URDANETA CITY

UNIVERSITY
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

LEARNING MODULE
IN
LAW
ENFORCEMENT
ADMINISTRATIO
N INTER-AGENCY
APPROACH
(LEA 1)

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UNIVERSITY
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

SY 2023
MODULE INTRODUCTION

A. Module Description
The course deals with the history of Law enforcement Organization in
the Philippines, its structure and principles in the application of law
enforcement; the different approach in police planning; the importance
of police records and to understand the provisions of different laws
attached to law enforcement organization.
B. Module Objectives: Graduates of the BS Criminology program be equipped
with relevant knowledge, skills, attitude, values and shall be to:
a. Internalize the concept of the different law enforcement organizations
and their structures.
b. Understand the correlation of the different law enforcement agencies
and their functions.
C. Appreciate BS Criminology program and its future job opportunities.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

The students shall be able to:

-Discuss the methodology of the Law enforcement

-Understand and explain the organizational structure and the basic principles
of the Police Organization.
-Understand and identify the important provisions of the law relevant to Law
Enforcement Administration.

INTRODUCTION
 Whenever a community is organized, it is imperative for the policing
system to be established to deal with crimes being committed by its
members. This is because a crime is already a part of our community
which may happen anytime, anywhere and unexpectedly like a
calamity.
 Hence, it is right to consider crime as a social phenomenon. In the
history of Philippine policing systems, several things may be learned
from the problems and mistakes that were encountered and

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committed in the past that may serve as guiding stars in improving our
present and future policing systems

CHAPTER 1
(History of Policing System)

From the simplest social structure-the family to the most

complex-the community of nations, it is essential that certain norms
and conduct be to be established and observed in order to ensure that
the cordial and harmonious relationship among its members are
preserved and maintained.
It is in the field of law enforcement that the police are most
involved in the complicated inter-relationship within a social structure.
The effectiveness of a police organization is essentially dependent on
the manner the same is managed, administered and controlled and
most especially on the trust that the citizens-clientele of policing
business bestow upon it.

THE MEANING OF THE TERM “POLICE”

 POLICE is the agency of a community or government that is responsible

for enforcing the law, maintaining public order, preventing and detecting
crime.
 The term POLICE refers to the internal organization or regulation of the
state, the control and regulation of the community or state through the
exercise of the constitutional power of the government.
 In a narrower sense, POLICE denotes the constitutionally created
agency that exercises the power of the government concerning the
maintenance of tranquility, public order, peace, security of person and
property and the protection of public health and morale.
 In a very restricted sense, P O L I C E refers to that organization of
armed men, which is actually an institution that is capable of
exercising legally mandated duties to enforce the law, maintain
public order, and detect and prevent crimes.

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LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY

T h e t e r m L a w E n f o r c e m e n t A g e n c y i s b r o a d e r , t h a t i n c l u d e s
o t h e r a g e n c i e s under the executive branch of the government in
charge with the execution or enforcement of laws.

DIFFERENT POLICE ACTIVITIES

Prevention of crime is intended to prevent root causes of crime.

Repression or suppression of crime is done to reduce the opportunity of
committing a crime like the act of conducting patrol.
 Apprehension of offenders is also known as arresting offenders.
Conduct search and seizure;
Investigation of crime; and
Protection of lives and property

THE EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM

The term police came from the Greek word POLITEIA (government of
a city), which was used to describe the group of civil officers governing the
city and not necessarily the armed guarding or policing the city when the
Romans conquered the Greeks, the changed the word slightly to POLITIA.

The French changed the word to POLICE and used it to those

authorized people who actually enforce the law. The English and the
Americans borrowed the word from the French and used it to describe a law
enforcement officer. The creation of police force as a protective and law
enforcement organization developed from the use of military bodies as
guardians of the peace such as the PRAETORIAN GUARD of ancient Rome.

The Romans achieved a high level of law enforcement, which remained

in effect until the decline of the empire and the onset of the Middle Ages.
Beginning in the 5thcentury, policing became a function of the heads of
fiefdoms and principalities.

1. ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM (Ancient England)

During the Anglo-Saxon period in England, the practiced policing
systems compared with the present Philippine Policing system, are the
following:

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a. THANES POLICING SYSTEM

King Alfred the great introduced a type of internal police force where
landowners (known Thanes) throughout his kingdom were responsible
to police their own territory. As such the landowners are empowered
to arrest offenders and deliver them to the king. They were also
empowered to settle civil litigations.

Note: The Thanes Policing System is not being followed at present in the
Philippines because landowners are not empowered to settle civil litigations.
They are however conducting arrest under any of the circumstances of
warrantless arrest.

b. FRANKPLEDGE System
Policing was carried out under a system called frankpledge or mutual
pledge, whereby every male over 12 years old join nine (9) of his
neighbors to form a Tythingmen.

TYTHINGMEN – a group of men whose duty was to apprehend any

person who offends another and deliver that offender for trial.

 Anyone who failed to join and perform this obligatory duty was
severely fined. Thus, policing responsibility lies on the hands of the
citizens.

Note: Frankpledge Policing System is not being followed at present in the

Philippines because a person may become a policeman only if he reaches
the age required and not all male residents are required to do police works.

c. TUN POLICING
 Tun was the forerunner of the word “town”.
 Under this system, all male residents were required to guard the
town to preserve peace and order, protect the life and properties
of the people and other factors that disturbs the peace and order.

Note: Tun Policing System is not being followed at present because not all
residents are required to do police works.

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d. HUE AND CRY

 In this system, the complainant or victim goes to the middle of the
community and shout to call all male residents to assemble.
 The victim reports his complaint to the assembly. Consequently, all
the male residents will go after the criminal and apprehend him.

Note: The Hue and Cry Policing System is not being followed at present
because our sense of obligation to assemble and arrest the perpetrator, even
if we are capacitated to do so, already deteriorated.

e. ROYAL JUDGE System

 The royal judge conducted criminal investigation and gave
punishment fitted to the crime committed.
 This practice started the identification of criminals.

Note: At present in the Philippines, the Royal Judge is not being followed
because our judges do not conduct criminal investigations, they only conduct
trial to determine whether the accused is guilty or not guilty and impose the
proper penalty in case of conviction.

f. TRIAL BY ORDEAL
 A suspect was required to place his hands over boiling water or oil.
 If he would not get hurt, he will be acquitted but when hurt, he
would be considered guilty.
 Double jeopardy was prevalent during this period.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY- the prosecution of a person twice for the
same offense.

Note: At present, The Trial by Ordeal is not also being followed because we
all know that anyone who puts his hand in boiling water will get hurt,
whether guilty or not of the crime charged.

2. NORMAN PERIOD OF POLICING (1066-1285)

a. SHIRE-REEVE System
 When King William Norman became the ruler of England, he
divided his kingdom into 55 military districts known as the Shire-
Reeves.

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 SHIRE means a district while REEVE means the ruler who made
laws, pass judgment and impose punishment.
 He was assisted by a group of constables, the forerunner of the
constabulary.
 The term Shire-Reeve eventually became Sheriff, the title of the
chief of constables or police officers in a certain town.
 The TRAVELLING JUDGE was held responsible in deciding cases
that were taken from Shire-Reeves due to some abuses.
 COURT LEET- The head of the court which was appointed by the
King to be responsible in keeping peace and order in a specific
area. It was under the responsibility of local officials who could
petition to remove him if he did not perform his job properly.

Note: In the Philippines at present, no single person is authorized to make

laws, render judgment and impose penalties at the same time. The act of
making laws is within the exclusive power of the legislative branch of the
government and the act of rendering judgment and imposing penalties is the
power of the judiciary.

b. KEEPERS OF PEACE
 The keepers of peace were a proclamation issued by King Richard of
England in 1195 requiring the appointment of knights to maintain
peace and order at the place where the king is residing. The knights
were posted on bridges and gates to check the people entering and
leaving the town or cities.

Note: At present in the Philippine setting, the President is guarded by a

special unit called the Presidential Security Group.

c. LEGIS HENRIE
 This law was enacted during the time of King Henry I, which
imposed the following -features:
1. Law violations were classified as offenses against the King.
2. Policemen became public officials.
3. The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest.
4. Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law

d. 1195

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 King Richard of England issued a proclamation entitled KEEPERS

OF THE PEACE.
 Requiring the appointment of Knights to keep the King’s peace by
standing as guards on bridges and gates while checking the people
entering and leaving the cities and towns.

e. June 15, 1215

 Magna Carta (Great Charter) was sealed by King John of
England.
 This became a law upon the demand of the Knights of the Round
Table. The knights forced King John to sign the document, which
declared the following:
1) No freemen shall be taken or imprisoned, disposed, outlawed, or
bowed except by legal judgment of his peers.
2) No person should be tried for murder unless there is proof of the
body of the victim.
3) There should be national and local government as well as the
national and local legislation

3. DURING THE WESTMINSTER PERIOD

a. STATUTE OF WINCHESTER (1285)
 Was enacted for law and order.
 This law introduced the system of WATCH AND WARD.
b. STATUTE OF 1295
 Began the closing of the gates of London during sunset.
 This started the observation of curfew hours.
c. JUSTICE OF THE PEACE
 A position given to a respected citizen, who has the power to arrest,
pursues and imprisons the offenders.

Note: In the Philippine setting, the persons given the right to conduct arrest
and imprison offenders are known as Police Officers.

d. STAR CHAMBER COURT

 Established as special court that tried offenders against the state.

4. MODERN PERIOD OF POLICING

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Policing system during the Modern Period (17th-19th century) in England.

 KING CHARLES II of England - passed a law in 1663 that provided

for the employment of NIGHT WATCHMEN or BELLMEN to be on
duty from sunset to sunrise.
 HENRY FIELDING (1748)
 Became the Chief Magistrate at Bow Street in London.
 He organized a group of men known as BOW STREET RUNNERS
(thief catchers).
 He later formed the BOW STREET HORSE PATROL whose duty
was to patrol the main roads thus secure the travelers from
highwaymen or highway bandits.

 John Fielding
 The successor of Henry Fielding.
 He was nicknamed as the Blind Beak because of his
extraordinary capacity to recognize 3,000 different criminals
by the sound of their voice.
 He created the Bow Street Patrol.

 SIR ROBERT PEEL (1829)

 Established the LONDON METROPOLITAN POLICE, which
became the world’s first modern organized police force. It was later
called SCOTLAND YARD.
 The development of the British police system is especially
significant because the pattern that emerged not only became a
model for the American police system but also had great influence
on the style of policing in almost all industrial societies.
 Peel earned the title –THE FATHER OF MODERN POLICING
SYSTEM.

 1811, FRANCE: EUGENE “FRANCOIS” VIDOCQ

 Established a squad of ex-convicts to aid the Paris Police in
investigating crimes.
 He worked under the theory of “Set a thief to catch a thief.”
5. AMERICAN POLICE SYSTEM
1. Policing system in America followed the model developed in
England.

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New York, Boston and Philadelphia organized their night


watchmen, which was similar to the bellmen created in London
during the reign of King Charles II.
 These night watchmen were known as RATTLEWATCH because
they carried rattles while on duty to inform the public of their
watchful presence.
2. Development of American municipal (rural and city) police
force.
a. In1638, night watch was initiated in Boston, Massachusetts.
b. In1658, rattle-watch was organized in New York .
c. Nigh-watch started in Philadelphia in1700.
d. In1722, New Haven had a police regulation that “No watchman will
have the liberty to sleep”.
e. In1800, it became a government policy that able-bodied males over
16 years old were required to serve without pay.
f. 1833 was the advent of daytime police with pay.
g. New York City police began to adopt a full police uniform in
1856.

3. Development of State Police Force in America

a. Texas Rangers were organized in1835.
b. In1865, Massachusetts organized a police force of state
constables.
c. The Pennsylvania State Police came into existence in1905.

4. Development of US Federal Police Force

a. In1829, Post Office Inspection System began.
b. Investigation on crimes against the government started in1861.
c. Detective forces were formed sometime in 1868 to investigate
problems on revenue services, immigration and smuggling.
d. In1895, Federal government attention focused on lotteries, drug
regulations and transportation regulations.
e. Anti-White Slavery Act and Motor Vehicle Act were enacted in1910.
f. In1934, National Kidnapping Act, Banking Act, and Racketeering Act
were passed by the United States Congress

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6. EVOLUTION OF POLICE SERVICE IN THE PHILIPPINE SETTING

A. Policing System during the Spanish Regime.

 The police force during the Spanish Regime was considered as part of
the military system by the Spanish government.
 The locally organized police forces, although performing civil duties an
dseemingly created for the sole purpose of maintaining peace, were in
fact directly commanded by the colonial military government.
 Police forces organized during the Spanish regime were:

1. CARABINEROS DE SEGURIDAD PUBLICO (Mounted Police)

 Organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying out the policies
of the Spanish government.
 The members were armed and considered as the mounted
police. Later, they discharged the duties of a port, harbor, and
river police.
2. GUARDRILLEROS
 A body of rural police organized in each town that was created
by the Royal decree of January 8, 1836.
 This police force was composed of 5% of the able-bodied male
inhabitants of each town or province, and each member
should serve for at least 3 years.
3. GUARDIA CIVIL
 The police organization created by the Royal Decree issued by
the Spanish Crown government on February 12, 1852.
 It relieved the Spanish Peninsular Troops of their works in
policing towns.
 It consisted of a body of Filipino policemen organized
originally in each of the provincial capitals of the central
provinces of Luzon under the command of Alcalde (Governor).

B. During the Japanese Occupation

1. The Japanese Military Police, known as KEMPETAI were held

responsible in maintaining peace and order in Manila and adjacent
urban areas.
2. Kempetai ruled the urban areas until Gen. Douglas McArthur
returned on February 7, 1945.

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3. The Manila Police Department, which was created during the first
American occupation, was renamed into Metropolitan
Constabulary under the Bureau of Constabulary.

C. Police service during American Occupation until the World War II

broke out
The first American occupation in the Philippines that came after the
Filipino- American War (1898 to 1901) was followed by a period of political
turmoil and social imbalance.

1. INSULAR POLICE FORCE

 Established on November 30, 1890 during the Filipino-
American war(1898-1901) upon the recommendation of the
Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War.
2. INSULAR CONSTABULARY
 Created on July 18, 1901 by virtue of Act No. 175 titled as
“An Act Providing for the Organization and Government of an
Insular Constabulary”.
3. MANILA POLICE DEPARTMENT (MPD)
 Organized on July 31, 1901 by virtue of Act Nr. 183 of the
Philippine Commission.
 The 1st Chief of Police was Capt. George Curry, a US Army
officer appointed by the TAFT COMMISSION on August 7,
1901.Capt. Columbus Piatt was the last American COP of
MPD before WW II broke out.

4. October 3, 1901
 The Insular Constabulary was changed to PHILIPPINE
CONSTABULARY (PC) by virtue of Act No. 255.
 Brig/Gen. Henry T. Allen was the 1st Chief of the Philippine
Constabulary.
 He was the PC Chief from 1901 to 1907 such that he was
called as the Father of Constabulary in the Philippines.

5. REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE OF 1917

 Was approved a year before World War I (August 1914 to
November 1918) ended.

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 In Section 825 of this law, it stated that the Philippine

Constabulary is a national police institution for preserving the
peacekeeping order and enforcing the law.
 Brig/Gen. Rafael Crame became the first Filipino Chief of
Police.
 He served as the PC Chief from 1917-1927.

6. The Revised Penal Code of the Philippines (Act No. 3815) took
effect on January 1, 1932

7. November 1938

 Act No. 181 required the creation of a Bureau of Investigation.

 This agency should be the modification of the Division of
Investigation from the Department of Justice.
 Finally, on June 19, 1947, Republic Act Nr. 157 was enacted
which created the National Bureau of Investigation.

Col. Antonio C. Torres – The 1st Filipino COP when Manila Police
Department became an all Filipino police organization; declared Manila as an
open city when World War II broke-out in 1941; during the World War II,
Manila police was placed again under the American control.

Col. Marcus Ellis Jones – A U.S. Provost Marshall who was named as MPD
COP just after the Manila Liberation.

Col. Lamberto T. Javalera – the 1st Filipino COP of MPD appointed by Pres.
Roxas under the Republic Government.

D. After the World War II, what laws were enacted relevant to the
development of police service in the Philippines?

1. In 1960, Republic Act No. 2678 was enacted and this law provided
the expansion and reorganization of the NBI. This law established
that the NBI is both an investigative and research service agency.
2. On January 1, 1964, the RULES OF COURT took effect. This
procedural law was construed in order to promote the broad objective
of the criminal justice system and to assist the parties in obtaining
just, speedy and inexpensive determination of every legal
action and proceeding.
3. On September 18, 1966, Republic Act No. 4864 otherwise known as
POLICE ACT OF 1966 was enacted. The law created the office of the

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POLICE COMMISSION (which was later called National Police

Commission) under the Office of the President. Originally, the POLCOM
was created as a supervisory agency to the PC. Its function was to
oversee the training and professionalization of the local police forces.
Through this law, reformation and professionalization of the police
service gained official recognition.
4. On August 8, 1975, Presidential Decree No. 765 was enacted and
stipulated that the Office of the NAPOLCOM should be under the office
of the Ministry of National Defense. It defined also the relationship
between the Integrated National Police and the Philippine
Constabulary. This was in compliance with the provision of Section 12,
Article 15 of the 1973 Philippine Constitution.
5. On December 13, 1990, Republic Act No. 6975 was approved by
then President Corazon Aquino. This law was known as the DILG
Act of 1990 but it was also recognized later as the PNP Law of
1991. This law created the Philippine National Police and declared
it to be the only police force of the country with national in scope
and civilian in character.
6. On February 25, 1998, Republic Act No. 6975 provisions concerning
the PNP were amended when President Fidel Ramos approved
Republic Act Nr. 8551
 Republic Act Nr. 8551, known as the PNP Reform and
Reorganization Act of 1998, reorganized the PNP for the purpose of
reforming and professionalizing it.
7. RA 8551 –otherwise known as the Philippine National Police
Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998, enacted on February 25,
1998; this law amended certain provisions of RA 6975
8. RA 9708 -law amending the provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551 on the
minimum educational qualification for appointment to the PNP
and adjusting the promotion system; approved on 12 August
2009.

“AN ACT EXTENDING FOR FIVE (5) YEARS THE REGLEMENTARY

PERIOD FOR COMPLYING WITH THE MINIMUM EDUCATIONAL
QUALIFICATION FOR APPOINTMENT TO THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
POLICE (PNP) AND ADJUSTING THE PROMOTION SYSTEM THEREOF,
AMENDING FOR THEPURPOSE PERTINENT PROVISIONS OF REPUBLIC
ACT NO. 6975 AND REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8551 AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES”

9. REPUBLIC ACT 9263 (2004) -It is known as Bureau of Fire Protection

(BFP) and Bureau of Jail management and Penology (BJMP)
Professionalization Act of 2004.Itrevised some provisions of Republic
Act 6975 especially those pertaining to BFP and BJMP

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IMPORTANT FILIPINO PERSONALITIES IN THE EVOLUTION OF

PHILIPPINE POLICING

 BRIG GEN RAFAEL CRAME-the first Filipino chief of the Philippine

Constabulary in 1917
 COL ANTONIO TORRES-the first Filipino chief of police of the Manila
Police Department in 1935
 COL LAMBERTO JAVALERA-the first chief of police of the Manila Police
Department after the Philippine Independence from the United States of
America in 1946
 P/DIR GEN CESAR NAZARENO-the first chief of the Philippine National
Police

CHAPTER 2

(CONCEPTS, THEORIES & PRINCIPLES OF

MODERN POLICING)

Concepts of Modern Policing (Sir Robert Peel)

The police should be organized along military lines.

a. The police should be place under screening and training.

b. The police should be hired on a probationary basis.
c. The police should be deployed by time and by area.
d. Police headquarters should be accessible to the people.
e. Police-Record keeping is essential.

General Concept of Police Service

1. Old Concept
Police service gives the impression of being merely suppressive
machinery. This philosophy advocates that the measurement of police
competence is the increasing number of arrests, throwing offenders in
detention facilities rather than trying to prevent them from committing
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crimes. Punishment is the role instrument of crime control-throwing more

people to jail rather than keeping them out of jail.

2. New or Modern Concept

Regards police as the first line of defense of the criminal justice system,
an organ of crime prevention. The yardstick of efficiency of the police is
the absence of crime or decreasing number of crimes. Its objective is the
welfare of the people and the society.

The Principles of Law Enforcement enunciated by Sir Robert Peel

a. Prevention of Crime is the basic mission of the police.

b. Police must have the full respect of the citizenry.
c. A citizen’s respect for law develops his respect for the police.
d. Cooperation of the public decreases as the use of force increases.
e. Police must render impartial enforcement of the law.
f. Physical force is used only as a last resort.
g. The police are the public and the public are the police.
h. The police represent the law.
The absence of crime and disorder is the test of police efficiency.

The Principles of Organization

Principle of Unity
Objectives - Every police
officer should play a part
in the attainment of
the objectives of the
police organization.

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Principle of Unity
Objectives - Every police
officer should play a part
in the attainment of
the objectives of the
police organization.
1. Principle of Unity Objectives - Every police officer should play a
part in the attainment of the objectives of the police organization.
2. Principle of Organizational Efficiency - This principle requires that,
in order that the PNP organization is effective, it must be structured in
a certain manner to accomplish the objectives with a minimum cost.
3. Scalar Principle - This principle requires a vertical hierarchy of an
organization which defines the unbroken chain of units and command
from top to bottom describing explicitly the flow of authority.
a. Unity of Command - states that a group of police officers should
only be under the control of one superior or ranking police officer.
b. Span of Control - states that a senior police officer should be
provided with men not more than what he can effectively direct.
c. Delegation of Authority - a superior officer must designate some
of his immediate subordinates to exercise a part of his
administrative power. However, the power passed on by the
superior officer carries an appropriate responsibility.
4. Functional Principle - otherwise known as division of work according
to type, place, time, and specialization.
5. Line and Staff Principle - implies a system of varied functions
arranged into a workable pattern.
6. Principle of Balance - application of the principles of organization
must be balanced to ensure the effectiveness of the patrol force in
accomplishing its objectives.
7. Principle of Absoluteness of Responsibility - states that the
responsibility for performance of the deputy chief to the chief of police

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is absolute (unconditional) and vice versa, and that the chief of police
cannot escape his accountability on the activities performed by his
subordinates.
8. Principle of Flexibility - states that there is higher tendency that the
PNP can fulfill its purpose if the organization receives more provisions
for flexibility (adaptability).
9. Principle of Authority Level (Hierarchy of Authority) - Decisions
within the authority of the police station commanders should be made
by them and should not be referred to their superiors, such as the
police district commander (or PNP provincial director).
10. Principle of Parity and Responsibility - The responsibility of
the head of the Investigation Section for the actions of his detectives
cannot be greater than that implied by the authority he has delegated,
nor should it be less

11. Principle of
Organizational
Efficiency - This
principle requires that,
in order that the PNP
12. organization is
effective, it must be
structured in a certain
manner to accomplish
the objectives
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13. with a minimum

cost.
14. 3. Scalar Principle -
This principle requires
a vertical hierarchy of
an organization which
defines
15. the unbroken chain
of units and command
from top to bottom
describing explicitly the
flow of
16. authority.

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17. a. Unity of
Command - states
that a group of police
officers should only be
under the
18. control of one
superior or ranking
police officer.
19. b. Span of Control -
states that a senior
police officer should be
provided with men not
20. more than what he
can effectively direct.
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21. c. Delegation of
Authority - a superior
officer must designate
some of his immediate
22. subordinates to
exercise a part of his
administrative power.
However, the power
passed
23. on by the superior
officer carries an
appropriate
responsibility.

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24. 4. Functional
Principle - otherwise
known as division of
work according to type,
place, time,
25. and specialization.
26. 5. Line and Staff
Principle - implies a
system of varied
functions arranged into
a workable
27. pattern.
28. 6. Principle of
Balance - application of
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the principles of
organization must be
balanced to ensure
29. the effectiveness of
the patrol force in
accomplishing its
objectives.
30. 7. Principle of
Absoluteness of
Responsibility - states
that the responsibility
for performance of
31. the deputy chief to
the chief of police is
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absolute
(unconditional) and
vice versa, and that the
32. chief of police
cannot escape his
accountability on the
activities performed by
his subordinates.
33. 8. Principle of
Flexibility - states that
there is higher
tendency that the PNP
can fulfill its purpose

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34. if the organization

receives more
provisions for flexibility
(adaptability).
35. 9. Principle of
Authority Level
(Hierarchy of Authority)
- Decisions within the
authority of the
36. police station
commanders should be
made by them and
should not be referred
to their superiors,
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37. such as the police

district commander (or
PNP provincial
director).
38. 10. Principle of
Parity and
Responsibility - The
responsibility of the
head of the
Investigation
39. Section for the
actions of his
detectives cannot be
greater than that
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implied by the
authority he
40. has delegated, nor
should it be less
41. Principle of
Organizational
Efficiency - This
principle requires that,
in order that the PNP
42. organization is
effective, it must be
structured in a certain
manner to accomplish
the objectives
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43. with a minimum

cost.
44. 3. Scalar Principle -
This principle requires
a vertical hierarchy of
an organization which
defines
45. the unbroken chain
of units and command
from top to bottom
describing explicitly the
flow of
46. authority.

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47. a. Unity of
Command - states
that a group of police
officers should only be
under the
48. control of one
superior or ranking
police officer.
49. b. Span of Control -
states that a senior
police officer should be
provided with men not
50. more than what he
can effectively direct.
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51. c. Delegation of
Authority - a superior
officer must designate
some of his immediate
52. subordinates to
exercise a part of his
administrative power.
However, the power
passed
53. on by the superior
officer carries an
appropriate
responsibility.

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54. 4. Functional
Principle - otherwise
known as division of
work according to type,
place, time,
55. and specialization.
56. 5. Line and Staff
Principle - implies a
system of varied
functions arranged into
a workable
57. pattern.
58. 6. Principle of
Balance - application of
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the principles of
organization must be
balanced to ensure
59. the effectiveness of
the patrol force in
accomplishing its
objectives.
60. 7. Principle of
Absoluteness of
Responsibility - states
that the responsibility
for performance of
61. the deputy chief to
the chief of police is
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absolute
(unconditional) and
vice versa, and that the
62. chief of police
cannot escape his
accountability on the
activities performed by
his subordinates.
63. 8. Principle of
Flexibility - states that
there is higher
tendency that the PNP
can fulfill its purpose

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64. if the organization

receives more
provisions for flexibility
(adaptability).
65. 9. Principle of
Authority Level
(Hierarchy of Authority)
- Decisions within the
authority of the
66. police station
commanders should be
made by them and
should not be referred
to their superiors,
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67. such as the police

district commander (or
PNP provincial
director).
68. 10. Principle of
Parity and
Responsibility - The
responsibility of the
head of the
Investigation
69. Section for the
actions of his
detectives cannot be
greater than that
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implied by the
authority he
70. has delegated, nor
should it be les Principle of Organizational
Efficiency - This principle requires that, in order that the
PNPorganization is effective, it must be structured in a certain manner
to accomplish the objectiveswith a minimum cost. 3. Scalar Principle -
This principle requires a vertical hierarchy of an organization which
definesthe unbroken chain of units and command from top to bottom
describing explicitly the flow ofauthority. a. Unity of Command -
states that a group of police officers should only be under thecontrol of
one superior or ranking police officer. b. Span of Control - states that a
senior police officer should be provided with men notmore than what
he can effectively direct. c. Delegation of Authority - a superior
officer must designate some of his immediatesubordinates to exercise
a part of his administrative power. However, the power passedon by
the superior officer carries an appropriate responsibility. 4. Functional
Principle - otherwise known as division of work according to type,
place, time,and specialization. 5. Line and Staff Principle - implies a
system of varied functions arranged into a workablepattern. 6.
Principle of Balance - application of the principles of organization must
be balanced to ensurethe effectiveness of the patrol force in
accomplishing its objectives.7. Principle of Absoluteness of
Responsibility - states that the responsibility for performance ofthe
deputy chief to the chief of police is absolute (unconditional) and vice
versa, and that thechief of police cannot escape his accountability on
the activities performed by his subordinates. 8. Principle of Flexibility -
states that there is higher tendency that the PNP can fulfill its purposeif
the organization receives more provisions for flexibility (adaptability).
9. Principle of Authority Level (Hierarchy of Authority) - Decisions
within the authority of thepolice station commanders should be made
by them and should not be referred to their superiors,such as the
police district commander (or PNP provincial director). 10. Principle of
Parity and Responsibility - The responsibility of the head of the
InvestigationSection for the actions of his detectives cannot be greater

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than that implied by the authority hehas delegated, nor should it be

less

THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE

1. Continental Theory
Policemen are considered as state or servants of the higher authority.
The people have little or no share of all their duties, nor any direct
connection with the police organization.

2. Home Rule Theory

Policemen are considered servants of the community who depend for
the effectiveness of their functions upon the express wishes of the
people. Policemen are civil servants whose key duty is the preservation
of public peace and security.

POLICE ORGANIZATION AND

ADMINISTRATION

ORGANIZATION A group of persons working together for a common

goal or objective. It is an association or group of individuals with a
common goal. It is the structuring of individuals and functions into
productive relationships. It is either formal or informal organizations. It
is also a form of human association for the attainment of a goal or
objective.

FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS Are those with a system of coordinated

activities, a group of people, authority and leadership and cooperation
towards a goal.

INFORMAL ORGANIZATION An indefinite and structure less

organization that has no definite subdivisions comprises by unconscious
groups of feelings, passion and activities of individuals. Unplanned
system of the activities and interactions of participants

TITLES OF ORGANIZATIONAL UNITS

A.FUNCTIONAL UNITS

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1. Bureau – largest organic unit within a large department

2. Division – a primary sub-division of a bureau
3. Section – functional unit within a division – this is necessary for
specialization
4. Units – functional groups within a section

B.TERRITORIAL UNITS

1. Posts
 A fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty such
as designated desk or office.
 An intersection or cross work form of traffic duty
 A spot or location for general guard duty
2. Route
 A length of street/s designated for patrol purposes
 It is called Line Beat
3. Beat
 An area assigned for patrol purposes either on foot or motorize
4. Sector
 An area containing two or more beats, routes or post
5. District
 A geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes usually with
its own station
6. Area
 A section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of
designated districts

C. TIME UNITS

1. Watch or Shift
A time division of the day for purposes assignment

2. Platoon
 Composed of several squads usually commanded by a Lieutenant
may serve the entire city or district.
 Divisions that have personnel on duty for more than shift divide
them into platoons on the basis of hours of the day they are on

POLICE
ORGANIZATION
POLICE ORGANIZATION

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A structured group of trained personnel in the field of public safety

administration engaged in achieving the following goals and objectives.

ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
-An illustration in the form of a chart which represents the organizational
structure-the mechanical means of depicting, by an arrangement of symbols,
the relationships that exist between individuals, groups and functional
relationships between groups and individuals clearly defined to ensure
accountability and compliance

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
It is a mechanical means of depicting by an arrangement of
symbols, the relationship that exist between individuals, groups, and
functional relationships between groups and individuals are clearly
defined to ensure accountability and compliance.

Types of Organization Structures

A. LINE ORGANIZATION
-often called the individual, military, or departmental type of
organization
-it is the simplest and oldest type of organizational structure
-channels of authority and responsibility extend in a direct line from
top to bottom within the structure.
-depicts the line functions of the organization-orders or commands
must come from the higher level of authority before it can be carried
out
-involves few departments

ADVANTAGES:
1. Simple
2. Division
3. Each unit completely controlled
4. Direct responsibility and accountability
5. Quick decisions because of direct lines of authority

DISADVANTAGE:
1. Impractical

B. FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION

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 Functional organization divides responsibility and authority

between several specialists, such as a person responsible for all training,
an employee directing the community relations activities of all units, or a
person handling cases involving all juvenile activities.
 The functional responsibility of a commander is limited to the
particular activity over which he has control.
 depicts staff functions of the organization
 responsibilities are divided among authorities who are all
accountable to the authority above

C. LINE AND STAFF ORGANIZATION

 The line and staff organization is the combination of line and
functional types and is found in almost all police agencies today.
 It combines staff specialist with line organization so that service
of knowledge can be provided line personnel by specialists such as
criminalist training officers and intelligence specialist.
 Channels or responsibility and authority are left intact since the
specialist provides expertise while the line does the task. Specialist only
give advises not commands.
 Generally more formal in nature and has many departments

ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES FOUR PRIMAL CONDITIONS OF AN

ORGANIZATION

1) AUTHORITY
-the supreme source of government for any particular organization
-the right to exercise, to decide and to command by virtue of rank and
position

2) MUTUAL COOPERATION
-an organization exists because it serves a purpose

3) DOCTRINE
-provides for the organization’s objectives
-provides the various actions, hence, policies, procedures, rules and
regulations of the organization are based on the statement of doctrines

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4) DISCIPLINE
-comprising behavioral regulations

COMMAND AND STAFF PRINCIPLES

COMMANDER – he exercise command authority and responsibility over

subordinates by virtue of his rank and assignment, he discharge his
responsibilities through a chain of command

COMMANDER AUTHORITY – this provides the commander with right to

plan, organize, direct, coordinate, and control PNP forces or units in order to
accomplish an assigned mission or task

COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY – commander is responsible for all that his

unit does or fails to do. He alone answers for the success or failure of his
command

STAFF – issue orders in the name of commander, provides information to

commander, offices, other agencies and units. Make estimates of the
situation, recommendation, preparing plans and orders as well as
supervision.

Insular Constabulary

It was created on July 18, 1901 by the virtue of Act No. 175 entitled as
“An Act providing for the Organization and Government of an Insular
Constabulary.

Manila Police Department (MPD)

Organized on July 31, 1901 by the virtue of Act No. 183 of the Philippine
commission.

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Important Personalities:
a. Capt. George Curry is a U.S. Army officer appointed by the
TAFT Commission on August 7, 1901 as the first Chief of Police.
b. Capt. Columbus Piatt is the last American Chief of Police of
Manila Police Department before the Second World War broke
out.
c. Col. Antonio C. Torres is the first Filipino Chief of Police when
Manila Police Department became an all Filipino police
organization.
d. Col. Lamberto T. Javalera is the first Filipino Chief of Police of
Manila Police Department appointed by President Manuel Roxas
under the Republic Government.

Philippine Constabulary (1901)

It was mostly manned by Filipinos but the officers were mostly

Americans.

Important Personalities:
a. Capt. Henry T. Allen is the first Chief of the Philippine
Constabulary from 1901 to 1907, that he was called as the
Father of Constabulary in the Philippines.
b. Brig/Gen. Rafael Crame is the first Filipino Chief of Police. He
served as the Philippine Constabulary chief from 1917 to 1927.

RELEVANT LAWS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLICE SERVICE IN THE

PHILIPPINES

Act No. 3815

The Revised Penal Code of the Philippines on January 1, 1932.

Philippine Constitution

Section 9, Art. XIV of the year 1935.

”The Government shall organize and maintain a national police force to
preserve public order and enforce the law.”

Act No. 181

Created the Bureau of Investigation on November, 1938.

Republic Act No. 157

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It provides for the creation of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)

on June 19, 1947.

Republic Act No. 2678

It was enacted in 1960 which provides for the expansion and

reorganization of the NBI

Rules of Court

On January 1, 1964, to promote the broad objective of the criminal justice

system and to assist the parties in obtaining just, speedy, and inexpensive
determination of every legal action and proceeding.

Republic Act No. 4864

On September 18, 1966, the Police Act of 1966 was created.

Republic Act No. 6040

On 1969, the Civil Service Act of 1969 was created.

Republic Act No. 6506

On July 1, 1972, “An Act Creating the Board of Examiners for

Criminologists in the Philippines and for other purposes.”

Philippine Constitution

Section 12, Article XV of the year 1973.

“The State shall establish and maintain an integrated national police force
whose organization, administration, and operation shall be provided by law.”

Presidential Decree No. 1184

On August 26, 1977, the Integrated National Police Personnel

Professionalization Act of 1977 was created.

THE BIRTH OF THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE

R.A. 6975

The DILG Act of 1990, also recognized as the PNP Law of 1991, approved
by the President Corazon Aquino was enacted on December 13, 1990. This

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also signifies the Philippine National Police is the only police force in the
country.

Gen. Cesar P. Nazareno

He was appointed by then Pres. Corazon Aquino as First General of the

Philippine National Police.

January 29, 1991

The Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police were

retired. The PC and INP were merged and it became the PNP.

Gen. Raul Imperial

After the retirement of Gen. Cesar Nazareno, he became the second PNP
Chief on October 28, 1992. But it was short-lived because he retired on May
6, 1993.

Gen. Umberto Rodriguez

He was appointed by Pres. Fidel Ramos as the third chief on May 6, 1993.
He masterly guided the organization to what it has become today.

R.A. 8551

On February 25, 1998, was the birth of the PNP Reform and
Reorganization Act of 1998. It was approved by President Fidel Ramos and
amended R.A. 6975.

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