Physics I (BAS 021)

Physics I
Spring 2019
(Bas 021)-Fall 2017

Lecture 6

Heat and Thermodynamics

Part II
Internal Energy

• Internal energy is all the energy of a system that is

associated with its microscopic components.
• These components are its atoms and molecules.
• The system is viewed from a reference frame at rest with
respect to the center of mass of the system.
Internal Energy and other Energies

• Internal energy includes kinetic energies due to:

• Random translational motion
• Rotational motion
• Vibrational motion
• Internal energy also includes potential energy
between molecules.
• The kinetic energy due to its motion through space
is not included.
Heat
• Heat is defined as the transfer of energy across the
boundary of a system due to a temperature difference
between the system and its surroundings.
• The term Heat will also be used to represent the amount of
energy transferred by this method.
• Heat, internal energy, and temperature are all different
quantities.
• we cannot talk about the “heat of a system,” we can refer to heat
only when energy has been transferred as a result of a temperature
difference.
Units of Heat
• The calorie was the unit used for heat.
• One calorie is the amount of energy transfer necessary to raise the
temperature of 1 g of water.
• The “Calorie” used for food is 1 kilocalorie.
• In the US Customary system, the unit is a BTU (British
Thermal Unit).
• One BTU is the amount of energy transfer necessary to raise the
temperature of 1 lb of water.
• The standard is to use Joules.
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
• Joule established the equivalence
between mechanical energy and
internal energy.
• His experimental setup is shown
at right.
• The decrease in potential energy
associated of the system as the
blocks fall equals the work done
by the paddle wheel on the water.
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
• Joule found that it took approximately 4.18 J of mechanical
energy to raise the water 1oC.
• Later, more precise, measurements determined the amount
of mechanical energy needed to raise the temperature of
water from 14.5oC to 15.5oC.
1 cal = 4.186 J
• This is known as the mechanical equivalent of heat.
Heat Capacity
• The Heat capacity “C”, of a sample is defined as the amount
of energy needed to raise the temperature of that sample by
1oC.
• If energy Q produces a change of temperature of DT,
then Q = C DT.
Specific Heat
• Specific Heat “C” is the heat capacity per unit mass.
• If energy Q transfers to a sample of a substance of mass m
and the temperature changes by DT, then the specific heat is
Q
c
m DT
• The specific heat is essentially a measure of how thermally
insensitive a substance is to the addition of energy.
• The greater the substance’s specific heat, the more energy that must
be added to a given mass to cause a temperature change.
• The equation is often written in terms of Q
Q = m c DT
Some Specific Heat Values
 Internal Energy Revisited
• The change in internal energy of a system can be identified by:
m c Δ t.
• If we ignore any thermal expansion or contraction of the system.

Then ΔEint = Q
• The internal energy of a system can be changed by transferring
energy into the system by any mechanism.
• This also indicates temperature is related to the energy of the molecules of
a system.
Specific Heat Varies With Temperature

• Technically, the specific heat varies with temperature.

• The corrected equation is:
Tf
Q = m  c dT
Ti

• However, if the temperature intervals are not too large,

the variation can be ignored, and c can be treated as a
constant.
• For example, for water there is only about a 1% variation
between 0o and 100oC.
• These variations will be neglected unless otherwise stated.
Latent Heat
• Different substances react differently to the energy added or
removed during a phase change due to their different
internal molecular arrangements
• The amount of energy also depends on the mass of the
sample.
• The higher-phase material is the material existing at the higher
temperature.
• Example, water is the higher-phase material in an ice-water mixture
• The initial amount of the higher-phase material in a system is mi .
• If an amount of energy Q is required to change the phase of
a sample is
L ≡ Q /Δm
• Δm = mf – mi is the change in mass of the higher-phase material
 Latent Heat
• The quantity L is called the latent heat of the
material.
• Latent means “hidden”.
• The value of L depends on the substance as well as the
actual phase change.
• The energy required to change the phase is:
Q = L Δm.
• Δ m refers to the higher-phase material.
• If the entire amount of the lower-phase material undergoes
a phase change, the change in mass of the higher-phase
material is equal to initial mass of the lower-phase material
Latent Heat
• The latent heat of fusion is used when the phase change is
from solid to liquid.
• The latent heat of vaporization is used when the phase
change is from liquid to gas.
• If energy is entering the system:
• This will result in melting or vaporization
• The amount of the higher-phase material will increase
• Δ m and Q are positive
• If energy is extracted from the system:
• This will result in freezing or condensation
• The amount of the higher-phase material will decrease
• Δ m and Q are negative
Sample Latent Heat Values
Example 2: A 0.050-kg block of metal is heated to 200.0°C and
then dropped into a calorimeter containing 0.400 kg of water
initially at 20.0°C. The final equilibrium temperature of the
mixed system is 22.4°C. Find the specific heat of the metal.

Solution:
Reference:
Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern
Physics, 8th Ed., Raymond A. Serway and John W.
Jewett, Jr., 2014