I

13. The following are the percentages of ash content in 12 samples of coal
found in close proximity:
H 18 A computationally efficient way to compute the sample mean and cam.
9.2, 14.1,9.8, 12.4, 16.0, 12.6, 22.7, 18.9, 21.0, 14.5, 20.4, 16.9
Find the
a. sample mean, and
b. sample standard deviation of these percentages.
14. The sample mean and sample variance of five data values are, respec
tively, 104 and s2 = 16. If three of the data values are 102, 100, 105,
what are the other two data values?
15. Suppose you are given the average pay of all working people in each of
the 50 states of the United States.
a. Do you think that the sample mean of the averages for the 50 states
will equal the value given for the entire United States?
b. If the answer to part (a) is no, explain what other information
aside from just the 50 averages would be needed to determine
the sample mean salary for the entire country. Also, explain how
you would use the additional information to compute this quan
tity.
16. The following data represent the lifetimes (in hours) of a sample of 40
transistors:
112, 121, 126, 108, 141, 104, 136, 134
121, 118, 143, 116, 108, 122, 127, 140
113, 117, 126, 130, 134, 120, 131, 133
118, 125, 151, 147, 137, 140, 132, 119
110, 124, 132, 152, 135, 130, 136, 128
a. Determine the sample mean, median, and mode.
b. Give a cumulative relative frequency plot of these data.
17. An experiment measuring the percent shrinkage on drying of 50 clay
specimens produced the following data:
18.2 21.2 23.1 18.5 15.6
20.8 19.4 15.4 21.2 13.4
16.4 18.7 18.2 19.6 14.3
16.6 24.0 17.6 17.8 20.2
17.4 23.6 17.5 20.3 16.6
19.3 18.5 19.3 21.2 13.9
20.5 19.0 17.6 22.3 18.4
21.2 20.4 21.4 20.3 20.1
19.6 20.6 14.8 19.7 20.5
18.0 20.8 15.8 23.1 17.0
a. Draw a stem and leaf plot of these data.
b. Compute the sample mean, median, and mode.
c. Compute the sample variance.
d. Group the data into class intervals of size 1 percent starting with the
value 13.0, and draw the resulting histogram.
e. For the grouped data acting as if each of the data points in an in
terval was actually located at the midpoint of that interval, com
pute the sample mean and sample variance and compare this
with the results obtained in parts (b) and (c). Why do they dif
fer?
b. Compute the sample mean, median, and mode.
c. Compute the sample variance.
d. Group the data into class intervals of size 1 percent starting with the
value 13.0, and draw the resulting histogram.
e. For the grouped data acting as if each of the data points in an in
terval was actually located at the midpoint of that interval, com
pute the sample mean and sample variance and compare this
with the results obtained in parts (b) and (c). Why do they dif
fer?
18. A computationally efficient way to compute the sample mean and sam
ple variance of the data set x₁, x2, ..., x is as follows. Let
Xi
i = 1
xj = j = 1, ..., n
be the sample mean of the first j data values, and let
Σ (x – x;) 2
i = 1
= 2, ..., n
j-1
be the sample variance of the first j, j≥ 2, values. Then, with s² = 0, it
can be shown that
Xj + 1-xj
xj + 1 = x +
j + 1
and
s ³ + 1 = (1 −}) s² + (j + D) (³²j + 1 − xj) ²
a Use the preceding formulas to compute the sample mean and sam
ple variance of the data values 3, 4, 7, 2, 9, 6.
b. Verify your results in part (a) by computing as usual.
c. Verify the formula given above for j + 1 in terms of .xj.
19. Use the data of Table 2.5 to find the
a. 90 percentile of the average temperature for January;
b. 75 percentile of the average temperature for July.
20. Find the quartiles of the following ages at death as given in obit
uaries of the New York Times in the 2 weeks preceding 1 August
2013.
92, 90, 92, 74, 69, 80, 94, 98, 65, 96, 84, 69, 86, 91, 88
74, 97, 85, 88, 68, 77, 94, 88, 65, 76, 75, 60
69, 97, 92, 85, 70, 80, 93, 91, 68, 82, 78, 89
21. The universities having the largest number of months in which they
ranked in the top 10 for the number of Google searches over the past
114 months (as of June 2013) are as follows.
University Number of Months in Top 10
Harvard University 114
69, 97, 92, 85, 70, 80, 93, 91, 68, 82, 78, 89
21. The universities having the largest number of months in which they
ranked in the top 10 for the number of Google searches over the past
114 months (as of June 2013) are as follows.
University Number of Months in Top 10
Harvard University 114
University of Texas, Austin 114
University of Michigan 114
Stanford University 113
University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) 111
University of California Berkeley 97
Penn State University 94
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 66
University of Southern California (USC) 63
Ohio State University 52
Yale University 48
University of Washington 33
a. Find the sample mean of the data.
b. Find the sample variance of the data.
c. Find the sample quartiles of the data.
22. Fill in the missing word or phrase to complete the following sentence,
" If a new value is added to a set of numbers, then the sample mean will
increase over what it was if the new value is-."
23. Represent the data of Problem 20 in a box plot.
24. The average particulate concentration, in micrograms per cubic meter,
was measured in a petrochemical complex at 36 randomly chosen times,
with the following concentrations resulting:
5, 18, 15, 7, 23, 220, 130, 85, 103, 25, 80, 7, 24, 6, 13, 65, 37, 25,
24, 65, 82, 95, 77, 15, 70, 110, 44, 28, 33, 81, 29, 14, 45, 92, 17, 53
a. Represent the data in a histogram.
b. Is the histogram approximately normal?
25. A chemical engineer desiring to study the evaporation rate of water from
brine evaporation beds obtained data on the number of inches of evap
oration in each of 55 July days spread over 4 years. The data are given
in the following stem and leaf plot, which shows that the smallest data
L
value was .02 inch, and the largest .56 inch.
.0 2,6
.1 1,4
.2 1. 1. 1.3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6,9
.3 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9
.4 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9,9
5 2.5.6
Find the
a. sample mean;
b. sample median;
c. sample standard deviation of these data.
d. Do the data appear to be approximately normal?
e. What percentage of data values are within 1 standard deviation of
2,5, 6
Find the
a. sample mean;
b. sample median;
c. sample standard deviation of these data.
d. Do the data appear to be approximately normal?
e. What percentage of data values are within 1 standard deviation of
the mean?
26. The following are the grade point averages of 30 students recently ad
mitted to the graduate program in the Department of Industrial Engi
neering and Operations Research at the University of California at Berke
ley.
3.46, 3.72, 3.95, 3.55, 3.62, 3.80, 3.86, 3.71, 3.56, 3.49, 3.96, 3.90, 3.70, 3.61,
3.72, 3.65, 3.48, 3.87, 3.82, 3.91, 3.69, 3.67, 3.72, 3.66, 3.79, 3.75, 3.93, 3.74,
3.50, 3.83
a. Represent the preceding data in a stem and leaf plot.
b. Calculate the sample mean ..
Calculate the sample standard deviation s.
d. Determine the proportion of the data values that lies within x ± 1.5s
and compare with the lower bound given by Chebyshev's inequal
ity.
e. Determine the proportion of the data values that lies within x ± 2s
and compare with the lower bound given by Chebyshev's inequal
ity.
27. Do the data in Problem 26 appear to be approximately normal? For parts
(c) and (d) of this problem, compare the approximate proportions given
by the empirical rule with the actual proportions.
28. Would you expect that a histogram of the weights of all the members of
a health club would be approximately normal?
29. Use the data of Problem 16.
a. Compute the sample mean and sample median.
b. Are the data approximately normal?
Compute the sample standard deviation s.
d. What percentage of the data fall within 1.5s?
e. Compare your answer in part (d) to that given by the empirical
rule.
f. Compare your answer in part (d) to the bound given by Chebyshev's
inequality.
30. The following are the heights and starting salaries of 12 law school
classmates whose law school examination scores were roughly the same.
Height Salary
64 91
65 94
66 88
67 103
69 77
70 96
72 105
72 88
( 74 * ‫ ا‬. ‫ ا‬. © * * M AM 10:14
Solve any of the 15 out of all numerical given here from chapter 02 exercise and
paste images at the end of this file. Submit in MS-Word format. Assignment
without name on each page will not be accepted.
Must mention question number.
1. The following is a sample of prices, rounded to the nearest cent, charged
per gallon of standard unleaded gasoline in the San Francisco Bay area in
June 1997.
3.88, 3.90, 3.93, 3.90, 3.93, 3.96, 3.88, 3.94, 3.96, 3.88, 3.94, 3.99, 3.98
Represent these data in
a. frequency table;
b. a relative frequency line graph.
2. Explain how a pie chart can be constructed. If a data value had relative
frequency r, at what angle would the lines defining its sector meet?
3. The following are the estimated oil reserves, in billions of barrels, for four
regions in the Western Hemisphere:
United States 38.7
South America 22.6
Canada 8.8
Mexico 60.0
Represent these data in a pie chart.
4. Choose a book or article and count the number of words in each of the
first 100 sentences. Present the data in a stem and leaf plot. Now choose
another book or article, by a different author, and do the same. Do the
two stem and leaf plots look similar? Do you think this could be a viable
method for telling whether different articles were written by different au
thors?
5. The following is a frequency table of daily travel times (in minutes):
a. How many days are reported in the frequency table?
b. Find the sum of the travel times of all those days.
Travel time Frequency
15 6
18 5
22 4
23 3 3
24 4
25 2
26
32
36
48
7 [
6. Table 2.9 gives the number of commercial airline accidents and the total
number of resulting fatalities in the United States in the years from 1985
to 2006.
a. Represent the number of yearly airline accidents in a frequency table.
b. Give a frequency polygon graph of the number of yearly airline ac
cidents.
Give a cumulative relative frequency plot of the number of yearly
6. Table 2.9 gives the number of commercial airline accidents and the total
number of resulting fatalities in the United States in the years from 1985
to 2006.
a. Represent the number of yearly airline accidents in a frequency table.
b. Give a frequency polygon graph of the number of yearly airline ac
cidents.
c. Give a cumulative relative frequency plot of the number of yearly
airline accidents.
d. Find the sample mean of the number of yearly airline accidents.
e. Find the sample median of the number of yearly airline accidents.
the sample mode of the number of yearly airline accidents.
g. Find the sample standard deviation of the number of yearly airline
accidents.
Table 2.9 U.S. Airline Safety, Scheduled Commercial Carriers, 1985-2006.
Year Depar- Acci- Fatali- Year Depar- Acci Fatali
tures dents ties tures dents ties
(millions) (millions)
1985 6.1 4 197 1996 7.9 3 342
1986 6.4 2 5 1997 9.9 3 3
1987 6.6 4 231 1998 10.5 1 1
1988 6.7 3 285 1999 10.9 2 12
1989 6.6 11 278 2000 11.1 2 89
1990 7.8 6 39 2001 10.6 6 531
1991 7.5 4 62 2002 10.3 0 0
1992 7.5 4 33 2003 10.2 2 22
1993 7.7 1 1 2004 10.8 1 13
1994 7.8 4 239 2005 10.9 3 22
1995 8.1 2 166 2006 11.2 2 50
Source: National Transportation Safety Board.
7. (Use the table from Problem 6.)
a. Represent the number of yearly airline fatalities in a histogram.
b. Represent the number of yearly airline fatalities in a stem and leaf
plot.
C. Find the sample mean of the number of yearly airline fatalities.
d. Find the sample median of the number of yearly airline fatalities.
e. Find the sample standard deviation of the number of yearly airline
fatalities.
The sample mean of the weights of the adult women of town A is larger
I
7. (Use the table from Problem 6.)
a. Represent the number of yearly airline fatalities in a histogram.
b. Represent the number of yearly airline fatalities in a stem and leaf
plot.
C. Find the sample mean of the number of yearly airline fatalities.
d. Find the sample median of the number of yearly airline fatalities.
e. Find the sample standard deviation of the number of yearly airline
fatalities.
8. The sample mean of the weights of the adult women of town A is larger
than the sample mean of the weights of the adult women of town B.
Moreover, the sample mean of the weights of the adult men of town A
is larger than the sample mean of the weights of the adult men of town
B. Can we conclude that the sample mean of the weights of the adults
of town A is larger than the sample mean of the weights of the adults of
town B? Explain your answer.
9. Benford's law, also called the first-digit law, is the observation that the
first digits in many real-life sets of numerical data do not occur in equal
proportions, but rather are biased towards the smaller numbers. More
precisely, it states that the proportion of the data whose first non-zero
digit is i, i = 1, ..., 9 is approximately log (+ ¹) with the logarithm having
base 10. For instance, because log (2) = .301 it says that approximately
30.1 percent of the data will have 1 as their first digit. Table 2.10 gives the
proportions, according to Benford's law, of the data values having each
of 1, ..., 9 as first digit.
Interestingly, it has been shown that this result applies to a wide vari
ety of real life data sets, including electricity bills, street addresses, stock
prices, population numbers, death rates, lengths of rivers, physical and
mathematical constants, and seems to be most accurate when the data
values are widely spread. The law was first published by the American
astronomer Simon Newcomb in 1881. In 1938 the physicist Frank Ben
ford tested it on data from 20 different domains and showed it was a
Table 2.10 Benford's law for first digits.
First digit Proportion of data having it as
first digit
1 .301
2 .176
3 .125
4 .097
5 .079
6 .067
7 .058
8 .051
9 .046
1
I
good fit in most of these cases. Among others, he considered the surface
areas of rivers, the population sizes of US cities, physical constants, and
molecular weights.
A multiple choice question on a physics exam asks whether (a) 7.3316,
(b) 6.2421, (c) 1.4512 or (d) 8.1818 is the density (in grams per cubed
centimeter) of a 100 percent solution of hydrogen peroxide at a tem
perature of 20 degrees C. Without knowing anything about hydrogen
good fit in most of these cases. Among others, he considered the surface
areas of rivers, the population sizes of US cities, physical constants, and
molecular weights.
A multiple choice question on a physics exam asks whether (a) 7.3316,
(b) 6.2421, (c) 1.4512 or (d) 8.1818 is the density (in grams per cubed
centimeter) of a 100 percent solution of hydrogen peroxide at a tem
perature of 20 degrees C. Without knowing anything about hydrogen
peroxide, which answer would you guess to be correct?
10. A total of 100 people work at company A, whereas a total of 110 work at
company B. Suppose the total employee payroll is larger at company A
than at company B.
a. What does this imply about the median of the salaries at com
pany A with regard to the median of the salaries at company
B?
b. What does this imply about the average of the salaries at com
pany A with regard to the average of the salaries at company
B?
11. The sample mean of the initial 99 values of a data set consisting of 198
values is equal to 120, whereas the sample mean of the final 99 values
is equal to 100. What can you conclude about the sample mean of the
entire data set
a. Repeat when " sample mean" is replaced by " sample median."
b. Repeat when " sample mean" is replaced by " sample mode."
12. The following table gives the number of pedestrians, classified accord
ing to age group and sex, killed in fatal road accidents in England in
1922.
a. Approximate the sample means of the ages of the males.
b. Approximate the sample means of the ages of the females.
c. Approximate the quartiles of the males killed.
d. Approximate the quartiles of the females killed.
Age Number of Males Number of Females
0-5 120 67
5-10 184 120
10-15 44 22
15-20 24 15
20-30 23 25
30-40 50 22
40-50 60 40
50-60 102 76
60-70 167
70-80 150 90
80-100 49 27
13. The following are the percentages of ash content in 12 samples of coal
found in close proximity:
9.2, 14.1,9.8, 12.4, 16.0, 12.6, 22.7, 18.9, 21.0, 14.5, 20.4, 16.9
Find the
a. sample mean, and
b. sample standard deviation of these percentages.
(1. what percentage of the data Tall within x ± 1.38
e. Compare your answer in part (d) to that given by the empirical
rule.
f. Compare your answer in part (d) to the bound given by Chebyshev's
inequality.
30. The following are the heights and starting salaries of 12 law school
classmates whose law school examination scores were roughly the same.
Height Salary
64 91
65 94
66 88
67 103
69 77
70 96
72 105
72 88
74 122
74 102
75 90
76 114
a. Represent these data in a scatter diagram.
b. Find the sample correlation coefficient.
31. A random sample of individuals were rated as to their standing posture.
In addition, the numbers of days of back pain each had experienced dur
ing the past year were also recorded. Surprisingly to the researcher these
data indicated a positive correlation between good posture and number
of days of back pain. Does this indicate that good posture causes back
pain?
32. If for each of the fifty states we plot the paired data consisting of the
average income of residents of the state and the number of foreign-born
immigrants who reside in the state, then the data pairs will have a pos
itive correlation. Can conclude that immigrants tend to have higher
incomes than native-born Americans? If not, how else could this phe
nomenon be explained?
33. A random group of 12 high school juniors were asked to estimate the
average number of hours they study each week. The following give these
hours along with the student's grade point average.
7
U L
Hours GPA
6 2.8
14 3.2
3 3.1
22 3.6
9 3.0
11 3.3
12 3.4
5 2.7
18 3.1
24 3.8
15 3.0
17 3.9
Find the sample correlation coefficient between hours reported and
nomenon be explained?
33. A random_group of 12 high school juniors were asked to estimate the
average for M hours they study each wee. The following give these
hours along with the student's grade point average.
1 9 12 11 3.3 3.4 3.0
Hours GPA
6 2.8
14 3.2
3 3.1
22 3.6
5 2.7
18 3.1
24 3.8
15 3.0
17 3.9
Find the sample correlation coefficient between hours reported and
GPA.
34. Verify property 3 of the sample correlation coefficient.
35. Verify property 4 of the sample correlation coefficient.
36. In a study of children in grades 2 through 4, a researcher gave each stu
dent a reading test. When looking at the resulting data the researcher
noted a positive correlation between a student's reading test score and
height. The researcher concluded that taller children read better because
they can more easily see the blackboard. What do you think?
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