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sameersyeek
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1.

Ancient History
Prehistoric and Early Civilizations
Prehistoric Era: Time before written records; early humans used stone tools.
Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age): Hunter-gatherers, cave paintings, simple tools.
Mesolithic Age (Middle Stone Age): Transition period with small tools, fishing, and
domestication of animals.
Neolithic Age (New Stone Age): Agriculture, permanent settlements, pottery, and
domestication of plants and animals.
Indus Valley Civilization (2500-1500 BCE):
Located in the Indus River Valley (present-day Pakistan and northwest India).
Cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were highly advanced with urban planning,
drainage systems, and trade.
Main occupation: Trade, agriculture, and craft industries.
Vedic Period (1500-600 BCE)

Rigveda: Oldest Vedic text, composed in Sanskrit.


Aryan migration theory: Aryans moved into India and settled in the Indo-Gangetic
plains.
Social Organization: Varna system (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras).
Religious Practices: Early Vedic religion focused on nature and rituals.
Rigveda: Oldest Vedic text, composed in Sanskrit.
Aryan migration theory: Aryans moved into India and settled in the Indo-Gangetic
plains.
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