ADDITIONAL / TYPICAL EXAMPLES

Example 12.23. The following data relate to a regenerative steam power plant generating
22500 kW energy, the alternator directly coupled to steam turbine :
Condition of steam supplied to the steam turbine ... 60 bar, 450°C
Condenser vacuum ... 707.5 mm
Pressure at which steam is bled from the steam turbine ... 3 bar
Turbine efficiency of each portion of expansion ... 87 per cent
Boiler efficiency ... 86 per cent
Alternator efficiency ... 94 per cent
Mechanical efficiency from turbine to generator ... 97 per cent
Neglecting the pump work in calculating the input to the boiler, determine :
(i) The steam bled per kg of steam supplied to the turbine.
(ii) The steam generated per hour if the 9 percent of the generator output is used to run the
pumps.
(iii) The overall efficiency of the plant.
Solution. The schematic arrangement of the steam power plant is shown in Fig. 12.38 (a),
while the conditions of the fluid passing through the components are represented on T-s and h-s
diagrams as shown in Figs. 12.38 (b) and (c). The conditions of the fluid entering and leaving the
pump are shown by the same point as the rise in temperature due to pump work is neglected.
Given : Power generated = 22500 kW ;
p1 = 60 bar ; t1 = 450°C ; p2 (= p2 ) = 3 bar ;
760 707.5
p3 (= p3 ) = × 1.013 = 0.07 bar ; turbine (each portion) = 87% ;
760
boiler
= 86% ; alt. = 94%, mech. = 97%
Locate point 1 corresponding to the conditions : p1 = 60 bar ; t1 = 450°C on the h-s chart
(Mollier chart).
From h-s chart ; we find : h1 = 3300 kJ/kg.
Draw vertical line through point 1 till it cuts the 3 bar pressure line, then locate point 2.
h2 = 2607 kJ/kg
h1 h2 3300 h2
Now, turbine = 0.87 = or 0.87 =
h1 h2 3300 2607
h2 = 2697 kJ/kg
Locate the point 2 on the h-s chart as enthalpy and pressure are known and then draw a
vertical line through the point 2 till it cuts the 0.07 bar pressure line and then locate the
point 3.
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(a) Schematic arrangement of the steam power plant

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(b) T-s diagram (Neglecting pump work) (c) h-s diagram

Fig. 12.38

∴ h3 = 2165 kJ/kg
h2 ′ − h3 ′ 2697 − h3 ′
Again, ηturbine = 0.87 = or 0.87 =
h2 ′ − h3 2697 − 2165
∴ h3′ = 2234 kJ/kg
From steam tables, corresponding to pressures 3 bar and 0.02 bar, the saturated liquid heats
at points 4 and 5 are :
hf4 = 163.4 kJ/kg ; hf 5 = 561.4 kJ/kg.
(i) The steam bled per kg of steam supplied to the turbine, m :
Considering the energy balance for feed heater we have ;
m(h2′ – hf 5) = (1 – m) (hf5 – hf4)
or m(2697 – 561.4) = (1 – m) (561.4 – 163.4)
or 2135.6 m = 398 (1 – m)
∴ m = 0.157 kJ/kg of steam generated. (Ans.)
 (ii) Steam generated per hour :
Work developed per kg of steam in the turbine
= 1(h1 – h2 ) + (1 – m) (h2 – h3 )
= (3300 – 2697) + (1 – 0.157) (2697 – 2234) = 993.3 kJ/kg
Actual work developed by the turbine
22500
22500
= 24676.5 kW
alt. mech. 0.94 0.97
24676.5 3600
Steam generated per hour = tonnes/h = 89.43 tonnes/h. (Ans.)
993.3 1000
(iii) The overall efficiency of the plant, overall :
Net power available deducting pump power
= 22500 (1 – 0.09) = 20475 kW
89.43 1000 (h1 hf 5 )
Heat supplied in the boiler kJ/h
0.86
89.43 1000 (3300 561.4)
kW = 79106.3 kW
0.86 3600
Net power available
overall =
Heat supplied by the boiler
20475
= = 0.2588 or 25.88%. (Ans.)
79106.3
Example 12.24. A steam power plant of 110 MW capacity is equipped with regenerative as
well as reheat arrangement. The steam is supplied at 80 bar and 55°C of superheat. The steam is
extracted at 7 bar for feed heating and remaining steam is reheated to 350°C, and then expanded to
0.4 bar in the L.P. stage. Assume indirect type of feed heaters. Determine :
(i) The ratio of steam bled to steam generated,
(ii) The boiler generating capacity in tonnes of steam/hour, and
(iii) Thermal efficiency of the cycle.
Assume no losses and ideal processes of expansion.
Solution. The schematic arrangement of the plant is shown in Fig. 12.39 (a) and the proc-
esses are represented on h-s chart in Fig. 12.39 (b).
Given : Capacity of plant = 110 MW ;
t1 = 350°C i.e., ts at 80 bar ~ 295°C + 55°C = 350°C)
p2 = p3 = 7 bar ; t3 = 350°C ; p4 = 0.4 bar
Locate point 1 corresponding to the condition p1 = 80 bar and t1 = 350°C, on the h-s chart.
Locate point 2 by drawing vertical line through point 1 till it cuts the 7 bar pressure line.
Locate point 3 as the cross point of 7 bar and 350°C temperature line.
Locate point 4 by drawing vertical line through the point 3 till it cuts the 0.4 bar pressure
line.
From h-s chart, we find :
h1 = 2985 kJ/kg ; h2 = 2520 kJ/kg ;
h3 = 3170 kJ/kg ; h4 = 2555 kJ/kg.
Also, from steam tables, we have :
hf 2 (at 7 bar) = 697.1 kJ/kg ; hf4 (at 0.4 bar) = 317.7 kJ/kg.
 (a) Schematic arrangement of the plant

(b) h-s diagram

Fig. 12.39

(i) The ratio of steam bled to steam generated :

Consider energy/heat balance of feed heater :
Heat lost by m kg of steam = Heat gained by (1 – m) kg of condensed steam
m(h2 – hf2) = (1 – m) (hf2 – hf4)
m(2520 – 697.1) = (1 – m) (697.1 – 317.7)
1822.9 m = (1 – m) × 379.4
m = 0.172 kg
i.e. Amount of steam bled per kg of steam supplied to the turbine = 0.172 kg
Steam generated 1
= 5.814. (Ans.)
Steam bled 0.172
 (ii) The boiler generating capacity :
If ms is the mass of steam supplied to the power plant per second, then the work developed is
given by :
ms(h1 – h2) + ms(1 – m) (h3 – h4) = 110 × 103
or, ms(2985 – 2520) + ms(1 – 0.172) (3170 – 2555) = 110 × 103
or, ms(465 + 509.22) = 110 × 103
∴ ms = 112.91 kg/s or 406.48 tonnes/hour (Ans.)
(iii) Thermal efficiency of the cycle, ηthermal :
Output / kg of steam (h1 − h2 ) + (1 − m) ( h3 − h4 )
ηthermal = =
Input / kg of steam ( h1 − hf2 ) + (1 − m) (h3 − h2 )
(2985 − 2520) + (1 − 0.172) (3170 − 2555)
=
(2985 − 697.1) + (1 − 0.172) (3170 − 2520)
974.22
= = 0.3447 or 34.47%. (Ans.)
2826.1
Example 12.25. A steam power plant equipped with regenerative as well as reheat arrange-
ment is supplied with steam to the H.P. turbine at 80 bar 470°C. For feed heating, a part of steam is
extracted at 7 bar and remainder of the steam is reheated to 350°C in a reheater and then expanded in
L.P. turbine down to 0.035 bar. Determine :
(i) Amount of steam bled-off for feed heating,
(ii) Amount of steam supplied to L.P. turbine,
(iii) Heat supplied in the boiler and reheater
(iv) Cycle efficiency, and
(v) Power developed by the system.
The steam supplied by the boiler is 50 kg/s. (B.U. Dec., 2000)
Solution. The schematic arrangement is the steam power plant of shown in Fig. 12.40 (a)
and the processes are represented on h-s diagram as shown in Fig. 12.40 (b).

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(a) Schematic arrangement of the steam power plant

 (b) h-s diagram

Fig. 12.40

From h-s chart and steam tables, we have enthalpies at different points as follows :
h1 = 3315 kJ/kg ; h2 = 2716 kJ/kg
From h-s chart
h3 = 3165 kJ/kg ; h4 = 2236 kJ/kg
hf6 = hf2 = 697.1 kJ/kg ; hf5 = hf4 = 101.9 kJ/kg } From steam table.
(i) Amount of steam bled off for feed heating :
Considering energy balance at regenerator, we have :
Heat lost by steam = Heat gained by water
m(h2 – hf6) = (1 – m) (hf6 – hf5)
or m(h2 – hf2) = (1 – m) (hf2 – hf4) [ hf6 = hf2 ; hf5 = hf4]
or m(2716 – 697.1) = (1 – m) (697.1 – 111.9)
or 2018.9 m = 585.2 (1 – m)
m = 0.225 g of steam supplied
Hence amount of steam bled off is 22.5% of steam generated by the boiler. (Ans.)
(ii) Amount of steam supplied to L.P. turbine :
Amount of steam supplied to L.P. turbine
= 100 – 22.5
= 77.5% of the steam generated by the boiler. (Ans.)
(iii) Heat supplied in the boiler and reheater
Heat supplied in the boiler per kg of steam generated
= h1 – hf6 = 3315 – 697.1 = 2617.9 kJ/kg. (Ans.)
( hf6 = hf2)
Heat supplied in the reheater per kg of steam generated
= (1 – m) (h3 – h2)
= (1 – 0.225) (3165 – 2716) = 347.97 kJ/kg. (Ans.)
Total amount of heat supplied by the boiler and reheater per kg of steam generated,
Qs = 2617.9 + 347.97 = 2965.87 kJ/kg
 (iv) Cycle efficiency, cycle :
Amount of work done by per kg of steam generated by the boiler,
W = 1(h1 – h2) + (1 – m) (h3 – h4), Neglecting pump work
= (3315 – 2716) + (1 – 0.225) (3165 – 2236) ~ 1319 kJ/kg
W 1319
cycle = = 0.4447 or 44.47% (Ans.)
Qs 2965.87
(v) Power developed by the system :
Power developed by the system
50 1319
= ms × W = 50 × 1319 kJ/s =
1000
= 65.95 MW (Ans.)
Example 12.26. A steam power plant operates on ideal Rankine cycle using reheater and
regenerative feed water heaters. It has one open feed heater. Steam is supplied at 150 bar and 600°C.
The condenser pressure is 0.1 bar. Some steam is extracted from the turbine at 40 bar for closed feed
water heater and remaining steam is reduced at 40 bar to 600°C. Extracted steam is completely
condensed in this closed feed water heater and is pumped to 150 bar before mixing with the feed water
heater. Steam for the open feed water heater is bled from L.P. turbine at 5 bar. Determine :
(i) Fraction of steam extracted from the turbines at each bled heater, and
(ii) Thermal efficiency of the system.
Draw the line diagram of the components and represent the cycle on T-s diagram.
(P.U. Dec., 2001)
Solution. The arrangement of the components is shown in Fig. 12.41 (a) and the processes
are represented on T-s diagram as shown in Fig. 12.41 (b).
From h-s chart and steam tables we have enthalpies at different points as follows :
h1 = 3578 kJ/kg ; h2 = 3140 kJ/kg ;
h3 = 3678 kJ/kg ; h4 = 3000 kJ/kg ; From h-s chart
h5 = 2330 kJ/kg ;
hf1 (at 150 bar) = 1611 kJ/kg
hf 2 (at 40 bar) = 1087.4 kJ/kg ; hf4 (at 5 bar) = 640.1 kJ/kg ; Steam tables
hf 5 = hf 6 (at 0.1 bar) = 191.8 kJ/kg
(i) Fraction of steam extracted from the turbines at each bled heater m1, m2 :
Considering energy balance for closed feed heater, we have :
m1(h2 – hf 2) = (1 – m1) (hf2 – hf4)
m1(3140 – 1087.4) = (1 – m1)(1087.4 – 640.1)
or 2052.6 m1 = (1 – m1) × 447.3
m1 = 0.179 kg/kg of steam supplied by the boiler. (Ans.)
Considering energy balance for open feed heater, we have :
m2(h4 – hf4) = (1 – m1 – m2)(hf4 – hf6)
or m2(h4 – hf4) = (1 – m1 – m2)(hf4 – hf5) ( hf 6 = hf 5)
or m2(3000 – 640.1) = (1 – 0.179 – m2) (640.1 – 191.8)
or 2359.9 m2 = (0.821 – m2) × 448.3 = 368.05 – 448.3 m2
m2 = 0.131 kg/kg of steam supplied by boiler. (Ans.)
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(a) Schematic arrangement of the steam power plant

(b) h-s diagram

Fig. 12.41

(ii) Thermal efficiency of the system, ηthermal :

Total work done per kg of steam supplied by the boiler
= 1 × (h1 – h2) + (1 – m1)(h3 – h4) + (1 – m1 – m2)(h4 – h5)
= (3578 – 3140) + (1 – 0.179)(3678 – 3000) + (1 – 0.179 – 0.131)(3000 – 2330)
= 438 + 556.64 + 462.3 = 1456.94 kJ/kg
Work done by the pump P1
WP1 = vw1 (1 – m1 – m2)(5 – 0.1) × 105 × 10–3 kJ/kg
1
= (1 – 0.179 – 0.131)(5 – 0.1) × 10 5 × 10–3 = 0.338 kJ/kg
1000
1
Taking vw1 = vw2 = vw3 = m3 /kg
1000
 Work done by the pump P2,
WP2 = vw2 (1 – m1)(150 – 5) × 105 × 10–3 kJ/kg
1
= (1 – 0.179)(150 – 5) × 105 × 10 – 3 = 11.9 kJ/kg
1000
Work done by pump P3,
WP3 = vw3 × m1 × (150 – 40) × 105 × 10 – 3
1
= × 0.179 (150 – 40) × 10 5 × 10–3 = 1.97 kJ/kg
1000
Total pump work = WP1 + WP2 + WP3
= 0.338 + 11.9 + 1.97 = 14.21 kJ/kg of steam supplied by boiler
Net work done by the turbine per kg of steam supplied by the boiler,
Wnet = 1456.94 – 14.21 = 1442.73 kJ/kg
Heat of feed water extering the boiler
= (1 – m1) × 1611 + m1 × 1611 = 1611 kJ/kg
Heat supplied by the boiler per kg of steam,
Qs1 = h1 – 1610 = 3578 – 1610 = 1968 kJ/kg
Qs2 = Heat supplied in the reheater
= (1 – m1)(h3 – h2) = (1 – 0.179)(3678 – 3140)
= 441.7 kJ/kg of steam supplied by the boiler
Qst (Total heat supplied) = Qs1 + Qs2 = 1968 + 441.7 = 2409.7 kJ/kg
Wnet 1442.73
thermal = = 0.5987 or 59.87%. (Ans.)
Qst 2409.7
Example 12.27. Steam at 70 bar and 450°C is supplied to a steam turbine. After expanding to
25 bar in high pressure stages, it is reheated to 420°C at the constant pressure. Next ; it is expanded in
intermediate pressure stages to an appropriate minimum pressure such that part of the steam bled at
this pressure heats the feed water to a temperature of 180°C. The remaining steam expands from this
pressure to a condenser pressure of 0.07 bar in the low pressure stage. The isentropic efficiency of H.P.
stage is 78.5%, while that of the intermediate and L.P. stages is 83% each. From the above data,
determine :
(i) The minimum pressure at which bleeding is necessary.
(ii) The quantity of steam bled per kg of flow at the turbine inlet.
(iii) The cycle efficiency.
Neglect pump work. (Roorkee University)
Solution. The schematic arrangement of the plant is shown in Fig. 12.42 (a) and the proc-
esses are represented on T-s and h-s diagrams as shown in Figs. 12.42 (b) and (c) respectively.
(i) The minimum pressure at which bleeding is necessary :
It would be assumed that the feed water heater is an open heater. Feed water is heated to
180°C. So psat at 180°C ~ 10 bar is the pressure at which the heater operates.
Thus, the pressure at which bleeding is necessary is 10 bar. (Ans.)
From the h-s chart (Mollier chart), we have :
h1 = 3285 kJ/kg ; h2 = 2980 kJ/kg ; h3 = 3280 kJ/kg ; h4 = 3030 kJ/kg
h3 – h4 = 0.83(h3 – h4) = 0.83(3280 – 3030) = 207.5 kJ/kg
h4 = h3 – 207.5 = 3280 – 207.5 = 3072.5 kJ/kg
 h5 = 2210 kJ/kg
h4′ – h5′ = 0.83(h4′ – h5) = 0.83(3072.5 – 2210) ~
− 715.9 kJ/kg
∴ h5′ = h4′ – 715.9 = 3072.5 – 715.9 = 2356.6 kJ/kg
From steam tables, we have :
hf6 = 163.4 kJ/kg ; hf8 = 762.6 kJ/kg
h1 – h2′ = 0.785(h1 – h2) = 0.785(3285 – 2980) = 239.4 kJ/kg
∴ h2′ = h1 – 239.4 = 3285 – 239.4 = 3045.6 kJ/kg

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(a) Schematic arrangement of the plant

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(b) T-s diagram (c) h-s diagram (Pump work not shown)

Fig. 12.42
(ii) The quantity of steam bled per kg of flow at the turbine inlet, m :
Considering energy balance for the feed water heater, we have :
m × h4′ + (1 – m) hf7 = 1 × hf8
m × 3072.5 + (1 – m) × 163.4 = 1 × 762.6 ( hf7 = hf6)
 3072.5 m + 163.4 – 163.4 m = 762.6
(762.6 163.4)
m=
(3072.5 163.4)
= 0.206 kg of steam flow at turbine inlet. (Ans.)
(iii) Cycle efficiency, cycle
:
Work done 1(h1 h2 ) 1(h3 h4 ) (1 m) (h4 h5 )
cycle
= (h1 hf 8 ) (h3 h2 )
Heat supplied

(3285 3045.6) 207.5 (1 0.206)(715.9) 1015.3

(3285 762.6) (3280 3045.6) 2756.8
= 0.3683 or 36.83%. (Ans.)