n

tio
ifi w
ec Ne
ca Centre Number
Sp

71

Candidate Number

ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY (AS)

General Certificate of Education
2009

Biology
Assessment Unit AS 1

AB111
assessing
Module 1: Cell Biology
[AB111]

MONDAY 1 JUNE, AFTERNOON

TIME
1 hour 30 minutes.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number in the spaces provided at
the top of this page.
Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper.
Write your answer to Section B on the lined paper at the end of this booklet.
Answer all eight questions.
For Examiner’s
You are provided with Photograph 1.5 for use with Question 5 in this paper. use only
Do not write your answers on this photograph. Question
Marks
Number
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES 1
The total mark for this paper is 75. 2
Section A carries 60 marks. Section B carries 15 marks. 3
Figures in brackets printed down the right-hand side of pages indicate the
4
marks awarded to each question or part question.
You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in 5
your answers. 6
Use accurate scientific terminology in all answers.
7
You should spend approximately 20 minutes on Section B.
You are expected to answer Section B in continuous prose. 8
Quality of written communication will be assessed in Section B, and
Total
awarded a maximum of 2 marks. Marks
4941
 Section A Examiner Only
Marks Remark

1 The ileum is an organ which makes up part of the mammalian digestive

system.

(a) (i) Why can the ileum be described as an organ?

__________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________ [1]

(ii) Why can the digestive system be described as a system?

__________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________ [1]

(b) Describe the role of the following structures in the functioning of the
ileum.

● muscularis mucosa

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

● goblet cells

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

● muscularis externa

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
[3]

4941 2 [Turn over

2 α-glucose molecules can be linked together to form the helical and Examiner Only
Marks Remark
branched polysaccharide, amylopectin

(a) State what type of reaction occurs when one glucose molecule bonds
with another glucose molecule.

___________________________________________________________ [1]

(b) State which carbon atoms in adjacent glucose molecules are linked to
produce a branch in amylopectin.

___________________________________________________________ [1]

(c) Describe an advantage of amylopectin having many branches.

___________________________________________________________ [1]

(d) Name another branched polysaccharide.

___________________________________________________________ [1]

(e) (i) Name a biochemical test that could be used to distinguish

glucose from polysaccharide molecules.

_______________________________________________________ [1]

(ii) Describe the biochemical test you have named.

__________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________ [1]

(iii) Describe the result of the above test that would allow you to
distinguish glucose from polysaccharides.

__________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________ [1]

4941 3 [Turn over

3 The diagram below represents the fluid mosaic model of membrane Examiner Only
Marks Remark
structure and three mechanisms (labelled 1, 2 and 3) by which
substances may move across the membrane. The concentration gradient
across the membrane is also shown.

concentration
gradient energy

Mechanism Mechanism Mechanism

1 2 3

(a) Identify the structure labelled A.

_______________________________ [1]

(b) Identify each mechanism of membrane transport and, in each case,

give a reason for your identification.

(i) Mechanism 1

Identification ______________________________________________

Reason ___________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________ [2]

(ii) Mechanism 2

Identification _____________________________________________

Reason ___________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________ [2]

4941 4 [Turn over

 (iii) Mechanism 3 Examiner Only
Marks Remark

Identification ______________________________________________

Reason ___________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________ [2]

(c) Mechanism 1 involves two different paths across the membrane.

Explain why there are two paths for this mechanism of membrane
transport.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________ [2]

4941 5 [Turn over

4 The graph below shows changes in both cell mass and DNA mass per Examiner Only

nucleus during several mitotic cell cycles in a mammalian embryo. Marks Remark

X
2

Cell mass/arbitrary units

s
mas
cell
2 1
DNA mass per nucleus
/arbitrary units

DNA mass
1
per nucleus

0 0
0 12 24 36 48
Time/hours

(a) Between which times shown on the graph does the G1 phase (first
growth phase) occur during the first cell cycle?

___________________________________________________________ [1]

(b) State what is occurring during the phase indicated by X on the graph.

___________________________________________________________ [1]

(c) Explain the changes in the DNA mass per nucleus during one cell
cycle.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________ [3]

4941 6 [Turn over

 (d) The DNA mass per nucleus during a meiotic cell cycle follows a Examiner Only
Marks Remark
similar pattern to that shown opposite, but with one major difference.
Describe and explain this difference.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________ [2]

4941 7 [Turn over

5 Photograph 1.5 is an electron micrograph showing part of two Examiner Only
Marks Remark
neighbouring plant cells.

(a) Identify the features labelled A to D.

A __________________________________________________________

B __________________________________________________________

C __________________________________________________________

D _______________________________________________________ [4]

(b) The magnification of the photograph is ⫻ 32 000. Calculate the actual

diameter (in μm) of the organelle along the line XY in the photograph.
(Show your working in the space below.)

Answer _______________ [2]

(c) Suggest one piece of evidence visible in the photograph that would
suggest that these cells are from the spongy mesophyll layer of a
leaf.

______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________ [1]

4941 8 [Turn over

 BLANK PAGE

(Questions continue overleaf)

4941 9 [Turn over

6 An experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of pH on two Examiner Only
Marks Remark
proteolytic enzymes, enzyme 1 and enzyme 2. Cubes of protein, each
of 200 mg mass, were placed in solutions of each enzyme at different
pHs, and the time taken for the protein to be digested was measured.
The results are shown in the table below.

pH of reaction Time for protein to be digested/minutes

mixture Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2
1 80 –
2 50 –
3 7 –
4 55 80
5 72 65
6 80 52
7 – 32
8 – 20
9 – 42
10 – 71
11 – 80

(a) Plot the above data, using the most appropriate graphical technique.
(Use the graph paper opposite.) [6]

(b) (i) Suggest how the pH in each reaction mixture would have been
maintained.

_______________________________________________________ [1]

(ii) State one factor that should have been controlled in the
experiment and explain the influence of that factor on enzyme
activity.

Factor ____________________________________________________

Influence _________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________ [2]

(c) Using the information in your graph, calculate the rate of reaction for
enzyme 1 at pH 2 in units of mg hour –1. (Show your working.)

Answer _____________ [2]

4941 10 [Turn over
4941 11 [Turn over
 (d) Which of the two enzymes would normally be found in the Examiner Only
Marks Remark
mammalian stomach? Explain your answer.

______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________ [1]

(e) State the pH range over which both enzymes are active.

_____________________________________________________________ [1]

4941 12 [Turn over

 BLANK PAGE

(Questions continue overleaf)

4941 13 [Turn over

7 The diagram below represents the processes involved in the polymerase Examiner Only
Marks Remark
chain reaction (PCR). This technique allows forensic scientists to analyse
and potentially match DNA samples left at the scene of a crime.

Original DNA to be amplified

3⬘ 5⬘
5⬘ 3⬘
Heated to separate
Step 1 strands and primers
Excess primer added

3⬘ 5⬘
Primer 2
Primer 1
5⬘ 3⬘

Step 2
3⬘ 5⬘

5⬘ 3⬘

Step 3 Replication completed

3⬘ 5⬘

5⬘ 3⬘

(a) What advantage does PCR offer to forensic scientists?

_____________________________________________________________ [1]

(b) (i) In step 1, what is the purpose of heating the DNA sample to
95 °C?

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________ [2]

(ii) Primers, each containing roughly twenty bases are also added to
the DNA sample in step 1. What is the purpose of these primers
in the process?

__________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________ [1]

(iii) Name the enzyme that would be added to the DNA sample in
step 2.

_______________________________________________________ [1]

4941 14 [Turn over

 (iv) What else should be added to the process in step 2 to allow Examiner Only
Marks Remark
successful replication of the DNA sample?

_______________________________________________________ [1]

(c) In step 3, replication of the DNA is completed. Describe the

sequence of events, following the separation of the DNA strands in
step 1, which lead to the DNA being replicated.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________ [3]

The heating of the DNA sample to 95 °C in step 1 could denature the

enzymes involved.

(d) (i) Describe precisely how high temperatures could denature the
enzymes.

__________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________ [1]

(ii) Suggest how scientists have solved this potential problem.

__________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________ [1]

(e) In some legal cases, the use of PCR has been discredited. Suggest
one possible source of error in the PCR process.

______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________ [1]

4941 15 [Turn over

 Section B Examiner Only
Marks Remark

8 Give an account of the process of osmosis and its effect in animal and
plant cells. [15]

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

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4941 16 [Turn over

 _________________________________________________________________ Examiner Only
Marks Remark

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4941 17 [Turn over

 _________________________________________________________________ Examiner Only
Marks Remark

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4941 18 [Turn over

 THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER

4941 19
938-033-1 [Turn over
 n
tio
ifi w GCE Biology Advanced Subsidiary (AS)
ec Ne
ca
Assessment Unit AS 1
Sp

Module 1: Cell Biology

Summer 2009
Photograph 1.5
(For use with Question 5)
A

C AB111INS1

Source: Marilyn Schaller/Science Photo Library

D 30 µm
4941.02