Class – X

Formulae and Basic Concepts

Chapter – 1 (Number System)
1. A number is prime if it has only two factors, 1 and itself
2. Every composite number can be expressed as a product of prime factors.
3. H C F of two numbers = Product of the smaller power of each common factor in the
numbers.
4. L C M of two numbers = Product of the greatest power of each prime factor
involved in the numbers.
5. HCF × LCM = Product of Two Numbers
Chapter – 2 (Polynomials)
1. Standard Form of Linear Polynomial - ax + b
Standard Form of Quadratic Polynomial - ax 2 + bx + c
Standard Form of Cubic Polynomial - ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
2. Relationship between the zeroes and coefficient of polynomial
b
(i) Zero of the linear polynomial = − a
b
(ii) Sum of zeroes of quadratic polynomial = S = α + β = − a

c
Product of zeroes of quadratic polynomial = P = αβ = a

Chapter – 3 (Pair of Linear Equations in two Variables)

1. Each solution (𝑥, 𝑦) of a linear equation 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 which represents a line,
corresponds to a point on the line.
2. A pair of linear equations in two variables 𝑥,𝑦 is 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 ; 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 +
𝑐2 = 0
3. 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 ; 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 represents
𝑎 𝑏
(i) Intersecting lines if 𝑎1 ≠ 𝑏1
2 2
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
(ii) Parallel lines if 𝑎 = 𝑏 ≠ 𝑐
2 2 2
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐
(iii) Coincident lines if 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐1
2 2 2
4. A pair of linear equations 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 ; 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 is said to be
𝑎 𝑏
(i) Consistent and unique solution if 1 ≠ 1
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑎1 𝑏 𝑐
(ii) Consistent and infinite number of solutions, if = 𝑏1 = 𝑐1
𝑎2 2 2
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
(iii) Inconsistent and no solution if 𝑎 = 𝑏 ≠ 𝑐
2 2 2
5. Certain basic facts to know:
(i) Equation of 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is 𝑥 = 0 and equation of 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is 𝑦 = 0
(ii) Equation of line parallel to 𝑥 −axis is 𝑦 = 𝑏
(iii) Equation of line parallel to 𝑦 −axis is 𝑥 = 𝑎
6. If unit’s digit is 𝑥 and ten’s digit is 𝑦, then the number formed is 10𝑦 + 𝑥
 Chapter – 4 (Quadratic Equations)
1. Standard form of Quadratic equation is 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0
2. Quadratic Formula: Roots of the quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 are given by 𝑥 =
−𝑏±√𝐷
, where 𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is called the discriminant
2𝑎
3. Nature of Roots of quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0:
(i) Two distinct real roots if 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0
(ii) Two real and equal (coincident) roots if 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
(iii) No real roots if 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
Chapter – 5 (Arithmetic Progressions)
1. General form of an A.P is 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, …
2. nth term of A.P 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
3. nth term from the end = 𝑙 − (𝑛 − 1)𝑑, 𝑙 is the last term
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
4. Sum of 𝑛 terms of A.P = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] or [𝑎 + 𝑙] or [𝑎 + 𝑎𝑛 ]
2 2 2
𝑛(𝑛+1)
5. Sum of first 𝑛 natural numbers = 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛 = 2
6. Sum of first 𝑛 even natural numbers = 2 + 4 + 6 + ⋯ + 2𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
7. Sum of first 𝑛 even natural numbers 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + (2𝑛 − 1) = 𝑛2
8. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1 i.e, 𝑎1 = 𝑆1 , 𝑎2 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1, 𝑎3 = 𝑆3 − 𝑆2 and so on

Chapter – 6 (Triangles)

12. Basic Proportionality Theorem (BPT) or Thale’s Theorem: If a line is drawn parallel
to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in two distinct points, then the
other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
13. Criteria for Similarity of Triangles:
(a) AAA similarity or AA similarity: If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal,
then their corresponding sides are in the same ratio (or proportion) and hence the two
triangles are similar.
(b) SSS similarity: If in two triangles, sides of one triangle are proportional to (i.e., in the
same ratio of) the sides of the other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal
and hence the two triangles are similar.
(c) SAS similarity: If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other triangle
and the sides including these angles are proportional, then the two triangles are
similar.

Chapter – 7 (Co-ordinate Geomtery)

1. The distance of a point from y axis is called the x coordinate or abscissa.
2. The distance of a point from x axis is called the y coordinate or ordinate.
3. Any point on the x-axis will be of the form (𝒙,𝟎)
4. Any point on the y-axis will be of the form (𝟎,𝒚)
5. Distance between two points 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is
𝐴𝐵 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
6. Distance of a point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) from origin is 𝑂𝑃 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
7. Distance of a point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) from 𝑥 −axis is |𝑦|
8. Distance of a point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) from 𝑦 −axis is |𝑥|
9. Three points P,Q and R are collinear if 𝑃𝑄 + 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑃𝑅
 𝑚𝑥2 + 𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 + 𝑛𝑦1
( , )
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
11. Mid-Point Formula: If 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is the mid-point of the line segment joining 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦
𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), then the coordinates of 𝑃 are ( 1 2 , 1 2)
2 2
12. Coordinates of Centroid of a triangle with vertices 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) and 𝐶(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) are
𝑥 +𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦 +𝑦
( 1 32 3 , 1 32 3 )

13. The points which divide the line joining A and B in the ratio 2 : 1 and 1 : 2 are called the
points of trisection.
14. To find the coordinates of the fourth vertex of a parallelogram, use the concept that
diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other i.e, coordinates of mid-points of both
diagonals are equal.
15. To prove a quadrilateral to be a rectangle, prove that lengths of opposite sides are equal
and lengths of diagonals are also equal
16. To prove a quadrilateral to be a parallelogram, prove that lengths of opposite sides are
equal and lengths of diagonals are not equal
17. To prove a quadrilateral to be a square, prove that lengths of all sides are equal and
lengths of diagonals are also equal
18. To prove a quadrilateral to be a rhombus, prove that lengths of all sides are equal and
lengths of diagonals are not equal.

Chapter – 8 (Introduction to Trigonometry)

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
1. sin 𝜃 = 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 , cos 𝜃 = 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 , tan 𝜃 = 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = , sec 𝜃 = , cot 𝜃 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
1 1 sin 𝜃 1 cos 𝜃
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 , sec 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 , tan 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 , cot 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 = sin 𝜃

3. Trigonometric ratios of some specific Angles

Ratio/Angle 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

sin 𝜃
0 1 1 2 1 3 √3 4
√ =0 √ = √ = √ = √ =1
4 4 2 4 √2 4 2 4
cos 𝜃 1 √3 1 1 0
2 √2 2
tan 𝜃 0 1 1 √3 Not
√3 Defined
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 Not 2 √2 2 1
Defined √3
sec 𝜃 1 2 √2 2 Not
√3 Defined
cot 𝜃 Not √3 1 1 0
Defined √3
4. Trigonometric Identities:
(a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 or 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 or 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
(b) 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 or 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 or 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 or 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 −
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = −1
(c) 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 or 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 or 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 1 or 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 −
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = −1
Chapter – 9 (Applications of Trigonometry)
1. Angle of Elevation: The angle of elevation of the point viewed is the angle formed by
the line of sight with the horizontal when the point being viewed is above the horizontal
level, i.e., the case when we raise our head to look at the object.

2. Angle of Depression: The angle of depression of a point on the object being viewed is
the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when the point is below the
horizontal level, i.e., the case when we lower our head to look at the point being viewed.

Chapter – 10 (Circles)

1. Tangent is a line which intersects a circle at only one

point.
2. Secant is a line which intersects a circle in two points.

3. From a point inside the circle, no tangent can be drawn to that circle.
4. From a point on the circle, only one tangent can be drawn to the circle.
5. From a point outside the circle two tangents can be drawn to the circle.
6. The tangent at any point on the circle is perpendicular to the radius at the point of
contact.
7. The lengths of the two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
8. The two tangents drawn to a circle from an external point subtend equal angles at the
centre.
 The two tangents drawn to a circle from an external point are equally inclined to the line
joining that point to the centre of the circle.
 Class IX Important Results:
(a) The perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle bisects the chord.
(b) Angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
(c) Angle subtended by an arc at the centre of the circle is double the angle subtended at
any other point in the remaining part of a circle.
(d) If the four vertices of a quadrilateral lie on a circle, it is a cyclic quadrilateral.
(e) The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary

&KDSWHU± $UHDVUHODWHGWR&LUFOHV
 Circumference of Circle = 2𝜋𝑟
 Area of Circle = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝜃
 Area of sector of angle 𝜃 = 360° 𝜋𝑟 2
𝜃
 Length of arc of a sector of angle 𝜃 = 360° 2𝜋𝑟
𝜃 1
 Area of segment = 360° 𝜋𝑟 2 − 2 × 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 if 𝜃 = 90°
𝜃 √3
Area of segment = 𝜋𝑟 2 − × (𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒)2 if 𝜃 = 60°
360° 4
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
Area of segment = 360° 𝜋𝑟 2 − 𝑟 × sin 2 cos 2 for any 𝜃
2

 Area of major segment = Area of circle – Area of minor segment

&KDSWHU± 6XUIDFH$UHDVDQG9ROXPHV

6 6ROLG 6KDSH &XUYHG 7RWDO 9ROXPH
1R VXUIDFHDUHD 6XUIDFH
/DWHUDO DUHD
VXUIDFHDUHD
 Cube 4𝑎2 6𝑎2 𝑎3

 Cuboid 2(𝑙 + 𝑏 ) × ℎ 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ 𝑙×𝑏×ℎ

+ ℎ𝑙)

 Cylinder 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 2𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + ℎ) 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

 Cone 𝜋𝑟𝑙 𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + 𝑙) 1 2 Slant height

𝜋𝑟 ℎ
3 𝑙 = √𝑟 2 + ℎ2
 Sphere - 4𝜋𝑟 2 4 3
𝜋𝑟
3

 Hemisphere 2𝜋𝑟 2 3𝜋𝑟 2 2 3

𝜋𝑟
3
 Diagonal of Cube = √3𝑎
 Diagonal of Cuboid = √𝑙2 + 𝑏 2 + ℎ2
&RPELQDWLRQRI6ROLGV

 When two cubes of side ′𝑎′ are joined edge to

edge, a cuboid is formed with the following
dimensions:
Length = 2𝑎
Breadth = 𝑎
Height = 𝑎

 Cone surmounted by a hemisphere:

Surface area of the solid
= CSA of the Cone + CSA of the Hemisphere = 𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 2𝜋𝑟 2

 Cube surmounted by a hemisphere:

Surface area of the solid
= TSA of the Cube – Base area of hemisphere + CSA of the
Hemisphere
= 6𝑎2 − 𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟 2

 Cylinder surmounted by a cone:

Surface area of the solid
= CSA of the Cone + CSA of the Cylinder
= 𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ

 Cone of maximum size carved out from a cube of side ′𝑎′

Volume of the remaining solid = Volume of the Cube – Volume
of the Cone.
TSA of the remaining solid = TSA of the Cube – Area of the base
circle of the Cone + CSA of the Cone

 Cylinder drilled out from a cubical block

Surface Area of the Remaining Solid = TSA of the Cuboid - Area
of the top and bottom Circles of the Cylinder + CSA of Cylinder.

Volume of the remaining solid = Volume of the Cube – Volume

of the Cylinder.
10. Cone of same height and same base radius as a cylinder is hollowed
out from the Cylinder:
TSA of the remaining solid = CSA of the cylinder + Area of the top
circle of the cylinder + CSA of the Cone
Volume of remaining solid = Volume of Cylinder – Volume of cone

Chapter – 13 (Statistics)
Mean, Median and Mode are called the measures of central tendency.
𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡+𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
1. Class Mark (𝑥𝑖 ) =
2
5. Mean
∑𝑓 𝑥
(i) Direct Method - 𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑖
𝑖
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖
(ii) Assumed Mean method - 𝑥̅ = 𝑎 + ∑ 𝑓𝑖
, 𝑎 is assumed mean, 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖 𝑥𝑖 −𝑎
(iii) Step Deviation method - 𝑥̅ = 𝑎 + ∑𝑓 × ℎ, 𝑎 is assumed mean, 𝑢𝑖 = , ℎ is
𝑖 ℎ
class size
𝑓1 −𝑓0
6. Mode of Grouped Data = 𝑙 + [ × ℎ]
2𝑓1 −𝑓0 −𝑓2
𝑙 =lower limit of the modal class,
𝑓1 =frequency of the class interval preceding the modal class
𝑓2 =frequency of the class interval succeeding the modal class
𝑓0 =frequency of the modal class
ℎ = class size
𝑁
−𝐶𝑓
7. Median of Grouped Data = 𝑙 + [ 2
× ℎ]
𝑓
𝑙 = lower limit of the median class,
𝑁 = Number of observations
𝐶𝑓 = cumulative frequency of the class interval preceding the median class
𝑓 =frequency of the median class
ℎ = class size
8. Empirical relationship between Mean, Median and Mode
3𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 + 2 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛
Chapter – 14 (Probability)
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
1. Probability of an event = 𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
2. 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐴) ≤ 1
3. Probability of a sure event is 1
4. Probability of an impossible event is 0
5. The sum of all the possible outcomes (elementary events) is 1
6. Probability of ‘not E’ or 𝑃(𝐸 ′ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐸), 𝐸 and 𝐸′ are called complementary events
or 𝐸′ is called complement of event 𝐸
7. Tossing coin:
(i) When a coin is tossed once, 𝑆 = {𝐻, 𝑇 }, 𝑛(𝑆) = 2
(ii) When one coin is tossed twice or 2 coins are tossed once,
𝑆 = {(𝐻, 𝐻), (𝐻, 𝑇 ), (𝑇, 𝐻), (𝑇, 𝑇 )}, 𝑛(𝑆) = 22 = 4
(iii) When one coin is tossed thrice or 3 coins are tossed once,
𝑆 = {(𝐻, 𝐻, 𝐻), (𝐻, 𝐻, 𝑇 ), (𝐻, 𝑇, 𝐻), (𝐻, 𝑇, 𝑇 ), (𝑇, 𝐻, 𝐻 ), (𝑇, 𝐻, 𝑇 ), (𝑇, 𝑇, 𝐻), (𝑇, 𝑇, 𝑇 )},
𝑛(𝑆) = 23 = 8
(iv) In general, when one coin is tossed ′𝑛′ or 𝑛 coins are tossed once, Then 𝑛(𝑆) = 2𝑛
8. Throwing die:
(i) When a die is thrown once, 𝑆 = {1,2,3,4,5,6}, 𝑛(𝑆) = 6
(ii) When a pair of dice is thrown once or a die is thrown twice, 𝑛(𝑆) = 62 = 36
𝑆 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6),
(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6),
(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6),
(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6),
(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6),
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6),
(iii) When three dice are thrown once or one die is thrown thrice,
𝑛(𝑆) = 63
(iv) In general, when ′𝑛′ dice are thrown once or a die is thrown 𝑛 times, then
𝑛(𝑆) = 6𝑛
9. Playing Cards:
Total number of Cards = 52
Number of Kings = Number of Queens = Number of Jacks = Number of Aces = Number
of 2’s and so on = 4
Number of Red cards = Number of Black cards = 26
Number of Hearts = Number of Spades = Number of Club = Number of Diamonds =13
Number of Face cards = 12