Unit-4-Acoustics-notes
Unit-4-Acoustics-notes
Acoustics deals with the production, propagation and detection of sound waves
Classification of sound:
(i)Infrasonic20Hz(Inaudible)
(ii)Audible20to20,000Hz(MusicandNoise)(iii)
Ultrasonic20,000Hz(Inaudible)
Characteristics of Musicalsound:
(i) Pitch or frequency
Frequency: numberof vibrations of sound producingobject/second
Pitch:- adegreeof sensation depends on frequency
Highfrequency–shrillsound-
voiceofladies,children,mosquitoLowfrequency-gravesound-
soundbylion
(ii) Quality or Timbre
- abilityto distinguish b/w anytwo or moremusicalsound havingsame pitchand frequency
- smallestfrequencyiscalledfundamentalandfrequenciesaccompanyingfundamentalare called
overtones.
DECIBELo
o Theintensitylevel(L)of sound is expressed in bel.
Comparativelybel is a large unit,so for convenience, one tenth of bel is called a decibel
(db)
o 1bel=10decibel=10dbInten
sitylevel IL=10log10(I1/I0)
ACOUSTICS OFBUILDINGS
▪dealswithdesignandconstructionofhall▪hallso
rroomsareacousticallypoordueto
• distributionofintensityisnotuniform
•
differentfrequencyofsoundinterfereatsomepointreducesthequality▪toget
goodacousticalbuilding,factorstobeconsidered
oReverberationtime
oFocusingandinterferenceoE
choesandEcheloneffectoReso
nanceand
oExtraneousnoise
I=10-6Io or I/Io=10-6
Assumptions :
Steps involved:
Energyreceived/sec=
w.r.t.‘’ = 𝐄𝐬𝐢𝐧𝑪𝒐𝒔𝐝𝐝𝐫𝒅𝑺
∫𝟐𝝅 𝐝
𝟒𝝅𝟎
=
𝐄𝐬𝐢𝐧𝑪𝒐𝒔𝐝𝐝𝐫𝒅𝑺𝟒𝝅
𝟐𝝅
𝐄𝐬𝐢𝐧𝑪𝒐𝒔𝐝𝐝𝐫𝒅𝑺𝟐
=
𝐄𝐝𝐫𝒅𝑺𝝅/𝟐
𝟐
∫𝐬𝐢𝐧𝑪𝒐𝒔𝐝
w.r.t ′′ = 𝐄𝐝𝐫𝒅𝑺𝝅/𝟐
𝟒
∫𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧𝑪𝒐𝒔𝐝
X and by2 = 𝐄𝐝𝐫𝒅𝑺𝝅/𝟐
𝟒
∫𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝐝
=
𝐄𝐝𝐫𝒅𝑺𝟒
=
𝐄𝒅𝑺𝒄
𝟒
∫
𝐝𝐫
w.r.t. ‘r’ = 𝐄𝐂
𝒅𝑺 …(5)
𝟒
=
𝑷 𝒅𝑬
= + 𝐂𝐀 𝐄
𝑽 𝒅𝒕 𝟒𝑽
𝐂𝐀 𝐂𝐀
Let 𝟒𝑽=or =𝑽 𝟒
𝒅𝑬𝟒𝑷𝒅𝒕𝐂𝐀
+𝐄=
Xlyeton boththe sides,
𝒅𝑬 t -t 𝟒𝑷
𝒅𝒕
e +e 𝐄= 𝐂𝐀
et
𝒅 𝟒𝑷
(𝑬et)=𝐂𝐀 etInte
𝒅
gratingthe above eqn. weget,
𝟒𝑷
𝑬et= 𝐂𝐀et+K …(8)
Growthof Energy
During Growth, t = 0, E =0
From eqn. (8) ,
𝟒𝑷
K=-
𝑪𝑨
𝑬 =Emax(1 –e-t)
E increases until E = Emaxand t =
Decayof Energy
Ifsound energyis cut off,
rate of emission P= 0
t=0
E
=EmaxFrom eqn.(8) ,
K=Emaxth
en,
𝟒𝑷
𝑬et= 𝐂𝐀et+EmaxSi
nce P = 0𝑬et=Emax
𝑬 =Emaxe-t, even though sourceis cutoff, energydecreasesexponentially
Reverberationtime
Bydefinition, E =Emax/106
Emax/106=Emaxe-t
10-6=e-t
Takelogonbothsides,loge10-6=-t
-6x2.3026log1010=-t
t=6x2.3026 𝐂𝐀
t=T,then,
= 𝟒𝑽
𝐂𝐀𝐓
𝟒𝑽
=𝟔𝐱𝟐. 𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟔
𝟒𝐕𝐱𝟔𝐱𝟐.𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟔
𝐓=
𝐂𝐀
= 𝟎.𝟏𝟔𝟕𝐕
𝐀
ABSORPTIONCOEFFICIENT
- Reciprocal of its areawhich absorbs the sameamount of sound energyabsorbed byunit areaof
open window
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑏𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑇𝑜
- Absorption coeffeicient=
𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑡
- from T2-T1,
𝑚
0.167𝑉𝑇−𝑇
1 2
𝑎 = .
𝑠𝑚 𝑇𝑇12
Focusing - Reflected sound bythe ceiling and wall is focusedat a ▪cover the curved surfaceswith proper
particular areaof thehall. sound absorbingmaterials
- Planesurface: reflect and distribute the sound evenly. ▪radius of curvatureof concave ceiling
- Curvedsurface :focuses the sound in the front portion should be two times the height of the
only. building.
InterferenceEffect - Caused byinterference of direct andreflected wave ▪Bythe usage of uniformpaintingand
constructiveinterference: max. sound intensityoccurs absorbent it maybe avoided.
destructiveinterference:min.sound intensityoccurs