International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE)

Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2025, pp. 155~162

ISSN: 2252-8792, DOI: 10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp155-162  155

Optimal distributed generator placement for loss reduction

using fuzzy and adaptive grey wolf algorithm

Daruru Sarika1, Palepu Suresh Babu1, Pasala Gopi1, Manubolu Damodar Reddy2,
Suresh Babu Potladurty3
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Annamacharya University, Rajampet, India
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering, Tirupati, India
3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This research provides a new methodology for locating distributed
generation (DG) units in distribution electrical networks utilizing the fuzzy
Received Feb 6, 2024 and adaptive grey wolf optimization algorithm (AGWOA) to decrease power
Revised Sep 9, 2024 losses and enhance the voltage profile. Everyday living relies heavily on
Accepted Oct 23, 2024 electrical energy. The promotion of generating electrical power from
renewable energy sources such as wind, tidal wave, and solar energy has
arisen due to the significant value placed on all prospective energy sources
Keywords: capable of producing it. There has been substantial research on integrating
distributed generation into the electricity system due to the growing interest
Allocation of DG in renewable sources in recent years. The primary reason for adding
Fuzzy technique distributed generation sources for the network is to supply a net quantity of
Grey wolf technique power, lowering power losses. Determining the amount and location of local
Power loss generation is crucial for reducing the line losses of power systems.
Voltage-profile Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the best location for
distributed generation. In this study, DG unit placement is determined using
a fuzzy technique. In contrast, photovoltaic (PV) and capacitor placement
and size are determined simultaneously using an adaptive grey wolf
technique based on the cunning behavior of wolves. The proposed method is
developed using the MATLAB programming language; the results are then
provided after testing on test systems with 33-bus and 15-bus.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Palepu Suresh Babu
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Annamacharya University
Rajampet, Andhra Pradesh, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Small-scale generation situated at or close to the load centers is referred to as "distributed
generation" [1]. In the evolving landscape of power systems, distributed generation (DG) has emerged as a
significant component in enhancing the reliability, efficiency, and sustainability of electricity networks. DG
involves the placement of small-scale power generation units close to the load centers, providing numerous
benefits including loss reduction, voltage improvement, and deferral of system upgrades. However, the
optimal placement and sizing of these generators are crucial to maximize their potential benefits. Distributed
energy, decentralized energy, embedded energy, on-site generation, scattered generation, and dispersed
energy have all been other names.
There are numerous small-scale power generation methods used for distributed generation.
Regardless of whether these technologies are linked to the electrical network, to increase the effectiveness of

Journal homepage: http://ijape.iaescore.com

156  ISSN: 2252-8792

the electricity distribution network [2], [3], a diverse array of compact, modular power generation
technologies are referred to as "distributed energy resources" (DER). These technologies can be employed in
conjunction with energy storage and management systems. Because power is generated relatively close point
to the load, occasionally even inside the same case, dispersed generation is a technique that lowers the value
of power lost in electricity transmission. Additionally, fewer and smaller electrical cables need to be built.
DG unit placement has been the subject of extensive investigation.
The goal of the DG location challenge is to choose the positions and dimensions of the DGs to
reduce power loss. Even though optimal DG placement has been the subject of a sizable amount of study [4]-
[14], more acceptable and efficient solutions still need to be developed. There are practical solutions to the
optimal DG placement challenge. Their effectiveness is entirely dependent on how well the data is collected.
The use of a fuzzy technique corrects any data that lacks uncertainty. The advantage of the fuzzy-approach is
that it may reflect engineering decisions and incorporate heuristics into the problem of optimal DG
placement. It is simple to assess the results of a fuzzy technique to find the best DG placements. The
appropriate DG sizes can be obtained more effectively using the global optimization method. One of the
newest metaheuristic techniques in all technical domains is the grey wolf algorithm (GWA) [15]-[17]. The
fuzzy technique developed by Prasad et al. [10] and Raharjo et al. [11] is employed in the first stage to
determine the best DG locations. The adaptive grey wolf algorithm (AGWA) is utilized in the second stage to
choose the ideal DG sizes [18]. The results of testing the suggested strategy on test systems with 15 and 33
buses are reported.

2. PROBLEM FORMULATION
The entire active power-loss (PL) in a distribution network having ‘n’ number of lines is
given by (1).

𝑃𝐿 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐼𝑖2 𝑅𝑖 (1)

Here, ‘Ii’ denotes the size of the ith line current, and ‘Ri’ denotes its resistance, respectively. The load flow
solution can be used to determine the branch current. The actual component (I a) and imaginary component
are the two halves of the branch current (I r). The loss connected to the reactive and active parts of branch
currents is expressed as (2) and (3).

𝑃𝐿𝑎 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐼𝑎𝑖

2
𝑅𝑖 (2)

𝑃𝐿𝑟 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐼𝑟𝑖

2
𝑅𝑖 (3)

Because all active power must come from the sources of the root bus, the loss value ‘P La’ considered with the
real component of line currents cannot be decreased for one source radial line. The power loss ‘P Lr’ related to
the imaginary component of line currents can be reduced by locally supplying some of the reactive power
demand. This study outlines a methodology that, by positioning the capacitors ideally, minimizes the loss
caused by the reactive component of the branch current and, as a result, reduces the overall loss of the
distribution system.

3. FUZZY APPROACH FOR IDENTIFICATION OF OPTIMAL DISTRIBUTED GENERATOR

LOCATIONS
This work used the fuzzy technique suggested in [8], Gopi et al. [12] to choose appropriate places
for DG installation. Two goals are considered when creating a fuzzy method for pinpointing the ideal siting
for DGs. The two goals are to i) reduce actual power loss as much as possible and ii) keep the voltage within
allowable ranges. Distribution system power loss indices and node voltages are modeled using fuzzy
membership functions. Every node in the distribution network's suitability for DG placement is then
evaluated using a fuzzy inference system (FIS) that has a set of criteria. The nodes with the highest suitability
can accommodate DGs. The original system's load flow solution must be used in the first stage to determine
the real and reactive power losses. Load flow solutions are once again necessary to reduce power loss by
adjusting the entire reactive power load at each distribution system node. After that, the loss deductions are
linearly normalized into a scale of (1–0), where the highest loss reduction has a value of 1, and the smallest
loss deduction has a value of 0. To calculate the power-loss index value for the nth node, utilize as (4).
(𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑛)− 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (min))
PLI(n) = (4)
(𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (max)− 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (min))

Int J Appl Power Eng, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2025: 155-162
Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  157

These nodal voltage indexes and the reduction in p.u. Power loss is the attribute of the fuzzy-
inference system (FIS), which calculates which node is most suitable for adding capacitors. Two input
variables and one output variable are used for this paper. Power-loss index (PLI) and per unit nodal voltage
are the two input variables (V). DG suitability index is an output variable (DGSI). The range of the power
loss index is 0 to 1, the per unit node voltage range is 1.1 to 0.9, and the scale of the DG suitability index is 0
to 1. For PLI, five membership roles have been chosen. LM, L, M, H, and HM are their names. According to
Figure 1, each of the five membership functions is a triangle. For voltage, five membership functions have
been chosen. LN, L, N, HN, and H are their names. According to Figure 2, these membership functions are
triangular and trapezoidal. For DGSI, five membership roles have been chosen. H, HM, M, LM, and L are
their names. The triangular shape of Figure 3 also represents these five membership functions.
A set of multiple-antecedent fuzzy rules has been developed to assess the suitability of DG
deployment at a specific node. The voltage and power loss indices are the rules' inputs, and their result is
whether the location of the DG is appropriate. Table 1 fuzzy decision matrix provides a summary of the laws.
The dark area of the matrix contains the rule’s consequences. Based on the most excellent DG suitability
index values, ideal DG locations are found.

Figure 1. Plot of the PLI membership function

Figure 2. Plot of the p.u. nodal voltage membership function

Figure 3. Plot of DGSI membership function

Optimal distributed generator placement for loss reduction using fuzzy and adaptive … (Daruru Sarika)
158  ISSN: 2252-8792

Table 1. Location-based decision-making matrix

DGSI PLI
H HM M LM L
Voltage H LM L L L L
HN M LM LM L L
N M M LM LM L
LN HM HM M LM LM
L H HM HM M LM

4. ADAPTIVE GREY WOLF OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM (AGWOA)

The grey wolf optimization (GWO) is a meta-heuristic algorithm developed by the researchers in
[15]-[17] and is based on how grey wolves hunt in the wild. They are classified as alpha, beta, omega, and
delta varieties of grey wolves in the social dominating hierarchy. The grey wolves form several groups for
various tasks, such as staying together and searching for prey. Figure 4 depicts the grey wolf's life cycle and
Figure 5 illustrates the hierarchy.

Figure 4. Life cycle of grey wolves

Figure 5. Hierarchical representation of grey wolves

Group hunting is another intriguing social characteristic of grey wolves, in addition to their social
hierarchy. The following are the critical stages of grey wolf hunting, according to Mirjalili et al. [17]:
a. Seeking out prey: starting the search procedure off at random with potential solutions (also known as
wolves) from the search space. grey wolves look for prey apart from one another before coming together
when they do.
b. Surrounding prey: grey wolves circle their prey after searching for it, and this behavior can be
mathematically described by (5) and (6).

⃗ . 𝑋𝑝 (𝑘 𝑘) − 𝑋(𝑘 𝑘)|
𝐸⃗ = |𝑂 (5)

⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑋 (𝑘 𝑘 + 1) = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑋 𝑝 (𝑘 𝑘) − ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸 (6)

Int J Appl Power Eng, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2025: 155-162
Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  159

In this case, the coefficient vectors denote the current iteration. They are employed to keep searchers' grey
wolves (GW) away from their prey. Depicts impediments in the prey's path during a hunt [18]. Here, the
location vector of the grey wolf is shown by ‘X’ while the location array of its prey is shown by ‘Xp.’
The arrays are calculated in the manner specified in (7) and (9).

⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 = 2 × 𝑙 × 𝑟1 − 𝑙 (7)

⃗ = 2 × 𝑟2
𝑂 (8)

c. Hunting the prey: grey wolves circle their prey and then focus on hunting. Types of wolves typically
direct the hunts. Delivers the best potential answer out of those listed. The grey wolf's hunting habit
formula is (7)-(15).

⃗ 1 ∗ 𝑋𝛼 (𝑘𝑘)) − 𝑋(𝑘𝑘)|
𝐸𝛼 = |(𝑂 (9)

⃗ 2 ∗ 𝑋𝛽 (𝑘𝑘)) − 𝑋(𝑘𝑘)|
𝐸𝛽 = |(𝑂 (10)

⃗ 3 ∗ 𝑋𝜔 (𝑘𝑘)) − 𝑋(𝑘𝑘)|
𝐸𝜔 = |(𝑂 (11)

⃗ 1 ∗ 𝐸⃗𝛼 )
𝑋1 = 𝑋𝛼 (𝑘𝑘) − (𝐵 (12)

⃗ 2 ∗ 𝐸⃗𝛽 )
𝑋2 = 𝑋𝛽 (𝑘𝑘) − (𝐵 (13)

⃗ 3 ∗ 𝐸⃗𝜔 )
𝑋3 = 𝑋𝜔 (𝑘𝑘) − (𝐵 (14)
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑘𝑘 + 1) = (𝑋1+𝑋2+𝑋3)
𝑋 (15)
3

d. Attacking prey: grey wolves attack their prey once the hunt is over. The GWO procedure enables the
wolves to modify their locations to hit the prey based on the place of the group of grey wolves. There are
two factors to take into account when approaching the prey.

4.1. AGWOA implementation to address the issue of power loss minimization

The steps the AGWOA adopted to alleviate this study's power loss minimization problem are listed
below [19]-[27]. In this adapted, the mutation process to conventional GWO algorithm for exploring new
solutions, and avoiding local optima, thereby enhancing the overall effectiveness of the search process.
AGWO algorithm implementation procedures for power loss minimization issues:
- Step 1: Initialization.
a) Read the B coefficient, the cost coefficient, and the emission coefficients.
b) Set each generator's output power limits.
c) Maximum values of search variables are predetermined.
d) The lower and upper search space restrictions in the GWO settings.
- Step 2: Place the initial fitness values' placements at random.
Alphaa_post=zeros(dim,1)’;
Alphaa_scores=inf;
Betaa_post=zeros(dim,1)’;
Betaa_scores=inf;
Omegaa_post=zeros(dim,1)’;
Omegaa_scores=inf;
Position=rand(Search Agents_no.,dim.).*(u.b-l.b)+l.b;
- Step 3: Assign the time step tt=0.
- Step 4: Determine the objective function's starting locations. Set each alphaa to his current position from
his previous best location.
- Step 5: Let tt=tt+1.
- Step 6: Determine the neighbor of every alphaa and then determine its goal function.
- Step 7: Update every alphaa prior finest location and the historical best position among the search agents.
- Step 8: Continue from Step 6 until the objective function's beat value is attained by setting the
convergence error (0.0000001), not before completing the maximum number of iterations.
- Step 9: Find the best-generating powers to achieve the objective function's ideal value.

Optimal distributed generator placement for loss reduction using fuzzy and adaptive … (Daruru Sarika)
160  ISSN: 2252-8792

5. RESULTS
The best DG locations are discovered using a fuzzy technique, and the best DG positions and sizes
are found using AGWOA and it is continuous optimization problem. The suggested method is used with 15-
bus and 33-bus model networks using MATLAB software, and the solutions are listed in Tables 2 and 3
accordingly.

5.1. The 15 and 33-bus system's results

The results show that the AGWOA optimized the DG values to obtain least losses, an improved
voltage profile compared with the referred algorithm. In the 15-bus system the proposed algorithm reduced
loss to 2.574 from intact case loss 61.74 and Naked mole rat algorithm 4.668. In 33-bus system the proposed
algorithm reduced loss to 39.44 from intact case loss 210.99 and Naked mole rat algorithm 61.43, at the same
time improved voltage profiles also.

Table 2. Sizes of the DG units at the proposed bus positions for the 15-bus network
Type of Optimal DG Least bus voltage (pu) Complete power losses (kW)
algorithm Bus no. DG size (MVA) Before DGs After DGs Before DGs After DGs % reduction in
power losses
Naked 4 0.670 0.945 0.994 61.734 2.574 95.83
Mole Rat 6 0.561
11 0.414
Naked 3 0.768 0.945 0.992 61.734 4.668 92.42
Mole Rat 6 0.545
[12] 11 0.365

Table 3. Sizes of the DG units at the proposed bus stops for the 33-bus system
Type of Optimal DG Least bus voltage (pu) Complete power losses (kW)
algorithm Bus no. DG size (MVA) Before DGs After DGs Before DGs After DGs % reduction in
power losses
AGWOA 6 1.7785 0.879 0.972 210.99 39.44 81.305
28 0.0891
29 0.0674
30 1.7235
Naked Mole 6 1.844 0.879 0.966 210.99 61.43 70.88
Rat [12] 28 0.093
29 0.107

6. CONCLUSION
This study introduces a dual-phase procedure for calculating the ideal DG sizes and locations for
loss reduction in distribution systems. Adaptive grey wolf algorithm and fuzzy technique are proposed to
choose the best PV and capacitor sizes and placements, respectively. These inferences are made in light of
the simulation results: the complete active power loss of the network has been dramatically decreased by
installing DG at all the ideal places, and bus voltages have improved significantly. They are considering the
DGSI value the fuzzy technique, which can determine the best DG positions. The ideal sites and DG sizes are
sought after iteratively by the suggested grey wolf algorithm.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Daruru Sarika is an assistant professor in the Computer Science and Engineering

Department at Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Autonomous), Rajampet.
She has 8 years of experience in teaching at the Graduate level. She received her B.Tech. and
M.Tech. in computer science and engineering from JNTUA, Ananthapuramu, India, in 2016
and pursued her Ph.D. at Monad University, New Delhi. She published 6 international journals
and participated in 10 international and national workshops. Her research area is artificial
intelligence techniques, cloud computing, bigdata, and machine learning. She can be contacted
at email: [email protected].

Optimal distributed generator placement for loss reduction using fuzzy and adaptive … (Daruru Sarika)
162  ISSN: 2252-8792

Palepu Suresh Babu received his B.Tech. degree in electrical and electronics
engineering from Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Rajampet, Andhra
Pradesh, India 2006, and his M.Tech. degree in power systems from Sri Venkateswara
University College of Engineering, Tirupati, and Andhra Pradesh, India, in 2010. He pursued
his Ph.D. in electrical engineering at Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering,
Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. His research interests include capacitors, DG placement and
reconfiguration of distribution systems, voltage stability studies, comprehensive area
monitoring systems, and smart grids. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Pasala Gopi received a Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Koneru

Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (Deemed to be University), Vijayawada, in 2017, B.Tech.
degree in electrical and electronics engineering from JNT University, Hyderabad, in 2006, and
M.Tech. degree in electrical power engineering from JNT University, Ananthapuramu in
2010. He is an Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department associate professor at
Annamacharya University, Rajampet. He has 17 years of experience teaching at the UG and
PG levels. He authorizes two books, three chapters, and more than 45 journal and conference
papers. His research interests include distribution network reconfiguration, power system
operation, renewable energies, distributed generation, network reliability, and application of
computational algorithms in optimization. He has performed more than 15 reviews for IEEE
Potentials and Springer Nature, Advances in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Journals.
He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Prof. Manubolu Damodar Reddy possesses 28 years of expertise in teaching at

the graduate level and 23 years of experience in research. He obtained a bachelor's degree and
a doctorate in electrical engineering from S. V. University College of Engineering, Tirupati,
India in 1992 and 2008, respectively. He holds a Life Membership in ISTE. He is employed as
a professor of electrical engineering at S.V. University in Tirupati, India. He has authored one
Australian Patent and 119 research papers, including 82 in international journals and 39 in
international conferences. Currently, he is supervising 16 Ph.D. scholars and has successfully
awarded 9 students. The focus of his study lies in the optimization of power systems and the
compensation of reactive power. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Suresh Babu Potladurty received B.Tech. degree in electronic and

communication engineering from Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh,
India in 2005. He received M.Tech. degree in electronics instrumentation and communication
systems from Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India in 2008 and
received a Ph.D. in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering from Sri
Venkateswara University in 2024. He published more than 23 papers in various reputed
journals and conferences. Currently working as an associate professor in the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, at Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering
(Autonomous), Tirupati. His areas of interest include radar signal processing, VLSI design,
digital image processing, embedded systems and IoT, and power electronics. He can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Int J Appl Power Eng, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2025: 155-162