Optimizing Briquette Performance: Enhancing Combustion Efficiency and Physical

Properties with Molasses

By

Abustan, Jeric B. - A

Dela Cruz, Christian Jade - B

Feliciano, Krister Jieo B. - A

Magdalera, John Henry T. - A

Malacao, Romalen A. - A

Sequig, Joanna Neil J. - A

July 2024
 Table of Contents
CHAPTER I........................................................................................................................3
Background of the study.......................................................................................................3
Statement of the Problem.....................................................................................................4
Research Objectives.............................................................................................................5
Scope and Delimitation:.......................................................................................................5
Significance of the Study.....................................................................................................6
Conceptual Framework........................................................................................................6
Notes in Chapter I.......................................................................................................10
CHAPTER II....................................................................................................................12
Relevant Theories.......................................................................................................12
Related Literature...............................................................................................................13
Related Studies...................................................................................................................25
Theoretical Framework......................................................................................................37
Notes in Chapter II.....................................................................................................38
CHAPTER III...................................................................................................................44
Research Methodology...............................................................................................44
Design Materials and Costs................................................................................................45
Material and Costs..............................................................................................................45
Design Options...................................................................................................................46
Design Calculations............................................................................................................48
Design Evaluation and Testing...........................................................................................48
Design Fabrication Procedures...........................................................................................49
Ethical Considerations........................................................................................................50
Notes in Chapter III....................................................................................................50
 1

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the study

In the Philippines, paper waste poses a significant environmental challenge, with

the country generating approximately 2.1 million metric tons of waste paper annually
(Maalouf A. and Mavropoulos A., 2022). Urban areas contribute significantly to this
volume due to high consumption rates and limited recycling infrastructure (Knickmeyer
D., 2020). Moreover, landfills accumulate paper waste, contributing to environmental
degradation and greenhouse gas emissions (Yaashikaa P. et al., 2022). Therefore, there is
a pressing need for innovative approaches that can manage this waste more sustainably
and effectively, turning a potential environmental liability into a valuable resource.
One promising solution to this problem is the production of paper briquettes, which
can serve as an alternative fuel source. These briquettes, composed of shredded or pulped
paper and compressed into blocks or logs, offer numerous environmental benefits by
repurposing waste materials and reducing reliance on fossil fuels, thereby decreasing
carbon footprints (Divyabharathi R. and Chinnasamy S., 2024). By providing an
alternative to wood-based fuels, paper briquettes also contribute to mitigating
deforestation (Awuor O. et al., 2022). Additionally, paper briquettes align with the
government's initiatives for sustainable waste management and reduced carbon emissions.
However, despite their potential, traditional paper briquettes face significant challenges
that hinder their widespread adoption and effectiveness as a fuel source.
Studies have found that a major issue with conventional paper briquettes is their
lack of a binding agent, leading to a high burning rate and poor mechanical strength (Afra
E. et al., 2021; Rawat S. & Kumar S., 2021). Without a binder, these briquettes tend to
disintegrate easily, making them difficult to handle, transport, and store. This not only
limits their durability but also affects their efficiency as a fuel source, as they burn
quickly and unevenly (Basit M. et al., 2020). Improving the physical properties of these
briquettes is essential to enhance their usability and performance. Effective binding
agents can significantly improve the structural integrity and combustion efficiency of the
 2

briquettes, making them more practical for everyday use, as suggested by (Navalta C. et
al., 2020).
Binding agents play a crucial role in the production of briquettes by enhancing
cohesion and structural integrity (Akbar A. et al., 2021). Natural binders such as starch
and plant-based glues have been used to improve the quality of briquettes, helping to
create more durable and efficient fuel sources (Anno-Kusi J. et al., 2021). These binders
are typically biodegradable and do not introduce harmful chemicals into the environment.
However, the search for more cost-effective and sustainable alternatives continues, as
many of these binders can be expensive or difficult to source in large quantities.
Exploring new binding agents that are both affordable and environmentally friendly is
essential for advancing the technology of briquette production.
Molasses a byproduct of the sugar refining process, emerges as a potential binder
for paper briquettes. Molasses is not only affordable and readily available but also
environmentally friendly, making it an attractive option for enhancing briquette
production. It is rich in organic compounds that can help bind paper particles together,
improving the briquettes' structural integrity (Rawat S. and Kumar S., 2021). Previous
research has explored the use of molasses in other applications, such as animal feed and
soil conditioning, due to its nutrient-rich content and binding properties (Rashid M. et al.,
2021). However, its effectiveness as a binder for paper waste briquettes remains under-
investigated, presenting a valuable area for further research and development.
This study aims to fill this gap by optimizing the briquette performance and
enhancing the combustion efficiency and physical properties of molasses. Specifically, it
seeks to determine the optimal molasses-to-paper waste ratio and assess the resulting
improvements in density, durability, and moisture content. By focusing on these
parameters, the study hopes to provide valuable insights into the potential of molasses-
enhanced briquettes. And also to know the effects of molasses on combustion efficiency.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to optimize the briquette performance and enhance the combustion
efficiency and physical properties of briquette by using molasses.
The research especially aims to respond to the following questions:
1. What concentration of molasses yields the optimal balance between the binding
efficiency of the briquettes?
 3

2. How does the addition of molasses affect the physical properties of briquettes made
from paper wastes in terms of:
2.1 Density;
2.2 Durability; and
2.3 Moisture content?
3. How do the molasses-enhanced paper waste briquettes compare with those of
traditional biomass briquettes in terms of:
3.1 Density;
3.2 Durability;
3.3 Moisture content; and
3.4 Combustion efficiency?
4. How does adding molasses affect the combustion efficiency of briquettes made from
paper waste?

Research Objectives
This research aims to:
1. Determine the optimal concentration of molasses for achieving the ideal balance in the
binding efficiency of paper waste briquettes.
2. Investigate the impact of molasses addition on the physical properties of paper waste
briquettes, including density, durability, moisture content, and combustion efficiency.
3. Compare the physical properties of molasses-enhanced paper waste briquettes with
those of traditional biomass briquettes, specifically evaluating differences in density,
durability, moisture content, and combustion efficiency.
4. Investigate the impact of molasses addition on the combustion efficiency of briquettes
made from paper waste.

Scope and Delimitation:

The study focused on optimizing the briquette performance and enhancing the
combustion efficiency and physical properties with molasses by determining the optimal
concentration for enhancing the binding efficiency and physical properties of paper waste
briquettes. It involves conducting experimental trials to evaluate the effects of varying
ratios of molasses to paper waste on briquette density, durability, moisture content, and
combustion efficiency. It is a laboratory-scale experiment to assess the briquette
performance of using molasses as a sustainable binding agent in briquette production,
 4

providing valuable insights into potential improvements in waste management and

alternative energy sources.

This study is confined to laboratory-scale experiments and does not extend to large-
scale production or field trials. This delimitation ensures a focused examination of the
specific role of molasses in enhancing briquette quality and performance.

Significance of the Study

Local Communities. Local communities and small-scale enterprises can benefit
from the findings of this research. By producing molasses-enhanced briquettes locally,
communities can reduce energy costs, create job opportunities, and improve access to
clean energy, thereby enhancing socioeconomic development and resilience.
Engineers. In the field of alternative energy, engineers will find valuable insights
into enhancing the efficiency and viability of paper waste briquettes as a sustainable fuel
source. By identifying the optimal concentration of molasses and assessing its impact on
briquette properties, engineers can refine production processes and develop more
effective solutions for waste management and energy generation.
Future Researchers. In the field of biomass utilization, future researchers will find
inspiration and direction from this study's findings. By building upon the knowledge
generated in this research, they can explore further advancements in binder technology
and expand the applications of paper waste briquettes in various industries, driving
innovation and sustainability in the renewable energy sector.

Conceptual Framework
This study entails the Input-Process-Output Approach. The paradigm of the study is
shown in Figure 1 on the next page.
The input frame entails the optimal concentration of molasses, the impact of
molasses on briquettes in terms of density, durability, and moisture content, a comparison
with traditional mass briquette in terms of density, durability, moisture content, and
combustion efficiency, comparison with traditional mass briquettes in terms of density,
durability, moisture content, and combustion efficiency and molasses affect the
combustion efficiency of briquettes made from paper waste.
 5

The process frame includes data gathering through the use of the production of
briquette, testing of physical properties such as density - calculation, durability - drop test
and moisture content - oven - drying method, testing of chemical properties such as
combustion efficiency - duration measurement, molasses-enhanced briquette and
traditional biomass briquette and also data analysis that includes comparative analysis
using data result, testing of physical properties and testing of chemical property.
The output frame outlines an optimizing briquette performance, enhancing
combustion efficiency and physical properties with molasses, which will convey the
results of this study. The arrow connecting the input and process posits a cause-and-effect
relationship between the relationships of different variables, while the arrow connecting
the process and output suggests the desired output.

1. Optimal Data Gathering

Concentration of ➜  Production of ➜ Optimizing
Molasses Briquette Briquette
Performance:
2. Impact of  Testing of Physical Enhancing
Molasses on Properties Combustion
Briquettes in  Density - Calculation Efficiency and
terms of:  Durability - Drop Physical Properties
2.1. Density; Test with Molasses
2.2. Durability;  Moisture content -
and Oven - Drying
2.3. Moisture Method
content?
 Testing of Chemical
3. Comparison with Property
Traditional Mass  Combustion
Briquette in Efficiency - Duration
terms of: Measurement
3.1. Density;
3.2. Durability;  Molasses-enhanced
3.3. Moisture Briquette
content; and
3.4. Combustion  Traditional Biomass
efficiency? Briquette

4. Molasses Data Analysis

affect the  Comparative
combustion Analysis using data
efficiency of result
briquettes  Testing of Physical
made from Properties
paper waste  Testing of Chemical
Property
 6

Input Process Output

Figure 1
The Paradigm of the Study
Definition of Terms
Paper Waste. Discarded paper materials, including but not limited to newspapers,
magazines, and cardboard, generated from various sources.
Paper Briquettes. Compressed blocks or logs made from shredded or pulped
paper, are used as alternative fuel sources.
Binding Efficiency. The effectiveness of a binder, such as molasses, in holding
together the components of paper waste briquettes, influences their mechanical strength
and durability.
Density. The mass per unit volume of paper waste briquettes indicates their
compactness and solidity.
Durability. The ability of paper waste briquettes to withstand handling,
transportation, and storage without breaking apart or losing their structural integrity.
Moisture Content. The amount of water present in paper waste briquettes affects
their stability, combustibility, and storage requirements.
Combustion Efficiency. The effectiveness with which paper waste briquettes burn
to produce heat or energy is influenced by factors such as moisture content and binding
agent composition.
Traditional Biomass Briquettes. Briquettes are made from biomass materials
such as wood chips or agricultural residues used as a fuel source.
Environmental Sustainability. The capacity to maintain or improve ecological
balance and minimize harm to the environment, as demonstrated by the use of recycled
materials and alternative energy sources like paper waste briquettes enhanced with
molasses.
Resource Optimization. Maximizing the utilization of available resources, such as
molasses and paper waste, to reduce waste generation and promote efficiency in energy
production.
Circular Economy. An economic model aimed at minimizing waste and
maximizing the reuse, recycling, and repurposing of materials, as exemplified by the
conversion of paper waste into useful resources like briquettes.
 7

Cost Effectiveness. Achieving desired outcomes or benefits at the lowest possible

cost, as demonstrated by the use of inexpensive and readily available materials like
molasses in the production of paper waste briquettes.
Community Empowerment. Enhancing the capabilities, opportunities, and self-
reliance of local communities through initiatives like the production of paper waste
briquettes, which can create jobs, generate income, and improve access to sustainable
energy sources.
Knowledge Advancement. The process of expanding understanding and
discovering new insights, as exemplified by research fills gaps in existing knowledge and
contributes to the development of more effective waste management and energy
generation techniques.
 8

Notes in Chapter I
Maalouf A. and Mavropoulos A. (2022). Re-assessing global municipal solid waste
generation. Waste Management & Research, 41(4), 936–947.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x221074116
Knickmeyer D. (2020). Social factors influencing household waste separation: A
literature review on good practices to improve the recycling performance of urban
areas. Journal of Cleaner Production, 245, 118605.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118605
Yaashikaa P. et al. (2022). A review on landfill system for municipal solid wastes: Insight
into leachate, gas emissions, environmental and economic analysis. Chemosphere,
309, 136627.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136627
Divyabharathi R. and Chinnasamy S.(2024). Recent advances in sustainable agro residue
utilisation, barriers and remediation for environmental management: Present
insights and future challenges. Industrial Crops and Products, 216, 118790.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118790
Awuor, O. et al.(2022). Analysis of household use of traditional fuels and possible
contribution to deforestation in Kisii County, Kenya. Open Journal of Ecology,
12(11), 756–772.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2022.1211044
Afra E. et al.(2021). The production of bagasse biofuel briquettes and the evaluation of
natural binders (LNFC, NFC, and lignin) effects on their technical parameters.
Journal of Cleaner Production, 278, 123543.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123543
Rawat S. and Kumar S. (2021). Critical review on processing technologies and economic
aspect of bio-coal briquette production. Preparative Biochemistry &
Biotechnology, 52(8), 855–871.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2021.2001754
Basit M. et al.(2020). Limitations, challenges, and solution approaches in grid‐connected
renewable energy systems. International Journal of Energy Research, 44(6),
4132–4162.
https://doi.org/10.1002/er.5033
Navalta C. et al.(2020). Solid fuel from Co-briquetting of sugarcane bagasse and rice
bran. Renewable Energy, 147, 1941–1958.
 9

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.129
Akbar A. et al.(2021). Effect of binding materials on physical and fuel characteristics of
bagasse based pellets. Biomass & Bioenergy, 150, 106118.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106118
Anno-Kusi J. et al.(2021). Pelletization of torrefied biomass using binders. In CRC Press
eBooks (pp. 105–124).
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003098591-6
Rawat, S. and Kumar, S. (2021b). Critical review on processing technologies and
economic aspect of bio-coal briquette production. Preparative Biochemistry &
Biotechnology, 52(8), 855–871.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2021.2001754
Rashid, M. et al.(2021). Carbon-Based Slow-Release Fertilizers for efficient nutrient
Management: synthesis, applications, and future research needs. Journal of Soil
Science and Plant Nutrition, 21(2), 1144–1169.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00429-9
 10

CHAPTER II

Relevant Theories

The theoretical bases of this study are Lavoisier Theory, Sustainability Theory,
Circular Economy Theory, Community Empowerment Theory and the Knowledge
Advancement Theory. The researchers believe that these theories will help us understand
and enhance paper waste briquettes with molasses for binding efficiency and physical
properties improvement.

Lavoisier Theory
There are many engineering and social theories relevant to this study, among these
is "Lavoisier Theory". Also known now as the Law of Conservation of Mass was first
articulated by Antoine Lavoisier in the late 18th century. This law states that during
chemical reactions matter can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed. This
theory is likely relevant to the research on improving paper briquettes through molasses
because it can help understand the burning process. By tracking the mass of the briquettes
before, during, and after combustion, and comparing it to the mass of the molasses and
paper ingredients, researchers can determine if the burning process is efficient and
whether the molasses effectively binds the paper while minimizing leftover
ash.Sustainability Theory
Sustainability Theory
Transitioning to another theory, the "Sustainability Theory" of Professor Warning
T. (2017) in briquette production has garnered attention from environmentalists and
policymakers. This theory emphasizes the importance of using environmentally friendly
materials and processes to minimize ecological impact. By utilizing renewable resources
and eco-friendly binders, such as agro-industrial byproducts, briquette production can
contribute to sustainability goals. The current study aligns with this theory by
investigating molasses as a sustainable binding agent for paper waste briquettes, aiming
to promote environmentally responsible waste management and energy generation
practices.
Circular Economy Theory
Moving forward, the "Circular Economy Theory" of the Ellen MacArthur
Foundation (2010), rooted in circular economy principles, was proposed by economists
and environmentalists. This theory highlights the potential of waste valorization and
 11

resource optimization in briquette production. It advocates for maximizing the value and
utility of waste materials through recycling, repurposing, and upcycling. The current
study supports this theory by exploring the feasibility of using molasses as a binder for
paper waste briquettes, aligning with the circular economy's goal of closing material
loops and minimizing waste generation.
Community Empowerment Theory
In another perspective, the "Community Empowerment Theory" by Zimmerman M.
(2000) has been emphasized by community development practitioners and social
scientists. This theory underscores the importance of engaging local communities in
sustainable development initiatives, including alternative energy projects like briquette
production. By involving communities in decision-making processes and resource
utilization, projects can foster empowerment, resilience, and self-reliance. The current
study resonates with this theory by considering the impact of molasses-enhanced paper
waste briquettes on local communities, aiming to empower them through job creation,
income generation, and access to clean energy.
Knowledge Advancement Theory
Lastly, the "Knowledge Advancement Theory" by Hosiasson-Lindenbaum (1949)
in biomass utilization has been advocated by scientists and technologists. This theory
emphasizes the role of research and innovation in improving the efficiency and
effectiveness of biomass-based products. By advancing knowledge in binder technology
and briquette production processes, researchers can enhance the performance and
viability of alternative fuel sources. The current study aligns with this theory by
contributing to the body of knowledge on paper waste briquettes enhanced with molasses,
aiming to drive innovation and sustainability in the renewable energy sector.

Related Literature
According to Rahman N. et al. (2022) study published in Materials Today:
Proceedings, examines the use of briquettes made from bagasse with starch and molasses
as adhesives for clove leaf distillation. The findings indicate that briquettes with starch
and molasses adhesives have calorific values of 28.996 MJ/kg and 27.019 MJ/kg,
respectively, both surpassing the SNI standard. The study also shows that the eugenol
content in clove oil distilled using these briquettes is higher than the SNI standard. This
research is directly related to our work on improving paper briquettes with molasses,
highlighting the effectiveness of molasses as a binder in enhancing the fuel's calorific
 12

value and demonstrating its potential in sustainable and high-quality production

processes.
To point out the study of Saboo N. et al. (2023) published in Construction and
Building Materials, explores the use of raw sugarcane molasses (SM) as a partial
substitute for conventional bitumen in asphalt mixtures. The researchers found that
replacing 25% of bitumen with SM resulted in comparable or improved performance in
rutting and fatigue resistance, moisture resistance, and permanent deformation
accumulation, regardless of aggregate source. The study concluded that using 25%
molasses is a viable and sustainable alternative, reducing binder costs by about 21%. This
research is relevant to our investigation of improving paper briquettes with molasses,
demonstrating the effectiveness and economic benefits of using molasses as a binder,
thereby supporting our pursuit of sustainable and cost-effective briquette production.
In fact in the study of El Asri O. and Farag M. (2023) in a study published in Food
Bioscience. Molasses has a multifaceted nature of its potential for various industrial
applications delves into the diverse applications of molasses derived from various dietary
sources, emphasizing its abundance in the sugar production industry. The review
highlights molasses as a rich source of monosaccharides, disaccharides, vitamins, betaine,
and minerals, presenting numerous health benefits and therapeutic uses. These include its
efficacy in treating ailments such as hyperhomocysteinemia, reproductive functions,
pediatric constipation, ulcerative colitis, and immune modulation, as well as its role in
improving food palatability and sensory attributes. About our research on improving
paper briquettes through molasses, this review provides valuable insights into the
composition and properties of molasses, which can inform our investigation into its
effectiveness as a binding agent and its impact on the physical properties and combustion
efficiency of paper briquettes. By understanding the functional compounds and health
attributes of molasses, we can better assess its suitability for enhancing the quality and
performance of paper waste briquettes, thereby contributing to both waste management
and sustainable energy generation efforts.
To put it differently the study of Mangwanda T. et al. (2021) in a study published in
Fermentation. Understanding the challenges and optimization strategies in various
factories can inform our investigation into harnessing molasses as a binding agent for
paper briquettes. It delves into the intricacies of the rum industry, which boasts a
staggering worth of USD 16 billion, primarily concentrated in tropical regions like the
Caribbean and Asia-Pacific. The review elucidates the critical variables influencing rum
 13

quality, including molasses composition, fermentation duration, and aging processes. By

synthesizing current scientific literature, the authors aim to provide a comprehensive
overview of these factors while addressing contemporary challenges and opportunities in
rum production. About our research on improving paper briquettes through molasses, this
review offers insights into the complexities of utilizing molasses as a key ingredient in
industrial processes. By leveraging knowledge from the rum industry, we can refine our
approach to effectively utilize molasses in sustainable waste management and alternative
energy generation endeavors.
This literature collectively highlights the versatile applications of molasses across
different industries, underscoring its potential as a sustainable resource. According to the
study of Rahman N. et al. (2022), it shows the effectiveness of molasses as a binder in
enhancing the calorific value of briquettes for clove leaf distillation. To point out the
study of Saboo N. et al. (2023) demonstrates the economic and performance benefits of
using molasses as a partial substitute for bitumen in asphalt mixtures. In fact the study of
El Asri O. and Farag M. (2023) it emphasizes the health and therapeutic benefits of
molasses, indicating its rich composition of functional compounds. To put it differently,
the study of Mangwanda T. et al. (2021) provides insights into the complexities of
molasses utilization in the rum industry, offering valuable optimization
strategies. Commonalities include the emphasis on molasses' functional benefits and its
role in improving product performance. Differences lie in the specific applications and
industry contexts. These findings are highly relevant to our research on using molasses to
improve paper briquettes, as they provide comprehensive insights into their binding
properties, economic advantages, and potential for enhancing fuel quality, thus supporting
our goals in sustainable waste management and energy generation.
According to Fehse F. et al. (2021) in a study published in Biomass and Bioenergy.
Methods to enhance the utilization of consumer waste through mechanical briquetting
must be studied. It investigates the briquetting of dried SCG with and without pre-
treatment, including solid-liquid extraction with toluene or pyrolysis. Additionally, it
examines the impact of adding 5% cellulose as a binder and varying moisture content
from 5% to 10%, along with briquetting pressure ranging from 120 MPa to 160 MPa. The
evaluation of briquette quality focuses on raw density, compressive strength, and abrasion
resistance. Findings reveal that pre-treated SCG, particularly through extraction, yields
improved briquette quality by removing the oil fraction. Moreover, while increasing
briquetting pressure up to 140 MPa enhances quality, further increments result in
 14

diminished quality. Optimal results are obtained with SCG containing 10% tapioca starch
as a binder, notably enhancing briquette quality at a briquetting pressure of 140 MPa. In
our study on improving paper briquettes through molasses, these findings offer parallels
in exploring various parameters to enhance the physical properties and combustion
efficiency of briquettes, thereby contributing to sustainable waste management practices
and alternative energy sources.
While the study of Garg D. and Garg R. (2022) was published in Int J Syst Assur
Eng Manag. As countries strive to reduce the overall rise in temperature by less than 2
°C, renewable energy emerges as a cornerstone due to its sustainable and non-depleting
nature. Briquetting, the process of condensing biomass residues into solid fuels, enhances
thermal capacity, combustion rate, and calorific value, thus bolstering the efficiency of
renewable energy sources. However, overlooked faults in briquette machines, such as
overheating and abnormal sounds, can have far-reaching consequences if left
unaddressed, underscoring the importance of preventive maintenance. In the context of
our research on improving paper briquettes through molasses, this study offers valuable
lessons on the importance of maintenance and optimization in maximizing the
effectiveness of renewable energy technologies. By understanding the challenges and
strategies involved in optimizing briquette machine performance, we can better assess the
potential of incorporating molasses as a binding agent to enhance the quality and
efficiency of paper briquettes.
Furthermore in the study of Garg D. and Garg R. (2022) published in Renewable
Energy. The importance of sustainable energy in socio-economic development through
the compaction of biomass residues into solid fuels via briquetting must be given
attention. The research not only addresses minor and major faults but also highlights
neglected issues like abnormal sounds, motor unit overheating, and vibration, which
could potentially escalate into significant problems if ignored. The paper emphasizes that
while ordinary repairmen can handle most machine faults, expert intervention may be
necessary for major faults. Additionally, the study utilizes the Artificial Bee Colony
optimization algorithm to analyze system availability and optimize profit. The graphical
representation of these parameters offers valuable insights into enhancing the reliability
and profitability of briquette machines. This research correlates with our study on
improving paper briquettes through molasses as it underscores the importance of
optimizing production processes and addressing potential issues to ensure the
effectiveness and sustainability of alternative fuel sources. By considering various factors
 15

affecting briquette machine reliability and profitability, this study provides valuable
insights applicable to our investigation into enhancing the physical properties, binding
efficiency, and combustion characteristics of paper briquettes.
Additionally in the study of Liu L. et al. (2020) published in Renewable Energy.
Briquettes may save communities in many ways possible. It introduces a novel approach
to address the challenges of loose structure, low energy density, and scattered distribution
of crop straws in Chinese rural areas. The proposed mode entails the establishment of an
energy service station, an internet platform, and a bidirectional C2S relationship between
the energy service station and farmer households. Instead of monetary transactions,
biomass briquette fuels are bartered using crop straws. The study calculates the optimal
service radius under different climate conditions, with results ranging from 1.71 km to
4.75 km. Additionally, the research identifies briquetting cost as a significant factor
affecting the mode's scalability, with suggestions provided for future development. This
study offers valuable insights into innovative approaches for biomass densification and
community-based energy solutions, which are pertinent to our research on improving
paper briquettes through molasses. The focus on optimizing fuel distribution and
addressing cost concerns aligns with our investigation into enhancing the physical
properties, binding efficiency, and combustion characteristics of paper briquettes using
molasses as a binding agent.
These literatures underscore the importance of optimizing briquette production
processes and maximizing machine efficiency for sustainable energy solutions. According
to the study of Fehse F. et al. (2021) explores parameters like moisture content and
binding agents to improve briquette quality, relevant to our paper briquette study, while
the study of Garg D. and Garg R. (2022) highlights preventive maintenance's critical role
in enhancing renewable energy sources. Furthermore, the study of Garg D. and Garg
R. (2022) addresses the need for reliability and profitability in briquette machine
operation, aligning with our efforts to enhance paper briquette efficiency.
Additionally, Liu L. et al. (2020) propose community-based approaches to biomass
distribution, addressing energy access challenges. These studies indicate the significance
of optimizing briquette production, ensuring machine efficiency, and exploring
innovative solutions to enhance the sustainability and effectiveness of alternative energy
sources.
According to Ghorbani M. et al. (2024) in a study published in BioResources. The
influence of organic binders on briquette density may advance sustainable fuel production
 16

through briquettes. Through experimentation with various weight ratios of walnut shell
flour in the briquette composition, they found that the density of the resulting briquettes
did not show significant differences across different proportions of walnut shells.
However, they observed that increasing the ratio of walnut shell flour led to a notable
enhancement in the compressive strength of the briquettes, indicating a potential
correlation between binder composition and density. In the context of our research on
improving paper briquettes through molasses, these findings highlight the importance of
exploring alternative binding agents and their effects on briquette density, which could
inform strategies for enhancing the physical properties and performance of paper-based
biomass briquettes.
Similarly to Akpenpuun T.D. et al. (2020) in a study published in Journal of Applied
Sciences and Environmental Management. The study investigated the use of various agro-
wastes for briquette production. The researchers produced briquettes using different ratios
of groundnut shell, rice husk, sawdust, and waste paper, examining their moisture
content, density, and combustion characteristics. The findings revealed that briquettes
with a 20% sawdust, 70% rice husk, and 10% paper combination had the highest relaxed
density of 387.4 kg/m³, while those with a 70% sawdust, 20% rice husk, and 10% paper
combination had the lowest moisture content and ignition time. The study concluded that
briquettes' quality in terms of density and burning time is significantly influenced by the
feedstock combination and starch proportion. These findings are directly relevant to our
research on improving paper briquettes with molasses, especially concerning the density
of the briquettes, as they highlight the impact of binder and feedstock ratios on briquette
density and overall performance.
Specifically to Kpalo S. et al. (2020) in a study published in Sustainability. The
potential of utilizing agricultural waste materials in briquette production to achieve
desirable physical, mechanical, and thermal properties is a growing trend. This study
investigates the quality of hybrid briquettes made from corncobs (CC) and oil palm trunk
bark (OPTB) using a low-pressure densification technique. They found that the hybrid
briquettes exhibited moisture content ranging from 9.24% to 10.00%, density from 0.38
to 0.40 g/cm3, water resistance from 87.60% to 92.00%, shatter index from 98.28% to
99.08%, compressive strength from 18.47 to 21.75 MPa, and calorific values from 16.54
to 16.91 MJ/kg. Similarly, our study focuses on enhancing paper waste briquettes with
molasses, aiming to improve binding efficiency and physical properties, which aligns
with to utilization of alternative materials for sustainable waste management practices.
 17

Therefore, insights from Kpalo S. et al.'s study can inform the investigation by providing
additional perspectives on the use of agricultural waste in briquette production and the
optimization of physical properties through different binding agents.
While in the study of Ossei-Bremang R.N. et al. (2024) published Bioresource
Technology Reports. An area that has been relatively under-researched in sustainable
energy solutions is biomass briquettes’ integrity. The researchers delve into optimizing
the production of briquettes from palm kernel and decanter cakes. Through response
surface modeling, we investigate the influence of biomass proportion, compression
pressure, and binder ratio on the calorific value and mechanical properties of the
composite materials. Utilizing bentonite clay and cardboard pulp binder, we achieve
maximum relaxation densities of 1527 kg/m3 and 1013 kg/m3, with corresponding
optimal calorific values of 24.22 MJ/kg and 29.09 MJ/kg. Additionally, our briquettes
exhibit high shatter indices and water resistance, demonstrating their potential as robust
fuel sources. This research provides valuable insights into the optimization of waste-
based briquette production, offering novel approaches that could inform and enhance our
study on enhancing paper waste briquettes with molasses.
These studies on briquette production offer valuable insights into optimizing the
physical and combustion properties of biomass briquettes using various organic and waste
materials as binders. According to Ghorbani M. et al. (2024) and Akpenpuun T.D. et
al. (2020), both explore the impact of different organic binders and feedstock
combinations on briquette density and strength, highlighting the critical role of the binder
composition. Specifically to Kpalo S. et al. (2020) study, emphasizes the use of
agricultural wastes and their influence on briquette quality, while the study of Ossei-
Bremang R.N. et al. (2024), focuses on the mechanical integrity and calorific value of
briquettes under varying production conditions. Commonalities among these studies
include the importance of binder and feedstock selection on briquette performance, while
differences lie in the specific materials and methods used. These findings are highly
relevant to our research on enhancing paper briquettes with molasses, providing a
comprehensive understanding of how alternative binders and optimization techniques can
improve briquette properties.
According to Firman L. et al. (2023) in a study published in Environmental
Engineering. Wastepaper is a potential biomass source for solid fuel production in the
form of briquettes. By incorporating a hydrophobic compound, paraffin wax, to create
shape-stabilized paper briquettes (SSPB), the research introduces a novel method to
 18

mitigate moisture absorption during storage. Results from three different storage
scenarios over 720 hours reveal a significant increase in moisture content for traditional
paper briquettes, reaching 35.44% with a relaxed index of 1.19. In contrast, SSPB
exhibits minimal moisture increment (5.1%) with a relaxed index of 1.05, alongside
superior mechanical durability (97%) compared to paper briquettes (82%). This suggests
that the shape-stabilized method effectively preserves briquette quality throughout the
storage period, offering insights that could inform strategies to enhance the durability and
storage feasibility of paper waste briquettes supplemented with molasses in your study.
While in the study of Elehinafe F. and Okedere O. (2023) published in Adv Environ
Eng Res, delves into recent research products concerning production technologies and
physical characteristics of fuel briquettes, emphasizing factors like shapes, volumes,
resilience, and mechanical compressive strengths. The review highlights the significance
of fuel briquettes as an alternative energy source, offering opportunities for investors,
researchers, governments, and industries to explore sustainable energy production from
waste management and forest conservation. Additionally, the use of fuel briquettes is
noted for its time-saving benefits in cooking and heating, along with its potential to create
employment opportunities. This review provides valuable insights into the broader
context of sustainable energy development, offering perspectives that could inform
strategies for enhancing the efficiency and environmental sustainability of paper waste
briquettes supplemented with molasses in your study.
As a result to Mekonen A. et al. (2024) in a study published in Mater Renew
Sustain Energy, investigated the production and characterization of briquettes from
sugarcane bagasse, a by-product of sugar mills, using various blending ratios and binders
including molasses and waste paper. Their study demonstrated that optimizing parameters
such as binder percentage and particle size resulted in briquettes with improved physical
properties, including higher density and shatter resistance. These findings are relevant to
our study on enhancing paper waste briquettes with molasses, as they provide insights
into the effectiveness of different binders and blending ratios in improving the quality and
durability of briquettes made from agricultural waste materials. By leveraging the results
from Mekonen A. et al., we can potentially identify optimal parameters for our briquettes
to enhance binding efficiency and physical properties, contributing to more sustainable
waste management practices.
Additionally in the study of Ferronato N. et al. (2022) published in Energy for
Sustainable Development, evaluates the potential of waste-based briquettes as alternative
 19

fuels in developing countries, shedding light on their role in improving solid waste
management and addressing energy demands. The study underscores the significance of
waste briquetting in enhancing combustion efficiency and overall waste handling. By
synthesizing findings from 85 scientific articles, the review identifies agricultural, wood,
plastics, and paper-based briquettes as viable options, each with varying calorific values.
However, it also highlights research gaps, particularly regarding indoor emissions
analysis and the applicability of waste briquetting for cooking and heating systems in
developing nations. This review provides valuable insights into the broader context of
waste-based briquettes, offering a framework for exploring their potential in our study on
enhancing paper waste briquettes with molasses. Understanding the strengths and
limitations of waste-based briquettes can inform our approach to developing sustainable
fuel alternatives and addressing waste management challenges effectively.
These studies emphasize the importance of durability and feasibility in briquette
production, directly relevant to our study on enhancing paper waste briquettes with
molasses. According to the study of Firman L. et al. (2023) introduces a method for
creating moisture-resistant paper briquettes, while the study of Elehinafe F. and Okedere
O. (2023) review highlights the potential of fuel briquettes for sustainable energy. As a
result of the study of Mekonen A. et al. (2024) provide insights into optimizing briquette
properties, and Ferronato N. et al. (2022) offer a broader perspective on waste-based
briquettes as alternative fuels. Leveraging these findings, our study aims to enhance the
durability and efficiency of paper waste briquettes, contributing to sustainable waste
management and renewable energy solutions.
According to Cabrales H. et al. (2020) in a study published in Heliyon, investigated
the densification process of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). The study employs an
empirical-statistical model derived from an experimental factorial design to determine the
optimal values for moisture content, fiber length, and compaction time that maximize
briquette quality. Key findings include the identification of optimal conditions—8%
moisture content, 73.6 mm fiber length, and 26.6 seconds compaction time—that result in
briquettes with superior density, durability, and compressive strength, meeting industry
standards for biomass briquettes. This research is particularly relevant to our study on
improving paper briquettes with molasses, as it underscores the critical impact of
moisture content on briquette performance, guiding our exploration of optimal moisture
levels for enhanced briquette quality.
 20

Similarly Saeed A. et al. (2021) in a study published in Environmental Science,

Materials Science, Agricultural and Food Sciences, explores how varying initial moisture
contents of 12%, 14%, and 16% in rice husk-based briquettes, blended with 10 wt% kraft
lignin, affect their chemical and physical properties. The study found that briquettes with
a 14% moisture content achieved the highest calorific value of 17.688 MJ kg−1, due to
optimal morphology and porosity, enhancing air transport for combustion. This research
is relevant to our study on improving paper briquettes with molasses, particularly in
understanding the crucial role of moisture content in optimizing the briquette's durability,
density, and overall combustion efficiency.
Likewise Mech N. et al. (2022) in a study published in Journal of Cleaner
Production, investigates the characteristics of biomass briquettes made from varying
proportions of dry leaves, sawdust, and rice husk using starch as a binder. The research
found that briquettes made entirely from dry leaves exhibited the highest density (1.193
g/cc), heating value (4789 kcal/kg), shatter resistance (89%), and water resistance
(68.56%). The findings demonstrate that dry leaves can be effectively utilized as a
biomass fuel, providing high-quality briquettes. This study is relevant to our research on
improving paper briquettes with molasses, as it highlights the importance of moisture
content in determining the quality and durability of briquettes. By examining the impact
of different biomass components and their moisture levels, we can better understand how
to optimize our paper briquettes with molasses to achieve similar improvements in
density, heating value, and durability.
For this reason, the study of Obi O. et al. (2021) published in Biofuels Production
from Lignocellulosic Waste, examines the role of binders in the production of biomass
briquettes and evaluates the quality parameters influencing their mechanical and handling
properties. The review identifies the critical importance of binders in improving the
cohesive strength of briquettes and emphasizes the need for standardized assessment
methodologies to ensure comparability across studies. Additionally, the study addresses
the challenges in the widespread production and adoption of biomass briquettes,
particularly in developing economies. This research is highly relevant to our study on
improving paper briquettes with molasses, as it highlights the importance of binder choice
and moisture content in achieving high-quality briquettes. Understanding the impact of
moisture content on briquette quality will guide us in optimizing our use of molasses to
enhance the mechanical properties and durability of paper briquettes.
 21

The literature on briquette production offers valuable insights into optimizing

briquette quality through various parameters. According to Cabrales et al. (2020), the
study focuses on the densification process of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB),
highlighting the critical impact of moisture content, fiber length, and compaction time on
briquette properties. Similarly, Saeed A. et al. (2021) study emphasizes the significance
of moisture content in rice husk-based briquettes, showcasing its influence on calorific
value and combustion efficiency. Likewise, Mech N. et al. (2022) study explores the
utilization of dry leaves in biomass briquettes, demonstrating the importance of moisture
content and biomass composition in enhancing density and heating value. For this reason,
the study of Obi O. et al. (2021) reviews the role of binders in briquette production,
stressing the importance of standardized assessment methodologies and binder choice for
achieving high-quality briquettes. These studies collectively underscore the critical role of
moisture content, biomass composition, and binder selection in optimizing briquette
quality, providing valuable insights for our research on enhancing paper briquettes with
molasses. By leveraging these findings, we aim to improve the mechanical properties and
combustion efficiency of paper briquettes, contributing to sustainable waste management
practices and renewable energy production.
According to Nikiforov A. et al. (2024) conducted a study published in Energies,
which investigates the combustion efficiency and thermal characteristics of briquettes
composed of sunflower husks, leaves, and coke breeze. Their findings highlight that the
optimal combustion conditions for these briquettes, achieved through a layered
combustion method with controlled air supply, result in minimal heat loss from chemical
under-burning (less than 6.25%). Utilizing a model of unsteady heat transfer, the
researchers determined that a fuel layer thickness of 15–20 cm and temperatures ranging
from 450–750 °C provide favorable conditions for efficient combustion with low
environmental impact. This research is relevant to our study as it underscores the
importance of optimizing combustion processes for biomass-based briquettes. By
adopting techniques such as layered combustion and understanding thermal technical
conditions, our research can enhance the design and performance of paper briquettes
integrated with molasses, aiming for efficient and environmentally sustainable fuel
solutions.
In the same way Ferronato N. et al. (2022) in a study published in Journal of
Cleaner Production, investigates the thermal efficiency and emissions of briquettes made
from sawdust and cardboard waste compared to conventional firewood for heating and
 22

cooking purposes, particularly in Andean rural areas. The findings reveal that a blend of
80% cardboard and 20% sawdust briquettes increases thermal efficiency by 10–13%
while reducing biomass and energy consumption per minute by about 27% and 44%,
respectively, compared to firewood. Additionally, emissions of CO and PM2.5 decrease
significantly with the use of briquettes, contributing to environmental sustainability. This
research is highly relevant to our study on improving paper briquettes with molasses,
especially concerning combustion efficiency. By understanding the impact of different
biomass sources and compositions on combustion efficiency and emissions, we can
optimize our paper briquette formulation with molasses to enhance its combustion
efficiency while reducing emissions, thus promoting its effectiveness as an alternative
fuel for heating and cooking applications.
Another key point to Kebede T. et al. (2022) in a study published in Journal of
Energy, investigates the effects of different biomass residues (coffee husk, sawdust, khat
waste, and dry grass) and binding materials (waste paper pulp and clay soil) on the
combustion characteristics of briquette fuel. The research demonstrates that briquettes
produced from sawdust residue and paper pulp binder exhibit superior quality in terms of
fixed carbon content and calorific value compared to other combinations. These findings
highlight the potential of utilizing biomass residues and binding materials for briquette
production as an alternative source of energy and proper waste management solution.
This study is particularly relevant to our research on improving paper briquettes with
molasses, as it emphasizes the importance of understanding the composition and
combination of materials to enhance combustion efficiency. By optimizing the
composition of paper briquettes with molasses, we aim to improve their combustion
characteristics, similar to the findings observed with sawdust residue and paper pulp
binder, thus promoting their effectiveness as an eco-friendly fuel alternative.
Similarly, Bello R. et al. (2022) in a study published in the Trends in Agricultural
Sciences, explores the impact of binder concentration and soaking time on the combustion
characteristics of briquettes made from fermented Gmelina Arborea sawdust and used
print paper. The research reveals that increasing binder concentration positively correlates
with briquette density, while thermal efficiency decreases with higher binder
concentration. However, fermentation time and binder concentration slightly enhance the
combustion characteristics of the briquettes. This study is highly relevant to our research
on improving paper briquettes with molasses, particularly concerning combustion
efficiency. By understanding the effects of binder concentration and soaking time on
 23

combustion characteristics, we can optimize the use of molasses as a binder in our paper
briquettes to enhance their combustion efficiency while maintaining economic viability,
thus offering a sustainable alternative fuel option with reduced environmental impact.
The works of literature by Nikiforov A. et al. (2024), Ferronato N. et al. (2022),
Kebede T. et al. (2022), and Bello R. et al. (2022) collectively provide valuable insights
into optimizing combustion efficiency and environmental sustainability of biomass
briquettes, which are pertinent to our research on improving paper briquettes with
molasses. According to Nikiforov et al. (2024), the study highlighted the importance of
layered combustion and optimal thermal conditions for efficient burning with minimal
heat loss, suggesting that similar techniques can be applied to enhance paper briquettes.
In the same way, Ferronato N. et al. (2022) study demonstrated that briquettes made from
a blend of sawdust and cardboard significantly improve thermal efficiency and reduce
emissions compared to conventional firewood, underscoring the potential for paper
briquettes with molasses to achieve similar environmental benefits. In another key point
of Kebede T. et al. (2022) study emphasized the superior combustion characteristics of
briquettes made from sawdust residue and paper pulp binder, indicating that careful
selection and combining biomass residues can enhance briquette quality. Similarly, Bello
et al. (2020) study showed that optimizing binder concentration and soaking time can
positively affect briquette density and combustion characteristics, providing a framework
for adjusting molasses concentration in our paper briquettes to maximize efficiency.
Integrating these findings, our research aims to optimize the formulation and combustion
process of paper briquettes with molasses to create a sustainable, efficient, and eco-
friendly fuel alternative.

Related Studies
According to Palmonari A. et al. (2020) conducted a study titled "Characterization
of molasses chemical composition". The authors aimed to comprehensively characterize
cane and beet molasses, key by-products of sugar extraction widely used in animal
nutrition. Their findings revealed significant differences between cane and beet molasses
in terms of dry matter content, crude protein levels, sucrose concentration, and organic
acid composition. Cane molasses generally exhibited lower dry matter and crude protein
content but higher levels of lactic acid compared to beet molasses. This study underscores
the variability within and between sources of molasses, highlighting the importance of
detailed composition analysis for optimizing their use in ration formulation. Our research
 24

emphasizes these compositional differences can guide us in selecting the most suitable
type of molasses to enhance the mechanical properties and combustion characteristics of
the briquettes effectively.
To point out the study of Jamir L. et al. (2021) conducted a critical review titled
"Composition, valorization and therapeutical potential of molasses: a critical review,"
highlighting molasses as a significant by-product of the sugarcane processing industry
with versatile applications in food, feed, and fermentation industries. They emphasized its
composition variability and economic importance, primarily as a carbon source for
various products including ethanol, liquor, and organic acids. Molasses also possess
considerable health benefits such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer properties.
Their review underscores the underutilization and challenges in managing molasses
effectively despite its potential benefits. In the context of our research on "Improving
Paper Briquettes with Molasses," understanding the diverse composition and potential
health benefits of molasses can inform our efforts to enhance the sustainability and
functionality of paper briquettes. By incorporating molasses, we not only aim to improve
the combustion properties and mechanical strength of the briquettes but also explore their
potential to add value through sustainable waste utilization, aligning with broader
environmental and economic goals.
In addition to Ali B. (2020) study titled “The effect of molasses and water–cement
ratio on properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC)”. The study explored four
concentrations of molasses (0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, and 1% by weight of cement) across
three different water-cement ratios (0.45, 0.50, and 0.55), examining workability, fresh
density, compressive strength, water absorption, sorptivity coefficient, and chloride
penetration. The findings highlighted that incorporating 0.25–0.50% molasses in RAC
enhanced its strength and durability, particularly evident at the 0.50 water–cement ratio.
This research is relevant to our study on improving paper briquettes with molasses as it
demonstrates molasses' potential as a cost-effective additive to enhance the physical and
mechanical properties of composite materials, paralleling our goal of enhancing the
performance of eco-friendly briquettes through innovative additives.
As a result, the study of Li S. et al. (2020) investigated “The effects of condensed
molasses soluble (CMS) on the growth and development of rapeseed through seed
germination, hydroponics, and field trials”. Their findings revealed that a low
concentration of CMS (0.05 g L−1) enhanced plant biomass, root vigor, root
development, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in shoots during seedling growth.
 25

Conversely, higher CMS concentrations (0.2 g L−1) inhibited growth, root development,
and enzymatic activities while increasing oxidative stress markers. Field trials
demonstrated that CMS, when applied alongside chemical fertilizers, significantly
boosted seed yield by up to 20% compared to using chemical fertilizers alone. These
results underscore CMS's potential as a novel organic fertilizer for improving crop
productivity. In the context of our study on improving paper briquettes with molasses,
these findings suggest that molasses, due to its nutrient-rich and growth-promoting
properties demonstrated in crops, could similarly enhance the structural integrity and
combustion characteristics of paper briquettes, aligning with our goal of optimizing
sustainable fuel sources through innovative additives.
The studies by Palmonari et al. (2020), Jamir et al. (2021), Ali (2020), and Li et al.
(2020) collectively provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits of
using molasses to improve paper briquettes. According to Palmonari A. et al.
(2020) revealed significant compositional differences between cane and beet molasses,
guiding the selection of suitable types for enhancing briquette properties. To point out the
study Jamir et al. highlighted the versatile applications and economic importance of
molasses, supporting its use in improving briquette sustainability and functionality. In
addition Ali B. (2020) study demonstrated that molasses can enhance the strength and
durability of recycled concrete, suggesting similar benefits for briquettes. As a result of
the study of Li S. research showed that molasses could promote growth and development
in plants, indicating its potential to improve the structural integrity and combustion
efficiency of briquettes. These findings collectively underscore the value of molasses as
an additive in optimizing the performance and sustainability of paper briquettes.
According to Afra E. et al. (2021) in the study entitled “The production of bagasse
biofuel briquettes and the evaluation of natural binders (LNFC, NFC, and lignin) effects
on their technical parameters”, evaluates the production of bagasse biofuel briquettes with
a focus on the effects of natural binders, including nano-lignocellulose, nano-cellulose,
and lignin, on their technical parameters. By utilizing different particle sizes of bagasse
and varying concentrations of binders, they aimed to enhance both the mechanical and
thermal properties of the briquettes. The results indicated that nano-lignocellulose and
nano-cellulose binders were more effective in improving physical and mechanical
properties compared to lignin binders, while lignin binders demonstrated superior thermal
properties due to its high calorific value. This study's findings are relevant to our research
on enhancing paper waste briquettes with molasses as they provide insights into the
 26

efficacy of different binders in improving briquette quality, which can inform our
experimentation and optimization processes to achieve desired physical and combustion
properties.
Another key point to Obi O. et al. (2022) in the study entitled “A Review of
Biomass Briquette Binders and Quality Parameter”, provides an overview of biomass
briquette production, focusing on binders and quality parameters. It highlights the
importance of utilizing agricultural and forestry residues to produce solid fuels in the
form of briquettes as a key component of renewable energy efforts. The paper emphasizes
the role of binders in improving the cohesive strength of briquettes and discusses various
quality parameters, particularly mechanical and handling properties. The findings
underscore the need for standardization in assessing these parameters to facilitate
comparability across studies. This review is relevant to our study on enhancing paper
waste briquettes with molasses, as it offers insights into the use of binders to improve
briquette quality and addresses challenges in biomass briquette production, which can
inform our research methodology and approach.
To point out the study by Dinesha P. et al., (2019) titled "Biomass Briquettes as an
Alternative Fuel: A Comprehensive Review", explores the effective utilization of agro
and industrial biomass residues for energy conservation and economic benefits to farmers.
The review details various feedstocks and technologies used in briquetting, highlighting
the influence of process parameters such as density, moisture content, and binder
percentage on briquette quality. It also discusses the negative impact of high ash content
on calorific value and combustion efficiency, noting issues like slagging, fouling, and
corrosion. The authors conclude that biomass briquettes are particularly beneficial for
rural cooking and heating needs, suggesting further research on emissions from different
feedstock origins. This study is relevant to our research on improving paper briquettes
with molasses, as it underscores the importance of optimizing feedstock variables and
binder content to enhance briquette quality and combustion efficiency, which are key
considerations in our investigation.
Notably Sanchez et al. (2022) study titled "An Overview on the Production of Bio-
briquettes from Agricultural Wastes: Methods, Processes, and Quality" offer an extensive
overview of the production of bio-briquettes from agricultural wastes in their
Highlighting the global surge in energy demand, particularly with the expanding
population, the authors emphasize the importance of harnessing renewable energy sources
like biomass. Agricultural residues such as rice husks, corn cobs, and bagasse, typically
 27

left to decompose or burnt in open fires, pose environmental and health risks. The study
underscores the role of bio-briquettes as an eco-friendly alternative to wood logs, suitable
for various energy applications including electricity generation and cooking fuel. It
provides insights into production methodologies, processing techniques, and quality
assessment methods, along with discussing technological advancements, challenges, and
future trends in the bio-briquetting industry.
The studies by Afra et al. (2021), Obi et al. (2022), Dinesha P. et al., (2019), and
Sanchez et al. (2022) collectively provide valuable insights for enhancing paper briquettes
with molasses. According to Afra et al. (2021), a study demonstrates that nano-
lignocellulose and nano-cellulose binders significantly improve the mechanical properties
of bagasse briquettes, while lignin enhances thermal properties. This informs our research
on selecting effective binders to optimize briquette quality. Another key point of Obi O.
et al. (2022) study, review emphasizes the role of binders in improving briquette cohesion
and the need for standardized quality assessments, guiding our methodology. Point out
the study of Dinesha P. et al. (2019), which explores the effective utilization of agro and
industrial biomass residues for energy conservation and economic benefits to farmers and
concludes that biomass briquettes are particularly beneficial for rural cooking and heating
needs, suggesting further research on emissions from different feedstock origins. Notably,
Sanchez et al. (2020) study, provides an overview of bio-briquette production from
agricultural wastes, reinforcing the importance of utilizing renewable energy sources and
offering insights into production methods and quality assessments. Together, these studies
underscore the potential of innovative binders, standardization, community involvement,
and sustainable practices in optimizing paper briquettes with molasses.
According to Bello R. and Onilude M. (2020) study entitled “The
physicomechanical characteristics of high-density briquettes produced from composite
sawdust” using a screw press briquetting machine. Their study evaluated briquettes with
varying particle sizes and moisture contents, focusing on dimensional stability, density,
resistance to gravity and impact, and durability in water. Briquettes produced with lower
moisture content exhibited higher resistance to water dispersion, better impact resistance,
and improved storability. The findings highlight the importance of optimal moisture
levels and particle size in enhancing the physical and mechanical properties of briquettes.
About our research on improving paper briquettes with molasses, this study provides
valuable insights into how additives like molasses could potentially influence the binding
properties, moisture resistance, and overall durability of paper briquettes. By
 28

incorporating molasses, which has been shown to enhance binding and combustion
properties in various materials, our study aims to leverage similar benefits to enhance the
quality and performance of eco-friendly paper briquettes for sustainable fuel applications.
Another key point to Ito H. et al. (2020) study titled “The influence of biomass raw
materials on the combustion behavior of highly densified single cylindrical biomass
briquettes”. Their study aimed to clarify how different raw materials such as cypress,
bamboo, rice husk, and paper affect flaming and char combustion durations in briquettes
burned under controlled conditions. They found that the duration of flaming combustion
correlates with the product of the inverse square of specific surface area and briquette
density, likely influenced by the mass percentage of holocellulose in the biomass.
Conversely, char combustion duration correlates with the product of the inverse square of
specific surface area and briquette fixed carbon content, potentially linked to biomass ash
content. This research is pertinent to our study on improving paper briquettes with
molasses as it provides insights into how varying raw materials impact combustion
behavior, aiding in the optimization of our briquette's efficiency and performance
characteristics based on their composition and structural properties.
In addition to Adeleke A. et al. (2021), the study titled "Ash analyses of bio-coal
briquettes produced using blended binder" examines the ash characteristics of bio-coal
briquettes made from coal and torrefied woody biomass using coal tar pitch and molasses
as binders. The research findings reveal that the briquettes' ashing process yielded mineral
phases predominantly composed of quartz, with major oxides including SiO2, Al2O3, and
Fe2O3. The ash fusion temperatures ranged between 1300–1350 °C, indicating stable
thermal properties suitable for combustion applications. This study is pertinent to our
research on "Improving Paper Briquettes with Molasses" as it underscores the role of
binders in influencing the ash composition and thermal efficiency of biomass-based
briquettes, thereby informing strategies for enhancing the quality and performance of
paper briquettes integrated with molasses as a binder.
Hence Fadele O. et al. (2021) explored “Characterized briquettes made from forest
wastes”, specifically jatropha seed shells (JSSs) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis wood
shavings (EcWSs), utilizing Acacia Senegal as a binder across various mixing ratios and
binder quantities. Their study optimized physical properties such as density, moisture
content, water resistance, and shatter index using response surface methodology. The
optimal mixing ratio of 75:25 (JSSs: EcWSs) and binder quantity of 60 g yielded
briquettes with improved density (0.70 kg·m–3), reduced moisture content (10.88%), and
 29

enhanced water resistance (98.11%), while maintaining a high shatter index (99.86%).
This research underscores the potential of using organic waste materials for briquette
production and highlights the significant impact of varying mixing proportions on
briquette properties. In our study on improving paper briquettes with molasses, this
investigation provides valuable insights into optimizing binder and raw material
combinations to enhance the physical and combustion properties of our briquettes. By
leveraging similar optimization techniques, we can improve the quality and sustainability
of paper-based briquettes, aligning with efforts to efficiently utilize renewable biomass
resources for energy production and waste management.
This literatures by Bello R. and Onilude M. (2020), Ito H. et al. (2020), Adeleke A.
et al. (2021), and Fadele O. et al. (2021) provide comprehensive insights into optimizing
the physical, mechanical, and combustion properties of biomass briquettes, which are
highly relevant to our research on improving paper briquettes with molasses. According
to Bello R. and Onilude M. (2020) highlighted the critical role of moisture content and
particle size in enhancing briquette durability and resistance to water dispersion,
suggesting that incorporating molasses could improve binding and storability. Another
key point to Ito H. et al. (2020) demonstrated how different biomass raw materials
influence combustion behavior, emphasizing the need to optimize raw material
composition for efficient burning, a principle applicable to paper briquettes enhanced
with molasses. In addition to Adeleke A. et al. (2021), the study focused on the impact of
binders on ash composition and thermal efficiency, indicating that molasses could
positively affect the ash characteristics and combustion efficiency of paper briquettes.
Hence Fadele O. et al. (2021) optimized the physical properties of briquettes made from
forest waste, showing how varying mixing ratios and binder quantities can significantly
improve density, moisture content, and water resistance. By integrating these findings,
our study aims to optimize molasses as a binder to enhance eco-friendly paper briquettes'
structural integrity, energy efficiency, and overall performance, contributing to
sustainable fuel solutions.
According to Velusamy S. et al. (2021) investigated the “Combustion
characteristics of briquette fuels derived from sorghum panicles (SP) and pearl millet
(PM), utilizing cassava starch as a binder”. The study explored various ratios of SP to PM
in briquette production and assessed proximate parameters (water content, fixed carbon,
ash, volatile matter), elemental analyses (SEM/EDAX), weight loss, heating values,
density, and compressive strength of the briquettes. Comparatively, sorghum panicle–
 30

pearl millet briquettes exhibited superior fuel properties to Pongamia-tamarind shell

briquettes, showcasing higher calorific values and better heating efficiency due to their
higher fixed carbon content. These findings are directly relevant to our research on
improving paper briquettes with molasses as they highlight effective methods for
enhancing biomass briquette quality and performance using agricultural wastes. By
leveraging similar binder strategies and understanding the influence of raw material
composition on combustion characteristics, we can optimize the production of paper-
based briquettes to achieve higher calorific values and improved efficiency, contributing
to sustainable energy solutions and environmental conservation efforts.
Comparatively to Balakrishna D. et al. (2020) in a study titled “Comparative
analysis of boiler efficiency between commercial sawdust briquettes and biomass
briquettes” made from 850 µ coconut leaves with sawdust as a binder. The study found
that while commercial sawdust briquettes exhibited higher boiler efficiency (68.80%) due
to their higher calorific value (4451.37 KCal/gm), the coconut leaf briquettes achieved a
boiler efficiency of 61.17%. Despite the lower calorific value of coconut leaf briquettes
(3672.45 KCal/gm), they demonstrated significant reductions in ash content and moisture,
alongside an increase in volatile matter percentage, compared to sawdust briquettes.
These findings are relevant to our research on improving paper briquettes with molasses
as they underscore the importance of calorific value and composition in determining the
efficiency of biomass briquettes. By optimizing binder materials and understanding the
impact of composition on calorific value and combustion properties, we can enhance the
energy efficiency and environmental sustainability of paper-based briquettes.
Incorporating insights from this study can guide us in selecting appropriate biomass
blends and binder formulations to improve the performance and marketability of our
paper-based briquette products.
Therefore, Liu J. et al. (2021) investigated the “Study of Combustion
Characteristics and Kinetics of Agriculture
Briquette Using Thermogravimetric Analysis”. Their study revealed that corn straw
briquettes possess higher volatile matter, lower ash content, and a higher heating value
compared to traditional fossil fuels. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that varying
heating rates (10, 15, and 20 °C/min) influenced the combustion behavior, affecting
parameters such as maximum burning rate and residual mass. Higher heating rates shifted
the maximum burning rate to higher temperatures but improved overall combustion
performance. Kinetic analysis using isoconversional methods demonstrated average
 31

activation energies suitable for predicting the briquettes' combustion behavior. This
research is pertinent to our study on improving paper briquettes with molasses as it
underscores the importance of understanding biomass briquette combustion
characteristics and optimizing their composition for enhanced efficiency and energy
output. By applying similar analytical methods and focusing on optimizing combustion
parameters like heating rates and activation energies, we can refine the production
process of paper-based briquettes to ensure better performance and environmental
sustainability in biomass energy applications.
As a result, Ajimotokan H. et al. (2020) studied the “Combustion characteristics of
fuel briquettes made from Idigbo charcoal particles, pinewood sawdust, and their
combinations with gelatinized cassava peels as binder”. They found that varying the
mixing ratios of charcoal particles and pine sawdust significantly influenced the
briquettes' properties. Higher charcoal content increased fixed carbon content and heating
value, while higher pine sawdust content increased volatile matter and reduced heating
value. Pure charcoal briquettes exhibited the highest heating value (24.9 MJ/kg) and ash
content (6.0%), with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen contents optimal for efficient
combustion. These findings are relevant to our study on improving paper briquettes with
molasses as they provide insights into optimizing biomass composition and binder ratios
to enhance combustion efficiency and calorific value. By leveraging similar experimental
approaches, we can refine the formulation of paper-based briquettes to improve their
suitability as efficient and sustainable fuel alternatives for various applications, including
domestic and industrial use.
This study collectively informs our investigation into enhancing paper briquettes
with molasses. According to Velusamy S. et al. (2021) demonstrate effective methods of
enhancing biomass briquette quality and performance using agricultural wastes,
emphasizing the role of binder strategies and raw material composition in optimizing
combustion characteristics. Their findings underscore the potential to improve paper
briquettes by leveraging similar techniques to achieve higher calorific values and
enhanced efficiency in sustainable energy applications. Comparatively to the study of
Balakrishna D. et al. (2020) comparative analysis highlights the importance of
understanding calorific value and composition in determining the efficiency of biomass
briquettes, providing insights into optimizing binder materials to enhance the energy
efficiency and environmental sustainability of paper-based briquettes. Therefore, Liu J. et
al. (2021) study on corn straw briquettes contributes valuable insights into biomass
 32

combustion behavior and optimization strategies, emphasizing the importance of refining

composition and combustion parameters to achieve better performance and sustainability
in briquette production. As a result Ajimotokan H. et al. (2020) investigation into fuel
briquettes made from charcoal particles and pine sawdust offers further guidance on
optimizing biomass composition and binder ratios to enhance combustion efficiency and
calorific value, aligning with our goal to refine paper-based briquettes for efficient and
sustainable fuel alternatives. By integrating these insights, our study aims to advance the
development of eco-friendly paper briquettes with molasses, contributing to both
environmental conservation and energy sustainability initiatives.
According to Haiphong W. et al. (2021) conducted an “Experimental study to
investigate the mechanical properties of briquette coal samples with varying moisture
content”, relevant to coal seam water injection strategies for preventing coal and gas
outbursts. They conducted triaxial compression tests on briquette coal samples with
moisture levels ranging from 4% to 12% under different confining pressures. The study
revealed that increasing moisture content softened the coal, leading to a decrease in the
slope of the stress-strain curve's linear elastic stage. Moreover, water-bearing coal
exhibited strain-strengthening behavior under higher confining pressures, shifting from a
brittle to a ductile state. The peak stress and internal friction angle showed consistent
relationships with moisture content and confining pressure, with cohesion peaking at 8%
moisture content. This research underscores the critical role of moisture content in coal's
mechanical behavior and its implications for coal seam stability and safety. In our study
on improving paper briquettes with molasses, understanding how moisture affects the
mechanical properties of briquettes can guide us in optimizing their structural integrity
and combustion characteristics. By applying similar principles of moisture management
and mechanical testing, we can enhance the durability and efficiency of paper-based
briquettes, ensuring they meet both performance and safety standards in biomass fuel
applications.
Another key point Marreiro H. et al. (2021) explored was the “Moisture Content
Impact on Properties of Briquette Produced from Rice Husk Waste" enhancement of
paper briquettes using molasses. Their study highlighted that optimizing the densification
process through variables like raw material granulometry, pressure, initial moisture,
compaction time, and binder significantly improves the physical and energy properties of
briquettes. This approach ensures uniformity in solid fuel, enhancing storage, transport
efficiency, and combustion uniformity. Their findings underscore the critical role of these
 33

parameters in maximizing the quality of briquettes, aligning closely with our research on
improving paper briquettes with molasses. By leveraging similar principles of optimizing
briquetting parameters, our study aims to further enhance the energy efficiency and
quality characteristics of paper-based biomass briquettes, contributing to sustainable
energy solutions.
Specifically Nurek T. et al. (2020) study investigated the “The effect of temperature
and moisture on the chosen parameters of briquettes made of shredded logging residues”
compaction parameters of shredded logging residues to enhance the durability of
briquettes. The study focused on non-homogeneous biomass containing high proportions
of bark, needles, and mineral contaminants, emphasizing the correlation between raw
material characteristics, briquetting process variables, and the physical properties of the
resulting briquettes. Compaction at different temperatures and moisture contents revealed
varying durability coefficients, with higher temperatures generally improving compaction
efficiency but also increasing specific work requirements. This research is pertinent to our
study on improving paper briquettes with molasses as it underscores the critical influence
of biomass composition, moisture content, and compaction conditions on briquette
quality. By adapting insights from Nurek's findings, particularly regarding temperature
effects on compaction and durability, our research aims to optimize these parameters to
enhance the structural integrity and energy efficiency of paper-based biomass briquettes
incorporating molasses as a binder. Saeed A. et al. (2021) examined the impact of
moisture content on the properties of briquettes made from rice husk waste, highlighting
its potential as an agricultural waste-based energy source. The study focused on
optimizing briquette quality by varying initial moisture contents (12%, 14%, and 16%)
and incorporating 10 wt% kraft lignin as a binder. Results showed that adjusting moisture
content significantly influenced the chemical and physical characteristics of the
briquettes, with all samples achieving durability values above 95% and good compressive
strength. Briquettes with 14% moisture content exhibited the highest calorific value
(17.688 MJ kg−1) due to favorable morphology and porosity, enhancing air transport
during combustion. This research is pertinent to our study on improving paper briquettes
with molasses as it demonstrates effective strategies for enhancing biomass briquette
quality through moisture control and binder addition. By applying similar methodologies,
we can optimize the properties and performance of paper-based briquettes, ensuring they
meet energy efficiency standards and environmental sustainability goals in biomass fuel
applications.
 34

Similarly, the study of Saeed A. et al. (2021) examined the impact of moisture
content on the properties of briquettes made from rice husk waste, highlighting its
potential as an agricultural waste-based energy source. The study focused on optimizing
briquette quality by varying initial moisture contents (12%, 14%, and 16%) and
incorporating 10 wt% kraft lignin as a binder. Results showed that adjusting moisture
content significantly influenced the chemical and physical characteristics of the
briquettes, with all samples achieving durability values above 95% and good compressive
strength. Briquettes with 14% moisture content exhibited the highest calorific value
(17.688 MJ kg−1) due to favorable morphology and porosity, enhancing air transport
during combustion. This research is pertinent to our study on improving paper briquettes
with molasses as it demonstrates effective strategies for enhancing biomass briquette
quality through moisture control and binder addition. By applying similar methodologies,
we can optimize the properties and performance of paper-based briquettes, ensuring they
meet energy efficiency standards and environmental sustainability goals in biomass fuel
applications.
The studies by Haiphong W. et al. (2021), Marreiro H. et al. (2021), Nurek T. et al.
(2020), and Saeed A. et al. (2021) collectively underscore the critical role of moisture
content and compaction parameters in optimizing the mechanical properties and energy
efficiency of biomass briquettes. According to Haiphong W. et al. (2021) focused on coal
briquettes, revealing that moisture content significantly impacts their mechanical behavior
and structural integrity, a principle applicable to paper briquettes. Another key point
Marreiro H. et al. (2021) highlighted is the enhancement of briquette properties through
meticulous control of densification variables, including moisture and binder usage, which
aligns to improve paper briquettes with molasses. Specifically, Nurek T. et al.
(2020) demonstrated the influence of temperature and moisture on the durability of
briquettes made from heterogeneous biomass, emphasizing the importance of optimizing
compaction conditions. Similarly, the study of Saeed A. et al. (2021) explored the impact
of varying moisture levels and binder incorporation on rice husk briquettes, showing how
these factors enhance durability, compressive strength, and calorific value. Integrating
insights from these studies, our research on paper briquettes with molasses aims to
optimize moisture content and compaction parameters to improve the structural integrity,
energy efficiency, and overall performance of paper-based biomass briquettes,
contributing to sustainable and efficient biomass fuel applications.
 35

Theoretical Framework

This chapter presents the relevant theories, literature, and studies; these are vital for
understanding our research. This will address the different concepts, ideas, and
conclusions that have evolved, shaping our understanding of the subject. It is to identify
the complex relationships between distinct variables by looking into both the past and
present. This inquiry acts as a road map, directing them as their initiatives evolve.
Furthermore, the insights shared here aim to make the research journey more relatable,
offering readers familiar details that connect with our study.
 36

Notes in Chapter II

Helmenstine A. (2024). Law of conservation of mass. Science Notes and Projects.

https://sciencenotes.org/law-of-conservation-of-
mass/#:~:text=The%20Law%20of%20Conservation%20of%20Mass%20was%20f
irst%20articulated%20by,also%20applies%20to%20other%20disciplines.
Waring T. (2017). Professor Waring’s new sustainability Theory: Why Cooperation
Matters. School of Economics.
https://umaine.edu/soe/2017/12/01/warings-sustainability-theory/
Ellen Mac Arthur Foundation (2010). Circular Economy Theory.
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Zimmerman M. A. (2000). Empowerment theory: Psychological, organizational, and
community levels of analysis. In J. Rappaport & E. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook of
community psychology (pp. 43–63). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
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Wikipedia contributors. (2024). Janina Hosiasson-Lindenbaum. Wikipedia.
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Rahman N. et al. (2022). Clove leaf distillation using briquette fuel with starch and
molasses as a binder. Materials Today: Proceedings.
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Saboo N. et al. (2023). Use of raw sugarcane molasses as a partial replacement of asphalt
binder: An experimental investigation. Construction and Building Materials.
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El Asri O. and Farag M. (2023). The potential of molasses from different dietary sources
in industrial applications: A source of functional compounds and health attributes,
a comprehensive review. Food Bioscience.
DOI:10.1016/j.fbio.2023.103263
Mangwanda et al. (2021). Processes, challenges and optimisation of rum production from
molasses—a contemporary review. Fermentation.
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Fehse F. et al. (2021). Influence of pre-treatment and variation of briquetting parameters
on the mechanical refinement of spent coffee grounds. Biomass and Bioenergy.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106201
 37

Garg D. and Garg R. (2022). Performance analysis of the briquette machine considering
a neglected faults with preventive maintenance. Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-022-01621-5
Garg D. and Garg R. (2022). Reliability Analysis and Profit Optimization of Briquette
Machine by Considering Neglected Faults. Reliability: Theory & Applications.
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Liu L. et al. (2020). Distributed heating/centralized monitoring mode of biomass briquette
fuel in Chinese northern rural areas. Renewable Energy.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.086
Ghorbani M. et al. (2024). Potential of Walnut Shell Flour as a Binder in Briquette
Production from Industrial and Garden Wastes. BioResources.
DOI:10.15376/biores.19.1.683-694
Akpenpuun T.D. et al. (2024). Physical and combustible properties of briquettes produced
from a combination of groundnut shell, rice husk, sawdust and waste paper using
starch as a binder. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management.
DOI:10.4314/jasem.v24i1.25
Kpalo S. et al. (2020). Production and Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes from
Corncobs and Oil Palm Trunk Bark under a Low Pressure Densification
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Ossei-Bremang R.N. et al. (2024). Effects of compression pressure, biomass ratio and
binder proportion on the calorific value and mechanical integrity of waste-based
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Firman L. et al. (2023). Increasing the feasibility and storage property of cellulose-based
biomass by forming shape-stabilized briquette with hydrophobiccompound.
Environmental Engineering.
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Elehinafe F. and Okedere O. (2023). Fuel-Briquetting for Sustainable Development in
Developing Countries-A Review. Adv Environ Eng Res.
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Mekonen A. et al. (2024). Production and characterization of briquettes from sugarcane
bagasse of Wonji Sugar Factory, Oromia, Ethiopia. Mater Renew Sustain Energy.
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 38

Ferronato N. et al. (2022). Are waste-based briquettes alternative fuels in developing

countries? A critical review. Energy for Sustainable Development.
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Cabrales H. et al. (2020). The effects of moisture content, fiber length and compaction
time on African oil palm empty fruit bunches briquette quality parameters.
Heliyon.
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Saeed A. et al. (2021). Moisture Content Impact on Properties of Briquette Produced from
Rice Husk Waste. Environmental Science, Materials Science, Agricultural and
Food Sciences.
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Mech N. et al. (2022). Evaluation of composite briquettes from dry leaves in energy
applications for agrarian communities in India. Journal of Cleaner Production.
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Obi O. et al. (2022). A Review of Biomass Briquette Binders and Quality Parameters.
Biofuels Production from Lignocellulosic Waste.

https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072426
Akpenpuun T. et al. (2020). Physical and Combustible Properties of Briquettes Produced
from a Combination of Groundnut Shell, Rice Husk, Sawdust and Wastepaper
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Management (JASEM).
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Nikiforov A. et al.(2024) Analysis of the Efficiency of Burning Briquettes from
Agricultural and Industrial Residues in a Layer. Energies.
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Ferronato N. et al. (2022). Biomass and Cardboard Waste-Based Briquettes for Heating
and Cooking: Thermal Efficiency and Emissions Analysis. Journal of Cleaner
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Kebede T. et al. (2022). Combustion Characteristics of Briquette Fuel Produced from
Biomass Residues and Binding Materials. Journal of Energy.
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 39

Bello R. et al. (2022). Effects of Binder Concentrations and Soaking Time on Combustion
Characteristics of Briquettes Produced from Fermented Gmelina Arborea (Roxb)
Sawdust and Used Print Paper. Bioenergy Studies Black Sea Agricultural
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DOI:10.51606/bes.2022.9
Palmonari A. et al.(2020).Short communication: Characterization of molasses chemical
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Jamir L. et al.(2021).Composition, valorization and therapeutical potential of
molasses: a critical review.Environmental Technology Reviews.
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Ali B.(2020).Effect of Molasses and Water–Cement Ratio on Properties of Recycled
Aggregate Concrete. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering.
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Li S. et al.(2020).The Effects of Condensed Molasses Soluble on the Growth and
Development of Rapeseed through Seed Germination, Hydroponics and Field
Trials. Agriculture.
https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10070260
Afra E. et al. (2021). The production of bagasse biofuel briquettes and the evaluation of
natural binders (LNFC, NFC, and lignin) effects on their technical parameters.
Journal of Cleaner Production.
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Obi O. et al. (2022). A Review of Biomass Briquette Binders and Quality Parameter.
Biofuels Production from Lignocellulosic Waste.
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Sanchez P. et al. (2022). An Overview on the Production of Bio-briquettes from
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 40

Bello R. and Onilude M. (2020). Physico-mechanical Characteristics of High Density

Briquettes produced from Composite Sawdust. Journal of Applied Sciences
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Velusamy S. et al. (2021). Combustion characteristics of briquette fuels from sorghum
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Briquette Using Thermogravimetric Analysis. American Chemical Society.
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 41

Nurek T. et al. (2020). The effect of temperature and moisture on the chosen parameters
of briquettes made of shrehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105368dded
logging residues. Biomass and Bioenergy.
 42

CHAPTER III
Research Methodology

This chapter presents a discussion on the research methodology of the study, the
procedure of data gathering, the prototype design, design options, the design calculations,
the design evaluation and testing, block diagram, and the ethical considerations in writing
a research paper.

Data Gathering Procedures

This study utilized the quantitative method using an experimental design to
optimize the briquette performance and enhance the combustion efficiency and physical
properties of molasses.
According to Jain N. (2023), quantitative research stands as a powerful research
methodology dedicated to the systematic collection and analysis of measurable data. This
strategy derives insights from organized surveys, controlled experiments, or other
standardized data-gathering procedures using rigorous statistical and mathematical
methodologies. Explore the depth of quantitative research with this comprehensive guide,
offering practical examples and applications to demonstrate its real-world impact. In
addition, according to Jain N. (2023), experimental design involves manipulating one or
more variables to determine their effects on an outcome of interest. Both controlled
laboratory conditions and actual field settings can be used for experiments. Experiments
offer a significant advantage in that they offer a high degree of control over the variables
under investigation, hence enhancing the study's internal validity. The experimental
design of the research is suitable for the study as it aims to optimize the briquette
performance and enhance the combustion efficiency and physical properties of molasses.
It is determined that the researchers will use measured and calculated types of categories
for this research. Along with that, it also provides a concise explanation of the problem
being studied.

Prototype Design
This part presents the detailed design of the prototype which includes diagrams,
drawings, circuits, and the like. It contains also the design parameters, materials needed,
and cost.
 43

1. Design Parameters Consideration

Top View

Figure 2
Prototype Design and Specifications

Isometric View

Figure 3
Isometric view

Design Materials and Costs

Materials Dimensions Quantity Cost
Molasses N/A 11.025 lbs Php 245.00
Plywood 12x12 inches 1 piece Php 248.00
Coco Lumber 2x4x12 inches 1 piece Php 250.00
Nails 4 inches 0.2756 lbs Php 10.00
Total Php 753.00

Table 1
Material and Costs
 44

Design Options

Option 1

Top View

Figure 4
Design Option 1

Option 2
Top View

Figure 5
Design Option 2
 45

DESIGN DURATION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES COST

OPTION MEASUREMENT

 Higher
combustion
efficiency
due to better
airflow and
more  Harder to control
complete the burning
burning. process due to
Multiple holes  More even faster Low
allow more airflow, heat combustion. cost
Option 1 resulting in faster distribution  Shorter burning (less
combustion. This is beneficial duration, which material
can lead to a shorter for may not be is
burning duration. applications suitable for needed)
requiring applications
uniform requiring
heating. prolonged heat.
 Quicker to  More complex
ignite and design and
reach potentially more
optimal difficult to
burning manufacture.
conditions
due to
increased
airflow.

 Easier to
control the
burning  Lower
process due combustion
to slower efficiency due to
A single hole combustion. limited airflow,
restricts the airflow,  Can be more which may result Low
Option 2 leading to a slower efficient for in incomplete cost
combustion rate. applications burning. (less
This can result in a that require a  Less even heat material
longer burning steady and distribution, is
duration. prolonged which can be a needed)
heat source. disadvantage for
 Simpler certain
design and is applications.
easier to
manufacture.

Design Calculations
 46

Density Formula :

Moisture Content Formula:

Design Evaluation and Testing

 47

Block Diagram

The block diagram shows a step-by-step process flow for a manufacturing or treatment
system. The process begins with the Raw Material Collection, which gathers the
necessary resources. The next step is shredding, which involves cutting the materials into
smaller pieces to permit further processing. Following shredding, the materials are
Soaked, which most commonly involves immersing them in a liquid to soften or clean
them. After soaking, the elements are mixed to ensure uniformity or combination with
other substances. The mixed components are subsequently compressed, maybe to a
precise shape or density. After compression, the materials enter the Drying step, which
removes excess moisture. The next step is Storage/Packaging, which stores or packages
the processed goods for distribution or further use.

Design Fabrication Procedures

Prepare the Assemble Production of the

Materials the Briquette
Materials

Briquette Production
 48

Materials: Paper waste and molasses

Procedure:
 Mix the paper waste with varying concentrations of molasses (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
and 20% by weight). The mixture was then moistened slightly with water to
facilitate binding.
 The moistened mixture was placed into a cylindrical mold and compressed using
a molder to ensure uniform density across all briquette samples.
 The formed briquettes were air-dried for 48 hours and then in an oven at 50°C
until reaching a constant weight, ensuring all samples had similar moisture
content before testing.

Ethical Considerations
Researchers are committed to using environmentally sustainable materials and
processes throughout the experiment, focusing on enhancing combustion efficiency and
physical properties of the briquettes. Safety protocols are strictly adhered to in handling
materials to prevent environmental contamination and ensure the well-being of the
research team. Researchers meticulously document their methods and findings, aiming to
develop briquettes that burn more efficiently and emit fewer pollutants compared to
traditional fuels. They prioritize transparency and accountability, regularly consulting
with environmental experts and stakeholders to assess potential impacts and refine their
approach. Ultimately, the research strives to contribute to sustainable energy solutions,
benefiting communities reliant on biomass fuels while upholding principles of
environmental stewardship and social responsibility.

Notes in Chapter III

Jain N. (2023). What is Quantitative Research? Definition, Examples, Key Advantages,
]Methods and Best Practices. IdeaScale.
https://ideascale.com/blog/what-is-quantitative-research/
49