Reading and writing skills

Humss 11
PERIODICAL examination

REVIEWER

Connected discourse
Text as connected discourse
LESSON 1 -​ A text is a connected discourse, which
means that all ideas in the text must be
related in the sense that they would
Text vs discourse express only one main idea, or that the text
must have unity by combining all ideas to
text emphasize central idea
A written form of communication
-​ -​ Connected speech or connected discourse,
information, which is a in linguistics, is a continuous sequence of
non-interactive nature sounds forming utterances or conversations
-​ Agent is not crucial; there may or in spoken language
may not be an agent
-​ Non-interactive in nature; it does Forms of discourse
not contain an indication of Discourse - is the use of words to exchange thoughts
conversational speech and ideas in an orderly and organized manner. It
-​ Textual Analysis: grammatical deals not only with the grammar aspect of a
cohesion and structure of language but also with the features of the text and
the relationship of words to one another.
sentences are analyzed
Discourse markers - or conjunctions, connectives, and
-​ Usually in written form
linking devices – help connect ideas to form a logical
-​ Examples: press reports, street text.
signs, documents, etc Text - On the other hand, a text is the “data” in
discourse which ideas are presented in written or printed
-​ A spoken, written, visual, or audial form.
form, communicating information → EXPOSITION
that is interactive in nature It serves to:
-​ Agent is crucial; there is always an -​ explain or inform about a topic
agent to the information -​ define a concept
-​ Interactive in nature; it is a social -​ how analysis
event of multilayered -​ explain a process
communication in a variety of -​ It appeals to the
-​ intellect.
media: verbal, textual, and audial, Example:
that has an interactive social -​ A research paper on the causes and effects
purpose of global warming
-​ Discourse Analysis: Agents or → DESCRIPTION
speakers involved in the -​ It serves to state the qualities or
communication, the social characteristics of something/someone.
purpose, and the medium utilized -​ It can be subjective (based on one’s
are analyzed -​ perception) or objective (literal sense).
-​ Can be either in written, verbal, or -​ It appeals to the senses.
audio form Example: A student`s description of his/her ideal
-​ Examples: dialogues, teacher
conversations, interactions in → NARRATION
audiovisual programs, etc. -​ It serves to narrate or tell a story.
-​ It consists of certain elements of a
narration.
-​ It also appeals to the emotions.
Example: A narrative account of a student`s
near-death experience

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Reading and writing skills
Humss 11
PERIODICAL examination

REVIEWER
independent parts of the circles are the contrasts or
→ ARGUMENTATION differences, while those found in the overlapping
-​ It serves to argue or to persuade. parts are the comparisons or similarities
-​ It appeals to intellect.
Example: A commercial outlining
1.) Purpose of the text - Does the text aim to explain a -​ An outline contains the main points of what
concept? To describe? To tell a story? To argue or you are writing about. Like brainstorming,
persuade? it is an enumerated list of writing ideas that
can be done individually or collaboratively.
2.) The main idea of the passage or text - What is the text
all
1.) topic outline - The heading of each level is
about? composed of words or phrases only.
Example:
3.) LANGUAGE USED - Is the language used formal or
I. Two types of sports fans
casual? Does the author use a figurative language?
a. The spectator
4.) ORGANIZATION OF THE INFORMATION - How does the b. The analyst
author present the information? II. Ways sports fans express their involvement in the
game
TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND ORGANIZING 2.) sentence outline - The heading of each level is
composed of complete simple sentences.
INFORMATION Example:
LESSON 2 I. There are two types of sports fans.
a. The first type is the spectator.
b. The second type is the analyst.
BRAINSTORMING LIST II. Sports fans express their involvement in the game
in several ways.
-​ is simply an enumeration of ideas that
directly or indirectly refer to the specific
3.) using roman numerals and letters -
topic I. Asia
A. Korea
The process of brainstorming includes some
B. Philippines
or all these phases: C. Thailand
1.) ORIENTATION - pointing up the problem II. North America
2.) preparation - gathering pertinent data A. Canada
3.) analysis - breaking down the relevant material B. United States of America
4.) hypothesis - piling up alternatives by way of ideas 4.) using hindu arabic numbers -
5.) incubation - letting up, to invite illumination 1. Asia
6.) synthesis - putting the pieces together 1.1 Korea
1.2 Philippines
7.) verification - judging the resultant ideas
1.3 Thailand
2. North America
Graphic organizers 2.1 Canada
2.2 United States of America
-​ help writers to visually map their writing
ideas and plot them so it will be easier to
create and observe relationships.
1.) flow chart - This graphic organizer indicates a
process, with the arrows showing which step comes
after another.
2.) cycle - This graphic organizer shows a
never-ending cycle of repetitive steps that a process
undergoes.
3.) organizational chart - This graphic organizer shows
hierarchy. The higher the item, the more authority
he/she has over those below.
4.) venn diagram - This graphic organizer is best used
for comparisons and contrasts. Those found in the

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Reading and writing skills
Humss 11
PERIODICAL examination

REVIEWER
-​ a pattern of development and a way for
writers to describe or explain an
Patterns of development in writing idea/concept
across discipline -​ Categorizing ideas in writing is a must for
the writer to express his or her thoughts
LESSON 3
clearly and logically
narration Comparison & contrast
-​ Is an essential rhetorical pattern in writing. COMPARISON - is used when the writer wants to
It is the process of telling a story or point out the similarities between or among ideas.
account, which may be factual or fictional. CONTRAST - is used when the writer wants to point
-​ Narration can be objective and subjective. out the differences between or among ideas.
-​ A narrative usually follows a chronological -​ A table and a Venn diagram can be used to
order, which means you must take into show comparison and contrast.
account all the time the correct sequence
Cause & effect
of events.
-​ At times, a narrative follows a spatial -​ The purpose of establishing cause and
order, which means you take the readers to effect in a paragraph is to point out to your
one spot or phase to the next. readers the relationship between events or
-​ In writing a narrative, you must be situations and to point out to them as well
conscious of your point of view or the the possible consequences
perspective the narration is told. -​ When you intend to analyze why something
occurred or happened, you are to discuss
description
the CAUSE
-​ one of the main rhetorical patterns that -​ When you intend to analyze the
creates a mental image of a thing, a person end-product or result brought about by
or character, or an event. something, you are to discuss the EFFECT
-​ As a writer, utilizing sensory details is
PROBLEM SOLUTION
useful for forming images and revealing
your point of view toward the subject you -​ as a rhetorical pattern, is very helpful in
are writing. developing an essay. It prompts the writer
-​ Descriptive words come in different forms: to subject a problem to careful analysis and
from adjectives to adverbs, to participles, later offer sound solutions.
figurative language, and sensory words. -​ In analyzing a problem, you need to look at
-​ is a pattern of development used when a its different angles: parts of the problem,
writer aims to convey the readers the cause(s) and effect(s) of the problem,
physical characteristics of a person, place, possible solutions to the problem, and the
or thing future implication(s) of the solution
definition PERSUASION
-​ Our readers cannot understand what we are -​ is the highest form of communication
talking about unless we first define what we -​ LOGICAL FALLACIES weaken an attempt to
are saying persuade.
-​ gives the meaning of a word concept. -​ There are different things to remember
-​ Your sources of definition must be credible when persuading:
and valid; otherwise, you will be providing A.​ Explain the reason why you are persuading.
wrong or inaccurate definitions B.​ Enumerate the good effects or benefits if
persuasion becomes successful.
exemplification
C.​ Honestly present the attendant risks, if any.
-​ is the process of providing examples of the D.​ Stick to believable and realistic facts
concept that you are discussing. E.​ Stick to your word.
-​ If definitions and explanations are still too F.​ Remain tactful, respectful, yet assertive
abstract or insufficient to make people G.​ Do not use fallacious arguments
understand, examples may be provided
-​ Examples can come in the form of texts,
images, illustrations, and diagrams
classification
-​ gives the writer a picture of how the ideas
are categorized and helps the readers
understand what is being said

3
Reading and writing skills
Humss 11
PERIODICAL examination

REVIEWER
Writing mechanics
PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT -​ Writing mechanics refer to spelling,
grammar, punctuation, indention,
LESSON 4 capitalization, and other surface features
ORGANIZATION or details that contribute to the
-​ means that the writer must consciously development of one’s written work
arrange and classify ideas in order to -​ Writing mechanics can help writers avoid
achieve logical order and clarity in writing miscommunication and achieve clarity of
-​ Organizing the ideas can come in two ways: writing
deductive or inductive -​ We should always proofread our work
-​ The deductive way of organizing ideas for especially academic and other formal forms
writing starts with the general idea of writing
branching out to the specific details.
-​ The inductive way of organizing ideas for
GOOD LUCK AND GOD BLESS! :)
writing means the writer must start with
the particular ideas leading to the general
idea
COHERENCE AND COHESION
COHERENCE - refers to the interconnection between
and among ideas in the text. At the discourse level,
this means that all ideas or expressions in the text
are clear and logically arranged
-​ One way to ensure coherence is to observe
parallelism. This means that the ideas of
the same nature must be expressed in the
same grammatical structures
-​ Repetition of keywords or phrases. These
repeated ideas will further call attention to
a coherent statement which the paragraph
talks about
COHESION - refers to the connection of ideas within
and among sentences. This means that this element
is maintained through language use or grammar and
vocabulary
-​ One way of promoting cohesion is via
substitution. Substituting nouns with
pronouns will avoid repetition and confusion
in your paragraph
-​ Transitional devices are words and phrases
used by the writers to avoid the pitfalls of
introducing abruptly an idea to his or her
readers
Language use
-​ One of the properties of a well-written text
is the appropriateness of the words or
phrases used by the writer to express his or
her thoughts
-​ Effective writing requires mastery of the
language you are using. One way of showing
this in writing is through the appropriate
use of words or diction.
-​ In writing, the writers must also have to be
aware of synonyms and antonyms.
Synonyms are words that are similar in
meaning, while antonyms are words that
are opposite in meaning