1

___________________________________UNIT 2
IT WORLD
 READING AND RESPONDING
TO A NONFICTION TEXT
 1 Read the text and do follow-up exercises.
Text 1. MOBILE APPS vs. MOBILE WEBSITES: WHAT SHOULD YOU
CHOOSE?
With technology evolving so fast, it may be hard to keep up with the terminology in the
mobile market. To improve customer satisfaction and boost sales, every business should have a
mobile application, a mobile website or both.
A website is a collection of web pages connected under a domain name like digitalya.co
(where you are now) and hosted on a server with a unique IP address. You can think of it as your
extended business card that people can access via a link, and that provides valuable information
about who you are and what are your services or products. A mobile website is a version of a
website specifically made for ease of access on mobile devices. Mobile websites are typically
more condensed than fully formed desktop sites but contain the most frequently accessed parts of
the company’s website. Mobile websites have many pros and cons, including that they allow for
personalized experiences based on website traffic and showcase the most relevant information.
A mobile application is a program on a mobile device that has a specific functionality. An
example of this includes a mobile calculator app that enables the user to perform calculations.
The primary objective of these mobile apps is to take the computer-based application and tailor
the user experience for mobile devices. Typically, there are three types of mobile apps: gaming
apps, productivity apps and lifestyle/entertainment apps.
When to use a mobile website
The development of a mobile website should be an important step in building your online
presence. Mobile websites’ advantages include attracting and engaging new customers,
showcasing products and services, enhancing professionalism and ensuring long-term success. It
is best to use a mobile website as soon as possible, as there is no time like the present to connect
with mobile consumers. A mobile website serves as a good virtual ad tool, and customers can
access the site anywhere, anytime.
When to use a mobile app
By developing a mobile app, businesses can reach a wider market audience. Apps also
increase brand awareness by being viewed by more consumers through mobile devices.
The main purpose of developing mobile apps is to improve the user experience. A
carefully crafted, personalized and accessible app that is readily available at all times improves
outreach, communication, engagement and brand awareness. Loyal customers may even receive
benefits by consistently using companies’ apps.
How to create a mobile website
Follow these steps to build a mobile website for your business:
1. Choose a website builder or platform.
There are many great website-building tools, such as WordPress and GoDaddy, that help
companies based on their individual needs.
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2. Create the pages your business needs.

Every website needs a homepage, an About Us page, a Contact page, a Privacy Policy
page, and a Terms and Conditions page. The homepage is the most important page on your
mobile website, as this will offer the first impression of your business. The About Us page is the
business’s story, which tells potential customers about your history and brand. The Contact page
is a great spot to put your address and contact information for people who would like more
details about how to reach you. Don’t forget to include the necessary privacy policies and terms
and conditions for web usage.
3. Write a call to action.
The mobile website should entice people to seek additional information or to purchase
products. Simple keywords like “add to cart ” or “see details” drive consumers to dig deeper into
the website.
4. Finalize and release it.
After you fine-tune the details of your pages, publish the website to make it available to
the public. It’s normal to think about waiting to release the website until it’s perfect, but the best
feature of mobile websites is that they are easy to maintain and update.
How to create a mobile app
If you decide to build a mobile app for your business, get started with these steps:
1. Set your goals.
Before any development can begin, you must understand your target audience, the reason
for making the app, and its unique features and functionalities. Consider using a highly rated app
maker and development software to get started.
2. Choose the right platform.
If you have budget and time constraints, make a mobile app for either Android or iOS
rather than for both operating systems. Find out if more of your target market utilizes one
platform than the other.
3. Focus on features based on costs and your needs.
Developing a mobile app takes time and money, so prioritize what customers need and
then figure out how to tackle the situation. Must-need features might include email or social
media newsletters, product inventory and a secure payment gateway. These imperative features
let you keep in contact with potential and existing customers, track and display available
inventory, and allow online purchases.
Now that you’ve learned about the web application vs website difference, we can discuss
about what are the characteristics that make them performant.
A website’s goal is to provide information to its readers. So let’s see what the
characteristics of a good website are:
Security – First of all, a website must be secure for its readers. HTTP requests are not
safe. To avoid any security issue and protect your readers’ personal data you must use HTTPS
protocols that repair the initial problem by working with TLS/SSL encryption.
High-quality web content– The information that you provide to your readers should be
relevant and helpful for their needs.
SEO friendliness – In order for your website to rank higher in search engines, you should
make sure that it is SEO friendly both on the technical level and on the content level.
Responsiveness – Since people change devices quite frequently, a website should look
great on each one of them: smartphone, tablet, desktop, laptop.
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Speed – Speed is a critical metric. Nowadays, people leave a website if it’s not loading in
under two seconds.
The characteristics of a good web application are:
Security – It is essential to have a secure authentication for a web application where users
login and password is generated safely. People don’t feel comfortable when sharing personal
information so having a safe app is critical.
Intuitiveness – a great web application needs to be intuitive so that customers will easily
use it, and you won’t need to invest time in creating extended documentation for it. That’s why
the UI/UX design plays a crucial role in its success.
Scalability – User input is critical in this step. As soon as people start using your product,
they will propose more features to be added. That’s why the development company should make
sure that the app is scalable and the new features can be built upon easily.
Speed – The data processing should take place easily and without affecting the loading
speed.

WHAT DOES THE TEXT MEAN?

 1 Think about the text and point out AFFECTIVE information
Interesting
Also interesting
Surprising
Confusing
A connection I can make

 2. QUESTIONS I HAVE FOR THE AUTHOR/TO THE TEXT. Question or

challenge the author’s point of view (POV) or idea using Bloom’s taxonomy. You can use
the suggested question frames.
 Lower order thinking skills (LOTs)
1 What is...? How many …?
Remembering

When …? Where …?
What do you remember about …?
Is …true or false?
Can you find the meaning of… ?
How would you describe…?
Can you list all the … ?
2 Can you say in your own words...?
Can you give/write a brief outline of ...?
Understanding

What facts or ideas show that...?

What can you say about …? Can you explain what …means?
How can you clarify the meaning of … ? Can you explain what happens when … ?
Which statements support…?
Can you outline the main arguments for and against …?
Can you translate ….into …? Can you summarise the information about….?
An you paraphrase the sentence /expression… in your own words?
 Higher order thinking skills (HOTs)
3 How would you solve ___ using what you’ve learned from the text?
What actions would you take to … based on the information from the text?
Can you make use of the facts from the text to...?
Applying

Using the information you have learned about …, demonstrate how…

What would result if...?
How is … connected with your everyday life?
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4 What inference can you make...?

What are some of the problems of...?
Why did ... occur? What is the relationship between...?
Analysing Can you distinguish between...?
What is the main idea of …?
What are the parts or features of...?
What conclusions can you draw about…?
5 Do you agree with the actions/words ...?
What is your opinion of...?
How would you prove/disprove..? Can you assess the value/importance of …?
Would it be better if...? Why did they (name who) choose...?
Evaluating

What would you recommend...?

Can you defend the author’s position about...?
Can you select the most appropriate action/idea/step/measure that…?
What is the best step/measure/solution for…. ?
Do you think ... is a good or a bad thing?
How effective is/are/was/were...?
What do you think about...? What is the importance of…?
Which argument or approach to …is stronger? Why?
6 What way would you design...?
Can you develop a proposal which would...?
Can you see a possible solution to...?
What outcome would you predict for...?
Creating

What alternative would you suggest for …?

Can you create new and unusual uses for...?
How would you improve …?
What questions still need to be addressed in relation to …?

WHAT DOES THE TEXT INSPIRE YOU TO DO?

 3 Summarize the THINGS you HAVE LEARNED FROM THE TEXT
(SUMMARY)
The purpose of this text is___________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
I learned_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
I also learned_____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
After reading, I think_______________________________________ because
_______________________________________________________________________
I would rate the text ______stars, because______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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VOCABULARY ENRICHMENT & TRANSLATION PRACTICE

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY NOTES
 1. ACCOUNT, n
1 an arrangement with a bank to keep your money there and to allow you to take it out
when you need to: I paid the money into my account this morning.
2 an agreement with a shop or business that allows you to buy things and pay for
them later: Do you have an account at this store/with us, madam?
3 an arrangement to use a social media website or internet service by
a particular person who gives their name and some personal details: She thought that her
Instagram account had been hacked.
4 a written or spoken description or record of an event.
give an account of: She gave a thrilling account of her life in the jungle.
keep an account of: He kept a detailed account of the suspect's movements.
blow-by-blow account a description of all the details of an event in the order that they
happened: a blow-by-blow account of how England lost to Portugal.
eye-witness/first-hand account a description of events by someone who saw them:
5 a customer who does business with a company: If the advertising agency loses this
account, it will make a big dent in their profits.
accounts, pl
1 an exact record of the money that a company has received and the money it has spent:
The accounts for last year showed a profit of $2 million.
2 a department in a company that is responsible for keeping records of the amount of
money spent and received: Eileen works in accounts.
ACCOUNT, v
1 to think of someone or something in the stated way: She was accounted a genius by all
who knew her work.
account (to someone) for something to explain the reason for something or
the cause of something: Can you account for your absence last Friday?
account for something to form the total of something: Students account for the vast
majority of our customers.
bring/call somebody to account formal to force someone who is responsible for
a mistake or a crime to explain publicly why they did it and punish them for it if necessary: The
people responsible for the accident have never been brought to account.
put/turn something to good account formal to use something for a good purpose:
Perhaps she could put some of her talents to good account by helping us.
be of no/little account to not be important: It's of no account to me whether he comes
or not.
by/from all accounts as said by most people: By all accounts, San Francisco is a city
that's easy to fall in love with.
by your own account If something is true by your own account, what you say
is true although you have not proved it: By his own account, he's quite wealthy.
on account of something because of something: He doesn't drink alcohol on account
of his poor health.
there's no accounting for taste said when it is difficult to explain why
different people like different things, especially things that you do not like: "I love working at
weekends." "Well, there's no accounting for taste!"

 2. APPLY, v
1 to request something, usually officially, especially in writing or by sending in a form:
apply for We've applied for a grant to get funding for the project.
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apply to Please apply in writing to the address below.

2 to have an effect on or to concern a particular person, group, or situation: Do the same
rules apply to part-time workers?
3 to use something such as a method, idea, or law in a particular situation, activity,
or process:
apply something to something New technology is being applied to almost every
industrial process.
4 to spread or rub a substance such as cream or paint on a surface: The paint should be
applied thinly and evenly.
apply yourself: Stephen would do well if only he applied himself.
apply yourself to: Over the next months, he applied himself to improving the
technique.
apply force/pressure to push on something: How did you apply pressure to a man you
could not even find?
APPLICANT, n
someone who has formally asked, usually in writing, for a job, university place etc: He
was one of 30 applicants for the manager’s job.
APPLICATION, n
1 a formal, usually written, request for something such as a job, place at university,
or permission to do something: It can take a long time for your visa application to be processed.
application for Have you filled in the application form for your passport yet?
application to do something: The hospital submitted a planning application to build
four new wards.
fill out/fill in an application: I would like to fill out an application for the position.
make/submit/put in an application: I’m supposed to submit my application before
the end of the week.
process an application: Your application for British citizenship will be processed by
the Immigration Service.
grant/approve an application: The building society has approved their mortgage
application.
refuse/reject/turn down an application: Their planning application was rejected
because of a lack of parking facilities.
a letter of application a written request for a job or a place at a college, university etc:
The university welcomes applications from mature students.
2 a computer program that is designed for a particular purpose: How many applications is
your computer currently running?
3 the practical purpose for which a machine, idea etc can be used, or a situation when this
is used:
application of/to/in The research has many practical applications.
4 when you put something such as paint, liquid, medicine etc onto a surface: The
application of fertilizer increased the size of the plants.
5 attention or effort over a long period of time: Making your new business successful
requires luck, patience, and application.
APPLICABLE, adj
if something is applicable to a particular person, group, or situation, it affects them or
is related to them: He was one of 30 applicants for the manager’s job.
applicable to The offer is only applicable to bookings for double rooms.
where/if/as applicable: Ms/Miss/Mrs/Mr Please delete as applicable.
APPLIED, adj
applied science/physics/linguistics etc: Applied linguistics is a field of study that
looks at how linguistics can help understand real-life problems in areas such as psychology,
sociology and education.
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 3. MAINTAIN, v
1 to make something continue in the same way or at the same standard as before: A lot
depends on building and maintaining a good relationship with your customers.
2 to make a level or rate of activity, movement etc stay the same: This is the most efficient
way to build up and maintain a reasonable level of physical fitness.
3 to keep a machine, building etc in good condition by checking and repairing it
regularly: The report found that safety equipment had been very poorly maintained.
4 to provide someone with the things they need, such as money or food: How can you
maintain a family on $900 a month?
5 to strongly express your belief that something is true: He maintained his innocence and
said the allegations were ‘ridiculous’.
MAINTAINANCE, n
1 the repairs, painting etc that are necessary to keep something in good condition: The
cost of repairs and maintenance is too high.
2 the act of making a state or situation continue: The purpose of the UN is the
maintenance of international peace and security.
3 money paid by someone who is divorced to their former wife or husband: They have to
find the fathers who abandon their children and make them pay maintenance.

 4. ENGAGE, v
1 to be doing or to become involved in an activity:
engage in/on/upon: Only 10% of American adults engage in regular exercise.
engage in doing something: Despite her illness, she remains actively engaged in
shaping policy.
2 to attract someone’s attention and keep them interested: The toy didn’t engage her
interest for long.
3 if you engage part of a machine, or if it engages, it moves so that it fits into another part
of the machine: She engaged the clutch and the car moved.
4 to begin to fight an enemy: Enemy planes engaged the troops as they advanced into the
mountains.
5 formal to employ someone to do a particular job: We’d be able to engage local people
as volunteers.
ENGAGEMENT, n
1 an official arrangement to do something, especially one that is related to your work: His
excuse of a prior engagement was accepted.
2 when you become involved with someone or something in order to understand them:
Many students pass without any real engagement in learning.
3 an official arrangement to employ or pay someone to do a particular job: Please sign to
indicate your acceptance of the terms of engagement.
ENGAGING, adj
pleasant and attracting your interest: He has an engaging manner.
ENGAGED, adj
1 engaged TO if two people are engaged, they have agreed to marry: He is engaged to
a lovely woman.
2 British English if you call someone on the telephone and their line is engaged, they are
already speaking to someone else (AmE busy): She rang Mrs Tavett but the line was engaged.

 5. BENEFIT, n
1 an advantage, improvement, or help that you get from something:
benefit of: The new credit cards will be of great benefit to our customers.
for somebody’s benefit: Could you just explain again for Mark’s benefit?
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without the benefit of something: Most motorists manage without the benefit of
four-wheel drive.
get/gain/receive a benefit: The costs involved would outweigh any benefits gained.
2 British English money provided by the government to people who
are sick, unemployed, or have little money (AmE walfare): families on benefit; You might be
entitled to housing benefit.
3 benefits pl extra money or other advantages that you get as part of your job or
from insurance that you have: medical benefits; We offer an excellent benefits package.
BENEFIT, v
if you benefit from something, or it benefits you, it gives you an advantage, improves
your life, or helps you in some way: They are working together to benefit the whole community.
benefit from/by: Many thousands have benefited from the new treatment.
benefit greatly/enormously/considerably etc: I’m sure you’ll benefit greatly from
the visit.
BENEFICIARY OF
someone who gets advantages from an action or change; someone who receives money
or property from someone else who has died: The rich were the main beneficiaries of the tax
cuts. He was the chief beneficiary of his father’s will.
BENEFICIAL, adj
having a good effect: The drug that has a beneficial effect on the immune system.
beneficial to/for: Cycling is highly beneficial to health and the environment.

 6. DEVICE, n
1 a machine or tool that does a special job: There are labour-saving devices like the
dishwasher and the microwave.
device for doing something/to do something: The company makes devices to
detect carbon monoxide.
2 a special way of doing something that makes it easier to do: Testing yourself with
information on cards is a useful device for studying.
3 a plan or trick, especially for a dishonest purpose: Their proposal was only a device to
confuse the opposition.
4 the special use of words in literature, or of words, lights etc in a play,
to achieve an effect: Metaphor is a common literary device.

 7. SECURE, v
1 to get or achieve something that will be permanent, especially after a lot of effort:
Boyd’s goal secured his team’s place in the Cup Final.
secure a deal/contract: The company secured a $20 million contract.
2 to make something safe from being attacked, harmed, or lost:
secure something against somebody/something: They built a ten-foot high fence
to secure the house against intruders.
3 to fasten or tie something firmly in a particular position:
secure something to something: John secured the boat firmly to the jetty.
4 if you secure a debt or a loan, you legally promise that, if you cannot pay back the
money you have borrowed, you will give the lender goods or property of the same value instead:
He used his house to secure the loan.
SECURITY, n
1 things that are done to keep a person, building, or country safe from danger or crime:
We have been asked not to say anything for security reasons.
2 the department of a company or organization that deals with the protection of
its buildings and equipment: One of the sales clerks called security.
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3 a plan or trick, especially for a dishonest purpose: Their proposal was only a device to
confuse the opposition.
4 something such as property that you promise to give someone if you cannot pay back
money you have borrowed from them: Pete used his Brooklyn home as security for the loan.
5 securities stocks or shares in a company: government securities
SECURE, adj
1 positioned or fixed firmly and correctly and therefore not likely to move, fall, or break:
Check that all windows and doors are secure.
2 likely to continue and not fail or be lost: She's just left a secure job to start her own
company.
3 (especially of objects, situations, etc.) able to avoid being harmed by any risk, danger,
or threat: Car manufacturers ought to produce vehicles that are more secure against theft.
4 (of a computer or phone connection, etc.) safe or protected, for example against
someone stealing information: The data sent and received is encrypted to ensure secure
communications.
5 A secure place is one that it is difficult to get out of or escape from: He killed the man
just a month after his release from a secure psychiatric hospital.

 1. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. ACCOUNT
# The English sentences Their Ukrainian equivalents
1 I paid the money into my account this
morning.
2 Do you have an account at this store/with us,
madam?
3 She thought that her Instagram account had
been hacked.
4 She gave a thrilling account of her life in the
jungle.
5 He gave a blow-by-blow account of how
England lost to Portugal.
6 This gives a first-hand account of the war.

7 The accounts for last year showed a profit of

$2 million.
8 Eileen works in accounts.

9 If the advertising agency loses this account, it

will make a big dent in their profits.
10 She was accounted a genius by all who knew
her work.
11 Can you account for your absence last Friday?
12 Students account for the vast majority of our
customers.
13 It's of no account to me whether he comes or
not.
14 The people responsible for the accident have
never been brought to account.
15 Perhaps she could put some of her talents to
good account by helping us.
16 By all accounts, San Francisco is a city that's
easy to fall in love with.
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17 By his own account, he's quite wealthy.

18 He doesn't drink alcohol on account of his
poor health.
19 "I love working at weekends." "Well, there's
no accounting for taste!"
2. APPLY
1 We've applied for a grant to get funding for
the project.
2 Please apply in writing to the address below.
3 Do the same rules apply to part-time workers?
4 Stephen would do well if only he applied
himself.
5 Over the next months, he applied himself to
improving the technique
6 The paint should be applied thinly and evenly.
7 How did you apply pressure to a man you
could not even find?
8 I would like to fill out an application for the
position.
9 Your application for British citizenship will
be processed by the Immigration Service.
10 Their planning application was rejected
because of a lack of parking facilities.
11 He was one of 30 applicants for the
manager’s job.
12 It can take a long time for your
visa application to be processed.
13 The hospital submitted a planning application
to build four new wards.
14 The university welcomes applications from
mature students.
15 How many applications is your computer
currently running?
16 The research has many practical applications.
17 The application of fertilizer increased the size
of the plants.
18 Making your new business successful requires
luck, patience, and application.
19 The offer is only applicable to bookings for
double rooms.
20 Ms/Miss/Mrs/Mr Please delete as applicable.
21 Applied linguistics is a field of study that
looks at how linguistics can help understand
real-life problems in areas such as
psychology, sociology and education.
3. MAINTAIN
1 A lot depends on building and maintaining a
good relationship with your customers.
2 This is the most efficient way to build up and
maintain a reasonable level of physical
fitness.
 11

3 The report found that safety equipment had

been very poorly maintained.
4 How can you maintain a family on $900 a
month?
5 He maintained his innocence and said the
allegations were ‘ridiculous’.
6 The cost of repairs and maintenance is too
high.
7 The purpose of the UN is the maintenance of
international peace and security.
8 They have to find the fathers who abandon
their children and make them pay
maintenance.
4. ENGAGE
1 Only 10% of American adults engage in
regular exercise.
2 Despite her illness, she remains actively
engaged in shaping policy.
3 The toy didn’t engage her interest for long.
4 Enemy planes engaged the troops as they
advanced into the mountains.
5 We’d be able to engage local people as
volunteers.
6 His excuse of a prior engagement was
accepted.
7 Many students pass without any real
engagement in learning.
8 Please sign to indicate your acceptance of
the terms of engagement.
9 He has an engaging manner.
10 He is engaged to a lovely woman.
5. BENEFIT
1 The new credit cards will be
of great benefit to our customers.
2 Could you just explain again for Mark’s
benefit?
3 Most motorists manage without the benefit of
four-wheel drive.
4 The costs involved would outweigh any
benefits gained.
5 You might be entitled to housing benefit.
6 We offer an excellent benefits package.
7 They are working together to benefit the
whole community.
8 Many thousands have benefited from the new
treatment.
9 I’m sure you’ll benefit greatly from the visit.
10 The rich were the main beneficiaries of the
tax cuts. He was the chief beneficiary of his
father’s will.
11 The drug that has a beneficial effect on the
 12

immune system.
12 Cycling is highly beneficial to health and the
environment.
6. DEVICE
1 There are labour-saving devices like the
dishwasher and the microwave.
2 The company makes devices to detect carbon
monoxide.
3 Testing yourself with information on cards is
a useful device for studying.
4 Their proposal was only a device to confuse
the opposition.
5 Metaphor is a common literary device.
7. SECURE
1 Boyd’s goal secured his team’s place in the
Cup Final.
2 The company secured a $20 million contract.
3 They built a ten-foot high fence to secure the
house against intruders.
4 John secured the boat firmly to the jetty.
5 He used his house to secure the loan.
6 We have been asked not to say anything for
security reasons.
7 One of the sales clerks called security.
8 Their proposal was only a device to confuse
the opposition.
9 Pete used his Brooklyn home as security for
the loan.
10 Check that all windows and doors are secure.
11 She's just left a secure job to start her own
company.
12 Car manufacturers ought to produce vehicles
that are more secure against theft.
13 The data sent and received is encrypted to
ensure secure communications.
14 He killed the man just a month after his release
from a secure psychiatric hospital.

 2. Paraphrase the sentences using words and word combinations from the
essential vocabulary. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
1. The company's records show a profit this year.
2. She gave the police a detailed description of what happened.
3. How do you explain your success?
4. He was able to stop the bleeding by pressing on the cut.
5. The ban relates to all guns that are not used for hunting.
6. With the right degree of determination and dedication the team should win a medal.
7. She still has a close relationship with her college roommate.
8. She claims that my theory is flawed.
9. It is important to keep a constant temperature inside the greenhouse.
10. I suggest you hire a lawyer.
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11. She started a conversation with him.

12. He was forced to decline due to a previous commitment.
13. He instructed his secretary to cancel all his meetings.
14. Have you heard? Sally and Ray agreed to get married.
15. This family receives money from the government because of a low income.
16. Some insects are harmful but others are helpful.
17. Troops were sent to defend the border.
18. Make sure the door is shut tightly.

 3. Fill in the proper words/word combinations from the essential vocabulary that
match the context. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
1. I don't have the money right now. Charge it to my ________________.
2. She makes sure that all of the company's _________________ make the necessary
payments.
3. The disease ________________ over 10,000 deaths last year.
4. I'll have to _________________ the money I spent.
5. You must have a high school diploma for this job. High school dropouts need not
_________________.
6. They _______________ a new technique to solve an old problem.
7. _________________ two coats of varnish to the table.
8. The _________________ of heat often helps sore muscles.
9. The top-selling _____________________ was Microsoft Office.
10. Businesses must comply with all _____________________ laws.
11. They have always __________________ high standards of professional conduct.
12. Police is responsible for ___________________ of law and order.
13. They have to find the fathers who abandon their children and make them pay
____________________.
14. The mechanism failed to __________________, causing a fault.
15. As I released the clutch, the gears ______________.
16. The new chairman of the company, is
a smart, straightforward, ________________ fellow.
17. With the ________________ of hindsight, I should have taken the job.
18. The job doesn't pay much, but the _________________ are good.
19. He'll ______________ by having experiences I never did.
20. Her father named her the ___________________ of his life insurance policy.
21. There is no evidence that the diet pills have any _________________ effect
on weight loss.
22. Rescuers used a special _______________ for finding people trapped in collapsed
buildings.
23. The accident happened because a simple safety ________________ wasn’t properly
fitted.
24. An incendiary __________________ exploded setting fire to furniture, but the blaze was
brought under control.
25. The team ________________ their second victory of the season.
26. The change in the law will make it harder for the police to ________________
convictions.
27. You have to give the landlord an extra month’s rent as _____________ when you sign
the lease.
28. The job was her _____________ blanket.
 14

 4. Translate the sentences into English using words and word combinations from
the essential vocabulary.
ACCOUNT. 1. Введіть ім'я та номер рахунку. 2. За описом очевидців, вечірка була
справжньою катастрофою. 3. Начальник вимагав від Джона пояснень через те, що він не
помітив помилку в документації компанії. 4. Судячи з усього, їхній шлюб був щасливим.
5. За її власним визнанням, це був найгірший виступ у її кар'єрі. 6. У дитинстві батько не
був для неї авторитетом. 7. Перш ніж зробити вибір, візьми до уваги й інші проблемні
моменти. 8. Чи є спосіб змінити цю ситуацію на краще? 9. Ти вирішив видалити свій
обліковий запис? 10. Зрештою, вам доведеться пояснити свої дії. 11. Мені зовсім не
подобається ця сукня, проте на колір і смак товариш не всяк.
APPLY. 1. Ми звернулися до банку за кредитом. 2. Це правило на вас не
поширюється, тому не хвилюйтеся. 3. Зніміть ногу з педалі газу і повільно натисніть
педаль гальма. 4. Якщо ти докладеш зусиль, то зможеш завершити проект вчасно.
5. Рівномірно нанесіть крем на шкіру. 6. Він був одним із 30 претендентів на посаду
менеджера. 7. За допомогою цього застосунку ви можете стежити за вашою вагою і
кількістю витрачених калорій. 8. Компанія відшкодує транспортні витрати, якщо
застосовно.
MAINTAIN. 1. Регулярні перевірки забезпечують дотримання високих стандартів
безпеки. 2. Було очевидно, що за будинком погано доглядали. 3. Критики стверджують,
що ці реформи призведуть до зниження освітніх стандартів. 4. Він ледве заробляв на
прожиття. 5. Мережу буде відключено на годину для проведення планового технічного
обслуговування. 6. У журналі є поради, як скоротити витрати на утримання будинку.
ENGAGE. 1. Компанія планує найняти нового директора з продажу. 2. Історія
мене зацікавила. 3. Він вступив у суперечку зі своїм колишнім діловим партнером.
4 Війська підготувалися до бою з ворогом. 5. На цих вихідних у нас запланована вечеря.
6 Офіційні зустрічі займають близько 50% його часу. 7. Це його єдиний публічний виступ
під час туру. 8. Узгодьте умови співпраці в письмовій формі. 9. У нього була приваблива
посмішка, зовсім хлоп'яча. 10. Я не можу додзвонитися – лінія зайнята.
BENEFIT. 1. Розгляньте потенційні вигоди від угоди для компанії. 2. Він почав
отримувати пенсійні виплати у 65 років. 3. Не всяка конкуренція корисна для споживача.
4. Компанія надає медичні (страхові) пільги. 5. Не варто намагатися впоратися з цією
проблемою без допомоги юриста. 6. Ці зміни підуть на користь усім вам. 7. Хто отримає
найбільшу вигоду від цих економічних реформ? 8. Це взаємовигідні відносини?
9. Цей препарат благотворно впливає на імунну систему.
DEVICE. 1. Торгова марка може бути потужним маркетинговим інструментом.
2. Її холодно-відсторонена поведінка – лише спосіб уникнути спілкування з людьми.
3. Якщо у вас багато даних, вам може знадобитися додатковий накопичувач. 4. Хічкок
використовує різні прийоми, щоб посилити напругу. 5. Нам потрібен був привід, щоб
виманити його з дому.
SECURE. 1. Він заручився широкою підтримкою серед старших членів партії.
2. Закріпіть речі під сидінням. 3. Він говорив з президентом по захищеній телефонній
лінії. 4. Заборгованість забезпечена деякими активами компанії. 5. Сидіння кріпиться до
основи трьома гвинтами. 6. Зустріч проходила в умовах посиленої безпеки. 7. Поліція
взяла будівлю під охорону. 8. Прем'єр-міністр заперечив, що охорона кордону була
недостатньою.

 5. TRANSLATION PRACTICE. Translate the sentences into English using words and
word combinations from the essential vocabulary.
1 Зрештою, вам доведеться пояснити свої
 15

дії.
2 Це правило на вас не поширюється, тому
не хвилюйтеся.
3 Рівномірно нанесіть крем на шкіру.
4 Компанія відшкодує транспортні
витрати, якщо застосовно.
5 Було очевидно, що за будинком погано
доглядали.
6 Мережу буде відключено на годину для
проведення планового технічного
обслуговування.
7 Узгодьте умови співпраці в письмовій
формі.
8 Не всяка конкуренція корисна для
споживача.
9 Ці зміни підуть на користь усім вам.
10 Якщо у вас багато даних, вам може
знадобитися додатковий накопичувач.

TOPICAL VOCABULARY & SPEECH PRACTICE

TOPICAL VOCABULARY
1. COMPUTER WORLD
Hardware, CPU; input/output device; data storage device, USB-device. CD/DVD disk, to
burn CD/DVD;
boot, reboot, standby;
software; program (licensed, tailor-made, trial version etc.), application, utility; function;
mode, standby mode, configuration mode, to enter the mode;
file; back up (v), backup file; cookie file; log file; database
process/compress/encrypt/decrypt/download/retrieve data, install/uninstall application.
2. WEBSITE TYPES
Business website, Ecommerce website, Portfolio/CV website, Blog website,
Crowdfunding website
3. WEBSITE PAGES
Homepage, About page, Services page, Products page, FAQ page, Testimonials / reviews
page, Contact page, Blog, Press / latest news page, Privacy policy page, Terms and conditions
page, Sitemap page, “Page not found” page;
4. WEBPAGE
Layout, window, frame, dialogue box; table, spreadsheet, field, row, column; flowchart;
account; sign in, log in/log out; data input/output.
5. WEB DESIGN / UI (USER INTERFACE) ELEMENTS
Contents, image, header, footer, primitives; rendering;
style, color, typeface, font, pattern;
link, hyperlink, bookmark, opening/closing tag, hypertext; pop-up menu/object, tooltip,
dropdown menu/list, combo box;
bar, menu bar, toolbar, tab, breadcrumbs toolbar, icon;
controls, button, key, toggle, radio button, key, slider; Shortcut Key, function key,
dedicated key; checkbox, check/uncheck (установити прапорець/зняти прапорець),
checked/unchecked; scrollbar;
 16

embedded, default, customized, optional;

UI element position: horizontal/vertical alignment, left-aligned, right-aligned, centered,
justified;
text: highlighted, justified, reversed;
SAVE, EXIT, DELETE buttons (button = перекл. кнопка: UI element або елемент на
блоці), shift key, delete key, caps lock key, backspace key (key = перекл. клавіша (на
клавіатурі));
enable/disable function or element;
press (to press a button = натиснути Х кнопку), toggle, hover, scroll up/down, swipe;
drag, cut and paste; adjust (screen brightness).
6. MAINTENANCE
Routine maintenance, troubleshooting, bug, debug/debugging.
7. MALWARE
Cybercrime, computer virus, computer worm, trojan horse, rootkit, keylogger, phishing,
ransomware, grayware, adware, spyware, malvertising; firewall, malware, adware

 2. a) Read Text 1, choose A NO.1 WEBSITE TYPE, in your opinion, and answer
the questions below.
1. What is a popular website?
2. Which type of website is most popular?
3. What makes a popular website?
4. What are common features of a website?
Text 1. POPULAR WEBSITE TYPES
A website can be anything you want it to be… but chances are, you want it to be one of
the most popular types of websites that already exist. When you look at the internet as a whole,
most sites fall into one of these neat, clearly defined categories, each with its own guidelines and
recommended features — and that makes it easier to hit the mark when designing your own site
to fit the mold.
1. Business
Purpose: To inform prospective clients and consumers about your business and entice
them to work with you
Features
 explanation of services
 company bio (typically the About page)
 company basics (address, phone number, email, etc.)
 mission statement
 address pain points and present value statement
 call-to-action for working together
It’s becoming a popular practice that the first step a person takes to learn about a business
is checking out their website. For businesses offering new or unique services, a business website
provides the opportunity to explain what they do; for traditional businesses, it’s a chance to ease
people’s apprehension and verify that the company is legitimate.
In particular, business websites usually prioritize a call-to-action (CTA), such as a direct
message widget, where the visitors can schedule a meeting or phone call, or at least get their
questions answered by an actual human instead of a bot. Your potential clients and customers
will have additional questions, such as where you stand on certain issues like using sustainable
materials or where your products are manufactured. Your business website is your opportunity to
address these issues on your home turf, rather than letting people draw their own conclusions.
 17

Business websites should always follow the style of the company’s branding. Regardless
of your business type, the website template should include the company’s logo, preferred
design elements, visuals and quick and easy navigation for users to find areas on your website.
Big companies should consider working with a professional who can build a robust site and
customize it to the branding and the services they offer.
2. Ecommerce
Purpose: To sell items online with a conventional retail method.
Features
 production gallery with high-quality images
 product pages
 secure checkout/transaction capabilities (with SSL certificate)
 account personalization options (wishlists, saved orders, profile pages,
etc.)
Ecommerce sites are simply digital versions of brick-and-mortar stores, so they share the
same goals and functions. These websites make it easy to drop items in the cart and checkout
using a credit card, a payment service like PayPal or an ecommerce platform like Shopify.
The more products you offer, the more complicated navigation becomes, that’s why you
need to find a layout to best display your products, You can keep the shopping experience
streamlined by breaking the products in your ecommerce store into categories that visitors can
filter by, including a robust search functionality. Visuals are also very important: you want to
use high-quality photos and videos that showcase the product from multiple angles to give the
shopper a better sense of the actual product.
3. Blogs/news
Purpose: To educate or inform the visitor about current events or specialized knowledge.
Features
 article catalogs
 dedicated pages for each article
 categorization or tags for convenient browsing
 payment gateways and account capabilities, if applicable
Blogs and news websites are quickly replacing print media like newspapers and
magazines. Because each blog/news sites offers quite a few articles at a time, browsing and
navigation are top concerns. Most sites use a tag or categorization feature that allows visitors to
filter what kinds of articles they see, akin to newspaper sections like “Sports” or
“Entertainment.”
Moreover, blogs don’t have to be their own site—they’re often included as part of other
sites, especially business websites. This isn’t just about providing a service to visitors, it’s also a
great help in SEO; blogs and text-based articles are ideal for using search keywords and getting
picked up in more search queries. Just be careful about writing clickbait, which can repel visitors
just as easily as it attracts them.
4. Portfolio / CV website
Purpose: To display samples of work for certain professionals and attract more clientele
Features
 gallery of high-quality images and work samples
 information about the professional or agency
 explanation of services
 call-to-action for working together
A portfolio website is a canvas for designers, writers, videographers, artists, and other
creative professionals. These types of websites exist to highlight specific skill sets and services
that freelancers offer.
Portfolio sites have a few unique features. To showcase your work, you might use
slideshows, galleries, with some even including different categories or tags to facilitate
 18

browsing. You can also embed videos depending on how you want to display your work. Just
don’t forget the essentials like your contact information and a short bio. Like business websites,
visitors want to verify that you’re a real business and not a scam.
5. Blogs/news
Purpose: To educate or inform the visitor about current events or specialized knowledge.
Features
 article catalogs
 dedicated pages for each article
 categorization or tags for convenient browsing
 payment gateways and account capabilities, if applicable
Blogs and news websites are quickly replacing print media like newspapers and
magazines. Because each blog/news sites offers quite a few articles at a time, browsing and
navigation are top concerns. Most sites use a tag or categorization feature that allows visitors to
filter what kinds of articles they see, akin to newspaper sections like “Sports” or
“Entertainment.”
Moreover, blogs don’t have to be their own site—they’re often included as part of other
sites, especially business websites. This isn’t just about providing a service to visitors, it’s also a
great help in SEO; blogs and text-based articles are ideal for using search keywords and getting
picked up in more search queries. Just be careful about writing clickbait, which can repel visitors
just as easily as it attracts them.
6. Service provider (streaming, online tools, etc.)
Purpose: To offer a complete online service, such as streaming or online tools like search
engines, spell-checkers, photo editors, or translators.
Features
 easy-access to the tool
 payment options for subscriptions
 account personalization (favorites, recommendations, taste tracking, etc.)
Sometimes the business is the website. Sites like Netflix and Google Translate are
typically the one-stop site for what their patrons are looking for, whether entertainment or a
specific service like a search engine or online tool.
Typically, service-providing sites are built around whatever their service is, with access
front-and-center on the home page. Consider the Google home page with the search bar in the
middle or the Grammarly spell-checker with the text box displayed prominently. There’s no
confusion about where to start.
In the case of paid subscription services like Netflix, a direct CTA takes center stage. For
example, when nonmembers go to Netflix, they see a bar for entering their email and a brief
sales pitch. The idea is the same: the visitor knows precisely what the next step is just by the
page layout.
7. Landing page
Purpose: To drive customers to a single, specific action, usually as part of a greater
marketing campaign
Features
 a single, prominent call-to-action
 brief description of services/sales pitch
Landing pages are succinct, single-page sites that service one specific purpose. The most
common example is to collect email addresses, such as signing up to a newsletter, but they can
be tailored to other needs, such as downloading an app or directing visitors to a second website.
A good landing page should focus all the visitor’s attention on a single CTA, such as an
email signup, which is normally displayed in a clear and attention-grabbing location.
 19

Another common use of landing pages is to act as a placeholder while a full site is still
being developed. This is a best practice among businesses who want to generate interest before
they’re ready to launch.
Not only will this give you a head start when you launch, but also it helps you estimate
how many visitors you can expect so you choose the appropriate hosting or bandwidth.
8. Crowdfunding websites
Crowdfunding websites are a relatively recent phenomenon that has become an important
part of the web economy. They vary from websites designed to allow individuals to make
personal charitable appeals to their friends and families, such as for medical care, through to
those designed to allow small businesses and new start-ups to develop a new product and bring it
to market. In between are those such as Patreon which allow individuals to pledge ongoing
financial support to a researcher, content provider or other individual.
https://webflow.com/blog/types-of-websites
https://99designs.com/blog/web-digital/types-of-websites/

 2. Fill in the table “10 Things Every Website Should Have”below.

Feature Explanation
1 Strong brand identity Cohesive identity that will subtly inform your visitor of who you
are and what you do. A confused brand identity will leave your
visitors unsure of and unable to relate to your company.
2 …
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

 3. Read Text 2 about website design. Translate the text into Ukrainian.
Text 2. TEXT 2. WEBSITE DESIGN
Your website is an important part of your business. Without it, you can lose potential
customers and miss out on revenue.
Whether you sell jewelry or counseling services, your site must tell a compelling story of
who you are, how you can help visitors, what you offer, and how people can contact you. This
virtual welcome gives people peace of mind.
At a minimum, you’ll want to include five specific pages on your website to do this.
1. Homepage
The homepage is where all the action happens on your site. It’s the first thing visitors see,
and it determines if an individual will browse around or say goodbye.
When crafting your homepage, you must think from the customer’s perspective. From
navigation bars to images to copy, you control your visitors’ first impression.
Visitors should clearly understand the objective of your homepage in just a few seconds.
You want them to see your logo with a visible call-to-action button.
2. About Page
The About page is an opportunity to elaborate on your brand’s vision and
accomplishments. Be bold in your statements and discuss how your goals will help customers.
Storytelling is pivotal for this page. You want readers to relate to your brand values, join
your journey, and share the message with their family members and friends.
3. Products or Services Page
 20

The products and services page is the crux of most websites. It should convert a casual
visitor into a frequent shopper. Rightfully so, you want to spend a considerable amount of time
improving this page for the customer experience.
When crafting a product description, you’ll want to sell the benefits, not the features. Tell
a vivid story that emphasizes how buyers will feel after purchasing your product. You want them
to feel a part of the product before they even receive it.
4. Blog Page
The blog represents a major platform for your brand to talk directly with customers. You
can feature product updates, the latest trends, and respond to buyers’ FAQs.
Successful blogs are ongoing journeys, not destinations. Your blog must capture visitors’
attention and take them on your unique brand adventure. For instance, you may give them a
behind-the-scenes look at product design or record a testimonial video with a happy customer.
5. Contact Page
Communication helps build solid relationships with your customers. You get to learn
about their needs and desires as it relates to your products. Plus, it opens the door to receiving
critical feedback.
Think of your contact page as a customer support tool. The priority is to deliver a superb
service, no matter the visitor’s reason. You want customers to get accurate information as well.
Depending on your type of business, you may post the brand’s physical address, email
address, or phone number. If you have a live chat option, please express the availability of the
support agents on the page.

User Interface Elements Every Designer Should Know

UI elements or user interface elements are the most integral part of product design,
regardless of whether it’s a web design or mobile, desktop, or Augmented Reality or Virtual
Reality app. UI elements are the core building blocks for all products.
Designers don’t usually draw UI elements anew when they’re building web pages or
mobile apps. They usually start with a ready repository of UI elements, and if they’re backed
with code, interactive UI components.
What are UI Elements?
To put it simply, user interface elements are the building blocks of apps and web sites.
They are what users interact with when they are using the product. They click on a button to sign
up, they use navigational components to switch between pages, etc.
UX design rests on design patterns that your users are familiar with. If you break a design
pattern, users may get lost or confused at least.
Let’s say we receive a requirement of presenting the user with six options to choose from.
For their preferred countries to work. Many UI elements can serve the purpose:
 List: It allows for the selection of multiple countries.
 Dropdown: This usually allows for the selection of a single element.
 Checkbox: An alternative way for selecting none, one, or multiple
countries.
 Radio: It allows for the selection of a single element.
Ideally, we can group UI elements into 3 major categories.
1. Input elements
Input elements are responsible for handling different user inputs. Sometimes they’re also
part of the input validation process. Some of the most used input elements include:
 Dropdowns
 Combo boxes
 Buttons
 Toggles
 Text/password fields
 Date pickers
 21

 Checkboxes
 Radio buttons
 Confirmation dialogues
2. Output elements
Output elements are responsible for showing results against various user inputs. They
also show alerts, warnings, success, and error messages to the users. Output elements aren’t
neutral by nature. They rely on inputs and various operations.
3. Helper elements
All other elements fall into this category. The most widely-used helper elements include:
 Notifications
 Breadcrumbs
 Icons
 Sliders
 Notifications
 Progress bars
 Tooltips
Even if you have the most creative and visually appealing website or app, your business
will never be successful if users get lost or don’t have a clear path to reach their goals. That’s
why a good UI design is crucial to your success. Start with an idea of what you want your users
to experience, then spend time on it until it’s right. Try different UI components until you can
effectively convey that experience. This takes time and effort, but it is well worth it.
https://www.hostgator.com/blog/pages-every-website-needs/
https://www.uxpin.com/studio/blog/user-interface-elements-every-designer-should-know/

 4. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian using words and word combinations
from the essential vocabulary.
GOOGLE FAQ
FAQ
1 How to 1. Go to the Google Account sign in page.
create 2. Click Create account.
Google 3. Enter your name.
account 4. In the "Username" field, enter a username.
5. Enter and confirm your password.
 Tip: When you enter your password on mobile, the first letter
isn't case sensitive.
6. Click Next.
 Optional: Add and verify a phone number for your account.
7. Click Next.

2 How to In Chrome
turn
cookies 1. On your computer, open Chrome.
on or off 2. At the top right, click More Settings.
3. Under "Privacy and security," click Site settings.
4. Click Cookies and site data.
5. From here, you can:
 Turn on cookies: Next to "Blocked," turn on the switch.
 Turn off cookies: Turn off Allow all cookies.

3 Add You can add checkboxes with custom values. For example, the custom checked
 22

custom value could be "Yes," and the unchecked value could be "No."
checkbo
x values 1. On your computer, open a spreadsheet in Google Sheets.
2. Select the cells you want to have checkboxes.
3. In the menu at the top, click Data Data validation.
4. Next to "Criteria," choose Checkbox.
5. Click Use custom cell values.
6. Next to "Checked," enter a value.
7. Optional: Next to "Unchecked," enter a value.
8. Click Save.

4 Assign a 1. On your computer, in Google Docs, open a doc.

task in 2. In the document, enter @task and press Enter.
Google 3. In the popup window, enter the task.
Docs 1. You can also create a task from a checklist.
i. Choose an option:
 Select Format Bullets &
numbering Checklist.
 In the document, enter @checklist and press Enter.
ii. Enter a task in the checklist.
iii. To the left of the checklist item, click Add to Tasks . A
pop-up window will appear.
4. In the "Assignee" field, enter the name of the user you want to assign the
task to.
 You can assign a task to yourself or other users in your domain.
5. Optional: To set a date for the task, click Date and pick a date from the
calendar.
6. To assign the task, click Add.

 5. Read the text given below and say how you can protect your computer from
malware.

TEXT 3. Malware Protection

Today we use internet-connected devices in all aspects of our lives. We go online to
search for information, shop, bank, do homework, play games, and stay in touch with family and
friends through social networking. As a result, our devices contain a wealth of personal
information about us. This may include banking and other financial records, and medical
information—information that we want to protect. If your devices are not protected, identity
thieves and other fraudsters may be able to get access and steal your personal information.
Spammers could use your computer as a "zombie drone" to send spam that looks like it came
from you. Malicious viruses or spyware could be deposited on your computer, slowing it down
or destroying files.
1. What are Computer Viruses?
A virus is a type of malware that, when executed, self-replicates by modifying other
computer programs and inserting their own code. When this replication succeeds, the affected
areas are then said to be infected.
 23

Virus writers use social engineering and exploit vulnerabilities to infect systems and
spread the virus. The Microsoft Windows and Mac operating systems are the targets of the vast
majority of viruses that often use complex anti-detection strategies to evade antivirus software.
Viruses are created to make profit (e.g. ransomware), send a message, personal
amusement, demonstrate vulnerabilities exist, sabotage and denial of service, or to simply
explore cybersecurity issues, artificial life and evolutionary algorithms.
Computer viruses cause billions of dollars worth of economic damage by causing system
failure, wasting resources, corrupting data, increasing maintenance costs, logging keystrokes and
stealing personal information (e.g. credit card numbers).
2. What is a Computer Worm?
A computer worm is a self-replicating malware program whose primary purpose is to
infect other computers by duplicating itself while remaining active on infected systems. Worms
almost always cause at least some harm to a network, even if only by consuming bandwidth.
This is different to viruses which almost always corrupt or modify files on the victim's
computer.
3. What is a Trojan Horse?
A trojan horse or trojan is any malware that misleads users of its true intent by pretending
to be a legitimate program. Trojans are generally spread with social engineering such
as phishing.
For example, a user may be tricked into executing an email attachment disguised to
appear genuine (e.g. an Excel spreadsheet). Once the executable file is opened, the trojan is
installed.
While the payload of a trojan can be anything, most act as a backdoor giving the attacker
unauthorized access to the infected computer. Trojans can give access to personal information
such as internet activity, banking login credentials, passwords or personally identifiable
information (PII). Ransomware attacks are also carried out using trojans.
Unlike computer viruses and worms, trojans do not generally attempt to inject malicious
code into other files or propagate themselves.
4. What is Ransomware?
Ransomware is a form of malware, designed to deny access to a computer system or data
until ransom is paid. Ransomware spreads through phishing emails, malvertising, visiting
infected websites or by exploiting vulnerabilities.
Ransomware attacks cause downtime, data leaks, intellectual property theft and data
breaches.
5. What is Grayware?
The term grayware was coined in September 2004 and describes unwanted applications
or files that aren't malware but worsen the performance of the computer and can
cause cybersecurity risk.
At a minimum, grayware behaves in an annoying or undesirable manner and at worst,
monitors the system and phones home with information.
6. What is Adware?
Adware is a type of grayware designed to put advertisements on your screen, often in a
web browser or popup. Typically it distinguishes itself as legitimate or piggybacks on another
program to trick you into installing it on your computer, tablet or smartphone.
Adware is one of the most profitable, least harmful forms of malware and is becoming
increasingly popular on mobile devices. Adware generates revenue by automatically displaying
advertisement to the user of the software.
7. What is Malvertising?
Malvertising, a portmanteau of malicious advertising, is the use of advertising to spread
malware. It typically involves injecting malicious or malware-laden advertisements into
legitimate advertising networks and webpages.
 24

8. What are Bots and Botnets?

A bot is a computer that is infected with malware that allows it to be remotely controlled
by an attacker.
The bot (or zombie computer) can then be used to launch more cyber attacks or become
part of a botnet (a collection of bots).
Botnets are a popular method for distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, spreading
ransomware, keylogging and spreading other types of malware.
9. What are Bugs?
Like social engineering and phishing, bugs aren't malware but they are can open up
vulnerabilities for malware to exploit. A great example is the EternalBlue vulnerability that was
in Windows operating systems that led to the spread of the WannaCry ransomware cryptoworm.

By using safety measures and good practices to protect your devices, you can protect
your privacy and your family. The following tips are offered to help you lower your risk while
you're online.
1. Keep up-to-date. Update your system, browser, and important apps regularly,
taking advantage of automatic updating when it's available. These updates can eliminate software
flaws that allow hackers to view your activity or steal information.
2. Antivirus software. Antivirus software protects your device from viruses that can
destroy your data, slow down or crash your device, or allow spammers to send email through
your account. Antivirus protection scans your files and your incoming email for viruses, and then
deletes anything malicious.
3. Firewalls. A firewall is a software program or piece of hardware that blocks
hackers from entering and using your computer. Hackers search the internet the way some
telemarketers automatically dial random phone numbers. They send out pings (calls) to
thousands of computers and wait for responses. Firewalls prevent your computer from
responding to these random calls.
4. Use strong protection. Making use of complex passwords and strong methods of
authentication can help keep your personal information secure.
5. Be careful what you click. Phishing attacks are becoming more sophisticated.
For instance, you may receive an urgent message stating that your bank account has been locked
and requiring you to enter your password and Social Security number to unlock it. Think twice
before clicking on links in messages such as this.
6. Shop safely. When shopping online, check out the website before entering your
credit card number or other personal information. Look for "https" in the address bar or an
unbroken padlock icon at the bottom of the browser window. These are signs that your
information will be encrypted or scrambled, protecting it from hackers as it moves across the
internet.
https://www.upguard.com/blog/types-of-malware
https://oag.ca.gov/privacy/facts/online-privacy/protect-your-computer

 6. Translate the sentences into English

1. Налаштуй панель інструментів відповідно до своїх уподобань. Відкрий
розкривне меню й установи прапорці навпроти потрібних елементів.
2. Зроби резервну копію файлу журналу. – Зберегти файл на USB-накопичувачі?
3. На цьому веб-сайті є ще які-небудь сторінки, крім головної? – Так, сторінка з
відгуками і сторінка з положеннями й умовами.
4. Ти вже вибрав макет для сторінки? – Так. У верхньому колонтитулі буде рядок
меню, а і нижньому – контактні дані.
Ця система потребує регулярного технічного обслуговування. – Ти знайшов
помилку? – Так, процедуру налагодження запущено.
 25

Щоб запустити виявлення й усунення несправностей, перейдіть на відповідну

вкладку і виберіть потрібний значок.
Установіть надійну захисну систему, щоб убезпечити ваш комп’ютер від
зловмисного програмного забезпечення.
Шахрайство з метою заволодіння персональними даними – це кіберзлочин?
Щоб завантажити зображення, скористайся елементами управління в правому
верхньому куті екрана. - Ця кнопка перемикає режими? А як увімкнути функцію пошуку?
Уведіть пароль, щоб увійти в обліковий запис. Щоб вийти з облікового запису,
натисніть кнопку «Вийти».

 7. Translate the paragraph from EULA (End-User License Agreement)

containing words from TOPICAL VOCABULARY
Content Restrictions
The Company is not responsible for the entries, information or content of the
Application’s users. You are solely responsible for the Content and for all activity that occurs
under your account.
You may not transmit any Content that is unlawful, offensive, upsetting, threatening,
libelous, obscene or otherwise objectionable. Examples of such Content include:
Unlawful or promoting unlawful activity.
Defamatory, discriminatory content, including references or commentary about religion,
race, sexual orientation, gender, national/ethnic origin, or other targeted groups.
Spam, machine or randomly generated, constituting unauthorized or unsolicited
advertising, chain letters, any other form of unauthorized solicitation, or any form of lottery or
gambling.
Containing or installing any viruses, worms, malware, trojan horses, or other content that
is designed or intended to disrupt, damage, or limit the functioning of any software, hardware or
telecommunications equipment or to damage or obtain unauthorized access to any data or other
information of a third person.