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3I’S

The document provides a comprehensive overview of research methods, including definitions, importance, characteristics, and various types of research designs such as qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. It emphasizes the significance of research in enhancing knowledge, credibility, and problem-solving while outlining the strengths and weaknesses of different methodologies. Additionally, it discusses variables, sampling techniques, data collection, analysis, and the Hawthorne effect, highlighting the complexities involved in conducting effective research.

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8 views6 pages

3I’S

The document provides a comprehensive overview of research methods, including definitions, importance, characteristics, and various types of research designs such as qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. It emphasizes the significance of research in enhancing knowledge, credibility, and problem-solving while outlining the strengths and weaknesses of different methodologies. Additionally, it discusses variables, sampling techniques, data collection, analysis, and the Hawthorne effect, highlighting the complexities involved in conducting effective research.

Uploaded by

Josh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Comprehensive Reviewer on Research Methods and Concepts

Objectives

1.​ Recall Types of Research Methods: Understand and identify various approaches to
conducting research.
2.​ Familiarize with New Research Methods: Learn modern and emerging techniques in
research methodology.
3.​ Identify Differences Between Research Methods: Recognize the unique
characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of each method.

Definition and Importance of Research

Definition:

●​ Research is a step-by-step process of investigation that employs standardized and


systematic approaches to discover new information or concepts (Polit & Beck, 2004).
●​ It plays a significant role in tertiary education and contributes to advancements despite
challenges in higher education (Palispis, 2004).
●​ Defined as a careful and organized inquiry aimed at generating new knowledge or
improving existing understanding (Sanchez, 1999).
●​ It employs validated instruments and structured thinking to ensure credibility and
reliability in findings (Crawford, as cited by Alcantara & Espina, 1995).

Importance:

1.​ Builds Credibility: Provides reliable and verifiable results.


2.​ Enhances Knowledge: Encourages continuous learning and discovery.
3.​ Introduces Innovations: Leads to the development of new ideas, tools, and
technologies.
4.​ Encourages Problem-Solving: Helps find solutions to complex issues.
5.​ Expands Knowledge Base: Broadens understanding of various fields and phenomena.
6.​ Improves Decision-Making: Provides evidence-based insights for informed choices.

Characteristics of Research

1.​ Systematic: Research follows an organized and sequential plan.


2.​ Objective: Avoids biases and relies on factual evidence.
3.​ Feasible: Can be conducted within available resources and constraints.
4.​ Empirical: Relies on observable and measurable evidence.
5.​ Clear: Defined by explicit goals and methodologies.

General Forms of Research

1.​ Scientific Research: Focuses on examining natural phenomena using systematic


processes, including hypothesis formulation and testing.
2.​ Humanities Research: Explores human existence, culture, and purpose through
interpretative methods.
3.​ Artistic Research: Investigates concepts through creative and practical approaches,
often using alternative methods to traditional theoretical frameworks.

Types of Research Design

Qualitative Research

●​ Definition: A naturalistic method of inquiry that explores human complexity and


behavior.
●​ Purpose: Understands perceptions, experiences, and social contexts.
●​ Examples:
1.​ Phenomenological Study: Investigates lived experiences to understand human
perspectives.
2.​ Ethnographic Study: Focuses on cultural groups or minority populations to
explore social patterns.
3.​ Case Study: In-depth examination of individuals, groups, or institutions.
4.​ Grounded Theory: Develops theories by systematically analyzing collected data.
5.​ Basic Interpretative Study: Examines how individuals assign meaning to their
experiences.

Strengths:

●​ Allows for deep exploration of complex phenomena.


●​ Flexible and adaptable to dynamic contexts.
●​ Incorporates personal and cultural experiences.
●​ Generates rich, narrative-driven findings.

Weaknesses:

●​ Findings may lack generalizability.


●​ Time and resource-intensive.
●​ Results can be influenced by researcher biases.

Quantitative Research
●​ Definition: Systematic investigation involving numerical data and statistical analysis.
●​ Purpose: Examines relationships, patterns, and causal effects between variables.
●​ Examples:
1.​ Descriptive Research: Observes and reports on specific phenomena.
2.​ Correlational Research: Studies relationships between variables without
manipulating them.
3.​ Ex post facto Research: Investigates cause-and-effect relationships
retrospectively.
4.​ Quasi-Experimental Research: Explores causal relationships using intact
groups.
5.​ Experimental Research: Tests hypotheses through controlled manipulation of
variables.

Strengths:

●​ Quick and efficient data collection and analysis.


●​ Produces precise, numerical results.
●​ Suitable for large sample sizes.

Weaknesses:

●​ Can oversimplify complex issues.


●​ Results may lack depth and context.
●​ Researcher biases may affect hypothesis-driven studies.

Variables in Research

Types of Variables:

1.​ Dependent Variable:


○​ The outcome being measured or observed.
○​ Changes based on the independent variable.
○​ Example: Test scores in an educational study.
2.​ Independent Variable:
○​ The factor manipulated by the researcher.
○​ Represents the presumed cause in a study.
○​ Example: Type of teaching method.
3.​ Criterion Variable:
○​ Another term for dependent variable.
○​ Represents the outcome or effect being predicted.
4.​ Predictor Variable:
○​ Another term for independent variable.
○​ Used to predict outcomes based on specific circumstances.
Categories of Variables:

1.​ Qualitative Variables:


○​ Non-numerical and categorized by characteristics.
○​ Nominal: Categories without a specific order (e.g., blood type).
○​ Ordinal: Categories with a ranked order (e.g., satisfaction levels).
○​ Dichotomous: Two distinct categories (e.g., yes/no responses).
2.​ Quantitative Variables:
○​ Numerical and measurable.
○​ Discrete: Whole numbers (e.g., number of students).
○​ Continuous: Ranges or fractions (e.g., temperature).
○​ Ratio: Cannot have negative values (e.g., height, weight).

Mixed Methods Research

●​ Definition: Combines qualitative and quantitative approaches to provide a more


comprehensive understanding of research questions.
●​ Benefits:
○​ Integrates strengths of both methods.
○​ Provides a holistic view of the research problem.

Types of Mixed Methods:

1.​ Sequential Explanatory:


○​ Quantitative data collection and analysis followed by qualitative.
○​ Focuses on numerical results, supported by qualitative insights.
2.​ Sequential Exploratory:
○​ Qualitative data collection and analysis followed by quantitative.
○​ Emphasizes understanding phenomena before quantifying.
3.​ Convergent Parallel:
○​ Simultaneous collection of qualitative and quantitative data.
○​ Integrates findings to identify areas of convergence or divergence.
4.​ Embedded:
○​ Qualitative data embedded within a quantitative framework or vice versa.
○​ Focuses on one primary method, with supplementary insights from the other.

Sampling Techniques

Probability Sampling:

●​ Random Sampling: Equal chance for all participants.


●​ Stratified Sampling: Divides population into subgroups for proportional representation.
●​ Cluster Sampling: Groups are randomly selected rather than individuals.
●​ Systematic Sampling: Selection based on a fixed interval.

Non-Probability Sampling:

●​ Convenience Sampling: Selection based on accessibility.


●​ Purposive Sampling: Selection based on specific characteristics.
●​ Snowball Sampling: Participants recruit others for the study.
●​ Quota Sampling: Ensures representation of specific subgroups.

Data Collection and Preparation

1.​ Collection: Use instruments like surveys, interviews, or existing datasets.


2.​ Organization:
○​ Merging: Combine related data.
○​ Sorting: Classify data based on characteristics.
○​ Selecting Cases: Choose specific data points based on criteria.
○​ Preparation: Format data for analysis.

Analysis and Interpretation

Phases of Analysis:

1.​ Prepare and organize data.


2.​ Explore data to identify patterns.
3.​ Manage and code data into themes.
4.​ Compare variables and answer research questions.
5.​ Report findings with visual aids like tables and graphs.

Interpretation:

●​ Relates findings to research objectives.


●​ Explores relationships, patterns, and implications.
●​ Identifies areas for further research.

Hawthorne Effect

●​ Definition: Changes in behavior when participants are aware of being observed.


●​ Implication: Highlights the need for minimizing observer bias in research.

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