Facts about programming language

• Programme: set of instructions to perform specific task

• Programming: writing programmes is called Programming.
• Software: it is a collection/set of programs & related data that provide a
computer what to do/ how to do.
• Programmer: who writes programme
• Programming language: programmer uses some specific language or code to
write programme which is known as programming language.
 Programming Languages
The computer system is simply a machine and hence it cannot perform any work;
therefore, in order to make it functional different languages are developed, which
are known as programming languages or simply computer languages.

Languages comes with its own set of vocabulary and rules, better known as
syntax Following are the major categories of Programming Languages −
1. Machine Language
2. Assembly Language
3. High Level Language
4. System Language
5. Scripting Language
What is a Programming Language?
• A set of words, symbols and codes used to write programs is called programming
language. A programming language is a language that is designed to be used (read and
written) by humans to create programs that can be executed by computers.
• In other words, we can say that programming languages provides the way so that the
users may interact with the computer to give it commands and instructions to perform
certain tasks.

Algorithm - Algorithm is step by step description that the program must perform to
arrive the solution.
Flowchart - A graphical representation of an algorithm is known as a flowchart. Some
symbols are used to design a flowchart
Machine Language
• A language in which instructions are written in binary form (0& 1) is called
machine language.
• It is the only language that is directly understood by the computer.
• Machine language is also known as first generation language.
• It is a machine dependent language.
• Very fast program execution.
• Machine Language is difficult to understand.
• Machine Language requires deep knowledge of hardware.

Machine Language – It consists of binary digits or bits. It can directly

understand by the computer and does not need a translator program. It is also
called the machine code. It is efficient but difficult to learn.
Advantages
➢ Programs run fast.
➢ No translation program is required.
Disadvantages
➢ Difficult to program
➢ Debugging is also an issue
Assembly Language
• Assembly language is computer language in which the instructions are created
using symbols such as letters, digits and special characters.
• In assembly language, we use predefined words called mnemonics Code. Binary
code instructions in low level language are replaced with mnemonics and operands
in middle level language.
• Assembly language is known as second generation language.
• But computer cannot understand mnemonics. So, we use a translator to convert the
assembly code (Mnemonics code) into machine understandable code. Converter is
known as assembler.
• Assembly language is easier to learn, understand and modify than machine language.
• Assembly language programs are machine dependent. Assembly language
programming requires deep knowledge of hardware. Execution of this is very slow
than machine language.
High level language
• High level language is a computer language which can be understood by the users but
the computer cannot understand it. High level language is very similar to the human
languages and have a set of grammar rules that are used to make instructions more
easily.
• Every high-level language has a set of predefined words known as reserved Keywords
and a set of rules known as Syntax to create instructions.
• High level language needs to be converted into low level language to make it
understandable by the computer. We use Compiler or interpreter to convert high level
language to low level language.
• It is Easy to remove errors in the Programs written in High Level Programming
Languages.
• Programs written in High Level Programming Languages are Machine independent.
• High Level Programming Languages have Better documentation. Less time to write a
program.
• High level language needs to be translated to low level language.
• High level language executes slower compared to low level languages.
Loader: It loads the code which is translated by translator into the main memory and makes it
ready to execute.
Linker: Linker is used to combine all the object files and convert them into a final executable
program
Some Important High-level Languages

• FORTRAN- 1957, FORmula TRANSlation, by John Backus, Language for scientific

computations. That’s why it is known as scientific language.
• ALGOL - ALGOL is short for algorithmic language. It is an early high-level computer
programming language devised to carry out scientific calculations. ALGOL was used as the
standard method for creating algorithms. First appeared in 1958.
• LisP- 1958, LISt Processing, by John McCarthy.
• Cobol - 1959, COmmon Business Oriented Language, by a group of computer
professionals called the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL) by Grace
Hopper.
• BASIC - 1964, Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, by John G. Kemeny and
Thomas E. Kurtz.
• Pascal- 1970, after the name of a French mathematician, by Nicklaus Wirth.
• SQL- 1970, Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce, Language for Database, SQL
was one of the first commercial languages to utilize Edgar F. Codd’s relational model.
• PL/M- 1972, Programming Language for Microcomputers, by Gary Kildall. High-level
language for Intel’s microprocessors.
• Prolog- 1972 by Alain Colmerauer. Logic programming. A language of Artificial
intelligence.
• C- 1972, Designed by Dennis Ritchie to write the code of the UNIX operating
system, Structured and procedural language.
• MATLAB- 1975-1978, by Cleve Moler. The scientific and mathematical language
evolved to more diverse applications.
• C++- 1979 -1983, by Bjarne Stroustrup. It is an Object-oriented language. C++ was
initially known as “C with classes,” and was renamed C++ in 1983. ++ is shorthand for
adding one to variety in programming, therefore C++ roughly means that “one higher
than C.”
• PERL (Practical Extraction and Reporting Language) Perl is a general-purpose
programming language originally developed for text manipulation and now used for a
wide range of tasks including system administration, web development, network
programming, GUI development, and more. Perl was originally developed by Larry
Wall in 1987.
• HTML- 1990-91, Hypertext Mark-up Language. 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee.
• Visual Basic - 1991, VB is a programming language from Microsoft first released. It
is a user-friendly programming language designed for beginners, and it is a first
graphical language.
• Python- 1991 by Guido van Rossum. Based on OOPs.
• Java- 1995, by James Gosling. it is an object-oriented Programming language, an
internet language and a platform independent language.
• PHP-1995, Personal Home Page/Hypertext Processor, by Rasmus Lerdorf.
• ASP- 1996, by Microsoft, For web designing.
• C#- 2000, By Microsoft as an alternative to Java and derived from C++ too. It is an
OOP based language.
• Scripting Language - Scripting languages are server-side scripting
languages that manipulate the data, usually in a database, on the server.
Scripting languages are used to create and manage Internet as a
communications tool. Html, Xml, JavaScript, ASP, JSP, PHP, Perl are
examples of scripting languages.
Thank you………………
➢ Machine Language or Code
This is the language that is written for the computer hardware. Such language is
effected directly by the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer system.
➢ Assembly Language
It is a language of an encoding of machine code that makes simpler and
readable.
➢ High Level Language
The high level language is simple and easy to understand and it is similar to
English language. For example, COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, C, C+, Python, etc.