Limitation of Fourier Transform: Some useful signals do not have CTFT because these

signals do not converge.

1
2
3
Home work: Find the Laplace Transform for

4
The region of convergence which is denoted as ROC is, defined as
the real part of s for which the Laplace integral converges.

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
The ROC s of x1(t) and x2(t) do not overlap and hence x(t) does not have LT
13
Home work

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Some Important Laplace Transform Pairs

29
We know that

So….

30
Home Work

31
We Know

32
We Know

-
-t

33
using

34
35
Home Work

36
37
38
39
40
41
Method
express X(s) in polynomial form both in the numerator and the
denominator. Both these polynomials are factorized as

42
The points in the s-plane at which X(s) = 0 are called zeros
Similarly, the points in the s-plane at which X(s) = ∞ are called
poles of X(s)
For m < n the degree of the numerator polynomial is less than the
degree of the denominator polynomial
Under this condition, X(s) is written in the following partial fraction
form

43
There are two different methods of finding residues

44
45
46
47
Home Work

48
49
50
Home Work

51
52
53
Home Work

54
Circuit Analysis

55
 Ix

10/S
+ 15/S
-

10 10 15
5+ 𝐼1 + − 𝐼2 = − … . (3)
𝑆 𝑆 𝑆
10 10 15
− 𝐼1 + + 20 𝐼2 = …. 4
(1) 𝑆 𝑆 𝑆
10 15 10 15 10 15
5+ 𝑆 . 𝑆 − − 𝑆 . − 𝑆
𝐼2 − 𝐼1 + 20. 𝐼2 = … . (2) 𝐼2 =
𝑆 𝑆 10 10 10 10
5 + 𝑆 . 𝑆 + 20 − − 𝑆 .(− 𝑆 )
10 10 15
5+ 𝐼1 + − 𝐼2 = − … . (3) 3
𝑆 𝑆 𝑆 3
𝐼2 = 4 𝑖2 = 𝑒
10 10 15 5 4
− 𝐼1 + + 20 𝐼2 = … . (4) 𝑆+2
𝑆 𝑆 𝑆
56
The RC Time Constant, also called tau, the time constant (in seconds) of an
RC circuit, is equal to the product of the circuit resistance (in ohms) and
the circuit capacitance (in farads), i.e.

It is the time required to charge the capacitor, through the resistor, from an
initial charge voltage of zero to approximately 63.2% of the value of an
applied DC voltage,
or to discharge the capacitor through the same resistor to approximately
36.8% of its initial charge voltage.
57
Homework

58
59
Homework

60
For t<0

-
+ Li0=12

2S

61
 12
8

Req=8
The time constant for an RL circuit is defined by τ=L/R .
I=I0e−t/τ
τ=2/8

62
63
64
65
 0.25x2=1/2

+
-
+
- 4/s
S

32 + 2𝑆
𝐼=
𝑆 10 12 1 4 (𝑆 + 3.101)(𝑆 + 12.89)
4𝐼 + 𝐼 + 𝐼 = + −
4 𝑆 𝑆 2 𝑆
For t<0 𝐼=
𝐴1
+
𝐴2
𝑆 10 8 1 𝑆 + 3.101 𝑆 + 12.89
4+ + 𝐼= +
4 𝑆 𝑆 2 25.798
𝐴1 = = 2.635
16𝑆 + 𝑆 + 40 16 + 𝑆 9.789
𝐼= 6.22
4𝑆 2𝑆 𝐴2 = = −0.635
−9.789
𝐼(𝑆 + 16𝑆 + 40) = 32 + 2𝑆
2.635 0.635
32 + 2𝑆 𝐼= −
𝐼= 𝑆 + 3.101 𝑆 + 12.89
𝑆 + 16𝑆 + 40 . .
𝑖 𝑡 = 2.635𝑒 − 0.635𝑒
66
67
Find v

68
Find i

69
Find i

70
71
The natural response of a circuit refers to the behavior (in
terms of voltages and currents) of the circuit itself, with no
external sources of excitation.

72
The time constant of a circuit is the time required for the
response to decay to a factor of 1ye or 36.8 percent of its
initial value.

73
74
75
The step response of a circuit is its behavior when
the excitation is the step function, which may be a
voltage or a current source

76
77
The transient response is the circuit’s temporary response that will die out with time.

The steady-state response is the behavior of the circuit a long time after an external excitation
is applied.

78
79
For a step input Vs, the current eventually reaches a steady-
state value.
At steady state, the inductor behaves like a short circuit, and
the capacitor behaves like an open circuit.

80
81
82
83
Home Work
Time domain analysis of parallel RLC circuit with source and without source

84
AC Circuits

A phasor is a complex number that represents the amplitude and phase of

85
Phasor representation of circuit elements

86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
1

99
100
 =?
Obtain current in Figure using Norton’s theorem

=? In loop I1

..(1)

..(2)

I3-I2=3 ..(3)
Adding (1), (2)

101
From equation 3

102
 Home Work
Determine the Norton equivalent of the circuit in Fig. as seen from terminals a-b. Use the equivalent
to find Io

103
104
• The z-transform is the discrete counterpart of the Laplace transform
• The Laplace transform converts differential equations into algebraic equations.
• In the same way, the z-transform converts difference equations of discrete time
systems to algebraic equations.
• z-transform can be applied even to unstable systems which means that z-
transform can be used to a larger class of systems and signals.

105
In the context of Z-transforms, the Z-plane is a complex plane that represents the frequency-
domain (z-domain) of a discrete-time signal.

106
The values of z in the complex z-plane for which the sum in the z-transform equation
converges is called the region of convergence

107
108
109
110
111
Home Work

112
For n=0

113
Home Work

114
We know

and

115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
Initial Value Theorem

125