1200  H  1400)   P 
2
c H 
  125 125 
2
  1400  1300   1200  1300   2
         (0.7881  0.2119)  0.332
  125   125 

 2.01     2.01    1 2.01  

9 0.04  P(X  2.01)  P  Z    1     (1  0.04)  1.7507  and
      
 1.99     1.99    1 1.99  
0.07  P(X  1.99)  P  Z        (0.07)  1.4758  solving
      
simultaneously gives   2.00 and   0.00620

10 a P(faulty)  0.01  0.35  0.03  0.20  0.025  0.24  0.02  0.21  0.0197

P(conveyor D  faulty) 0.02  0.21

b P(conveyor D | faulty)    0.213
P(faulty) 0.0197

1
11 To show that k   , have to show that 
0
 x sin( x)dx  1 ,
1
1  sin( x) 
0  x sin( x)dx    
 x cos( x)  1  0  1 .
0
1
1  (2   2 x 2 )cos( x)  2 x sin( x)  4
Mean  
0
 x 2 sin( x)dx  
  2  1 2
0 
Variance
2
1  4
 
0
 x 3sin( x ) dx  1 
  2 
1 2 2
  x(6   x ) cos( x)  3( 2 x 2  2) sin( x) 
2 2
 4   6   4 
   1  2   1  2   1  2 
  3
0         
2( 2  8)

4

© Oxford University Press 2019 16

 Worked solutions

Exam-style questions

12 a If they were mutually exclusive, then P  A  B   0 , (1 mark)

but since they are independent, we have P  A  B   P  A P  B   0.3  0.8  0 .

Therefore, we have a contradiction, and so A and B are not mutually exclusive.

(1 mark)

b i P  A  B   P  A P  B   0.3  0.8  0.24 (2 marks)

ii P  A  B  P  A  P  B   P  A  B   0.3  0.8  0.24  0.86 (2 marks)

P  A  B  P  A  P  A  B  0.3  0.24 0.06

iii P  A | B      0.3 (2 marks)
P  B  P  B  0.2 0.2

iv P  A  B  P  B   P  A  B   0.8  0.24  0.56 (2 marks)

k k
13 a  k  k 2  2k 2   1 (1 mark)
2 2

3k 2  2k  1  0 (1 mark)

3k  1  k  1  0 (1 mark)

1
k  (1 mark)
3

k k
b E X   xP  X  x  0   0.5  k  1  k 2  1.5  2k 2  2  (1 mark)
2 2

k
E X    k 2  3k 2  k
2

3k
 4k 2  (1 mark)
2

2
1 3 1
 4    
3 2 3

4 1
  (1 mark)
9 2

17

18

k
c P  X  1.25  2k 2  (1 mark)
2

2
1 1
 2   (1 mark)
3
  6

2 1
 
9 6

© Oxford University Press 2019 17

 Worked solutions

7
 (1 mark)
18

 
Var  X   E X 2  E  X 
2
d (1 mark)

 2
1 1 1
2
1 3 2 1   17 
2

 02       12       22      (1 mark)
 6 2 3 9 2 9 6   18 

 0.469 (1 mark)

14 a X ~ B 24,0.04

 24 
P  X  2    0.04 0.96 
2 22
(1 mark)
 2

 0.180 (1 mark)
b P  X  4  0.998 (2 marks)
c P  X  2  0.249 (2 marks)
d Var  X   np 1  p (1 mark)

 24  0.04  0.96

 0.922 (1 mark)

15 a 
X ~ N 36, 3.122 
 40  36 
P  X  40  P  Z   (1 mark)
 3.12 

 0.1 (1 mark)
 34  36 38  36 
b P 34  X  38  P  Z   (1 mark)
 3.12 3.12 

 P  0.641  Z  0.641 (1 mark)

 P  Z  0.641  P  Z  0.641 (1 mark)

 0.739  0.261

 0.478 (1 mark)

 M  36 
c P Z    0.015 (1 mark)
 3.12 

 M  36 
P Z    0.985
 3.12 

M  36
 2.170 (1 mark)
3.12

 M  42.77

 M  42 minutes, 46 seconds (1 mark)

 30  36 
d P  X  30  P  Z   (1 mark)
 3.12 

© Oxford University Press 2019 18

 Worked solutions

 P  Z  1.923

 0.027 (1 mark)

195  0.027  5.3 (1 mark)

Therefore, the expected number of days is 5 . (1 mark)

16 a Let X be the discrete random variable ‘mass of a can of baked beans’.


Then X ~ N 415,122 
P  X  m  0.65  P  X  m  1  0.65  0.35 (1 mark)

Using inverse normal distribution on GDC  m  410.4 (2 marks)

b You require P  X  422.5 | X  420 . (1 mark)

P  X  422.5
P  X  422.5 | X  420  
P  X  420 
1  P  X  422.5
 (1 mark)
1  P  X  420 

0.266
 (1 mark)
0.338

 0.787 (1 mark)

c Using GDC

P  X  413.5  0.450 (2 marks)

Let Y be the random variable ‘Number of cans of beans having a mass less than 413.5 g’.

In Ashok’s experiment, Y is Binomially distributed across 144 trials with probability of

‘success’ (i.e. mass less than 413.5 g) being 0.450.

So Y ~ B 144,0.450 (1 mark)

P Y  75  0.0524 (1 mark)

1
17 a  
k  10x 2  x 3 dx  1 (1 mark)
0

1
10x 3 x 4 
k   1 (1 mark)
 3 4 0

 10 1 
k   1 (1 mark)
 3 4

37k
1 (1 mark)
12

12
k 
37

© Oxford University Press 2019 19

 Worked solutions

1 1
12
b E X    xf  x  dx  37 0

10x 3  x 4 dx  (1 mark)
0

1
12 10x 4 x5 
    (1 mark)
37  4 5 0

12  5 1 
    (1 mark)
37  2 5 

276  138 
     0.746  (1 mark)
370  185 

1 1
12
c    x f x
E X2  2
dx 
37 0

10x 4  x5 dx  (1 mark)
0

1
12  5 x 6 
 2x   (1 mark)
37  6 0

12  1
 2  
37  6

22
 (1 mark)
37

 
Var  X   E X 2  E  X 
2
(1 mark)

2
22  138 
  
37  185 

 0.0382 (1 mark)

m
12 1
 10x 
2
d  x 3 dx  (1 mark)
37 0 2

m
12 10x 3 x 4  1
    (1 mark)
37  3 4 0 2

12  10m3 m4  1
   (1 mark)
37  3 4  2

10m3 m4 37
 
3 4 24

80m3  6m4  37

GDC  m  0.789 (2 marks)

 110    110  
18 a P Z    0.10   1.282 (2
   
marks)

 130    130  
P Z    0.45   0.126 (2 marks)
   

Attempt to solve simultaneously: (1 mark)

© Oxford University Press 2019 20

 Worked solutions

  128 (1 mark)

  14.2 (1 mark)

b P  X     0.22

0.22
0.5   0.39 (1 mark)
2

P  X  a  0.39  a  124.2 (1 mark)

P  X  b  0.39  b  132.2 (1 mark)

So 124.2  X  132.2 (1 mark)


2

19 a k  cos x dx  1 (1 mark)
0


k sin x 02  1 (1 mark)

  
k  sin  sin0   1 (1 mark)
 2 

k 1  0  1 (1 mark)

k 1
 
2 2

b  x cos x dx   x sin x    sin x dx (2 marks)
2

0
0 0


2
 

 x cos x dx   x sin x   cos x  02 (1 mark)

2

0
0

 
   0   0  1 (1 mark)
2 


 1 (1 mark)
2
 
2  2

 x cos x dx   x sin x 0   2x sin x dx

2 2
(2 marks)
2

0 0

 
  x2 sin x  2  2  x cos x  sin x 02 (1 mark)
0

  x2 sin x  2 sin x  2x cos x  2

0

2
 2 (1 mark)
4

2
2 
 
2

Var  X    x cos x dx    x cos x dx 

2
(1 mark)
0 
0
 

2
2  
  2    1 (1 mark)
4  2 
© Oxford University Press 2019 21
 Worked solutions

2 2 
 2    1 (1 mark)
4  4 

  3

© Oxford University Press 2019 22