ISSN 2319-8885

Vol.04,Issue.52,
December-2015,
Pages:11145-11152
www.ijsetr.com

Fuzzy Based Compensator for Power Quality Improvement in Grid

Connected Hybrid Energy System
Y. JAYACHANDRA1, T. KAMAL KIRAN TATA2, T. RUSHI SANTHOSH SINGH3
1
PG Scholar, Dept of EEE, MVRCET, Paritala, Krishna (Dt), AP, India, E-mail: [email protected].
2
Assistant Professor, Dept of EEE, MVRCET, Paritala, Krishna (Dt), AP, India, E-mail: t.kamal kiran @gmail.com.
3
Associate Professor, Dept of EEE, MVRCET, Paritala, Krishna (Dt), AP, India, E-mail: [email protected].

Abstract: In this paper Demand for renewable energy sources is increasing due to shortage of power as well as environmental
concerns. A wind - PV generating system connected to the grid. Since wind and PV are complementary in nature, continuous
power availability can be obtained. The main issue regarding grid integration of distributed generation is power quality,
harmonics etc. In the proposed system the fuzzy control circuit will perform the function of harmonic elimination, so that the need
for an STATCOM does not arise. The performance is analyzed with the help of PI controller and Fuzzy logic technique. The
simulation studies have demonstrated the effective influences of the SVC and STATCOM on the improvement of voltage using
MATLAB simulink and make the wind turbine generator to be in service even under fault conditions. It also shows that fuzzy
logic controller gives better result when compared to PI controller.

Keywords: Wind Power, Distribution Network, Induction Generator, STATCOM, Harmonics, Power Quality, Fuzzy Logic
Control.

I. INTRODUCTION power quality of the power grid. Fuzzy logic technique has
Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, tidal, hybrid been used as it has advantage of robustness, easily adaptive
each contribute some amount of power to generate electricity. fast technology is also used and best results are achieved
Earlier days fossil fuels are used largely to extract electricity. when compared to conventional PI technique. Interconnection
Nowadays due to shortage of fuels and environmental of renewable energy source will affect the system stability,
pollution caused by green house gases, renewable energy has voltage regulation and cause serious power quality problems.
come to an effect. Among these renewable energy sources, Therefore efficient technical and regulatory frame work
wind energy plays an important role in present scenario. At should be there to ensure safety, reliability, and efficient
present wind Energy is emerging at a faster rate because it‟s operation. Also increasing use of non-linear load results in
more cost effective, clean and easily sustainable and has serious problems of harmonics. The oscillation produced due
remarkable growth [1]. However connection of large wind to harmonics will lead to mechanical stresses and malfunction
farms to power grid may result in power quality problems [2]- of sensitive equipments as shown in Fig.1.
[10]. This power quality problem causes a nascent issue in
wind farms and collapses the entire system. Simple
compensator such as transformer taps changer, Automatic
voltage regulator and uninterrupted power supplies can be
used to eliminate such power quality problems. Due to rapidly
varying voltage fluctuations, it is difficult to improve power
quality with this simple compensator. The control technology
has advantages as power factor is maintained at unity in
source side with SVC and Reactive power support can be
provided by STATCOM. The controller of the proposed
system is based upon Synchronous Reference Frame Theory
which has been carried out in MATLAB environment using
simulink.

PI controller plays an important role in reducing

fluctuating voltage error signal efficiently. Simulation result
shows that the proposed STATCOM with PI Controller is
efficient in mitigating voltage sags and thus improving the Fig.1. Block Diagram of the System.

Copyright @ 2015 IJSETR. All rights reserved.

 Y. JAYACHANDRA, T. KAMAL KIRAN TATA, T. RUSHI SANTHOSH SINGH
STATCOM are usually employed to solve the power II. POWER QUALITY ISSUES
quality problems [2]. In this paper, a wind-PV generating A. Voltage Variation
system is connected to grid and the PQ is maintained without The voltage variation issue results from the wind velocity
using STATCOM [3].There are different ways by which PQ and generator torque. The voltage variation is directly related
can be maintained [4] [5]. Here, two independent controllers to real and reactive power variations. The voltage variation is
have been designed for DG interface and that controllers will commonly classified as under:
perform the function of active power filtering (eliminating  Voltage Sag/Voltage Dips.
harmonics)[6], thereby increasing efficiency, reliability and  Voltage Swells.
quality. The proposed system with battery storage has the  Short Interruptions.
following objectives:  Long duration voltage variation.
 Unity power factor and power quality at point of
common coupling bus. The voltage flicker issue describes dynamic variations in
 Real and reactive power support only from wind the network caused by wind turbine or by varying loads. Thus
generator and batteries to load. the power fluctuation from wind turbine occurs during
continuous operation. The amplitude of voltage fluctuation
depends on grid strength, network impedance, and phase-
angle and power factor of the wind turbines. It is defined as a
fluctuation of voltage in a frequency 10–35 Hz.

A. Harmonics
The harmonic results due to the operation of power
electronic converters. The harmonic voltage and current
should be limited to the acceptable level at the point of wind
turbine connection to the network. To ensure the harmonic
voltage within limit, each source of harmonic current can
allow only a limited contribution. The rapid switching gives a
large reduction in lower order harmonic current com- pared to
the line commutated converter, but the output current will
have high frequency current and can be easily filter out. The
harmonic distortion is assessed for variable speed turbine with
a electronic power converter at the point of common
connection [9]. The total harmonic voltage distortion of
voltage is given as in (1)

Fig.2. Scheme of wind generator with battery storage [6].

The most used unit to compensate for reactive power in (1)

the power systems are either synchronous condensers or shunt
capacitors, the latter either with mechanical switches or with Where Vn is the nth harmonic voltage and V1 is the
thyristor switch, as in Static VAR Compensator (SVC). The fundamental frequency (50) Hz. The THD limit for 132 KV is
disadvantage of using shunt Capacitor is that the reactive <3 %.THD of current ITHD is given as in (2)
power supplied is proportional to the square of the voltage.
Consequently, the reactive power supplied from the
capacitors decreases rapidly when the voltage decreases [3]
.To overcomes the above disadvantages; STATCOM is best (2)
suited for reactive power compensation and harmonic Where In is the nth harmonic current and I1 is the
reduction. It is based on a controllable voltage source fundamental frequency (50) Hz. The THD of current and limit
converter (VSC). The paper study demonstrates the power for 132 KV is <2.5%.
quality problem due to installation of wind turbine with the
B. Reactive Power
grid. In this proposed scheme STATIC COMPENSATOR
Traditional wind turbine is equipped with induction
(STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling
generator. Induction Generator is preferred because they are
with a battery energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate the
inexpensive, rugged and requires little maintenance.
power quality issues. The battery energy storage is integrated
Unfortunately induction generators require reactive power
to sustain the real power source under fluctuating wind power
from the grid to operate. The interactions between wind
as shown in Fig.2. The STATCOM control scheme for the
turbine and power system network are important aspect of
grid connected wind energy generation system for power
wind generation system. When wind turbine is equipped with
quality improvement is simulated using MATLAB/
an induction generator and fixed capacitor are used for
SIMULINK.
reactive compensation then the risk of self excitation may

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research

Volume.04, IssueNo.52, December-2015, Pages: 11145-11152
 Fuzzy based Compensator for Power Quality Improvement in Grid Connected Hybrid Energy System
occur during off grid operation. Thus the sensitive equipments
may be subjected to over/under voltage, over/under frequency
operation and other disadvantage of safety aspect. The
effective control of reactive power can improve the power
quality and stabilize the grid. The suggested control technique
is capable of controlling reactive power to zero value at point
of common connection (PCC).

III. REFERENCE CURRENT GENERATION FOR

STATCOM
Reference current for the STATCOM is generated based
on instantaneous reactive power theory [7][10]. A
STATCOM injects the compensation current which is a sum
of reactive component current of IG, non-linear load and
harmonic component current of non-linear load. P-Q theory
gives a generalized definition of instantaneous reactive
power, which is valid for sinusoidal or non sinusoidal,
balanced or unbalanced, three-phase power systems with or Fig.4. Hysteresis current Modulation.
without zero sequence currents and/or voltages.
With the hysteresis control, limit bands are set on either
side of a signal representing the desired output waveform [6].
The inverter switches are operated as the generated signals
within limits as shown in Fig.4. The control circuit generates
the sine reference signal wave of desired magnitude and
frequency, and it is compared with the actual signal. As the
signal exceeds a prescribed hysteresis band, the upper switch
in the half bridge is turned OFF and the lower switch is turned
ON. As the signal crosses the lower limit, the lower switch is
turned OFF and the upper switch is turned ON. The actual
signal wave is thus forced to track the sine reference wave
within the hysteresis band limits.

IV. PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEM

In the crystalline silicon PV module, the complex physics
of the PV cell can be represented by the equivalent electrical
circuit shown in Fig. 5. For that equivalent circuit, a set of
equations have been derived, based on standard theory,
which allows the operation of a single solar cell to be
simulated using data from manufacturers or field
experiments.
Fig.3. Block diagram representation of grid-interfacing
inverter control.

The control diagram of grid- interfacing inverter for a 3-

phase 3-wire system is shown in Fig. 3. While performing the
power management operation, the inverter is actively
controlled in such a way that it always draws/ supplies
fundamental active power from/ to the grid. If the load
connected to the PCC is non-linear or unbalanced or the
combination of both, the given control approach also
compensates the harmonics, unbalance, and neutral current.
The duty ratio of inverter switches are varied in a power cycle
Fig.5 Equivalent electrical circuit of a PV module.
such that the combination of load and inverter injected power
appears as balanced resistive load to the grid. The regulation The series resistance RS represents the internal losses due
of dc-link voltage carries the information regarding the to the current flow. Shunt resistance Rsh, in parallel with
exchange of active power in between renewable source and diode, this corresponds to the leakage current to the ground.
grid. Thus the output of dc-link voltage regulator results in an The single exponential equation which models a PV cell is
active current (Im).

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research

Volume.04, IssueNo.52, December-2015, Pages: 11145-11152
 Y. JAYACHANDRA, T. KAMAL KIRAN TATA, T. RUSHI SANTHOSH SINGH
extracted from the physics of the PN junction and is widely type. Most modern wind turbines use a horizontal axis
agreed as echoing the behavior of the PV cell configuration with two or three blades, operating either down-
wind or up-wind. A wind turbine can be designed for a
constant speed or variable speed operation generator is
(3) coupled to the rotor of a wind turbine directly, offers high
The number of PV modules connected in parallel and reliability, low maintenance, and possibly low cost for certain
series in PV array are used in expression. The Vt is also turbines, power electronic converters to provide a fixed
defined in terms of the ideality factor of PN junction (n), frequency and fixed voltage power to their loads.
Boltzmann‟s constant (KB), temperature of photovoltaic array
(T), and the electron charge (q). Applied a dynamical VI. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL
electrical array reconfiguration (EAR) strategy on the L. A. Zadeh presented the first paper on fuzzy set theory
photovoltaic (PV) generator of a grid-connected PV system in 1965. Since then, a new language was developed to
based on a plant-oriented configuration, in order to improve describe the fuzzy properties of reality, which are very
its energy production when the operating conditions of the difficult and sometime even impossible to be described using
solar panels are different. The EAR strategy is carried out by conventional methods. Fuzzy set theory has been widely used
inserting a controllable switching matrix between the PV in the control area with some application to power system [5].
generator and the central inverter, which allows the electrical A simple fuzzy logic control is built up by a group of rules
reconnection of the available PV modules. based on the human knowledge of system behavior.
Matlab/Simulink simulation model is built to study the
V. WIND ENERGY BASED SYSTEM dynamic behavior of converter. Furthermore, design of fuzzy
Wind is abundant almost in any part of the world. Its logic controller can provide desirable both small signal and
existence in nature caused by uneven heating on the surface large signal dynamic performance at same time, which is not
of the earth as well as the earth‟s rotation means that the wind possible with linear control technique. Thus, fuzzy logic
resources will always be available. The conventional ways of controller has been potential ability to improve the robustness
generating electricity using non renewable resources such as of compensator.
coal, natural gas, oil and so on, have great impacts on the
environment as it contributes vast quantities of carbon dioxide
to the earth‟s atmosphere which in turn will cause the
temperature of the earth‟s surface to increase, known as the
green house effect.

Fig.6. Structure of a typical wind energy system. Fig.7. Block diagram of the Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC)
for proposed converter.
Hence, with the advances in science and technology, ways
of generating electricity using renewable energy The basic scheme of a fuzzy logic controller is shown in Fig
resources such as the wind are developed. Nowadays, the 7. and consists of four principal components such as: a fuzzy
cost of wind power that is connected to the grid is as fication interface, which converts input data into suitable
cheap as the cost of generating electricity using coal and linguistic values; a knowledge base, which consists of a data
oil. Thus, the increasing popularity of green electricity base with the necessary linguistic definitions and the control
means the demand of electricity produced by using non rule set; a decision-making logic which, simulating a human
renewable energy is also increased accordingly. The major decision process, infer the fuzzy control action from the
components of a typical wind energy conversion system knowledge of the control rules and linguistic variable
include a wind turbine, generator, interconnection apparatus definitions; a de-fuzzification interface which yields non
and control systems, as shown in Fig.6. Wind turbines can be fuzzy control action from an inferred fuzzy control action [10]
classified into the vertical axis type and the horizontal axis as shown in Fig.8.

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research

Volume.04, IssueNo.52, December-2015, Pages: 11145-11152
 Fuzzy based Compensator for Power Quality Improvement in Grid Connected Hybrid Energy System

Fig.8. Membership functions for Input, Change in input,

Output.

Rule Base: the elements of this rule base table are determined
based on the theory that in the transient state, large errors
need coarse control, which requires coarse in-put/output
variables; in the steady state, small errors need fine control,
which requires fine input/output variables. Based on this the
elements of the rule table are obtained as shown in Table ,
with „Vdc‟ and „Vdc-ref‟ as inputs.

TABLE I: Rule Base

Fig.10. simulated wave forms of proposed system single

phase source current, load current, compensator current
and source voltage.

VII. MATLAB MODELEING AND SIMULATION

RESULTS
Simulation results of this paper is shown in bellow Figs.
9 to 18.

Fig.11. simulated wave forms of proposed system three

Fig.9 .Matlab/Simulink model of 3-leg Converter with phase source current, load current, compensator current
Wind energy System. and source voltage.

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research

Volume.04, IssueNo.52, December-2015, Pages: 11145-11152
 Y. JAYACHANDRA, T. KAMAL KIRAN TATA, T. RUSHI SANTHOSH SINGH

Fig.12.power factor of 3-leg converter.

Fig.15.Control diagram of fuzzy logic control.

Fig.13 .FFT Analysis of source current total harmonic

distortion for PI control value is 3.42%.

Fig.16. simulated wave forms of 3-leg converter with fuzzy

Fig.14. Matlab/Simulink model of 3-leg converter with logic control at single phase source current, load current,
wind energy system and fuzzy logic controller. compensator current and source voltage.

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research

Volume.04, IssueNo.52, December-2015, Pages: 11145-11152
 Fuzzy based Compensator for Power Quality Improvement in Grid Connected Hybrid Energy System
VIII. CONCLUSION
This paper presented Grid Power Quality Improvement in
Wind Energy Systems using 3-leg converter with fuzzy logic
controller. The hysteresis current controller is used to
generate the switching signal for inverter in such a way that it
will cancel the harmonic current in the system. This scheme
improves power factor and also make harmonic free source
current in the distributed network at the point of common
connection. The wind power exchange is regulated across the
dc bus having energy storage and is made available under the
steady state condition. This also makes real power flow at
instantaneous demand of the load. Rapid injection or
absorption of reactive/real power flow in the power system
can be made possible through battery energy storage and
static compensator. Battery energy storage provides rapid
response and enhances the performance under the fluctuation
of wind turbine output and improves the voltage stability of
the system.
IX. REFERENCES
[I] J. 0 .Q. Tande 'Applying Power Quality Characteristics of
wind turbine for Assessing impact on Voltage Quality', Wind
Energy, pp 52, 2002.
[2] G.Satyanarayana., K.N.V Prasad, G.Ranjith Kumar, K.
Lakshmi Ganesh, "Improvement of power quality by using
hybrid fuzzy controlled based IPQC at various load
conditions," Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability
(ICEETS), 2013 International Conference on , vol., no.,
pp.1243,1250, 10-12 April 2013..
[3] L. H. Hansen, L. Helle, F. Blaabjerg, E. Ritchie, S. Munk-
Nielsen, H. Binder, P. S0rensen and B. Bak - Jensen
"Conceptual Survey of Generators and Power Electronics for
Wind Turbines ", Ris0 National Laboratory, Roskilde,
Fig.17. simulated wave forms of 3-leg converter with fuzzy Denmark, December 200l.
logic control at three phase source current, load current, [4] A.Arulampalam, M.Bames & NJenkins, Power quality
compensator current and neutral current. and stability improvement of a wind farm using ST A TCOM,
Proc. TEE Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol.
153, No.6, 2006, 701-710.
[5] G. Satyanarayana, K.Lakshmi Ganesh , CH. Narendra
Kumar, N. Srinivasa Rao “Realization of Hybrid Active
Power Filter Applied to BLDC Motor Drive Using Dual
Instantaneous Power Theory”, International Journal of
Engineering Associates, Vol-1, Issue 3, p.p. 32-37, Feb,
2013..
[6] A.Arulampalam, 1.B.Ekanayake & NJenkins, Application
study of a ST A TCOM with energy storage, Proc. lEE
Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol. 150, No. 3,
2003, 373-384.
[7] Fang Zheng Peng, Jih-Sheng Lai, 'Generalized
Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory for Three-phase Power
Systems', IEEE on instrumentation and measurement, vol. 45,
no. I, Feb,1996.
[8] G. Satya Narayana, Ch. Narendra Kumar, Ch. Rambabu “
A Comparative Analysis of PI Controller and Fuzzy Logic
Controller for Hybrid Active Power Filter Using Dual
Instantaneous Power Theory” International Journal of
Engineering Research & Development, Vol-4, Issue-6, p.p.
Fig.18.FFT Analysis of Source Current total harmonic 29-39, Oct, 2012.
distortion value for fuzzy logic control value is 0.26%.

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research

Volume.04, IssueNo.52, December-2015, Pages: 11145-11152
 Y. JAYACHANDRA, T. KAMAL KIRAN TATA, T. RUSHI SANTHOSH SINGH
[9] Fang Zheng Peng, , George W. Ott, Jr., and Donald J.
Adams,' Harmonic and Reactive Power Compensation Based
on the Generalized Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory for
Three-Phase Four-Wire
Systems' IEEE Trans on power electronics, vol. 13, no. 6, nov
1998.
[10] Leszek S. Czamecki:lnstantaneous Reactive Power p-q
Theory and Power Properties of Three-Phase Systems' IEEE
Trans on power delivery', vol. 21, no. I, Jan 2006.

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research

Volume.04, IssueNo.52, December-2015, Pages: 11145-11152