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Unit-4-Acoustics-notes

Acoustics is the study of sound waves, including their production, propagation, and detection, with classifications into infrasonic, audible, and ultrasonic ranges. Key characteristics of musical sound include pitch, quality (timbre), and intensity (loudness), with reverberation time being crucial for acoustical design in buildings. Factors affecting acoustics include reverberation time, loudness distribution, echoes, and focusing, with various remedies proposed to enhance sound quality in spaces.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
8 views10 pages

Unit-4-Acoustics-notes

Acoustics is the study of sound waves, including their production, propagation, and detection, with classifications into infrasonic, audible, and ultrasonic ranges. Key characteristics of musical sound include pitch, quality (timbre), and intensity (loudness), with reverberation time being crucial for acoustical design in buildings. Factors affecting acoustics include reverberation time, loudness distribution, echoes, and focusing, with various remedies proposed to enhance sound quality in spaces.

Uploaded by

akshayraj7tx
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ACOUSTICS

Acoustics deals with the production, propagation and detection of sound waves

Classification of sound:
(i)Infrasonic20Hz(Inaudible)
(ii)Audible20to20,000Hz(MusicandNoise)(iii)
Ultrasonic20,000Hz(Inaudible)

Characteristics of Musicalsound:
(i) Pitch or frequency
Frequency: numberof vibrations of sound producingobject/second
Pitch:- adegreeof sensation depends on frequency
Highfrequency–shrillsound-
voiceofladies,children,mosquitoLowfrequency-gravesound-
soundbylion
(ii) Quality or Timbre
- abilityto distinguish b/w anytwo or moremusicalsound havingsame pitchand frequency

- smallestfrequencyiscalledfundamentalandfrequenciesaccompanyingfundamentalare called
overtones.

(iii) Intensity or Loudness


Intensity: amount of sound energyflowingper secper unit area
I=Q/Awatt/m2
Loudness: degree of sensation varies from one observer from other
WEBER-FECHNERLAW
▪loudness is directlyproportional to thelogarithm of intensity
LαlogI
L=KlogI
where k is a constant.

DECIBELo
o Theintensitylevel(L)of sound is expressed in bel.
Comparativelybel is a large unit,so for convenience, one tenth of bel is called a decibel
(db)
o 1bel=10decibel=10dbInten
sitylevel IL=10log10(I1/I0)
ACOUSTICS OFBUILDINGS
▪dealswithdesignandconstructionofhall▪hallso
rroomsareacousticallypoordueto
• distributionofintensityisnotuniform

differentfrequencyofsoundinterfereatsomepointreducesthequality▪toget
goodacousticalbuilding,factorstobeconsidered
oReverberationtime
oFocusingandinterferenceoE
choesandEcheloneffectoReso
nanceand
oExtraneousnoise

Reverberation: persistenceor prolongation of sound in a hall even after


the sound sourceis stopped

ReverberationTime:time taken bythe soundwaveto fall below the minimum


audibilityleveli.e.,tofalltoonemillionthofitsinitialinten
sity, after thesourceis stopped

I=10-6Io or I/Io=10-6

Sabine’s Formula for Reverberation Time

- ProfessorWallaceC.Sabine(1868–1919) derived fromreverberation theorywhich explains the


natureof growth and decayof sound energy.

Assumptions :

➢ The sound energyis uniformlydistributed throughout the hall


➢ The absorption of soundbytheair is neglected
➢ The source emits the sound energyconstantly.

Steps involved:

1.calculatetherateofincidentenergyonthewallsandtherateofabsorptionbythewallsin terms of average


energydensityE
2.calculate the final steadyvalue of E in terms ofaverage energydensity
3.calculate the final steadyvalue of E in terms ofrate of emission of power Pof the source.
4.obtain an expression for therate ofgrowth and decayof sound energyin a room.
5.obtain the reverberation time.
• Consider asmall element‘ds’ on aplane wall AB •
Sound energyreceived by‘ds’ is E
• Draw twoconcentric circles of radii ‘r’ and ‘r+dr’from centre point ‘O’
• Consider asmall shadedportion lyingbetween circles having  and +d from normal •
Ifradial length= dr Arclength = rd
Areaofshadedportion=rd dr …(1)
• Ifthewholefigureisrotatedaboutthenormalthroughanangled,thenareaofshadedportion travel a
distance of dx
dx=rsin d …(2)
Volume traced byashaded portion dV = areaX distance
=rddrrsind
=r2sinddrd …(3)
Sound energypresent in this volume =ExdV
=Er2sind drd Th
issoundenergytravelsinallthedirectionthroughthiselement.
𝐄𝐫 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐝𝐫𝐝
Sound energypresent in this volume dV/unit solid angle= 𝟒𝝅
𝒅𝑺𝑪𝒐𝒔
Solid angle subtended bythe areadS at this element of vol.dV is
𝒓𝟐

Sound energytravellingtowards dS from dV is


= 𝐄𝐫 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐝𝐫𝐝𝒅𝑺𝑪𝒐𝒔
.
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐
= 𝐄𝐬𝐢𝐧𝑪𝒐𝒔𝐝𝐝𝐫𝒅𝑺𝐝
𝟒𝝅
…(4)
TofindthetotalenergybydSinonesec,Integratetheeqn.(4)forwholevolumelyingwithina distanceof C ofdS,
=0to2
=0to/2
r=0toC

Energyreceived/sec=
w.r.t.‘’ = 𝐄𝐬𝐢𝐧𝑪𝒐𝒔𝐝𝐝𝐫𝒅𝑺

∫𝟐𝝅 𝐝
𝟒𝝅𝟎
=
𝐄𝐬𝐢𝐧𝑪𝒐𝒔𝐝𝐝𝐫𝒅𝑺𝟒𝝅
𝟐𝝅
𝐄𝐬𝐢𝐧𝑪𝒐𝒔𝐝𝐝𝐫𝒅𝑺𝟐
=
𝐄𝐝𝐫𝒅𝑺𝝅/𝟐
𝟐
∫𝐬𝐢𝐧𝑪𝒐𝒔𝐝
w.r.t ′′ = 𝐄𝐝𝐫𝒅𝑺𝝅/𝟐
𝟒
∫𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧𝑪𝒐𝒔𝐝
X and  by2 = 𝐄𝐝𝐫𝒅𝑺𝝅/𝟐

𝟒
∫𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝐝
=
𝐄𝐝𝐫𝒅𝑺𝟒
=
𝐄𝒅𝑺𝒄
𝟒

𝐝𝐫
w.r.t. ‘r’ = 𝐄𝐂
𝒅𝑺 …(5)
𝟒
=

Let‘a’ be the absorptioncoefficient ofwall.


Then, 𝟏
𝟒
𝐄𝐂𝐚𝒅𝑺
Sound energyabsorbed bydS in one sec = 𝟏 𝟏
𝐄𝐂𝐚𝒅𝑺= 𝐄𝐂𝐀 …(6)
𝟒 𝟒
Total energyabsorbedat anytime =
If‘P’ is the rate of emission of sound energy, then,
𝟏
P= EmaxCA or …(7)
𝟒

Rate of Growth and Decay


Totalrateofenergyincreaseinmedium:
Energydensity =E
Total volume ofthe Hall =V
Total sound energy=EV
Rate of growth of sound energy = d(EV)/ dt = V dE/dt
W.K.T,
Rate of emission of sound energy=Rate of growth of sound energy+
Rate of absorption of sound energy
𝒅𝑬 𝟏
P + 𝐄𝐂𝐀
=V 𝒅𝒕 𝟒

𝑷 𝒅𝑬
= + 𝐂𝐀 𝐄
𝑽 𝒅𝒕 𝟒𝑽
𝐂𝐀 𝐂𝐀
Let 𝟒𝑽=or =𝑽 𝟒
𝒅𝑬𝟒𝑷𝒅𝒕𝐂𝐀
+𝐄= 
Xlyeton boththe sides,
𝒅𝑬 t -t 𝟒𝑷
𝒅𝒕
e +e 𝐄=  𝐂𝐀
et
𝒅 𝟒𝑷
(𝑬et)=𝐂𝐀 etInte
𝒅
gratingthe above eqn. weget,
𝟒𝑷
𝑬et= 𝐂𝐀et+K …(8)
Growthof Energy
During Growth, t = 0, E =0
From eqn. (8) ,
𝟒𝑷
K=-
𝑪𝑨

Then, 𝑬e= t𝟒𝑷t𝟒𝑷


e- 𝐂𝐀𝑪𝑨
𝟒
𝑬et= (e
𝐂𝐀
t–1)

𝑬 =Emax(1 –e-t)
E increases until E = Emaxand t = 

Decayof Energy
Ifsound energyis cut off,
rate of emission P= 0
t=0
E
=EmaxFrom eqn.(8) ,
K=Emaxth
en,
𝟒𝑷
𝑬et= 𝐂𝐀et+EmaxSi
nce P = 0𝑬et=Emax
𝑬 =Emaxe-t, even though sourceis cutoff, energydecreasesexponentially
Reverberationtime
Bydefinition, E =Emax/106

from deacyof energy,𝑬 =Emaxe-t

Emax/106=Emaxe-t

10-6=e-t

Takelogonbothsides,loge10-6=-t

-6x2.3026log1010=-t

t=6x2.3026 𝐂𝐀
t=T,then,
 = 𝟒𝑽
𝐂𝐀𝐓
𝟒𝑽
=𝟔𝐱𝟐. 𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟔

𝟒𝐕𝐱𝟔𝐱𝟐.𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟔
𝐓=
𝐂𝐀

= 𝟎.𝟏𝟔𝟕𝐕
𝐀

ABSORPTIONCOEFFICIENT

- Reciprocal of its areawhich absorbs the sameamount of sound energyabsorbed byunit areaof
open window

𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑏𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑇𝑜
- Absorption coeffeicient=
𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑡

- measured in OWU or Sabine.

Determination of Absorption Coefficient:

- without sound absorbing material


0.167𝑉
𝑇=
1
Σ𝑎𝑠

- with sound absorbingmaterial


0.167𝑉
𝑇=
2
Σ𝑎𝑠+𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑚

- from T2-T1,
𝑚
0.167𝑉𝑇−𝑇
1 2
𝑎 = .
𝑠𝑚 𝑇𝑇12

Materials and theirAbsorption coefficient


Brick wall 0.02 Carpet 0.24

Wooden floor 0.057 Cushion 0.45

Chair 0.25 Rubber floor 0.05

Glass 0.02 Human 0.4


FACTORSAFFECTINGGOODACOUSTICALBUILDINGANDTHEIRREMEDIES

FACTORS DEFINITION REMEDIES


- Time taken bythe soundwaveto fall below the minimum byinstallingsoundabsorbing materials like
audibilitylevel after thesourceis stopped ▪providingwindows and openings
▪arrangingfull capacityofaudience
- ReverberationTimeistoohigh: ▪completelycoveringthefloorwith carpets
ReverberationTime overlappingof successive sound ▪heavycurtains with folds
▪decoratingthewallswithdrawing boards,
- ReverberationTimeistoolow: pictureboards
produced sound willdisappear

- forthegood audibility, reverberation time should be kept


at an optimum value.
- degreeof sensation produced in the ear. Ifloudnessislow:
- uniform distribution of loudness must be maintained ▪speakersmaybeplacedatregular distances
- duetohighabsorptionorlowreflectingsurfacesnearthe sound ▪lowering the ceiling and placing
Loudness
source reflectingsurfaces at necessaryplaces.
Ifloudnessishigh:
▪soundabsorbentscanbeplacedatnoisy places

- Ifthetimeintervalbetweenthedirectsoundandthe reflected ▪properly coveringthelongdistancewalls, high


Echo soundislessthan1/15ofasecond,the reflected ceilings with suitable sound
sound reaches the audiencelaterthanthe absorbingmaterials.
direct sound.
EchelonEffect - new sound produced byrepetitiveechoes ▪Coversuchregularreflectingsurfaces
- regularreflectingsurfacelikestaircasemaycreatethis effect. properly.

Focusing - Reflected sound bythe ceiling and wall is focusedat a ▪cover the curved surfaceswith proper
particular areaof thehall. sound absorbingmaterials
- Planesurface: reflect and distribute the sound evenly. ▪radius of curvatureof concave ceiling
- Curvedsurface :focuses the sound in the front portion should be two times the height of the
only. building.
InterferenceEffect - Caused byinterference of direct andreflected wave ▪Bythe usage of uniformpaintingand
constructiveinterference: max. sound intensityoccurs absorbent it maybe avoided.
destructiveinterference:min.sound intensityoccurs

- Ifwindowpanelsoranyotherwoodensectionsarenot ▪Vibratingmaterialsshouldbemountedon non-


coveredproperly,theoriginalsoundmayvibratewiththe vibrating and sound absorbing
Resonance natural frequencyof them. materials.
▪Panels must be fitted properly.
▪eliminatedthroughproperventilationorby Air-
Conditioning

- Unwanted sound produced externally/internally gives an irritatingexperience to theears.


Air-BorneNoise ▪Thehallshouldbeawayfromthickly populated
- outsidenoisewhichreachestheaudiencethroughwindow, door area,
and ventilator factoriesand railwaytracks.
▪byairconditioningandbydoubledoor system it
can be reduced.
Structure-BorneNoise ▪Usedoublewalleddoors,anti-vibration mounts,
Noise - noisereachestheaudiencethroughthestructuraldefectof the carpets etc.,
building
- duetothemovementoffurniture,footstepsandthe operation of
heavymachinerylikegenerators.
InsideNoise ▪equipments must be serviced properly
- noise produced inside the hall like cryingkids, thesound ▪equipment should be placed on sound
generated bytype writers, fan, A/C, Refrigerators,etc., absorbingmount
▪Floor, wall andceilingmust be covered
with suitable sound absorbing
materials.

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