CHAPTER - 6

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

Importance of Manufacturing Eg: Irrigation pumps, fertilisers,

Industries insecticide, PVC Pipes etc

 Manufacturing sector- backbone of Classification of Industries

development in general & economic
 On the basis of source of raw
development in particular.
materials used:
 It helps in modernizing the backbone 1. Agro based: Cotton, woollen, jute,
of the economy, i.e. agriculture. silk textile, rubber etc.
 Reduce the heavy dependence of people 2. Mineral based: Iron and steel,
on agricultural income by providing cement, aluminium, machine tools,
them jobs in secondary & tertiary petrochemical.
sectors.  On the basis of their main role:
 Helps in eradicating unemployment & 1. Basic or key industries :
poverty from our country. Industries which supply their
 Aims at bringing down regional products as raw materials to
disparities by establishing industries in manufacture other goods.
tribal & backward areas. e.g. iron and steel and copper
 Expansion of trade & commerce- smelting, etc.
export of manufactured goods brings in 2. Consumer Industries
foreign exchange. Industries that produce goods for
 Helps in transforming raw materials direct use by consumers – sugar,
into a wide variety of furnished goods of toothpaste, paper, sewing machines,
higher value fans etc.
Agriculture
 On the basis of capital investment:
 Agriculture and industry go hand in 1. Small-scale Industries: Industries
hand with investments up to one crore.
 Raw material for industries come from 2. Large-scale Industries: Industries
agriculture with investments more than one
 Industries enhance agriculture. crore.

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 On the basis of Ownership: Agro-Based Industries

1. Public sector Textile Industry

Owned and operated by government
 Occupies unique position in the Indian
agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc.
economy.
2. Private sector
 Significant contribution to industrial
Industries owned and operated by
production, employment generation &
individuals or a group of individuals –
foreign exchange earnings.
TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., etc.
 Self-reliant & complete industry in the
3. Joint sector industries
value chain i.e., from raw material to the
Jointly run by the state and individuals
highest value added products.
or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd.
Cotton Textiles
(OIL)
1. Ancient India Cotton Textiles:
4. Cooperative sector industries
Produced with hand Spinning and
 Owned & operated by the producers
handloom weaving techniques
or suppliers of raw materials,
2. After 18th century - Power-looms came
workers or both.
into use.
 Share the profits or losses
3. Traditional industries suffered a setback
proportionately.
- during the colonial period.
 Examples are the sugar industry in
4. Failed to compete with the mill-made
Maharashtra, the coir industry in
cloth from England
Kerala
5. First successful textile mill was
established in Mumbai in 1854.
 On the basis of bulk and weight of raw
6. High demand for clothes in UK due to
material and finished goods:
two world wars gave a boost to the
1. Heavy Industries: Industries that development of the cotton textile
use heavy raw material & produce industry in British India.
heavy goods such as iron & steel.  Early years- Cotton textiles industries
2. Light Industries: That use light raw concentrated- Maharashtra & Gujarat.
materials & produce light goods  Reason behind this localization-
such as electrical goods industries. Availability of raw cotton, market,
transport, labour, moist climate, etc.

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 Generate employment farmers, cotton Challenges faced by Cotton Textile
ball pluckers and workers engaged in Industries
ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing,
 Our spinning mills-competitive at the
designing, packaging, tailoring &
global level & capable of using all the
sewing.
fibres we produce.
 Support other industries- By creating
 Weaving, knitting & processing units
demand.
cannot use much of the high quality
 Example: chemicals and dyes,
yarn that is produced in the country
packaging materials & engineering
 Most of the production is in fragmented
works.
small units, which cater to the local
 Spinning continues to be centralized in
market.
Maharashtra, Gujarat & Tamil Nadu.
 Many of our spinners export cotton yarn
 Weaving is highly decentralized to
while garment manufacturers have to
provide scope for incorporating
import fabric.
traditional skills and designs of weaving
 Electricity
in cotton, silk, zari , embroidery, etc.
 India has world class production in Why is there a need to import fabrics?
spinning, but weaving supplies low
 Stiff competition with the synthetic
quality of fabric.
fibre industry
 Weaving is done by handloom, power
 Irregular power supply
loom & in mills.
 Old & out dated machinery
 The handspun khadi provides large scale
 Low output of labour
employment to weavers in their homes
as a cottage industry. Jute Textiles
Textiles Trade
1. India largest producer of raw jute & jute
1. India exports yarn to Japan.
goods.
2. Other importers of cotton goods from
2. Second largest exporter after
India - U.S.A., U.K., Russia, France,
Bangladesh.
East European countries, Nepal,
3. Mills located - West Bengal, mainly
Singapore, Sri Lanka, & African
along the banks of the Hugli river, in a
countries.
narrow belt.
3. India - second largest installed capacity
of spindles in the world, after China.

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Factors responsible for location in the 4. Industry ideal for- the cooperative
Hugli River Basin sector.

 Proximity of the jute producing areas Reason behind shift & concentrationof
 Inexpensive water transport. mills in the southern & westernstates
 Supported by good network of other
 Cane produced here has a higher
transports to facilitate movement of
sucrose content.
raw materials to mills.
 Cooler climate also ensures a longer
 Abundant water for processing raw
crushing season
jute
 Success of the cooperatives in these
 Cheap labour from West Bengal and
states.
adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha &
Uttar Pradesh Mineral Based Industries
 Kolkata urban centre: Provides Iron & Steel Industry
banking, insurance & port facilities for 1. Basic industry- all other industries
export of jute goods. depend on it for their machinery.
 First jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 2. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety
1855 at Rishra. of engineering goods, defence, medical,
 After Partition in 1947, 3/4th of the jute etc.
producing area went to Bangladesh 3. Production & consumption of steel is
(erstwhile East Pakistan). often regarded as the index of a
country’s development.
Sugar Industry
4. Iron ore, coking coal & limestone are
1. India second largest producer sugar, required in the ratio of approximately 4 :
but first largest producer of gur and 2 : 1. Some quantities of manganese are
khandsari. also required to harden the steel.
2. Raw material used- bulky, and in Chota Nagpur Plateau and Iron & Steel
haulage its sucrose content reduces. Industry
3. Mills Located : Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Maximum Concentration at Chota Nagpur
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Plateau. Why?
Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab,
1. Low coast iron ore
Haryana & Madhya Pradesh (60%
2. High Grade raw material
located in UP & Bihar)
3. Cheap labour

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4. Market  The chemical industry is its own largest
consumer.
Aluminium Smelting
 Basic chemicals undergo processing to
 Second most important metallurgical
further produce other chemicals
industry in India.
 It is light, resistant to corrosion, a Fertilizer Industry
good conductor of heat, malleable &
1. Industry Centered around the production
becomes strong when mixed with other
of nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea),
metals
phosphatic fertilizers & ammonium
 Used to manufacture aircraft, utensils &
phosphate (DAP) and complex
wires.
fertilizers which have a combination of
 Gained popularity as a substitute of
nitrogen (N) , phosphate (P) , and
steel, copper, zinc & lead in a number
potash (K).
of industries.
2. Potash completely imported in our
 Aluminium smelting plants location- country.
Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar 3. India 3rd largest producer of nitrogenous
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra & fertilizers.
Tamil Nadu. 4. Industry expanded after Green
Chemical Industries Revolution.
 The Chemical industry in India is fast 5. States having this industry: Gujarat,
growing & diversifying. Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and
 It comprises both large & small scale Kerala contribute half of the fertilizer
manufacturing units. production.
 Rapid growth has been recorded in both 6. Other States: Andhra Pradesh, Odisha,
inorganic & organic sectors. Rajasthan, etc.
 Inorganic Chemicals
Sulphuric acid (used to manufacture Cement Industry
fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics,  Essential for construction activity such
paints etc), nitric acid, alkalis, soda ash as building houses, factories, bridges,
& caustic soda. roads etc.
 Organic Chemicals  Requires bulky & heavy raw materials
Petrochemicals (used for manufacturing like limestone, silica & gypsum
synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, drugs  Coal & electric power are needed apart
& pharmaceuticals). from rail transportation.

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 Strategically located plants in Gujarat  Success of IT industry in India-
(access to market in the Gulf countries). Continuing growth in the hardware &
 First plant setup - Chennai, 1904. software.
 Readily available market in East Asia,
Industrial Pollution &
Middle East, Africa & South Asia due to
quality produce. Environmental Degradation
 This industry is doing well in terms of Industries responsible for 4 types of

production as well as export. pollution:

1. Air
Automobile Industries 2. Land
 Automobiles provide vehicle for quick 3. Noise
transport of good services 4. Water
andpassengers.
 Rapid growth in the industry after Air Pollution

liberalisation. 1. Caused by the presence of high

 Industry located: Delhi, Gurugram , proportion of undesirable (harmful)

Mumbai, Pune , Chennai, Kolkata , gases, such as sulphur dioxide & carbon

Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad , monoxide.

Jamshedpur & Bengaluru 2. Airborne particulate materials contain

both solid & liquid particles like dust,
Information Technology & Electronics sprays mist and smoke.
Industry 3. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper
 Industry covers wide range of products factories, brick kilns, refineries and
from transistor sets to television, smelting plants, etc.
telephones, cellular telecom, etc. 4. Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous
 Electronic capital of India - Bengaluru. with long-term effects. Adversely
 Other centres: Mumbai, Delhi, affects human health, animals, plants,
Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.
Lucknow & Coimbatore.
Water Pollution
 Major IT concentration: Bengaluru,
1. Caused by organic and inorganic
Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad &
industrial wastes & effluents discharged
Pune.
into rivers.
 Employment generation- key impact of
this industry.

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2. Main culprits- paper, pulp, chemical, Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of
textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, stress.
tanneries & electroplating industries.
3. Industries let out dyes, detergents, acids,
Control of Environmental
salts and heavy metals with carbon, Degradation
plastics & rubber, etc. into the water
Some suggestions to reduce the industrial
bodies.
pollution of fresh water:
4. Major solid waste in India- Fly ash,
phospho - gypsum and iron and steel  Minimizing use water for processing by
slags. reusing & recycling it.
 Harvesting of rainwater to meet water
Thermal Pollution
requirements
1. Hot water from factories & thermal
 Treating hot water & effluents before
plants is drained into rivers and ponds
releasing them in rivers and ponds.
before cooling.
2. Impact : Highly toxic waste, leads to Treatment of industrial effluents can be
cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. done in three phases:
3. Close relation between soil & water 1. Primary treatment by mechanical means.
pollution. Dumping of wastes specially This involves screening, grinding,
glass, harmful chemicals, etc., renders flocculation & sedimentation.
soil useless. 2. Secondary treatment by biological
4. Rain water percolates to the soil carrying process.
the pollutants to the ground & the 3. Tertiary treatment by biological,
groundwater also gets contaminated. chemical & physical processes. This
involves recycling of wastewater.
Noise Pollution
1. Caused: Industrial & construction Measures to control air pollution
activities, machinery, factory equipment,  Smoke can be reduced by using oil or
generators, etc. gas instead of coal in factories
2. Result: irritation & anger can also cause  Particulate matter in the air can be
hearing impairment, increased heart rate reduced by fitting smoke stacks to
& blood pressure among other factories with electrostatic precipitators,
physiological effects. fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial
separators.

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Measures to control noise pollution b) TISCO
c) SAIL
 Machinery and equipment can be used
d) CIL
and generators should be fitted with
5. _________ are owned and operated by
silencers.
the producers or suppliers of raw
 Noise absorbing material may be used
materials, workers or both.
apart from personal use of earplugs and
a) Cooperative sector industries
earphones.
b) Heavy industries
c) Light industries
Important Questions
d) Public sector companies
Objective Type Questions (1 Mark)
6. __________ is the only industry in the
1. The contribution of manufacturing to the country which is self-reliant and
GDP of some East Asian economies is complete in the value chain, i.e., from
___________. raw material to the highest value-added
a) 25 to 35 per cent products.
b) 5 to 10 per cent a) Agriculture industry
c) 5 to 15 per cent b) Textile industry
d) Above 50% c) Light industry
2. Industrial locations are influenced by the d) Heavy industry
availability of _______. 7. ________ is the second largest industry
a) Market in India in terms of employment
b) Labour generation, giving employment to 35
c) Raw materials million people.
d) All of the above a) IT industry
3. On the basis of raw materials used, b) Semiconductor industry
industries are classified as _______. c) Agriculture industry
a) Public sector and private sector d) Textile industry
b) Basic industries and consumer industries 8. The contribution of the textile industry
c) Agro-based and mineral-based industries to India’s GDP is _______.
d) None of the above a) 20%
4. ________ is an example of a private b) 15%
sector industry. c) 4%
a) BHEL d) 10%

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9. The first successful textile mill was a) China
established in ________ in 1854. b) USA
a) Bombay c) United Kingdom
b) Calcutta d) Russia
c) Surat 15. India has a large share in the world trade
d) Madras of cotton yarn, accounting for _______
10. In the early years, the cotton textile of the total trade.
industry was concentrated in the cotton a) 25%
growing belt of ______ and _______. b) 50%
a) Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh c) 90%
b) Maharashtra and Karnataka d) 70%
c) Maharashtra and Gujarat 16. The first jute mill was set up in 1859 at
d) Gujarat and Rajasthan Rishra, located near _______.
11. Which of the following is not a centre of a) Mumbai
silk industries? b) Chennai
a) Mysore c) Kolkata
b) Varanasi d) Surat
c) Bankura 17. India is the largest producer of raw jute
d) Aurangabad and jute goods and stands in second
12. Which of the following is a centre for place as an exporter after ______.
woollen textiles? a) China
a) Indore b) Bangladesh
b) Porbandar c) Japan
c) Ujjain d) United Kingdom
d) Bikaner 18. National Jute Policy was formulated in
13. Which of the following is a centre for _________ with the objective of
cotton textiles? increasing productivity, improving
a) Jalgaon quality, ensuring good prices to the jute
b) Kolar farmers and enhancing the yield per
c) Jaipur hectare.
d) Ludhiana a) 2004
14. India has the second largest installed b) 2010
capacity of spindles in the world, after c) 2005
______. d) 2015

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19. Sixty per cent of sugar mills in India are 22. Assertion (A): Almost all machinery can
located in _____ and ______. be redesigned and generators should be
a) Uttar Pradesh and Bihar fitted with silencers.
b) Bihar and West Bengal Reason (R): Old machinery produced
c) Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh noise and consumes high energy
d) Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh 23. Assertion (A): India has world class
20. India is ranked ______ among the production in spinning.
world’s crude steel producers. Reason (R): Weaving is done by
a) 4th handloom, power loom, and in mills.
st
b) 1 24. Assertion (A): Agriculture and industry
c) 2nd are not exclusive of each other
d) 3rd Reason (R): The agro industries have
given boost to agriculture by raising its
Assertion Reasoning Questions (1 Mark)
productivity
Directions:- In the following questions, 25. Assertion (A): Wastes from nuclear
the Assertions (A) and Reason(s) (R) power plants cause cancers , birth
have been put forward. Read both defects and miscarriages .
statements carefully and choose the Reason (R): Rain water percolates to the
correct answer from the below: soil carrying the pollutants to the ground
and ground water also get contaminated.
(A) Assertion and Reason both are true and
26. Assertion (A): In recent years, there is a
Reason is the correct explanation of
tendency for the sugar mills to shift and
assertion
concentrate in southern and western
(B) Assertion and Reason both are true and
states
Reason is the not correct explanation of
Reason (R): the cane produced in
assertion
southern and western states has higher
(C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
sucrose content.
(D) Both Assertion and Reason are False
21. Assertion (A) : Aluminum smelting is Short Answer Type Questions
the second most important metallurgical
industry in India. Define (Q.27 – Q.35)

Reason (R): It is light , resistant to 27. Natural Manufacturing Competitiveness

corrosion , a good conductor of heat. Council (NMCC)

28. Agglomeration Economies

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29. Basic Industries 46. Explain with examples the
30. Joint Sector Venture interdependence of agriculture and
31. Particulate Matter industries. ?
32. Electrostatic Precipitator Long Answer Type Questions
33. Fabric Filter
47. What is the meaning of manufacturing
34. Scrubber
industry? Why is it considered the
35. Inertial Separator
backbone of economic development?
36. ‘Industrialisation and urbanisation go
48. Agriculture and industries are
hand in hand’. Explain
complementary to each other? Explain
37. Classify industries on the basis of source
49. What is the contribution of industries to
of raw material. How are they different
national economy of India? Compare
from each other
this contribution with the East-Asia
38. Explain any three factors responsible for
countries. What is the desired growth
the location of the cotton textile industry
and present position of industry in GDP?
in Maharashtra and Gujarat.
50. Explain five factors affecting the
39. Though India produces a large amount
localisation of industries with suitable
of cotton, the prices of cotton textiles are
examples.
beyond the reach of the common man?
51. Why does the textile industry occupy an
Give reasons.
important position in the Indian
40. What are the factors responsible for the
economy? Explain
localisation of jute textile industries in
52. What are the mineral based industries?
the Hugli basin?
Give four examples.
41. Why is sugar industry ideally suited to
53. What are the challenges faced by iron
the cooperative sector?
and steel industry in India. What role
42. Analyse any three major challenges
have played by the liberalisation and
faced by the sugar industry in India
foreign direct investment in overcoming
43. Distinguish between an integrated steel
these challenges?
plant and a mini-steel plants stating three
54. Explain the pro-active approach adopted
points of distinction.
by the National Thermal Power
44. Industrial unit causes air pollution?
Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the
Explain
natural environment and resources.
45. How can the industrial pollution of
freshwater be reduced? Explain various
ways

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Answers in India and achieve the desired growth
rate.
1. A 28. These occur when the large market,
2. D lower transportation costs and other
3. C benefits outweigh the added expenses
4. B (such as higher rate or taxes) of working
5. A in a city.
6. B 29. On the basis of main role played some
7. D industries can be classified as the basic
8. C or key industries, which supply their
9. A products as raw materials to other
10. C industries to manufacture other goods.
11. D For example - Iron, Steel, Copper
12. D smelting and aluminium smelting.
13. A 30. Which are jointly run by the state and
14. A individuals or a group of individuals, e.g.
15. A Oil India Ltd.
16. C 31. Solid or liquid matter that remains
17. B dispersed in gas or liquid emission and
18. C creates pollution.
19. A 32. An air pollution control device which
20. A works on electricity for removing the
Assertion and Reasoning Questions solid particles from emitted smoke.
21. A 33. An air pollution control device that
22. A removes particulates out of air by using
23. A woven or felted fabric as a filter
24. A medium.
25. B 34. Pollution control device which uses
26. A liquid spray to wash out particulate
Short Answer Type Questions matter and neutralises gaseous pollutants
27. It has been set up by the government of 35. A device that uses centrifugal force to
India to provide a continuing forum for separate waste particles
policy dialogue to energise and sustain
the growth of manufacturing industries

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Short Answer Type Questions  Inexpensive water transport, supported
36. Cities provide market for industries. by a good network of railways and
Cities also provide services such as roadways.
banking, insurance, transport, labour,  Abundance of water for processing raw
consultants and financial advice. The jute.
concept of agglomeration economies 41. The farmers are engaged in producing
37. Industries can be classified into agro- sugarcane as it is an annual crop.
based industries and mineral based Farmers pool together their resources,
industries. Agro-based industries derive set up mill within the sugarcane
their raw material from an agriculture producing areas and produce sugar. The
crop. E.g. Cotton, tea, coffee, etc. seasonal nature of the sugar industry is
Mineral-based industries derive their raw combated by setting up cooperatives.
material from a mineral or a metal. E.g. 42.
Iron and steel, machine tools.  Old and inefficient methods of
38. production.
1. Availability of raw cotton, market,  Delay in canes reaching factories for
transport including accessible port crushing due to inadequate network of
facilities. roads which leads to decrease the
2. Cheap labour from the adjoining states. sucrose content in the sugarcane.
3. The moist climate has caused the  We are still unable to maximise the use
concentration of cotton textile industries of bagasse.
in Maharashtra and Gujarat regions.

39. 43.
 Processing of cloth is expensive and  An integral steel plant is larger than mini
machinery used in outdated. steel plant.
 The cotton industry is an agro-based  Mini steel plant uses steel scrap and
industry. Prices depends on the price of sponge iron while integrated steel plant
raw material. use basic raw materials.
 World class spinning but low quality of  Mini steel plant produces mild and alloy
fabric resulting to high price. steel while integrated steel plant
40. produces only steel.
 Proximity of the jute producing areas. 44.

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 Pollution is created by the presence of  Industries eradicate the problem of
high proportion of gases released by unemployment and poverty reducing
industries. regional disparities.
 Air borne particulate materials contain  Brings the much needed foreign
both solid and liquid particles. exchange.
 Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper  Diversifying industries helps in adding
factories, brick kilns, refineries and prosperity
smelting plants and burning of fossil 48.
fuels belong to the major polluting 1. Agro industries in India have given a
industries. major boost to agriculture by raising its
45. productivity.
 Minimising the use of water for 2. Industries depend on agriculture for their
processing by reusing and recycling it. raw material.
 Harvesting of rainwater to meet water 3. Industries sell that products such as
requirements. irrigation pumps, fertilisers, etc. to the
 Treatment of hot water and effluents farmers.
before releasing them into rivers and 4. Industries have made the production
ponds. processes of agriculture very efficient.
46. Agriculture serves as a major source of 5. Agriculture provides a huge market and
raw materials for industries. Agro-based consumer base for the industrial
industries aid agriculture. Agriculture products.
provides food to people working in
industries.
Long Answer Type Questions 49.
 17 percent of GDP out of total of 27 per
47. Production of good in the factories in
cent for the industries which includes 10
large quantities after processing from
percent of mining, quarrying, electricity
raw materials to move valuable products
and gas.
is called manufacturing industry.
 The manufacturing sector in East-Asia
 It helps in modernizing agriculture and
countries have a contribution of 25 to 35
reduces heavy dependence of people on
percent of their GDP.
agriculture.
 Desired growth rate over the next decade
is 12 per cent.

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 At present, growth rate is about 9 to 10 IV. Cement industry - This requires
percent and it is expected that we can limestone, silica, alumina and
achieve the growth rate of 12 per cent. gypsum as raw materials.
 Setting up of the National Manufacturing 53.
Competitiveness Council (NMCC).  Limited availability and high costs of
50. I. Availability of raw materials coking coal.
II. Water source  Lower productivity of labour.
III. Climate  Irregular supply of electricity.
IV. Labour  Poor Infrastructure.
V. Capital ➔ Liberalisation and FDI have given a
51. ● Contribution to Industrial boost to the industry with the efforts of
production the industry with the efforts of the
● Employment generation private entrepreneurs.
● Foreign Exchange Earnings 54.
● Self-reliant and complete in value  Optimum utilization of equipment
chain adopting latest techniques and upgrading
● Supports Agriculture existing equipment.
52. ➔ Industries that use minerals and  Minimising waste generation by
metals as raw materials are called maximising ash utilization.
mineral based industries.  Providing green belts for nurturing
I. Iron and Steel industry - All other ecological balances and encouraging
industries depend on it for their afforestation.
machinery.  Reducing environmental pollution
II. Chemical industry - It contributes through ash pond management, ash
approximately 3 per cent of India’s water recycling system and liquid waste
GDP. management.
III. Fertiliser industry - It is centered  Ecological monitoring reviews and
around the production of online database management for all its
nitrogenous, phosphatic, power stations
ammonium phosphate and
complex fertiliser.

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