Unit-2 Calculus of one variable 2.

unit

2 CalCulus of one variable

Part-a
Short QueStionS with SolutionS
Q1. State Rolle’s theorem.
Answer :
If f(x) is any function in the closed interval [a, b] such that,
(i) f(x) is continuous in [a, b]
(ii) f(x) is differentiable in (a, b)
(iii) f(a) = f(b)
Then there exists at least one point x = c in (a, b) such that a < c < b and f'(c) = 0.
Q2. Verify rolle’s theorem for f(x) = x2 in [–1, 1].
Answer :
Given function is,
f(x) = x2 in [–1, 1] ... (1)
(i) To Check Continuity of f(x)
f(x) is a polynomial in x, therefore f(x) is continuous in closed interval [–1, 1].
(ii) To Check Differentiability of f(x)
f(x) is differentiable in open interval (–1, 1). Since f '(x) = 2x is defined in (–1, 1).
(iii) To Check f(a) = f(b)
f(–1) = (–1)2
=1
f(1) = (1)2
=1
∴ f(–1) = f(1)
Hence, f(x) satisfies all the three conditions of Rolle’s theorem.
A point c exists and c ∈ [–1, 1] such that f ‘(c) = 0
⇒ f '(c) = 2c = 0
⇒ 2c = 0
∴ c = 0 lies in the range [–1, 1]
Hence, Rolle’s theorem is verified.

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

2.2 MatheMatics-i
Q3. Find the c value of rolle’s mean value theorem 2 sinx π
Q5. show that < < 1, 0 < x < .
for the function f (x) = log d x (a + b) n on [a, b].
x 2 + ab π x 2
Answer :
Answer : sin x
Let, f(x) = ... (1)
Given function is, x
Since, lim f (x) = 1
f(x) = log d x (a + b) n in [a, b]
x 2 + ab x"0

Then f(0) = 1 ... (2)

(i) To check continuity of f(x)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘x’,
f(x) is a composite function of continuous functions
in [a, b], therefore f(x) is continuous in closed interval x cos x – sin x
f '(x) =
[a, b]. x2
Since for x Î b0, l
(ii) To check differentiability of f(x) π
2
f '(x) = a + b = G 2
1 x (2x) – (x 2 + ab) x (x + b) Þ x < tanx
x2 x + ab
sin x
x 2 –ab Þ x<
cos x
=
x (x 2 + ab)
Þ x cosx < sinx
\ f(x) is differentiable in open interval (a, b). \ f ' (x) < 0
(iii) To check f (a) = f(b)
From Mean value theorem,
f(a) = log d a (a + b) n
a 2 + ab
f (x) – f (0)
If x Î b0, l then
π
= f ' (c1) < 0
2 2 x
= log d
a + ab n
a 2 + ab Þ
f (x) – f (0)
<0
= log1 x
=0 Þ f(x) – f(0) < 0

f(b) = log d b (a + b) n
2
b + ab Þ f(x) < f(0)
sin x
2 Þ <1 [ a From equations (1) and (2)]
= log d 2
b + ab n x
b + ab ... (3)
= log1
Consider,
=0
f b l – f ( x)
π
∴ f(a) = f(b) 2 = f ' (c2) < 0
b l– x
π
Hence, f(x) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem. 2
A point c ! (a, b) exits such that f '(c) = 0
f b l – f (x)
π
c 2 – ab Þ 2 <0
Þ =0 π
c (c 2 + ab) –x
2
Þ c2 – ab = 0
f b l – f (x) < 0
π
Þ
Þ c2 = ab 2
f b l < f (x)
π
Þ c = ! ab Þ
2
∴ c = ! ab ! (a,b) sin
π
Þ 2 < sin x
Q4. state lagrange’s mean value theorem. π x
Answer : 2
1 sin x
If f (x) is a function defined in [a, b] such that, Þ
π
<
x
(i) f (x) is continuous in [a, b] 2
(ii) f (x) is derivable in (a, b) 2 sin x
Þ < ... (4)
π x
Then, there exist atleast one point c Î(a, b) such that, \ From equations (3) and (4),
f (b) − f (a)
f ′(c) = 2 sin x
< <1
b−a π x

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

Unit-2 Calculus of one variable 2.3
x
Q6. show that between any two roots of e cos Among the two limits u and v because of the unawareness
x = 1, there exists at least one root of ex sin of which one is greater we consider modulus.
x = 1. According to Cauchy’s mean value theorem,
Answer : f (b) − f (a ) f ′(c)
=
Given function is, g (b) − g (a ) g ′(c)
ex cos x = 1 ... (1) | sin b − sin a | cos c
Þ =
x
Let, f(x) = e cosx –1 |b−a| 1
Let the two roots of equation (1) be a and b | sin b − sin a |
Þ = cos c ... (1)
Then, |b−a|
ea.cos a = 1 ; eb.cos b = 1 Maximum value of cos x is 1 therefore maximum value
1 1 of cos(c) can be lesser than or equal to 1.
Þ cos a = a ; cos b = b
e e Hence, cos c £ 1
Þ cos a = e–a ; cos b = e–b
From equation (1),
Þ e –a – cos a = 0 .... (2) ; e –b – cos b = 0 ... (3)
| sin b − sin a |
From equations (2) and (3), £1
|b−a|
f(x) can be rewritten as,
⇒ |sinb – sina| £ |b – a|
f(x) = e – x – cos x \ | sinu – sinv | £ | u – v |
\ f(x) = e –x – cos x is continous on [a, b] and differentiable Q9. state taylor’s theorem.
on (a, b) Answer :
–a
\ f(a) = e – cos a = 0 When f(x), f '(x), f ''(x) derivatives are continuous in
f(b) = e –b
– cos b = 0 [a, a + h] and the nth derivative of x exists in (a, a + h), then a
number θ lies between 0 and 1, such that the following series
Hence, f(x) satisfies the conditions of Rolle’s theorem, represents Taylor’s theorem with Lagrange’s form remainder.
\ A point c ! (a, b) exists such that f '(c) = 0
h h2 hn n
f '(x) = – e –x
– (– sin x) = 0 f(a + h) = f(a) + f '(a ) + f ''(a) + . . . f (a + θh)
1! 2! n!
f '(c) = 0 Þ – e –c – (– sin c) = 0 Where,
Þ – e –c + sin c = 0
hn n
Þ sin c = e–c f (a + θh) = Rn (Remainder)
n!
Þ sin c = 1/ec
Q10. Find the taylor series of f(x) = sin x about
Þ ec sin c = 1 x = π/4.
\ ec sin c – 1 = 0 ; c ! (a, b) Answer : June-13, Q5
Q7. state Cauchy’s mean value theorem. Given that,
Answer : f(x) = sinx, x = π/4
If f : [a, b] ® R, g : [a, b] ® R are such that, The Taylor’s series expansion for function f(x) is,
(i) f and g are continuous on [a, b] ( x – a) ( x – a) 2
f(x) = f(a) + f '(a) + f ''(a) + . . . ... (1)
(ii) f and g are differentiable on (a, b) and 1! 2!
(iii) g' (x) ¹ 0 6 x Î (a, b) Here,
Then, there exists a point c Î (a, b) such that, f(x) = sinx
f l (c) f (b) − f (a ) a = π/4
=
g l (c) g (b) − g (a ) d
⇒ f '(x) = [ f ( x)]
Q8. Prove using mean value theorem, |sinu – sinv| dx
£ |u – v|. d
= [sin x]
Answer : dx
Let, f (x) = sin x and g(x) = x f '(x) = cosx

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

2.4 MatheMatics-i
Similarly,
d
f ''(x) = [ f ' ( x)]
dx
d
= [cos x]
dx
f ''(x) = – sinx
Also,
π π
f   = sin  
4 4

π 1
∴ f  =
4 2
π π
f '   = cos  
4 4

π π
f ''   = – sin  
4 4

π –1
∴ f ''   =
4 2

π π π

On substituting the values of f   , f '   and f ''   in equation (1), we get,
4 4 4
2
 π  1   π   –1 
 x –    x –   
1  4  2   4   2 
sinx = + + +....
2 1! 2!
2
 π  π
x –  x – 
1  4
– 
4
∴ sinx = + +....
2 2 2 2
Is the requirement Taylor’s series expansion.
Q11. Find the taylor’s series expansion of f(x) = 2x about x = 0.
Answer : Dec.-13, Q1

The given function is,

f(x) = 2x; x = 0
From Taylor’s series expansion, we have,

( x − a) 2 ( x − a)3
f(x) = f(a) + (x – a)f ' (a) + f ''(a) + f '''(a) + ... ... (1)
2! 3!
Here,
f(x) = 2x and a = 0
⇒ f(a) = f(0) = 20 = 1
On differentiating f(x), we get,

⇒  d x 
 dx a = a log e a 
x
f ' (x) = 2x loge2, f ' (0) = 20 loge2 = 0.6931
 
⇒ f ''(x) = 2x (loge2)2, f ''(0) = 20 (loge2)2 = 0.4804
⇒ f '''(x) = 2x (loge2)3, f '''(0) = 20 (loge2)3 = 0.3330

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

Unit-2 Calculus of one variable 2.5
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (1),

( x − 0) 2 ( x − 0) 3
⇒ f(x) = f(0) + (x – 0)f '(0) + f ''(0) + f '''(0) + ......
2! 3!
x2 x3
= 1 + x(0.6931) + (0.4804) + (0.3330) + .....
2! 3!
x 2 (0.4804) x 3 (0.3330)
= 1 + 0.6931x + + + .....
2 6
f(x) = 1 + 0.6931x + 0.2402x2 + 0.0555x3 + ......
x 2 3
∴ f ( x ) = 2 = 1 + 0.6931x + 0.2402 x + 0.0555 x + ....

Q12. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x4 + y4 = 2 at the point P(1, 1).
Answer : May/June-18, Q6

Given curve is,

x4 + y4 = 2
⇒ y4 = 2 – x4 ... (1)
The radius of curvature for a curve at a point P in Cartesian form y = f(x) is given as,
3

<1 + c dy m F
2 2

dx P
ρ= ... (2)
e 2o
d2 y
dx P
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘x’,
dy
4y3 dx = – 4x3

dy –x3 3
⇒ = = – cxm ... (3)
dx y 3 y

c m
dy 1 3
⇒ = – b1 l
dx ^1, 1h
=–1
Differentiating equation (3) with respect to ‘x’,

= dx <– c x m F
d2 y d 3

dx 2 y
SRS 3 dy W
V
SS y ^3x 2h –x3 _3y 2 ic dx m WWW
=– S WW
SS
_ y3 i WW
2
S
TR X
SS 2 3 3 V W
SS 3x y – 3y x d – c m n WWW
2 3 x
=– S y W
SS WW
y6
T X
SS 2 3 + 3 2 e ^ x3h o WWW
RS V
3x y 3x y
= – SS y3 WWW
SS WW
S y 6
T X
=– > H
2 4 6
+
3x y 3x
y7

2 =– > H
d2 y 3x 2 y 4 + 3x 6
∴
dx y7
SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.
2.6 MatheMatics-i

e o = –> H = – :3 + 3 D = – 6
d2 y 3 (1) 2 (1) 4 + 3 (1) 6
dx ^1, 1h
2
(1) 7 1
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (2),

71 + (– 1) 2A 2
3 3
]2g2
ρ(1, 1) = –6 = – 6 = – 0.47
∴ The radius of curvature of the curve x4 + y4 = 2 is – 0.47.
Q13. Find the radius of curvature at the origin of the curve x4 – 4x3 – 18x2 – y = 0.
Answer : June/July-17, Q5

Given curve is,

x4 – 4x3 – 18x2 – y = 0
Þ y = x4 – 4x3 – 18x2 ... (1)
Dividing equation (1) on both sides by y,

4 3 2
1 = xy – 4yx – 18yx

Applying limit as x ® 0 to above equation,

<x 4x3 18x 2 F

4
1 = x Lt
"0 y – y – y

< x F – Lt < 4x F –18 Lt < x F

4 3 2
Þ 1 = x Lt
"0 y x"0 y x"0 y

1 = 0 – 0 – 18 62r at(0,0)@ <a lim xy = 2r at (0, 0)F

2
Þ
x"0
–1
\ r at (0, 0) = 36 .

Q14. Find the radius of curvature at the origin for the curve x4 – y4 + x3 – y3 + x2 – y2 + y = 0.
Answer :
Given curve is,
x4 – y4 + x3 – y3 + x2 – y2 + y = 0 ... (1)
The radius of curvature for a curve at origin is given as,
3
^1 + a 2h2
ρ0 = ... (2)
b
Let,

bx 2 cx3
y = ax + 2 + 3 + ... ... (3)

Substituting equation (3) in equation (1),

x 4 – c ax + bx + cx + ... m + x3 – c ax + bx + cx + ... m + x 2 – c ax + bx + cx + ... m + c ax + bx + cx + ... m = 0

2 3 4 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 3
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
Comparing coefficients of ‘x’ on both sides,
a=0
Comparing coefficients of ‘x2’ on both sides,
b
1 – a2 + 2 = 0.
b
⇒ 1–0+ 2 =0
⇒ 2+b=0
∴ b=–2
SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.
Unit-2 Calculus of one variable 2.7
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (2), KJ 3a 3a NOO
Q16. show that the curvature of the point KK , O
3 L 2 2 P
]1 + 0g2
r = –2 –8 2
0
on the Folium x3 + y3 = 3axy is .
3a
3
]1 g2 Answer :
⇒ r = –2
0
Given curve is,
–1
∴ r = 2
0 x3 + y3 = 3axy
Q15. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x = a
π Differentiating above equation with respect to x,
cost t, y = b sin t at t = .
^3axyh
4 d d
Answer : _ x3 + y3i =
dx dx
Given curves are, dy dy
⇒ 3x 2 + 3y 2 = 3ay + 3ax ... (1)
x = acost ... (1) dx dx
dy dy
y = bsint ... (2) ⇒ 3y 2 . – 3ax = 3ay – 3x 2
dx dx
The radius of curvature for curve in parametric form is
dy
given as, ⇒ _3y 2 – 3ax i = 3ay – 3x 2
dx
3

:b dx l + b l D dy 3ay – 3x 2
2 dy 2 2
dt dt ⇒ =
r= ... (3) dx 3y 2 – 3ax
> H– > H
2
dx d y dy d2 x
dt dt 2 dt dt 2 JK 3a NO JK 3a NO2
3a KK OO – 3 KK OO
dy
KJ 3a 3a ON = L 2 2P L 2P
Differentiating equation (1), 2 times with respect to ‘t’, dx pKK , OO KJK 3a OON JK 3a NO
L 2 2P 3 K O – 3a KK OO
dx L P 2 L 2P
= a[– sint] = – a sint
dt 9a 2 27a 2
–
6– a sin t@ = –a cos t = 2 2
d2 x d 4
⇒ = 27a 9a 2
dt 2 dt
–
4 2
Differentiating equation (2), 2 times with respect to t,
18a 2 – 27a 2
dy d =
= (b sin t) 27a 2 – 18a 2
dt dt
– 9a 2
dy =
Þ
dt
= b(cost) 9a 2
=–1
= 6b cos t@ = b 6– sin t@
d2 y d
Equation (1) can be written as,
dt 2 dt
RS dy VW
dy
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (3), 3x 2 + 3y 2 = 3a SSSx + yWWW
dx dx
T X
6a 2 sin 2 t + b 2 cos 2 t@ 2
3
dy JK dy NO
r= ⇒ x2 + y2 = a KK x + yOO ... (2)
–a sin t [– b sin t] – b cos t [– a cos t] dx L dx P
Differentiating equation (2) with respect to x,
6a sin t + b cos t@ 2
3
2 2 2 2
RS 2 V
=
ab (sin 2 t + cos 2 t)
d 2 y KJ dy NO KJ dy ON
K O K O SS d y dy ] g dy WWW
2x + y 2 + 2y
K O K O = a +
SSx dx 2 dx 1
dx 2 L dx P L dx P dx WW
T X
6a 2 sin 2 t + b 2 cos 2 t@ 2
3

= JK d 2 y NO 2
d y dy KJ dy NO
2
ab ⇒ y 2 KKK 2 OOO – ax 2 = 2a – 2x – 2y KK OO
dx dx L dx P
3
L dx P

>a b l + b 2 b l H
1 2 2 1 22 JK dy NO2
6a 2 + b 2@ 2
3
JK d 2 y NO 2y KK OO
2 2 OO = 2a dy – 2x –
π
r at t = = = ⇒ KK L dx P
4 ab 2 2 ab K dx 2 O dx _ y 2 – ax i
L P
SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.
2.8 MatheMatics-i
JK 3a NO JK 3a NO Differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘x’,
JK d 2 y NO – 2a – 2 KK OO – 2 KK OO ]– 1g2
KK O L 22 P L 2P d2 y
K dx 2 OO JKK 3a 3a OON = J a NO
dq
= –sec2q × dx = –sec2q ×
1
L P KL 2 , 2 OP 9 a K 3
dx 2
– a KK OO d dx n
4 L P2 dq
– 2a – 3a – 3a d2 y sec 2 q
= 2 = ... (3)
9a 2 – 6a 2 dx 3a cos 2 q sin q
4 The radius of curvature for a curve at any point is
– 32a given as,
=
3a 2 3/2

>1 + e dy o H
2
– 32
= dx
3a r=
f p
JK d 2 y NO – 32 d2 y
KK O
K dx 2 OO JKK 3a 3a OON = 3a dx 2
L P KL 2 , 2 OP
(1 + tan 2 q) 3/2
d2 y – 32 =
sec 2 q
JK 3a 3a NO dx 2 3a
Curvature at KK , OO = 3a cos 2 q sin q
3 =
61 + ]– 1g2@ 2
3
L 2 2P SSR JK dy ON2WVW 2 [ a From equation (2) and (3)]
SS1 + KK OO WW
dx 3a cos 2 q sin q× (sec 2 q) 3/2
T L PX =
– 32 sec 2 q
= 3a 3 =
3a cos 2 q sin q sec3 q
]2g2 sec 2 q
– 32 = 3a cos2q sinq secq
=
3a ^2 2 h 1
= 3a cos2q sinq × cos q
–8 2
= \ r = 3a cosq sinq
3a
JK 3a 3a NO –8 2 Q18. Find the radius of curvature of the curve
\ Curvature at KK , OO = .
L 2 2P 3a x = acos3t, y = b sin3t at t = p/4 .
Q17. Find the radius of curvature at any point on Answer :
2 2 2 Given curve is,
the curve x 3 + y 3 = a 3 .
x = acos3t ... (1)
Answer :
3
Given that, y = bsin t ... (2)
The parametric equations of equation (1) are, Differentiating equation (1) with respect to t.
x = a cos3q and y = a sin3q dx 2
dt = a.3 cos t (– sin t)
Differentiating the equations with respect to ‘q’ on both
sides, dx 2
Þ dt = – 3a sin t cos t
dx 2
dy 2
dq = 3a cos q(–sinq), dq = 3asin qcosq Differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘t’
dx 2 dy 2
Þ dq = –3a cos qsinq dt = b.3 sin t cos t
Consider, dy 2
Þ dt = 3b cos t sin t
dy
dy
= dq = 3a sin 2 q cos q dy dy/dt 3b cos t sin 2 t – b sin t
dx dx − 3a cos 2 q sin q Þ =
dx dx/dt =
– 3a sin t cos 2 t
= a cos t
dq
− sin q –b
= cos q = a tan t
dy dy –b
dx = –tanq ... (2) \ dx = a tan t
SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.
Unit-2 Calculus of one variable 2.9
d2 y The expression for radius of curvature is given as,
= dx d – a tan t n = – a . dx (tan t)
d b b d
dx 2 3
  dy  2  2

b d dt
= – a . dt (tan t) . dx
1 +   
  dx  
ρ= ... (2)
b 1 d2y
= – a . sec 2 t. dx/dt
dx2
b 1
= – a . sec 2 t. Differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘x’,
– 3a cos 2 t sin t
dy
b sec 4 t
= dx = 2x – 6 ... (3)
3a 2 sin t
Differentiating equation (3) with respect to ‘x’,
The expression for radius of curvature is given as,
3
d2y
=2 ... (4)
>1 + e dy o H
2 2
dx2
dx
r= Substituting equations (3) and (4) in equation (2),
d2 y 3

dx 2 [1 + (2 x − 6) 2 ] 2

ρ=
2
Substituting the corresponding values in above equation,
3
3 [1 + 4 x 2 + 36 − 24x] 2

>1 + d – b tan t n H
2 2 =
2
a
r= 3
b sec 4 t [4 x 2 − 24x + 37] 2

ρ=
3a 2 sin t 2
3
3 3 [4(3) 2 − 24(3) + 37] 2

<1 + b tan tF
2 2 2 (a 2 + b 2 tan 2 t) 2 ρ(3, 1) =
a2 a3 2
r= =
b sec 4 4 b 3

3a 2 sin t 3a 2 sin t cos 4 t [36 − 72 + 37] 2

=
2
3
(a 2 + b 2 tan 2 t) 2 .3a 2 sin t cos 4t (1) 2
3

=
a3 b =
2
3
:a 2 + b 2 tan 2 p D 3a 2 sin p cos 4 p
2 1
4 4 4 ∴ρ(3,1) =
r p
t= 4 = 3
2
a b
Q20. Find the radius of curvature at any point of
4
^a 2 + b 2h 2 3a 2 .
3
1 d 1 n s = c log sec ψ.
2 2 Answer :
=
a3 b Given,
3
3 ^a + b
2 2h2
s = c log secψ
=
4 2 ab
3
The radius of curvature at any point is,
3 ^a 2 + b 2 h 2 ds
\ r= . ρ = dy
4 2 .ab
d
Q19. Find the radius of curvature for the curve y = ⇒ ρ = dy ^c log sec y h

x2 – 6x + 10 at (3, 1). d
= c dy ^log ^sec y hh
Answer : 1
= c sec y ^sec y tan y h
Given that,
= c tan ψ
Equation of curve is,
∴ Radius of curvature is,
y = x2 – 6x + 10 ... (1) ρ = c tan ψ.
SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.
2.10 MatheMatics-i
Q21. Prove that the curvature of a circle is constant. –x da y db
– =0
Answer : a 2 dt b 2 dt
T' Þ x da + y db = ... (4)
0
a 2 dt b 2 dt
T 1 da 1 db =
Q a dt + b dt 0 ... (5)
O Dy
Dy Equating the terms of equations (4) and (5)
r L
x y
P
Þ a = b2
2
1 1
y + Dy a b
y
x+ y
A A' x y a b 1
Þ
Consider a circle with centre ‘O’ and radius ‘r’. a = b = 1+1 = 1+1
Let P, Q be the points on the circle and let arc PQ = Ds. x (2) y (2)
Þ a = 1 ,b = 1
Let ‘L’ be the point where the tangents PT, QT ‘ at P
Þ a = 2x, b = 2y
and Q meet.
Substituting the values of a and b in equation (2)
ÐPOQ = ÐTLT ‘ = Dy
Þ (2x) (2y) = 4
From the sector formula, l = rq
arc(PQ) = (ÐPOQ) (OP) Þ xy = 1
arc (PQ) Q24. Find the envelope of the family of straight
Þ = ÐPOQ x y
OP lines + = 1 where a + b = c, c is a constant.
∆s ∆ψ 1 a b
Þ = ∆ψ & = Answer :
r ∆s r
dψ 1 The given family of straight lines is,
Let Q ® P so that in the limit = .
ds r x y
+ =1 ... (1)
Thus, the curvature at any point of a circle is the reciprocal a b
of the radius of the circle and it is constant. Where,
a+b=c ... (2)
\ The curvature of the circle is constant.
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘t’,
Q22. Define envelope.
⇒
− 1 da
x    − 1  db
Answer : 2
+ y 2  =0
a  dt  b  dt
The curve which touches all the members of family of
curves is defined as the envelope to that family of curves. − x da y db
⇒ − =0
Q23. obtain the equation of envelope of the family of a 2 dt b 2 dt

x y x da − y db
straight lines a + b = 1 , where the parameters ⇒ = ... (3)
a 2 dt b 2 dt
a and b are connected by the relation ab = 4. Differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘t’,
Answer : June/July-17, Q6 da db
+ =0
Given family of straight line is, dt dt
x y da −db
a +b =1 ... (1) = ... (4)
dt dt
Where,
Dividing equation (3) by equation (4) and equating it
a, b are connected by the relation, ab = 4 ... (2) to 1/c,
Taking log on both sides of equation (2) x da − y db
log(ab) = log4 a 2 dt = b 2 dt = 1
Þ loga + logb = 2log2 ... (3) da − db c
dt dt
Let a and b are the functions of parameter 't',
x y 1
Differentiating equations (1) and (3) with respect ⇒ 2
= 2 =
a b c
to ' t',
SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.
Unit-2 Calculus of one variable 2.11
x 1 y 1 (p – 1)
⇒ = , 2 = ⇒ y = mx
p
a2 c b c
⇒ yp = mx(p – 1)
⇒ a2 = cx, b2 = cy
⇒ a = (cx)1/2, b = (cy)1/2 ⇒ (yp)p – 1 = [mx(p –1)]p – 1

⇒ a = c1/2 x1/2, b = c1/2 y1/2 ⇒ yp – 1pp – 1 = mp – 1xp – 1 (p – 1)p – 1

–x p –1
⇒ yp –1pp –1 = b l x (p – 1) p –1
By substituting the values of a and b in equation (2),
ap
c1/2 x1/2 + c1/2 y1/2 = c ... (5)
⇒ ay p – 1 p p – 1 + 1 = –x p – 1 + 1 (p – 1) p – 1
Dividing both sides of equation (5) by ‘c’,
c1/ 2 x1/ 2 + c1/ 2 y1/ 2 c ⇒ ay p – 1 p p = – (p – 1) p – 1 x p
= c
c ⇒ ay p – 1 p p + (p – 1) p – 1 x p = 0
c–1/2 x1/2 + c–1/2 y1/2 = 1
\ The envelope is,
c–1/2 (x1/2 + y1/2) = 1
ay p – 1 p p + (p – 1) p – 1 x p = 0
x1/2 + y1/2 = c1/2
∴ x + y = c , is the required envelope. Q27. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines
x cos a + y sin a = a where a is a parameter.
Q25 . Find the envelope of the curve my + m2 x – 10 = 0 Answer :
where m is a parameter. Given family of straight lines is,
Answer : x cos + y sin = a ... (1)
Given curve is, Where,
my + m2x – 10 = 0 α – Parameter.

Þ m2x + my – 10 = 0 Differentiating equation (1), with respect to ‘α’,

The above equation is quadratic in parameter ‘m’ – x sin + y cos = 0 ... (2)
therefore the envelope is given by, Squaring and adding equations (1) and (2),
(x cos + y sin)2 + (–x sin + y cos)2 = a2
Discriminant = 0
⇒ x2 cos2 + y2 sin2 + 2 xy sin cos + x2 sin2 + y2 cos2
Þ (y)2 – 4(x) (– 10) = 0
– 2 xy sin cos = a2
Þ y2 + 40x = 0 ⇒ x2 [sin2 + cos2] + y2 [sin2 + cos2] = a2
∴ Envelope of given curve is, y2 + 40x = 0. ⇒ x2 + y2 = a2
Q26. Find the envelope of the family of the lines y = The required envelope of the given family of straight
mx + amp, parameter being m. lines is, x2 + y2 = a2

Answer : Q28 Find the envelope x2 sin α + y2 cos α = a2, α is

a parameter.
Given,
Answer :
y = mx + amp ... (1)
Given,
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to ‘m’,
x2 sinα + y2cosα = a2 ... (1)
0 = 1.x + a pmp–1
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘α’,
⇒ apmp–1 = – x
–x x2 cosα + y2(– sinα) = 0
⇒ mp–1 = ap ... (2)
⇒ x2 cosα = y2sinα
From equation (1), x2
⇒ tanα =
y = m(x + amp –1) ... (3) y2
4
Substituting equation (2) in equation (3), 4 +y
x x2
⇒ y = m :x + a b lD
–x
ap α
y2
⇒ y = m :x – D
x
p Figure
SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.
2.12 MatheMatics-i
From the figure,
x2
sinα = ... (2)
x4 + y4
y2
cosα = ... (3)
x4 + y4
Substituting equations (2) and (3) in equation (1),

x2 f 4 + y f p = a2
p
2
x2 2 y
4
x +y x + y4
4

x4 y4
⇒ + = a2
x4 + y4 x4 + y4
1
⇒ _ x 4 + y 4 i2 = a 2
⇒ x4 + y4 = a4
∴ x4 + y4 = a4.
Q29. Find the envelope of the family of circles x2 + y2 – 2axcosα – 2aysinα = c2 where α is the parameter.
Answer :
Given family of circles is,
x2 + y2 – 2ax cos α – 2ay sin α = c2 ... (1)
⇒ x + y – 2ax cos α – 2ay sin α – c = 0
2 2 2
... (2)
⇒ 2ax cos α + 2ay sin α = x + y – c
2 2 2
... (3)
Differentiating equation (2) with respect to α,
– 2ax (– sin α) – 2aycos α = 0
⇒ 2axsin α – 2aycos α = 0 ... (4)
Squaring and adding equations (3) and (4),
⇒ 4a2x2 cos2 α + 4a2y2 sin2 α + 8a2xy sin α cos α + 4a2x2 sin2α + 4a2y2 cos2 α – 8a2xy sin α cos α = (x2 + y2 – c2)2
⇒ 4a2 [x2 (sin2α + cos2α) + y2 (sin2α + cos2α)] = (x2 + y2 – c2)2
⇒ 4a2 (x2 + y2) = (x2 + y2 – c2)2
∴ 4a2 (x2 + y2) = (x2 + y2 – c2)2 is the required envelope.

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

Unit-2 Calculus of one variable 2.13

Part-b
eSSaY QueStionS with SolutionS

2.1 rolle’s Theorem, lagrange’s, CauChy’s mean value Theorems

Q30. state and prove rolle’s theorem. explain the geometrical representation of the rolle’s theorem.
Answer :
Rolle’s Theorem
For answer refer Unit-2, Q.No. 1.
Geometrical Representation of Rolle’s Theorem
Rolle’s theorem geometrically interprets that the curve y = f (x) is such that,
(i) It is continuous in the close interval [a, b]
(ii) It has a unique tangent to the curve at every point (c, f (c)) where a < c < b and
(iii) The ordinates corresponding to x = a and x = b and equal i.e., f (a) = f (b)
By taking geometric interpretation into consideration, Rolle’s theorem states that there is atleast one point on ‘ c’in (a,b)
such that the tangent is parallel to x–axis.
Figure illustrates the diagrammatic representation of the geometric interpretation of Rolle’s theorem.

y= f(x)

(c,f(c))

f(a) f(b)

a b x

Figure
4
Q31. if rolle’s mean value theorem holds for the function f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx, 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 at the point x = 3 then
find the values of a and b.
Answer :
Given,
Rolle’s theorem holds for the function, f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx, 1 ≤ x ≤ 2.
Here, x ∈ [1, 2]
Rolle’s theorem is satisfied only when f(a) = f(b).
∴ f(a) = f(1) = (1)3 + a(1)2 + b(1)
⇒ f(1) = a + b + 1
∴ f(b) = f(2) = (2)3 + a(2)2 + b(2)
= 8 + 4a + 2b
f (1) = f (2)
SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.
2.14 MatheMatics-i
⇒ a + b + 1 = 8 + 4a + 2b There exists a point c∈ [– 3, 0] such that f ' (c) = 0
⇒ 2b – b = – 8 + 1 – 4a + a f ' (c) = 0
b = – 3a – 7 –c
c – c + c + 6 me
2
4 ⇒ 2
=0
And, x = 3 2
⇒ – c2 + c + 6 = 0
⇒ f ' (x) = 3x2 + 2ax + b
2 ⇒ c2 – c – 6 = 0
f ' d 3 n = 3 d 3 n + 2a d 3 n + b = 0
4 4 4
⇒
⇒ c(c – 3) + 2(c – 3) = 0

⇒
16 + 8a + = ⇒ (c + 2) (c – 3) = 0
3 3 b 0
⇒ 16 + 8a + 3b = 0 ... (2) ∴ c = – 2, 3
Substituting the value of ‘b’ in equation (2), c = 3 ∉ (– 3, 0)
16 + 8a + 3(– 7 – 3a) = 0 ∴ c = – 2 ∈ (– 3, 0)
⇒ 16 + 8a – 21 – 9a = 0 Hence, Rolle’s theorem is verified.
⇒ –5=a Q33. state lagrange mean value theorem and give
∴ a=–5 its geometrical interpretation.

Substituting a value in equation (1), Answer :

b = – 3(–5) – 7 (i) Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem
⇒ b=8 For answer refer Unit-2, Q.No. 14.
∴ b = 8. Geometrical Representation of Lagrange’s Mean Value
–x Theorem
Q32. Verify rolle’s theorem f(x) = x(x + 3) e 2 in y
[– 3, 0].
Answer :
C Tangent
Given function is, f(c) a
–x
f (x) = x ] x + 3g e 2 in [– 3, 0]
y = f(x)
(i) To Check Continuity of f(x)
Chord
f(x) is continuous in the interval [– 3, 0] f(b) B
(ii) To Check Differentiability of f(x) a
f(a) A
f (x) is derivable in the interval (– 3, 0)

f ' (x) = dx ae 2 ^ x 2 + 3hk

d –x
a c b x
O

]2x + 3g + ^ x 2 + 3h e
–x
b–1l
–x
= e 2 2
2
^ – x 2 + x + 6h –2x Figure
∴ f ' ( x) = 2 e
The chord is passing through the point of graph
(iii) To Check f(a) = f(b) corresponding to the end segments a and b.

f (– 3) = – 3 ]– 3 + 3g e
–b 2 l
–3
f (b) – f (a)
The slope (k) of chord AB = tana =
b–a
=0 f ' (c) = Slope of tangent line at C(c, f (c))
–0
f (0) = 0 ]0 + 3g e 2 =0 f (b) – f (a)
⇒ f ' (c) =
b–a
f (0) = f (– 3) = 0
Then, there exist a point x = c inside the interval [a, b]
∴ f (0) = f(– 3) where the tangent to the graph is parellel to the chord
Hence, f (x) satisfies all the three conditions of Rolle’s f (b) – f (a)
\ tana = , c Î [a, b].
theorem. b–a
SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.
Unit-2 Calculus of one variable 2.15
v–u v–u Substituting the corresponding values in equation (4),
Q34. show that < tan –1 v – tan –1 u < ,0<
1 + v2 1 + u2 3 4 π 1
π 3 4 π 1 < tan –1 b l – <
25 3 4 6
u < v and deduce that + < tan –1 < +
4 25 3 4 6 3 4 π 1
\ < tan –1 b l – < .
Answer : 25 3 4 6
Consider the function as, Q35. Verify lagrange's Mean Value theorem for
RS 1 VW
f (x) = tan x defined in [u, v] for 0 < a < b < 1.
–1
f(x) = x(x – 1) (x – 2); x d SSS0, WWW .
2
Since, f (x) is continuous in closed interval [u, v] and
Answer : T X Dec.-17, Q13(a)
derivable in open interval (u, v), we can apply Lagrange’s mean
value theorem. Given function is,
Hence, there exists a point c ∈ [u, v] or c ∈ (u, v) f (x) = x(x – 1) (x – 2)
f (v) –f (u) = x(x2 – 3x + 2)
∴ f '(x) = v–u ... (1)
= x3 – 3x2 + 2x
1  d −1 1 
Here, f '(x) =  dx tan x = 1 + x 2 
f(x) is continuous in b 0, 2 l
1 + x2  
1
(i)
1 Since f (x) is a polynomial in x
⇒ f '(c) = 1 + c 2 ... (2)
f(x) is derivable in b 0, 2 l
1
(ii)
Equating the equations (1) and (2), we get,
Since f ' (x) = 3x2 – 6x + 2 is defined in b 0, 2 l
1 f (v) –f (u) 1
= v–u ... (3)
1 + c2
(iii) From Lagrange’s theorem, there exists
c ∈ (u, v), 0 < u < v < 1.
cdb 0, 2 l such that,
1
⇒ u<c<v⇒ u2 < c2 < v2
⇒ 1 + u2 < 1 + c2 < 1+ v2 f ' (c) =
f (b) – f (a)
... (1)
b–a
1 1 1
⇒ < < Here,
1 + v2 1 + c2 1 + u2
f (b) = f b 2 l
1
1 f (v) –f (u) 1
⇒ < v–u <
1 + v2 1 + u2
1 3 1 2
= b 2 l – 3b 2 l + 2b 2 l
1
[
From equation (3)]
v–u v–u
⇒ < f (v) – f (u) < ∴ fb2l = 8
1 3
1 + v2 1 + u2
∴ v–u
< tan–1(v) – tan–1(u) <
v–u
... (4) f (a) = f (0)
1 + v2 1 + u2
RS VW = (0)3 – 3(0)2 + 2(0)
SS a f (x) = tan –1 x WW
SS W =0
SS f (v) = tan –1 v WW
SS W
f (u) = tan –1 u WW f(0) = 0
T X f ' (c) = 3c2 – 6c + 2
4
Let u = 1, v =
3 Substituting the corresponding values in equation (1),
Consider,
4 3
–0
v–u 3
–1 3 3c 2 – 6c + 2 = 18
2 = =
1+ v 1+
16 25 2 –0
9
3
⇒ 3c 2 – 6c + 2 – 4 = 0
Consider,
4 5
v–u –1 1 ⇒ 3c 2 – 6c + 4 = 0
3
2 = 1+1 = 6
1+ v
4 – ] – 6g ! ]36g – 4 ]3g 5
f(v) = tan –1 v = tan –1 b l ⇒ c= 6
4
3
π 6 ! 21
f(u) = tan –1 u = tan –1 (1) = ⇒ c=
4 6
SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.
2.16 MatheMatics-i
6 ! 21 6 – 21 g(x) is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b).
Since 6 = 1.76, 6 = 0.24 d b 0, 12 l Hence, according to Cauchy’s mean value theorem, there must
be some c ∈ [a, b] such that,
6 – 21
∴ c= 6 f l (c) f (b) − f (a )
=
Q36. state Cauchy's mean value theorem and verify l
g (c) g (b) − g (a )
if for the functions f(x) = e–x and g(x) = ex in
− 2 / c3 1/ b − 1/ a
2 2
[a, b]. Þ = 1 1
− 1/ c 2 −
Answer : Dec.-16, Q13(a)
b a
2 a 2 –b 2 ab a+b
Statement Þ = 2 2 . a–b =
c a b ab
For answer refer Unit-2, Q7, Topic: Statement.
2ab
(ii) Given functions are, ∴ c= ∈[a, b]
a+b
f(x) = e–x, g(x) = ex in [a, b] Hence, Cauchy’s mean value theorem is verified.
f '(x) = – e–x ; g '(x) = ex 1
Q38. if f(x) = x and g(x) = x
prove that ‘c’ of the
f(x) and g(x) are continuous and derivable on (a, b).
Cauchy’s generalized mean value theorem is
Hence, according to cauchy’s mean value theorem, there the geometric mean of ‘a’ and ‘b’ for any a > 0,
must be some cÎ [a, b] such that, b > 0.
f ']c g f ]bg – f ]ag
] = ] g
g b – g ]ag
Answer :
g' c g
The conditions of Cauchy’s generalized mean value
– e– c e– b – e– a theorem to be satisfied by the given functions f(x) and g(x) as
Þ =
ec eb – e a mentioned below,
1 1 Condition 1
b – ea
–1 e
Þ = b
e c .e c e – ea f (x) and g(x) are continuous in [a, b] and
1
–1 e a – eb f (x) = x and g(x) = ... (1)
Þ 2c = x
e e ^e – e a h
a+b b

Condition 2
–1 ^e b – e a h
Þ 2c = 
e e ^e – e a h
a+b b
f ′( x) =
1
and
2 x 
1 1 
Þ = – a+b −1 
e 2c e g ′( x) =
2x x  ... (2)
Þ 2c = a + b
Hence, f '(x) and g'(x) exists in (a, b)
a + b 6a, b@
Þ c= 2 d .
∴ f (x) and g(x) are differentiable in (a, b)
Q37. Find ‘c’ of the Cauchy’s mean value theorem for
Condition 3

the functions f(x) =

1
and g(x) =
1
in [a, b]. Also, g'(x) ≠ 0 ∀ x ∈ (a, b)
x2 x
Answer : Hence, all the three conditions of Cauchy’s mean value
The given functions are, theorem are satisfied.
1 1 If these conditions are satisfied then there exists a point
f(x) = x 2 , g(x) = in [a, b]
x
c ∈ (a, b) such that,
f (b) − f (a ) f ′(c)
−2 = g ′(c) ... (3)
Þ f '(x) = g (b) − g (a )
x3
∴ By substituting equations (1) and (2) in equation (3),
f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and derivable on (a, b)
1
Also,
b− a 2 c
−1 ⇒ 1 1
= −1
g'(x) = 0 −
x2 b a 2c c

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

Unit-2 Calculus of one variable 2.17
b− a − 2c c
⇒ =
a− b 2 c
ab

− ( a − b ) ( ab )
⇒ =–c
( a − b)

⇒ ab = c

∴ c of the Cauchy’s generalized mean value theorem is the geometric mean of ‘a’ and ‘b’ for a > 0, b > 0.

2.2 Taylor’s series

Q39. state and prove taylor’s theorem.

Answer :
For answer refer Unit-2, Q9.
Hypothesis
f(x), f '(x), f ''(x) are continuous in [a, a + h]
Proof
Consider the function,
(a + h – x) (a + h – x) 2 (a + h – x) n
f(x) = f(x) + f '(x) + 2!
f ''(x) + . . . + K ... (1)
1! n!

Where, K is constant (unknown).

Substituting x = a + h in equation (1),
(a + h – (a + h)) 2 (a + h – (a + h)) n
f(a + h) = f(a + h) + (a + h – (a + h)) f ' (x) + 2!
f ''(x) + . . . K
n!
= f(a + h) + 0 + 0 . . . + 0 ... (2)
Substituting x = a in equation (1),
(a + h – a) (a + h – a) 2 (a + h – a) n
f(a) = f(a) + 1!
f '(a) + f ''(a) + . . . + n! K
2!

h h2 hn
= f(a) + 1! f '(a) + 2! f ''(a) + . . . K
n!

K is defined by,
f(a) = f(a + h)
∴ Equating equations (1) and (2),
h h2 hn
f(a + h) = f(a) + 1! f '(a) + 2! f ''(a) + . . . K ... (3)
n!

The equation (3) satisfies Rolle’s theorem i.e.,

1. New function φ is continuous in [a, a + h]
2. Derivable in (a, a + h)
3. f(a) = f(a + h)
Then there exists one number c between a and a + h.
∴ f'(c) = f'(a + θh) = 0
∴ K = f n (a + θh) (0 < θ < 1)
Substituting ‘K’ value in equation (3), we get,
h h2 hn n
f(a + h) = f(a) + f '(a) + 2! f ''(a) + . . . f (a + θh)
1! n!

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

2.18 MatheMatics-i
3 2
Q40. expand 2x + 7x + x – 6 in powers of (x – 2) by using taylor’s theorem.
Answer :
Given that,
f(x) = 2x3 + 7x2 + x – 6 ... (1)
f(2) = 16 + 28 + 2 – 6 = 40
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘x’, to get the required terms as f ', f '' and f '''.
f '(x) = 6x2 + 14x + 1
⇒ f '(2) = 24 + 28 + 1 = 53
f ''(x) = 12x + 14
⇒ f ''(2) = 24 + 14 = 38
f '''(x) = 12,
⇒ f '''(2) = 12
By Taylor’s series,
h1 h2 h3
f(x) = f(a) + 1! f l (a) + 2! f ll (a) + 3! f lll (a) + ...

Substituting
a = 2; h = x – 2

(x–2)1 (x–2) 2 (x–2) 3

l ll ll
f(x) = f(2) + 1! f (2) + 2! f (2) + 3! f (2) ... (2)

Substituting f(a), f '(a), f ''(a), f '''(a) values in equation (2),

( x − 2)1 ( x − 2) 2 ( x − 2)3
Þ f(x) = 40 + (53) + 2
(38) + 6
(12)
1

∴ f(x) = 40 + 53(x – 2) + 19(x – 2)2 + 2(x – 2)3

Q41. Write taylor’s series for f(x) = (1 – x)5/2 with lagrange’s form of remainder upto 3 terms in the interval
[0, 1].
Answer :
Given that,
f (x) = (1 – x)5/2 in [0, 1] ... (1)
Here, a = 0 and h = 1
Þ f (a) = (1 – a)5/2
Þ f (0) = (1 – 0)5/2
Þ f (0) = 1
Taylor’s series is given as,
h2 h3
f (a + h) = f(a) + h f '(a) + f ''(a) + f '''(a) + .... ... (2)
2! 3!
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘x’,
5 −5
f ′(x) = (1 − x) 3 / 2 (−1) Þ f ′(0) =
2 2
 53 15
Þ f ′′(x) =  − 2   2  (1 − x) (–1)
1/ 2
f ′′(0) =
   4
 15  1  −15
Þ f ′′′(x) =  4  2  (1 − x)
−1 / 2
(–1) f ′′′(0) =
   8

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

Unit-2 Calculus of one variable 2.19
Substituting the above values in equation (2),
 −5 1  15  1  15 
f (0 + 1) = 1 + 1  +   + −  [ a = 0, h = 1]
 2  2  4 6 8
5 15 5
\ f(1) = 1 − 2 + 8 − 16 + ..... .

Q42. Find the taylor series expansion of f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 1 about x = –1.
Answer :
Given that functions is,
f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 1
x = –1
Taylor’s series expansion of f(x) about x = a is given as,
( x – a) 2
f(x) = f(a) + (x – a) f '(a) + f ′′(a ) + ....
2!
Here,
a = –1
( x + 1) 2
⇒ f(x) = f(–1) + (x + 1) f '(–1) + f ′′(1) + .... ... (1)
2!
f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 1
f(–1) = (–1)3 + 3(–1)2 + 2(–1) + 1
= –1 + 3 – 2 + 1 = 1
f '(x) = 3x2 + 6x + 2
f '(–1) = 3(–1)2 + 6(–1) + 2
=3–6+2=–1
f ''(x) = 6x + 6
f ''(–1) = 6(–1) + 6
=0
f '''(x) = 6
f '''(–1)= 6
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (1),
( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1) 3
f(x) = 1 + (x + 1) (–1) + ( 0) + (6) + ....
2! 3!
⇒ f(x) = 1 – (x + 1) + 0 + (x + 1)3
∴ f(x) = –x + (x + 1).

2.3 CurvaTure, radius of CurvaTure, CirCle of CurvaTure

Q43. Find the radius of curvature for the curve r = a(1 – cosθ).
Answer :
Given equation is,
r = a(1 – cosθ) ... (1)
The radius of curvature is given as,
3
_ r 2 + r12 i 2
ρ=
r 2 + 2r1 – rr2

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

2.20 MatheMatics-i
Where, dx
= a (1 + cos t)
dt
dr d2 r
r1 = , r2 = dy
dθ dθ 2 = a (sin t)
dt
r2 = a2(1 – cosθ)2 [ a From equation (1)] Consider,

a ]1 – cos θg = a 6– ]– sin θg@ = a sin θ

d dy
dy b dt l
r1 =
dθ a (sin t)
= =
dx dx a (1 + cos t)
r1 = a sinθ, r12 = a2sin2θ b l
dt
d
]a sin θg = a cos θ t t
2 sin b l cos b l
r2 =
dθ 2 2
=
t
Substituting values of r2, r12, r2, r in equation (1), 2 cos 2 b l
2
6a 2 ]1 – cos θg2 + a 2 sin 2 θ@ 2
3
dy t
ρ= = tan b l
a ]1 – cos θg + 2a sin θ – a ]1 – cos θg]a cos θg
\
2 2 2 2 dt 2
Differentiating the above equation with respect to x,
^a 2h 2 61 + cos 2 θ – 2 cos θ + sin 2 θ@ 2
3 3
d b dy l d t
btan b ll
a 2 61 + cos 2 θ – 2 cos θ + 2 sin 2 θ – cos θ + cos 2 θ@
= =
dx dx dx 2
d2 y
a3 52 – 2 cos θ? 2
3
2 b t l 1 dt
Þ 2 = sec 2 . 2 dx
dx
a 71 – 3 cos θ + 2 ^sin 2 θ + cos 2 θhA
= 2
1 t
sec 2 b l
a 62 ]1 – cos θg@ 2
3
3 = 2 2
= a (1 + cos t)
a 2 63 ]1 – cos θg@ 2
3

1 t
d2 y sec 2 b l
a 62 ]1 – cos θg
2 2
@2
3
Þ =
dx 2 a. cos 2 b t l
=
63 ]1 – cos θg@ 2
3 2
d2 y 1
=
a 62 ]1 – cos θg @2
3 \
dx 2 4a cos 4 b t l
= 2
63 ]1 – cos θg@ 2
3

The radius of curvature is given as,

a 52? . ]1 – cos θg
3 3
3

:1 + b l D
2 2
= dy 2 2
] 3g ]1 – cos θg
3 3
2 2
r= dx ... (3)
d2 y
a2 2
= dx 2
3 3
2 JK 2 NOO
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (3),
= a KKK OO 3
3
L 3P :1 + tan 2b t lD 2

2 2 = 2
\ ρ= a 1
3 3 t
4a cos 4 b l
2
Q44. if x = a(t + sint), y = a(1 – cost) then show that
3
r = 4a cos b l .
t t
t bsec 2 b ll2 4a. sec3 b l
2 = 2 = 2
1 1 1
Answer : .
4a t t
cos 4 b l cos 4 b l
Given curves are, 2 2
t
x = a(t + sint) ... (1) r = 4a. cos b l
2
y = a(1 – cost) ... (2)
t
\ r = 4a. cos b l .
Differentiating equations (1) and (2) with respect to ‘t’, 2

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

Unit-2 Calculus of one variable 2.21
Q45. show that radius of curvature at any point of The length of perpendicular from origin to the tangent is,
the astroid x = a cos3q, y = a sin3q is equal to
0 (sin θ) + 0 (cos θ) – a sin θ. cos θ
three times the length of the perpendicular p=
from the origin to the tangent. sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
Answer : p = a sinq cosq
a
Given parametric equations of the astroid are, = sin 2θ
2
x = a cos3q, y = a sin3q a
p = sin 2θ ... (3)
dy 2

= θ
dy d From equations (1) and (3),
y1 =
dx dx
r = 3p
dθ
\ The radius of curvature of astroid is 3 times the
d
3a sin 2 θ(sin θ)
= dθ length of perpendicular from origin to the tangent.
d
3a cos 2 θ (cos θ)
dθ Q46. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x =
a(θ – sin θ), y = a(1 – cos θ) at θ = π.
3a sin 2 θ. cos θ
= Answer :
–3a cos 2 θ. sin θ
⇒ y1 = – tanq The given curves are,
x = a(t – sint) ... (1)
d2 y
y2 = y = a (1 – cost) ... (2)
dx 2
d dθ The radius of curvature for a curve in parametric form;
= (– tan θ)
dθ dx x = x(t), y = y(t) is given as,
1
= – sec 2 θ×
3
 dx  2  dy  2  2

–3a cos 2 θ. sin θ   +   

1  dt   dt  
⇒ y2 = r= ... (3)
 dx  d y   dy  d x 
2 2
3a cos 4 θ. sin θ   2  –   2 
  dt    dt 
dt dt
\ The radius curvature ‘r’ at any point of given astroid is,
3 x = a(t – sin t)
(1 + y12) 2 Differentiating with respect to ‘t’,
r=
y2
dx
3 = a(1 – cos t) ... (4)
(1 + tan 2
θ) 2 dt
1 At t = π
=
3a cos 4 θ. sin θ dx
3 = a(1 – cos π)
dt
= ^sec 2 θh2 × [3a cos 4 θ. sin θ]
= a – acos π
= sec3q × 3a cos4q sinq = a – a(–1)
1 =a+a
= ×3a cos 4 θ sin θ
cos3 θ dx
= 2a ... (5)
3a dt
= 2 sin θ cos θ
2 d 2x
3a = a sin t
= sin 2θ dt 2
2
d 2x
\ r=
3a
sin 2θ ... (1) ∴ = a sin π = 0 ... (6)
2 dt 2

The equation of tangent at any point on the curve is, Differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘t’,
dy
y – a sin3q = – tanq(x – a cos3q) = a sin t
dt
sin θ At t = π
Þ y – a sin3q = – (x – a cos3 θ)
cos θ dy
= a sin π
Þ y cosq + x sinq = a sinq cosq (sin2q + cos2q) dt
dy
Þ y cosq + x sinq – a sinq cosq = 0 ... (2) ∴ =0 ... (7)
dt

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

2.22 MatheMatics-i
d2y dy dy/dt at sin t
= a cos t = a cos π Þ dx = dx/dt = at cos t
dt 2
dy
d2y ∴ dx = tan t = y1 ... (3)
∴ =–a ... (8)
dt 2
From equations (5) and (7), Differentiating equation (3) with respect to ‘x’,

d < dx F
2 2 dy
 dx   dy 
< F=
2
 dt  +  dt  = (2a) + 0 d2 y d dy dt
  ∴ =
dx 2 dx dx dt dx
= 4a2
3/ 2 d ` tan t j 1
 dx  2  dy  2  = . at cos t
  +    = (4a2)3/2 dt
 dt   dt  
sec 2 t
3 = at cos t
= 8a ... (9)
From equations (5), (6), (7) and (8), sec 2 t × sec t
= at
 dx   d y   d x   dy 
2 2
  ×  2  –  2  ×   = (2a) (–a) – 0 sec3 t
 dt   dt   dt   dt  = at
= –2a2 ... (10)
d2 y sec3 t
On substituting equations (9) and (10) in equation (3), ∴ 2
2 = y = at ... (4)
dx
8a 3 The equation of the circle of curvature is given as,
r= [Neglect negative sign]
− 2a 2 (x – X)2 + (y – Y)2 = r2 ... (5)
\ r = 4a ∴ At (x, y),
3
Q47. Find the circle of curvature of the curve x = a ` 1 + y1 j 2
p
(cos t + t sin t), y = a (sin t – t cos t) at t = 4 . ρ= y2
Answer : 3
<1 + ` tan t j F
2 2
Given that,
= [ a From equations (3) and (4)]
< sec t F
x = a(cos t + t sin t) ... (1) 3

y = a(sin t – t cos t) ... (2) at

Differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘t’, 3
` 1 + tan 2 t j 2 sec3 t
dx = d d ` jn = ×at = ×at
dt dt a cos t + t sin t ` sec t j
3 sec3 t

d d ∴ r = at ... (6)
= dt (a cos t) + dt (a t sin t)
If ( X, Y) are the coordinates of the centre then,
= a dt ` cos t j + a dt ` t sin t j
d d
y
X = x – y1 ` 1 + y12 j and
2
= a (– sin t) + a (t cos t) + a (1 sin t)
1
= – a sin t + a t cos t + a sin t Y = y + y ` 1 + y12 j
2
dx =
∴ dt at cos t tan t ` + 2 j
∴ X =x– 1 tan t
Differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘t’, ` sec3 t/at j

tan t ` at j
< ` jF
dy d
dt = dt a sin t – t cos t = x– ` sec 2 t j
sec3 t
= dt ` a sin t j – dt ` a t cos t j ` tan t j
d d
= x – at sec t

= a dt ` sin t j – a dt ` t cos t j ` sin t/ cos t j

d d
= x – at
= a (cos t) – a [t (– sin t) + 1. (cos t)] ` 1/ cos t j

= x – at < cos t F cos t

= a cos t + a t sin t – a cos t sin t
dy
∴ dt = at sin t = x – at (sin t)
SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.
Unit-2 Calculus of one variable 2.23
∴ X = a (cos t + t sin t ) – at sin t Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x,
[ a From equation (1)] dy 2 d b x3 l
=
= a cos t + at sin t – at sin t dx dx a
dy 3x 2
X = a cos t ... (7) Þ 2y =
dx a
And,
:a = y1D
3x 2
` 1 + tan 2 t j
1 dy
Y = y+ Þ 2y(y1) =
` sec3 t/at j a dx

= y+
at ` 2 j
sec t 3x 2
Þ y1 = ... (2)
sec3 t 2ay
at
= y + sec t Differentiating equation (2) with respect to x,
= y + a t cos t d (y1) d > 3 f x 2 pH
=
∴ Y = a (sin t – t cos t) + a t cos t dx dx 2a y
[ a From equation (2)] RS WVW
S d 2 2 d
= a sin t – a t cos t + a t cos t 3 SSS y dx (x ) – x b dx l (y) WWW
Þ y2 =
2a SS y2 WW
∴ Y = a sin t ...(8) T X
RS VW
Substituting equations (6), (7) and (8) in equation (5), S 2 dy W
3 SSS y.2x – x dx WWW
=
[x – (a cos t)]2 + [y – (a sin t)]2 = (at)2 2a SS y2 WW
T X
⇒ x2 + a2 cos2 t – 2ax cos t + y2 + a2 sin2 t – 2a y sin t = a2t2
3 >2xy – x y1 H
2
⇒ x2 + y2 + a2 (cos2 t + sin2 t) – 2a(x cos t + y sin t) = a2t2 y2 =
2a y2
⇒ x2 + y2 + a2 (1) – 2a(x cos t + y sint) = a2t2
⇒ x2 + y2 – 2a (x cos t + y sin t) = a2t2 – a2 From equation (2),

⇒
y1 | (a, a) = f
x2 + y2 – 2a (x cos t + y sin t) = a2(t2 – 1) 3x 2 p 3a 2 3 a 2 3
= = . =
The equation of the circle of curvature of equations (1) 2ay (a, a) 2aa 2 a 2 2
and (2) is given as, 3
\ y1 | (a, a) =
x2 + y2 – 2a(x cos t + y sin t) = a2 (t2 – 1) 4a

y2 | (a, a) = f f
3 2xy – x y1 pp
2
p
At t = 4 ,
2a 2
y (a, a)

x2 + y2 – 2a d x cos 4 + y sin 4 n = a 2 f d 4 n –1 p
2
π π π
2 3
3 f 2 (a) (a) – (a) 2 p
=
a 2 ` π 2 – 16 j
2a a2
⇒ x2 + y2 – 2 a (x + y) = 16
f p
3 4a 2 – 3a 2
=
⇒ 16x2 + 16y2 – 16 2 a (x + y) = a2 (π2 – 16) 2a 2a 2

> H
∴ The equation of the circle of curvature is, 3 a2
=
2a 2a 2
16x2 + 16y2 – 16 2 a (x + y) = a2 (π2 – 16).
3
Q48. Find the circle of curvature of the curve ay2 = =
4a
x3 at p(a, a). 3
\ y2 | (a, a) =
Answer : 4a
Q49. Find the circle of the curvature of the curve y =
Given curve is,
x2 – 6x + 10 at P(3, 1).
ay2 = x3 Answer :
Point, p(x, y) = (a, a) Let ( x , y ) be the centre of curvature. The expression for
circle of curvature is given as,
x3
Þ y2 = ... (1) (x – x ) 2 + (y – y ) 2 = (r)2 ... (1)
a

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

2.24 MatheMatics-i
y1 (1 + y12 )
Where, x = x – y2

1 + y12
y = y+ y2
(2x – 6) [1 + (2x – 6) 2]
x = x– 2
(2 (3) – 6) [1 + 2 (3) – 6)] 2
x ( 3, 1 ) = 3 – 2
2
0 ( 1 + 0)
= 3– 2
=3–0
=3
∴ x =3
1 + (2x – 6) 2
y = y+ 2
1 + [2 (3) – 6] 2
y (3, 1) = 2
1 + (0) 2
=1+
2
1 3
= 1+ 2 = 2
3
∴ y= 2
Substituting the values of x , y and r in equation (5),
3 2 1 2
(x – 3) 2 + b y – 2 l = b 2 l :a r = 1 D
2
9 1
Þ x 2 – 6x + 9 + y 2 – 3y + 4 = 4
1 9
Þ x 2 + y 2 – 6x – 3y = 4 – 4 – 9
1 – 9 – 36
Þ x 2 + y 2 – 6x – 3y = 4
2 2 – 44
Þ x + y – 6x – 3y = 4
2 2
Þ x + y – 6x – 3y = – 11
Þ x 2 + y 2 – 6x – 3y + 11 = 0
∴ Equation of circle of curvature is, x2 + y2 – 6x – 3y + 11 = 0.

2.4 envelope of a family of Curves

x y
Q50. Find the envelope of a cos α + sin α = 1, α is a parameter.
b
Answer :
Given that,
x y
cosα + sin α = 1 ... (1)
a b
Differentiating equation (1), with respect to ‘α’,
 x  y
 (− sin α) +  (cosα) = 0
a b
 x  y
⇒ −   sin α +   cosα = 0 ... (2)
a b

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

Unit-2 Calculus of one variable 2.25
Squaring and adding equations (1) and (2),
2 2 2 2
x  y 2 xy x
sin α cos α +   sin 2 α +   cos 2 α −
2 2 y 2 xy
  cos α +   sin α + sin α cos α = 1 + 0
 
a  
b ab  
a b ab
2 2
⇒  x 2 2  y 2 2
  [sin α + cos α] +   [sin α + cos α] = 1
a b
2 2
 x  y
⇒   +   =1 ( sin2α + cos2α = 1)
a b
2 2
 x  y
∴   +   = 1 is the required envelope.
a b

Q51. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y = mx + a 2m2 + b 2 , m being a parameter.
Answer :
The given family of straight lines is,

y = mx + a 2 m 2 + b 2 zx ... (1)
Differentiating partially with respect to ‘m’

a 2 ( 2m)
0 = 1.x +
2 a 2m2 + b2

a 2m
–x=
a 2m2 + b2

a 2m
a 2m2 + b2 =
−x
Squaring on both sides, we get,

a 4m2
a2m2 + b2 =
x2
⇒ x2 a2 m2 + x2 b2 = a4 m2
⇒ a2 m2 x2 – a4 m2 = – b2 x2
⇒ a2 m2(a2 – x2) = x2b2

b2 x2
∴ m2 = ... (2)
a 2 (a 2 − x 2 )

From equation (1),

y = mx + a 2m2 + b2

a 2m
⇒ y = mx –
x

⇒ x y = mx2 – a2m
⇒ x y = m (x2 – a2)
Squaring on both sides,
x2y2 = m2 (x2 – a2)2
SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.
2.26 MatheMatics-i
b x 2 2 ⇒y (x + 2a) +x = 0 [Cissoid]
2 3

⇒ x2y2 = ⋅ (a2 – x2)2

a (a 2 − x 2 )
2 ∴ y2 (x + 2a) +x3 = 0 is required envelope.
Q53. Find the envelope of the family of ellipses
b2
⇒ y2= ⋅ (a2 – x2) x 2 y2
a2 + = 1 , where the two parameters a, b are
a2 b2
y2 1 connected by the relation a + b = c, c, being
⇒ = 2 ⋅ (a2 – x2)
b2 a a constant.
Answer :
y2 a2 x2
⇒ = − The given family of ellipses is,
b2 a2 a2
x2 y2
x2 y2 + =1
∴ + = 1 is the envelope. a2 b2 ... (1)
a2 b2
Where,
Q52. show that the envelope of a circle whose centre a+b=c ... (2)
lies on the parabola y2 = 4ax and which passes Differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘t’,
through its vertex is the cissoid: y2 (2a +x)
 – 2  da  – 2  db
x3 = 0. x2  3  + y2 3  =0
a  dt  b  dt
Answer :
Given parabola is, x 2  da  y 2  db 
 +   =0
a 3  dt  b3  dt 
y2 = 4ax ... (1)
Let P(at 2, 2at) be any point on the parabola and x2  da  y2  db 
  = –   ... (3)
O (0, 0) be the vertex of the parabola. a3 dt b3 dt
Distance between OP = radius of the given family of Differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘t’,
circles.
da db
+ =0
⇒ (at 2 –0) 2 + (2at–0) 2 =r dt dt
⇒r= a 2 t 4 + 4a 2 t 2 da db ... (4)
=–
dt dt
Equation of the circle is given by,
1
Dividing equation (3) by equation (4) and equating it to ,
(x – h)2 + (y–k)2 = r2 c
2 x 2  da  – y 2  db 
⇒ (x–at ) +(y–2at) =  a 2 t + 4a 2 t 2 
2 2 2  
a 3  dt 
 
b3  dt  1
  = =
da db c
⇒x2 –2xat2 + a2t4+y2 – 4yat + 4a2t2 = a2 t2 + 4at2 –
dt dt
⇒ x2+y2 –2at2 x– 4at y = 0 ... (2)
x2 + y 2 1
⇒ = 3 =
Differentiating equation (2) partially with respect to ‘t’, a3 b c
– 4at x – 4ay = 0 x2 1 y2 1
⇒ = , =
⇒ 4at x = – 4ay a3 c b3 c

⇒ tx = –y ⇒ cx2 = a3 , cy2 = b3

∴t=
–y ⇒ a = (cx 2 )1/3 , b = (cy 2 )1/3
x

Substituting the value of ‘t’ in equation (2), By substituting the values of a and b in equation (2),

x2 + y2 –2a d –y n
2
–y y= 0 c1/3 x 2/3 + c1/3 y 2/3 = c
x x– 4a d x n
3–1

⇒x + y –
2 2 2ay 2 4ay 2
+ =0 x 2/3 + y 2/3 = c × c –1/3 = c 3
x x

⇒x3 + xy2 + 2ay2 = 0 ∴ x2/3 + y2/3 = c2/3, is the required envelope.

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

Unit-2 Calculus of one variable 2.27
Q54. Determine envelope of one parameter fam- 2 2 2 2
ily of curves of f(x, y, a) = 0 where a is the x x3 + y3 y x3 + y3
Þ + =l
parameter. Also find the envelope of the 1 1
x3 y3
straight lines x cosa + y sina = l sina cosa, a
being parameter. 1 2 2 1 2 2
Þ x1 – 3 x 3 + y 3 + y1 – 3 x3 + y3 = l
Answer :
2 2 2 2 2 2
Given family of straight lines is, Þ x3 x3 + y3 + y3 x3 + y3 = l
x cos a + y sin a = l sin a cos a 3
y sin α bx 3 y 3l
2 2 2
x cos a Þ + =l
Þ + =l
sin α cos α sin α cos α
x y
bx 3 + y 3 l = l 3
Þ + =l ... (1) 2 2 2
sin α cos α Þ
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to a, 2 2 2
x d y d \ x 3 + y 3 = l 3 is the envelope of straight line.
(sin α) + b (cos α)l = 0
– sin 2 α dα – cos 2 α dα
Q55. Find the envelope of the straight line xcost +
x y
Þ cos α + ^– sin αh = 0 t
– sin 2 α – cos 2 α ysint = a + a cost log tan where t is a param-
2
–x y sin α
Þ cos α + =0 eter.
sin 2 α cos 2 α
x cos α y sin α Answer :
Þ =
sin 2 α cos 2 α Given equation is,
Þ x cos3a = y sin3a
x cost + y sint = a + a cos t log b tan 2 l
t
... (1)
sin α
3
x
Þ =
cos3 α y Dividing equation (1) by cos(t),
x
x + y tant = cos t + a log b tan 2 l
Þ tan3 α = a t
y
1
x + y tant = a sec t + a log b tan b 2 ll
t
x3 ⇒ ... (2)
Þ tan α = 1
y3 Differentiating equation (2) partially with respect to “t”,
From the figure,
sec 2 2 b 2 l
a t 1
y sec2t = a sec t tan t +
tan b 2 l
t

2 2
a cos b 2 l
t
x3 + y3 1 1
1 = a sec t tan t + 2
x3 t t
sin 2 cos 2 2
a
⇒ y sec2t = a sec t tan t + t t
a 2 sin 2 cos 2
a
⇒
1
y3 y sec2t = a sec t tan t + sin t

a sec t tan t + a
Figure ⇒ y=
sec 2 t sin t sec 2 t
1 1
a c sec t. sin t + a m
2
x3 y3
sin a = , cos α = cos t
2 2 2 2 ⇒ y=
x3 + y3 x3 + y3 sin t sec 2 t

ad
Substituting the values of sina, cosa in equation (1), sin 2 t. cos 2 t n
cos 2 t
x y ⇒ y= sin t
1 + 1 =l
x3 y3 cos 2 t
2 2 2 2 a
x3 + y3 x3 + y3 ∴ y = sin t ... (3)

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

2.28 MatheMatics-i
Substituting equation (3) in equation (2), Let ABC be the original curve, having C1, C2, C3 as its
evolute. Considering C1, C2, C3 as the original curve, ABC is
x + sin t tan t = a sec t + a log b tan b 2 ll
a t
an involute of C1, C2, C3. Draw a curve A'B'C' of equal lengths
of AA', BB' and CC', such that the curve A'B'C' having same
x + a sec t = a sec t + a log b tan b 2 ll
t normal as the curve ABC. Therefore, having the same evolute.
⇒
Hence, it is clear that any curve is given, it can have only one
evolute, but an infinite number of curves may have the same
x = a log b tan b 2 ll
t
⇒
evolute.
Any curve may have an infinite number of involutes.
a = log b tan b 2 ll
x t
⇒
Q57. Find the evolute of y2 = 4ax.
x
t
⇒ ea = tan 2 Answer :
–x Given parabola is,
t
⇒ e a = cot 2 y2 = 4ax ... (1)
Since, Differentiating with respect to x,
x –x
2yy1 = 4a
ea + e a
cosh b ax l = 2 y1 =
2a
... (2)
y
2 cosh b ax l = tan 2 + cot 2
t t
⇒ Again differentiating with respect to x,
t t − 2a − 2a  2a 
sin 2 cos 2 y2 = 2 y1 = 2   ( a From equation (2))
y
= t + t y  y 
cos 2 sin 2
− 4a 2
t t y2 = ... (3)
sin 2 2 + cos 2 2 y3
cosh b a l =
⇒ x
t t 2
2 cos 2 sin 2 2  2a 
1 + y1 = 1 +  
y  y
cosh b ax l = sin t = a [ a From equation (3)]
1
⇒
2 y 2 + 4a 2
y 1 + y1 =
cosh b ax l = a
... (4)
⇒ y2
∴ The required equation is, 2 1 + y12
X = x – y1 (1 + y1 ) ; Y=y+
y2
y = a cosh b ax l .
y2

2a  y 2 + 4a 2  y 2 + 4a 2
 
2.5 evoluTes and involuTes
X=x–
y  y 2 
; Y=y+
y2
− 4a 2
− 4a 2
Q56. Prove that any curve have one evolute but an y3 y3
infinite number of involutes. y 3 2a y 3 ( y 2 + 4a 2 )
Answer : X=x+ 2 3 (y2 + 4a2) ; Y =y–
4a y 4a 2 y2
C3 1 y
X = x + 2a (y2 + 4a2) ; Y=y– (y2 + 4a2)
4a 2
C2
y
\ X = 3x + 2a [ y2 = 4ax] ; Y= [4a2 – y2 – 4a2]
C1 4a 2
−[ y 2 ][ y ]
; Y= 4a 2
− 4ax 4ax
; Y=
A' 4a 2

B' 2x3/2 a
C' ; Y =– a
A
∴ x = 3x + 2a ... (5)
C B 3/ 2
− 2x
Y= ... (6)
Figure a

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

Unit-2 Calculus of one variable 2.29
The centre of curvature is, The centre of curvature (x, y) is,
 − 2x 32 
(X, Y) = 3x + 2a,  (1 + y12)
 a  X = x – y1 y2
− 2x3 2
From equation (6), we have, Y = = a cos3q + tanq (1 + tan2q).3acos4q sinq
a
Squaring on the both sides, equation (6), = a cos3q + 3a sin2θ cosq
4x3 Similarly,
Y2 =
a
1 + y12
aY 2 = 4x3 Y= y + y2
3
 X − 2a 
aY = 4  3 
2 = a sin3q + 3a cos2q. sinq
Consider,
∴ The equation of evolute is, 27ay2 = 4(X–2a)3.
(x + y)2/3 + (x – y)2/3 ( a To eliminate the parameter ‘t’)
Q58. show that the whole length of the evolute of
the astroid x = cos3q, y = a sin3q is 12a. = a2/3 [(cosθ + sinq)2 + (cosq – sinq)2]

Answer : Therefore, the required evolute for the astroid is given

as,
Given parametric equations of the astroid are,
(X + Y)2/3 + (X – Y)2/3 = 2a2/3
x = a cos3q, y = a sin3q Hence the radius of curvature ‘r’ at any point of the
dy given astroid is,
dy (1 + y12) 3/2
y1 = dx = dxq
d
r= y2
dq
= (1 + tan2θ)3/2.3a cos4q. sinq
3a sin 2 cos q 3a
=
− 3a cos 2 q sin q \ r = 2 sin 2q
If the first quadrant, total length of the evolute (L), is
y1 = –tanq
8 times the length of arc of the evoluate AB.

d2 y At the point A, radius of curvature of the astroid with

y2 = q = 0 is given as,
dx 2
d dq 3a
= dq (− tan q) dx r1 = 2 sin2(0) = 0
p
At the point B, radius of curvature with q = 4 is given
1 as,
= –sec2q ×
–3a cos 2 q. sin q
3a
r2 = 2
1
y2 =
3a cos 4 q. sin q The length of the arc of the evolute between two points
is the difference between the radii of curvature of the curve at
the corresponding points.
B
Evolute Thus, the length of the arc AB of the evolute
= r2 – r1
3a 3a
A = 2 −0 = 2
O
Therefore,
Astroid \ The whole length of the evolute
= 8 × length of the arc AB of the evolute
3a
= 8× 2
= 12a
Figure Hence proved.

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

2.30 MatheMatics-i
x2 y2
Q59. Find the evolute of the ellipse + = 1.
a 2 b2
Answer :
Given that,
x2 y 2
+ =1
a 2 b2

⇒ x2b2 + y2a2 = a2b2 ... (1)

Differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘x’, we get,
dy 2
2xb2 + 2y a =0
dx
dy 2
⇒ 2y a = – 2xb2
dx

dy − xb 2
⇒ y1 = dx = ... (2)
ya 2

Differentiating again with respect to ‘x’, we get,

 dy 
y−x 
d2y − b2  dx
y2 = = 2  
dx 2 a  y2 
 

  − xb 2 
 y − x 2


− b2   ya 
= a2  y2

 
 
 

− b2  x 2b 2 
= a 2 y 2 ×  y + ya 2 
 

− b2 a 2 y 2 + x 2b 2
= 2 2
×
a y ya 2

− b2
= (a 2b 2 ) [ a x2b2 + a2y2 = a2b2 from equation (1)]
a4 y3

− b4
∴ y2 = ... (3)
a2 y3
The centre of curvature is given as,
 y1 (1 + ( y1 ) 2 ) 
X =x–   ... (4)
 y2 
1 + ( y1 ) 2 
Y =y+   ... (5)
 y 2 
Substituting y1, y2 values in equation (4),

   − xb 2
2
 − xb 2  
  1+  
 ya 2    ya 2  
    
⇒ X= x –
− b4
a2 y3

xb 2  x 2b 4  −a y  2 3 
= x + ya 2 1 + y 2 a 4  ××  4 
   b 

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

Unit-2 Calculus of one variable 2.31
xy 2  y 2 a 4 + x 2 b 4 

=x–
b 2  y 2a 4 


x
=x– (y2a4 + x2b4)
a 4b 2

xa 4 b 2 − xy 2 a 4 − x 3b 4
=
a 4b 2

xa 2 (a 2 b 2 ) − xy 2 a 4 − x 3b 4
=
a 4b 2

xa 2 ( x 2 b 2 + y 2 a 2 ) − xy 2 a 4 − x 3b 4
= [ a From equation (1)]
a 4b 2

x 3 a 2 b 2 + xa 4 y 2 − xy 2 a 4 − x 3b 4
=
a 4b 2

x 3b 2 ( a 2 − b 2 ) x3 (a2 –b2)
X = =
a b 4 2
a4
⇒ x3(a2 – b2) = Xa4
Xa 4
⇒ x3 = a 2 − b 2
1/ 3
 Xa 4 
⇒ x =  a2 − b2 
 
2/3
 Xa 4 
x2 =  2 2
 a − b 

Substituting y1, y2 values in equation (5),

  2  
2
1 +  − xb  
  ya 2  

Y=y+  
 − b4 
 a2 y3 
 

 x 2b 4   − a 2 y 3 
= y + 1 +  
 y 2 a 4   b 4 

y 2 a 4 + x 2b 4  − a2 y3 
= y+ ×  4


y 2a 4  b 

 y 2 a 4 + x 2b 4 
= y –  2 4
y

 a b 

a 2 yb 4 − y 3 a 4 − x 2 yb 4
=
a 2b 4

y (a 2 b 2 )b 2 − y 3 a 4 − x 2 yb 4
=
a 2b 4
yb 2 ( x 2 b 2 + y 2 a 2 ) − y 3 a 4 − x 2 yb 4 [ a From equation (1)]
=
a 2b 4
x 2 yb 4 + y 3b 2 a 2 − y 3 a 4 − x 2 yb 4
=
a 2b 4

y 3 a 2 (b 2 − a 2 ) y 3 (b 2 − a 2 )
Y = 2 4 = b4
a b

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

2.32 MatheMatics-i
x 3 (a 2 − b 2 ) r2 = r at the end of minor axis.
X= 4
a (a 2) 3/2
3 2 2 =
y (b − a ) ab
Y=
b4 a2
= b
y3(b2 – a2) = Yb4
1/ 3
As the given ellipse is symmetrical about both the axes,
 Yb 4  its evolute must also be symmetrical about both the axes.
y=  2 2 
 b − a 
Therefore, the whole length of the evolute of the
2/3
 Yb 4  ellipse is,
y2 =  2 2
 b − a 
4(r2 – r1) = 4 e a − b o
2 2

x2 y2 b a
Substituting x2 and y2 in the given ellipse, 2 + 2 = 1,
a b Hence proved.
we get,
2/3 2/3
 1   Xa   1   Yb 
4 4
 2 2  + 2   2  =1
 a   a − b 2   b   b − a 2 

4×2 / 3 4×2 / 3
 1   Xa   1
+   Yb 
 =1
 2  2  2
a   (a − b 2 ) 2 / 3   b 2   (b − a 2 ) 2 / 3 

8 8
−2 −2
Xa 3 Yb 3
+ =1
(a 2 − b 2 ) 2 / 3 (b 2 − a 2 ) 2 / 3

8−6 8−6
Xa 3 Yb 3
+ =1 [ a (a2 – b2)2 = (b2 – a2)2]
(a 2 − b 2 ) 2 / 3 (a 2 − b 2 ) 2 / 3

Xa 2 / 3 + Yb 2 / 3
=1
(a 2 − b 2 ) 2 / 3

∴ Xa 2/3 + Yb 2/3 = (a 2 − b 2 ) 2/3

Q60. show that the whole length of the evolute of

the ellipse x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1 is 4(a2/b - b2/a).

Answer :

Given ellipse equation is,

2
x2 y =
+ 1 ... (1)
a2 b2
r at the point (a cost, b sint) of equation (1) is equal to
(a 2 sin 2 t + b 2 cos 2 t) 3/2
ab
p
The value of t is equal to 0 and 2 at the ends of major
and minor axes.

\ r1 = r at the end of major axis

2 3/2
(b )
=
ab
b2
= a and

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.