Integration

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 Integration Formulas
By differentiation, we can show that the following results are true.
1. For any rational number r  1,  x dx 
r x r 1
r 1  C . In particular,  dx  x  C .
2. For any real number a ,  af x dx  a  f x dx .
3. If f and g are real-valued functions on I , then

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  f x   g x dx   f x dx   g x dx
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   3 x dx
2
Example. 3 x dx 2

3   C
x 21
2 1

 x C
3

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  x dx   x dx
3 2 2
Example. 3

2 1

 x3
2 1 C
3
5

 x3
5 C
3
5

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 3x 3
5 C
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 Example.  3 x5  x3  x
x dx   3x  x  1dx
4 2

 3 x dx   x dx   dx
4 2

 3 x5
5  x3
3  xC
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 Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions
Using the differentiation formulas for the trigonometric functions, one can
verify that the statements in the following theorem are true.
The following formulas hold:

1. sin xdx   cos x  C

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2. cos xdx  sin x  C
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3. sec xdx  tan x  C
2
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 4. csc xdx   cot x  C
2

5. sec x tan xdx  sec x  C

6. csc x cot xdx   csc x  C.

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 .

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 Integrals Involving Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

1. e dx  e  C
x x

2. a dx  C
x x
a
ln a
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3.  ln x  C.
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x
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 Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions

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 Example. Evaluate each of the following integrals.

1. 3e  5 cos x  10 sec x dx
x 2

 3e x

 5 cos x  10 sec 2 x dx  3e x  5 sin x  10 tan x  C

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 Example. Evaluate each of the following integrals.
2. y2321
 6 csc y cot y  9

y dy

 23
y 2 1

 6 csc y cot y  9y dy  23 tan 1 y  6 csc y   9 ln y  C

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 Chain Rule for Integration
If gis a differentiable function on , and I is a rationalrnumber with ,
then r  1

 g x  g x dx 
r  g  x r 1
r 1  C.

Substitution Rule

 f g x g x dx   f u du, where u  g x 

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Integration by Substitution
 Example. Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

1. 11  3x dx let u  11 3 x du  3dx dx   13 du

 11  3x dx   11  3x  dx
1
2

  u   13 du
1
2

1 1

  13  u2
1 1 C
2
3

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  13  u2
3 C
2
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3
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  13  2u 2
3 C
2 113 x  2
3 3

 C   C
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2u 2
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9 9
 Example. Evaluate:  x 1 2 x3
dx 2

Let u  1  2 x . Then du  4 xdx or
2 1
4 du  xdx .
Then,

 x 
13
 2 x dx  
2
1  2 
x  xdx   
3
u  du  2 3 1
4


1 1

C   C
1

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 1
4 u du  
3 1
4
u3
1 1
1
4
u3
4
3
3
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  C
4 4

  C  1 2 x 2 3
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1 3u 3 3
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4 4 16
 
Example. Evaluate: 2 x 3
4  
2 x  dx
4 3

Let u  4  2 x . Then du  8 x dx or du  x dx .
4 3 1 3
8
Then,

 2 x 43
 2x  dx  2 u
4 3 3
 du1
8

 2 
1 3
8 u du
  u4
C
.

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1
4 4

4  2 x 
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4 4
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 1
16 C
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 Example. Evaluate:  cos x 3  sin x dx
Let u  3  sin x. Then du  cos xdx .

    u du
1
cos x 3 sin x dx 2

1 1

 u2
1 1 C
2
3

.  u2
3 C
. 2

2 3 sin x 
. 3

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 3
2
C
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 Example. Evaluate:  cos x 3  sin x dx
Let u  3  sin x. Then du  cos xdx .

    u du
1
cos x 3 sin x dx 2

1 1

 u2
1 1 C
2
3

.  u2
3 C
. 2

2 3 sin x 
. 3

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 3
2
C
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 Evaluate:  1  cosw  ln wdw
1
w

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Let u  w  ln w. Then du  1 1
w
dw.

 1  1
w
 cosw  ln w dw   cos udu

 sin u  C

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 sin w  ln w  C
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  sec 4t 3  tan 4t  dt
2 3
Evaluate:

u  3  tan 4t

du   sec 4t 4 dt
2

sec 4t dt  
2 1
4 du

 sec2
4t 3  tan 4t  dt  u
3 3
  14 du
  u4
C
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1
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4 4
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3 tan 4t 4
 C
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16
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 Evaluate:  3
5 y 4 dy
u  5y  4 du  5dy dy  15 du

 3
5 y 4 dy   u3  15 du
 3
5  du
u

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 53 ln u  C
 ln 5 y  4  C
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3
5
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 Evaluate:  x
1 4 x 2
dx
u  1 4x 2
du  8 xdx xdx   du
1
8

 
 12
x
1 4 x 2
dx   1
8 u du
1
   2u  C1
8
2

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 53 ln u  C
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 1 4x  C
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1 2
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4
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The Definite Integral
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 Evaluate:

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 Evaluate:

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 Stay cool!

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Stay safe!
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