Reviewer

&

-
Chapter 2: Origin of Chordates -
-

=
Chordates
-neither most diverse nor the largest of the animal
phyla
-
consist of 3 groups of unequal size : Cephalochordata ,
urochordata , vertebrates.
-

have a fluid-filled internal body cavity (coelom) .

evolved within the deuterostomes

Protostomes Deuterostomes Spiral Cleavage
-

Blastopore (mouth) -

Blastopore (anus) -
unequal sizes ; the dividing
-

Spiral cleavage -

Radial cleavage cells are offset from each other

-
Schizocoelic coelom -

Entercoelic coelom
-
Ectodermal Skeleton -

Mesodermal Skeleton Radial Cleavage

equal sizes ; the dividing
-

cells are aligned

 Chordate Characteristics and the Protochordates
&
I
Chordate Characteristics
&

- -

Notochord

3
Pharyngeal Slits -

common to all chordates

Endostyle / Thyroid gland -

present only during embryonic development

Dorsal and Hollow Nerve Cord or persist in adult stage
Postanal Tail -

also show segmentation

Notochord Postanal Tail
-

thin rod-like structure -

represents a posterior
of the
a hydrostatic organ with elastic properties elongation body
-

prevents collapsion of the body during locomotion extending beyond the anus
-

resembles the skeletal system of the human body primarily an extension of the
-
-

chrodate locomotor apparatus

Pharyngeal Slits
"pharyngeal holes"
-

multi-tool that works for respiration and digestion

Endostyle/Thyroid gland
homologous structure
-

a
phylogenetic predecessor of the thyroid
-

involved in Iodine metabolism

-

ALL CHORDATES possess this characteristic

Dorsal and Hollow Nerve Cord

-

derived from ectoderm through a distinctive process called "invagination"

major nerve cord is in ventral position
-

found only among chordates

 3 Major Group in Protochordates

Hemchordataeta] hordates
Urochordata

Protochordates
-

meaning "first" (From proto)

not
proper taxonomic group
-

morphologies and lifestyle provide clues to the first appearance and advantages of the
-

various characteristics
>
-

Generic Features
-
all are marine animals feed by
,
means of cllia and mucus
-

Pelago -
benthic life cycle (pelagic larval stage and benthic adult stage to a substrate-sessile
some are solitary and some are colonial
-

-some are dioecious (two houses) ,

with male and female gonads in Separate Individuals ;
monoecious (one house) ,
with male and female
gonands in one.

Hemichordates
-

marine worms with apparent links to chordates on one hand and to echinoderms
to the other
-

lacks a notochord and a true postnal tall

-

"hemi-half chordates"
-

are deuterostomes
-

the epidermis and dorsal nerve cord are invaginated into a collar cord
Hemichordata : Enteropuests (burrowing forms)
: Pterobranchs (usually sessile forms)
Hemichordata : Enteropuesta (Acorn worms)
marine animals (both deep and shallow waters)
-

most lived in mucus-lined burrows ; others are suspension feeders

-

has 3 regions that each have its own coelom : Probosas Collar Trunk
, ,

excess water entering the mouth exits through numerous pharyngeal slits
-

Cephalochordates
-
lancelets or amphioxus
-

dorsoventrallyinverted compared to early deuterostomes and hemchordates

-

resembles the earliest chordates , based on the current phylogenetic position

suspension feeders based pharyngeal filtering apparatus
on a
-

Amphioxus prefers well aerated coastal areas and lagoons

-

locomotion system is based on segmental muscles of the

body wall and hydrostatic
-

organ
-

It does not show swellings indicative of forebrain ,

midbrain and kind brain
,

Urochordates
-means "tall backstring"
-
also calledtunicates

suspension feeders
-

tunk a flexible outer

body covering
-

the tunicsometimes
,
referred to
by the more general name test that
,

characterizes the urochordates

pharynx is expanded into complex straining apparatus the branchial basket
-

,
-

blood flows in one direction and then reverses itself

marine
animals/organisms (ascidians larvaceans thalla cea)
-

, ,

planktonic larval stage ; benthic adult stage

 Overview of Protochordates
-

possess some (nemichordates) or all (cephalochordates urochordates) five

,

characteristics defining chordata

-

maybe present alternately throughout Its lifecycle

-

marine organisms
-

larval and adult stages structurally different with its different lifestyles
planktonic larvae and benthic adult
-

-
food consists of suspended particles extracted from water propelled
by alla
-

phylogenetic history preceding vertebrates

-undergo metamorphosis
Plesiomorphic - refers to similarity based Symplesiomorphic - when
on the presence of selection pressure to an ancestral character it
adopt a form suitable for moving primitive shared by various forms.
or ancestral conditions or states.
Apomorphic - when the
Synapomorphic - when organisms modification is due to
share a derived trait. Synapomorphies inheritance of a modified
indicate phylogenetic relationship. character state.

Monomorphyletic - includes the Homoplasic - results from

ancestor and ALL the descendants of morphologically similar solutions to
the ancestors, even though the latter particular selection pressures. It
cannot be identified. doesn’t indicate phylogenetic
relationships. The reliable method
Cladistics - the methodology that
of recognizing homoplasy is to
recognizes shared derived traits as
identify it as similarity in different
the only valid indicators for inferring
monophyletic groups, following, of
phylogenetic relationships.
course, a phylogenetic analysis.