CSE 412: Artificial Intelligence

Lecture 1: Introduction

Department of CSE
Daffodil International University

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 Topic Contents

❖ What Is AI?

❖ The Foundations of Artificial Intelligence

❖ The History of Artificial Intelligence

❖ The State of the Art

❖ Philosophical Foundations
❖ Logic Programming Language

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What Is AI?
❑ AI (Artificial Intelligence) is a branch of computer science
concerned with the study and creation of computer systems
that exhibit some form of intelligence:
• systems that learn new concepts and tasks,
• systems that can reason and draw useful conclusions
about the world around us,
• systems that can understand a natural language or
perceive and comprehend a visual scene, and
• systems that perform other types of feats that require
human types of intelligence.

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What Is AI?...

Systems that think like Systems that think rationally

humans

Systems that act like Systems that act rationally

humans

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 Major Branches of AI

❑ Artificial Neural Networks

❑ Computer Vision
❑ Expert Systems
❑ Fuzzy Systems
❑ Game Artificial Intelligence
❑ Heuristic Search
❑ Knowledge Management
❑ Machine Learning
❑ Metaheuristic and swarm intelligence
❑ Natural Language Processing
❑ Pattern Recognition
❑ Robotics
❑ Virtual Intelligence

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Major Branches of AI…

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The Foundations of AI
❑ A brief history of the disciplines that contributed ideas,
viewpoints, and techniques to AI is provided here.
❑ The history is organized around a series of questions.
❑ It is not wished to give the impression that these questions
are the only ones the disciplines address or that the
disciplines have all been working toward AI as their ultimate
fruition.

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The Foundations of AI…

❑ Philosophy (428 B.C. – present)

• Can formal rules be used to draw valid conclusions?
• How does mental mind arise from a physical brain?
• Where does knowledge come from?
• How does knowledge lead to action?

❑ Mathematics (800 B.C. – present)

• How are the formal rules to draw valid conclusions?
• What can be computed?
• How do we reason with uncertain information?
o Algorithms
o Intractability
o NP-completeness
o probability

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The Foundations of AI…

❑ Neuroscience (1861 – present)

• How do brain process information?
o Neurons

❑ Economics (1776 – present)

• How do we make decisions so as to maximize payoff?
• How should we do this when others may not go along?
• How should we do this when the payoff may be far in the future?
o Decision theory ( probability theory + utility theory)

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The Foundations of AI…

❑ Computer Engineering (1940 – present)

• How can we build an efficient computer?

❑ Cybernetics (1948 – present)

• How can artifacts operate under their own control?

❑ Psychology (1879 – present)

• How do human and animals think and act?

❑ Linguistics (1957 – present)

• How do languages relate to thought?

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The Foundations of AI…
❑ What is Cybernetics?
• The term cybernetics was coined by Norbert Wiener,
an American mathematician of the twentieth century.
• The scientific study of communication and control processes
in biological, mechanical, and electronic systems.
• The study of human control functions and of mechanical
and electronic systems designed to replace them, involving
the application of statistical mechanics to communication
engineering.

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The Foundations of AI…

❑ Are AI and Cybernetics the same subject?

❑ No.
❑ AI and Cybernetics are widely misunderstood to be the
same subject.
❑ However, they differ in many dimensions.

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The History of AI

❑ The gestation of AI (1943 – 1955)

❑ The birth of AI (1956)
❑ Early enthusiasm, great expectations (1952 –
1969)
❑ A dose of reality (1966 – 1973)
• Genetic algorithm
❑ Knowledge base systems (1969 – 1979)
❑ AI becomes an industry (1980 – present)
❑ The return of neural network (1986 – present)
❑ AI becomes a science (1987 – present)

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The State of the Art

❑ Autonomous planning and scheduling

❑ Game playing
❑ Autonomous control
❑ Medical diagnosis
❑ Logistic planning
❑ Robotics
❑ Language understanding and problem solving
❑ etc.

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Philosophical Foundations

❑ Philosophers have been around far longer than

computers and have been trying to resolve some
questions that relate to AI:
• How do minds work?
• Is it possible for machines to act intelligently in the
way that people do, and if they did, would they have
real, conscious minds?
• What are the ethical implications of intelligent
machines?

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Philosophical Foundations…

❑ The assertion that machines could act as if they were

intelligent is called the weak AI hypothesis by philosophers.

❑ The assertion that machines that do so are actually thinking

(not just simulating thinking) is called the strong AI
hypothesis.

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Philosophical Foundations…

❑ Philosophers are interested in the problem of comparing two

architectures—human and machine.

❑ Furthermore, they have traditionally posed the question not

in terms of maximizing expected utility but rather as, "Can
machines think?”

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 Philosophical Foundations…
❑ Alan Turing suggested that instead of asking whether machines
can think, we should ask whether machines can pass a behavioral
intelligence test, which has come to be called the Turing Test.

• The test is for a program to have a conversation (via online

typed messages) with an interrogator for five minutes. The
interrogator then has to guess if the conversation is with a
program or a person; the program passes the test if it fools the
interrogator 30% of the time.
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Philosophical Foundations…
❑ Turing conjectured that, by the year 2000, a computer with a storage of
109 units could be programmed well enough to pass the test.
❑ He was wrong — programs have yet to fool a sophisticated judge.
❑ On the other hand, many people have been fooled when they didn't know
they might be chatting with a computer.
• The ELIZA program
• The Internet chatbots such as MGONZ and NATACHATA
• The chatbot CYBERLOVER

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 Philosophical Foundations: A Big
Controversy

❑ Eugene Goostman is a chatterbot developed in Saint

Petersburg in 2001 by a group of three programmers; the
Russian-born Vladimir Veselov, Ukrainian-born Eugene
Demchenko, and Russian-born Sergey Ulasen.
❑ The Goostman bot has competed in a number of Turing
test contests since its creation, and finished second in the 2005
and 2008 Loebner Prize contest.

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Philosophical Foundations:
A Big Controversy
❑ In June 2012, at an event marking what would have been
the 100th birthday of the test's namesake, Alan Turing,
Goostman won a competition promoted as the largest-ever
Turing test contest, in which it successfully convinced
29% of its judges that it was human.
❑ On 7 June 2014, at a contest marking the 60th anniversary
of Turing's death, 33% of the event's judges thought that
Goostman was human; the event's organiser Kevin
Warwick considered it to have passed Turing's test.

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 Philosophical Foundations: A Big
Controversy
❑ The validity and relevance of the announcement of
Goostman's pass was questioned by critics.

❑ Altough there had been several claims that the Turing test
is not the best way to test a computer's intelligence,
Turing test remains the most popular one.

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Philosophical Foundations: Some
Facts about Turing Test
❑ The field of AI as a whole has paid little attention to Turing test.
❑ Few AI researchers pay attention to the Turing test, preferring to
concentrate on their systems' performance on practical tasks,
rather than the ability to imitate humans.
❑ Arguments for and against strong AI are inconclusive.
❑ Few mainstream A1 researchers believe that anything
significant hinges on the outcome of the debate.

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 Logic Programming Language
❑ Logic programming is a type of programming languages, in
which a program is written as a set of sentences in logical form,
expressing facts and rules about some problem domain.
❑ A program is executed by an inference engine that answers a
query by searching these sentences systematically to
make inferences that will answer a query.
❑ Major logic programming language families
include Prolog, Answer set programming (ASP) and Datalog.

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 Introduction to Prolog
❑ Prolog: Programming in Logic
❑ Prolog is a logic programming language.
❑ Programming in Prolog is accomplished by creating a data base
of facts and rules about objects, their properties, and their
relationships to other objects.
❑ Queries can be posed about the objects and valid conclusions will
be determined through a form of inferencing control known as
resolution.
❑ Facts: sister(sarah, bill).
parent(ann, sam).
parent(joe, ann).
male(joe).
female(ann).
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 Introduction to Prolog…

❑ Rules:
• grandfather(X, Z) :- parent(X,Y), parent(Y,Z), male(X).

• For all X, Y, and Z:

X is the grandfather of Z

If X is the parent of Y, and Y is the parent of Z and X is a male.

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Thank you